EX-99.1 2 q12022ex-991.htm EX-99.1
Exhibit 99.1
For Immediate News Release
April 27, 2022
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC. ANNOUNCES
FIRST QUARTER 2022 OPERATING RESULTS AND
SECOND QUARTER AND FULL YEAR 2022 FINANCIAL OUTLOOK
(Arlington, VA) AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (NYSE: AVB) (the “Company”) reported today that Net Income Attributable to Common Stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $262,044,000. This resulted in an increase in Earnings per Share – diluted (“EPS”) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 of 83.3% to $1.87 from $1.02 for the prior year period, primarily attributable to an increase in gain on sale of real estate and an increase in Same Store Residential NOI, as detailed in the table below.
Funds from Operations attributable to common stockholders - diluted (“FFO”) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased 15.5% to $2.24 from $1.94 for the prior year period. Core FFO per share (as defined in this release) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased 15.9% to $2.26 from $1.95 for the prior year period.
The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to its results for the prior year period:

Q1 2022 Results Compared to Q1 2021
| Per Share (1)
| EPS | FFO | Core FFO
Q1 2021 per share reported results | $ | 1.02 |  | $ | 1.94 |  | $ | 1.95 |
Same Store Residential NOI (2) | 0.25 |  | 0.25 |  | 0.25 |
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI | 0.18 |  | 0.18 |  | 0.18 |
Commercial NOI | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |
Overhead and other | (0.03) |  | (0.03) |  | (0.04) |
Capital markets and transaction activity | (0.10) |  | (0.10) |  | (0.10) |
Income taxes | (0.02) |  | (0.02) |  | — |
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense | 0.55 |  | — |  | — |
Q1 2022 per share reported results | $ | 1.87 |  | $ | 2.24 |  | $ | 2.26 |
(1) For additional detail on reconciling items between EPS, FFO and Core FFO, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 3.
(2) Consists of increases of $0.30 in revenue and $0.05 in operating expenses.

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to its February 2022 outlook:

Q1 2022 Results Compared to February 2022 Outlook
| Per Share
| EPS | FFO | Core FFO
Projected per share - February 2022 outlook (1) | $ | 1.79 |  | $ | 2.17 |  | $ | 2.20 |
Same Store Residential NOI (2) | 0.06 |  | 0.06 |  | 0.06 |
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |
Commercial NOI | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |
Overhead and other | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |
Capital markets and transaction activity | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |  | (0.01) |
Income taxes | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |  | — |
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense | 0.01 |  | — |  | — |
Q1 2022 per share reported results | $ | 1.87 |  | $ | 2.24 |  | $ | 2.26 |
(1) The mid-point of the Company's February 2022 outlook.
(2) Consists of an increase of $0.05 in revenue and a decrease of $0.01 in operating expenses.

Same Store Operating Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Compared to the Prior Year Period
Same Store total revenue increased $43,646,000, or 8.7%, to $546,839,000. Residential revenue increased $42,333,000, or 8.5%, to $540,733,000, which includes a favorable reduction of uncollectible lease revenue of $4,927,000. Same Store Residential rental revenue increased 8.5%, as detailed in the following table:
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Same Store Residential Rental Revenue Change
Q1 2022 Compared to Q1 2021
Residential rental revenue |
Lease rates | 4.8 | %
Concessions and other discounts | 1.3 | %
Economic occupancy | 0.8 | %
Other rental revenue | 0.6 | %
Uncollectible lease revenue (1) | 1.0 | %
Total Residential rental revenue | 8.5 | %
(1) Uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of total Residential rental revenue decreased to 2.04% in Q1 2022 from 3.15% in the prior year period.

Same Store Residential operating expenses increased $7,649,000, or 4.7%, to $169,614,000 and Same Store Residential NOI increased $34,684,000, or 10.3%, to $371,119,000.
The following table presents percentage changes in Same Store Residential rental revenue, Residential operating expenses and Residential NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021:

Q1 2022 Compared to Q1 2021
|  | Same Store Residential
| Rental Revenue (1) | Opex (2) |  |  |  | % of Q1 2022 NOI |  | Rental Revenue cash basis (3)
|  | NOI |  |
New England |  | 9.1 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 10.6 | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | 12.3 | %
Metro NY/NJ |  | 8.4 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 21.1 | % |  | 11.1 | %
Mid-Atlantic |  | 4.9 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 6.2 | %
Southeast FL |  | 25.3 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 42.8 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 24.8 | %
Denver, CO |  | 11.7 | % |  | (2.8) | % |  | 17.6 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 10.2 | %
Pacific NW |  | 11.9 | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 13.3 | %
N. California |  | 3.8 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 18.3 | % |  | 5.4 | %
S. California |  | 12.6 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 16.2 | % |  | 22.4 | % |  | 11.6 | %
Total |  | 8.5 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 9.9 | %
(1) See full release for additional detail.
(2) See full release for discussion of variances.
(3) The change in Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis.

Same Store Collections Update
The following table provides an update for Same Store Residential revenue collections for Q2 2020 through Q1 2022 as of each respective period end, as well as through April 26, 2022 for the periods presented. Collected Residential revenue is the portion of apartment base rent charged to residents and other rentable items, such as parking and storage rent, along with pet and other fees in accordance with residential leases, that has been collected, ("Collected Residential Revenue"), and excludes transactional and other fees. Collections also include rent relief payments, of which $11,946,000 was received during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Same Store Collections (1)
| Collected Residential Revenue
| At quarter end (2) |  | At April 26, 2022 (3)(4)
Q2 - Q4 2020 | 95.1% |  | 98.4%
Q1 - Q4 2021 | 95.3% |  | 99.0%
Q1 2022 | 94.9% |  | 96.5%
(1) Same Store communities' Residential collections presented in this table exclude Commercial revenue, which was 1.0% of the Company's 2021 Same Store total revenue.
(2) The average quarter end percentage of Collected Residential Revenue for each period.
(3) The percentage of Collected Residential Revenue as of April 26, 2022.
(4) Collected Residential Revenue for April 2022 at April 26, 2022 was 92.1%, which is 94.5% of the AVB Residential Benchmark.

For further discussion of collection rates and limitations on use of this data, see "Same Store Collections," in Definitions and Reconciliations.
Development Activity
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company completed the development of two consolidated apartment communities:
•Avalon Foundry Row, located in Owings Mills, MD; and
•Avalon Woburn, located in Woburn, MA.
These communities contain an aggregate of 787 apartment homes and were constructed for a Total Capital Cost of $218,000,000.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company started the construction of Avalon Governor's Park, located in Denver, CO, which will contain 304 apartment homes when completed and will be developed for an estimated Total Capital Cost of $135,000,000.
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At March 31, 2022, the Company had 16 consolidated Development communities under construction that are expected to contain 4,903 apartment homes and 39,000 square feet of commercial space. Estimated Total Capital Cost at completion for these Development communities is $2,057,000,000.
At March 31, 2022, the Company had two Unconsolidated Development communities under construction that in the aggregate are expected to contain 803 apartment homes and 56,000 square feet of commercial space.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company acquired land for the future development of apartment communities for an aggregate investment of $72,480,000.
The projected Total Capital Cost of Development Rights at March 31, 2022 was $4.0 billion.
Acquisition Activity
As disclosed in the Company's fourth quarter 2021 earnings release dated February 2, 2022, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company acquired Avalon Flatirons, a wholly-owned operating community, located in Lafayette, CO, containing 207 apartment homes and 16,000 square feet of commercial space, for a purchase price of $95,000,000.
Disposition Activity
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company sold three wholly-owned operating communities:
•Avalon West Long Branch, located in West Long Branch, NJ;
•Avalon Ossining, located in Ossining, NY; and
•Avalon East Norwalk, located in Norwalk, CT.
These communities contain 588 apartment homes and were sold for $235,000,000 and a weighted average Market Cap Rate of 3.9%, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $148,708,000 and an Economic Gain of $119,804,000.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company sold 15 of the 172 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, located in New York, NY, for gross proceeds of $40,336,000. As of March 31, 2022, 138 of the 172 residential condominiums have been sold for aggregate gross proceeds of $392,166,000 and 87% of the 66,000 square feet of commercial space has been leased.
Structured Investment Program Activity
In April 2022, the Company entered into the first commitment under its Structured Investment Program, through which the Company will provide mezzanine loans or preferred equity investments to third party multifamily developers. The initial commitment is for a mezzanine loan of up to $52,575,000 to fund a multifamily development project in Denver, CO.
Liquidity and Capital Markets
In March 2022, the Company established an unsecured commercial paper note program which allows the Company to issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with varying maturities of less than one year up to a maximum amount outstanding at any one time of $500,000,000, and is backstopped by the Company's unsecured credit facility. The Company did not have any amounts outstanding under its commercial paper program as of March 31, 2022.
At March 31, 2022, the Company did not have any borrowings outstanding under its $1,750,000,000 unsecured credit facility and had $457,411,000 in unrestricted cash and cash in escrow.
The Company’s annualized Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre (as defined in this release) for the first quarter of 2022 was 5.0 times and Unencumbered NOI (as defined in this release) was 95%.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company repaid $100,000,000 principal amount of its variable rate unsecured term loan indexed to LIBOR plus 0.90% entered into in February 2017 at maturity.
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In April 2022, in connection with an underwritten offering of shares, the Company entered into forward contracts to sell 2,000,000 shares of common stock by the end of 2023 for approximate proceeds of $494,200,000 net of offering fees and discounts based on the initial forward price. The proceeds that the Company expects to receive on the date or dates of settlement, are subject to certain customary adjustments during the term of the forward contract for the Company's dividends and a daily interest charge.
Second Quarter and Full Year 2022 Financial Outlook
For its second quarter and full year 2022 financial outlook, the Company expects the following:

Projected EPS, Projected FFO and Projected Core FFO Outlook (1)
|  | Q2 2022 |  | Full Year 2022
|  | Low |  | High |  | Low |  | High
Projected EPS |  | $ | 2.20 |  | — | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 6.05 |  | — | $ | 6.45 |
Projected FFO per share | $ | 2.23 |  | — | $ | 2.35 |  |  | $ | 9.37 |  | — | $ | 9.77 |
Projected Core FFO per share | $ | 2.25 |  | — | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 9.38 |  | — | $ | 9.78 |
(1) See Definitions and Reconciliations, table 9, for reconciliations of Projected FFO per share and Projected Core FFO per share to Projected EPS.
Full Year Financial Outlook
|  |  |  | Full Year 2022
|  |  |  | vs. Full Year 2021
|  |  |  | Low |  | High
Same Store: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential rental revenue change |  | 8.25% | — | 9.75%
Residential Opex change |  | 4.0% | — | 5.5%
Residential NOI change |  | 10.0% | — | 12.0%

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the first quarter 2022 to its second quarter 2022 financial outlook:

Q1 2022 Results Compared to Q2 2022 Outlook
| Per Share
| EPS | FFO | Core FFO
Q1 2022 per share reported results | $ | 1.87 |  | $ | 2.24 |  | $ | 2.26 |
Same Store Residential revenue | 0.10 |  | 0.10 |  | 0.10 |
Same Store Residential Opex | (0.04) |  | (0.04) |  | (0.04) |
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |
Commercial NOI | — |  | — |  | — |
Capital markets and transaction activity | (0.02) |  | (0.02) |  | (0.01) |
Overhead and other | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |  | (0.02) |
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense | 0.34 |  | — |  | — |
Projected per share - Q2 2022 outlook (1) | $ | 2.26 |  | $ | 2.29 |  | $ | 2.31 |
(1) Represents the mid-point of the Company's second quarter 2022 outlook.

The following table compares the Company’s April 2022 outlook for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the full year 2022 to its February 2022 financial outlook:

April 2022 Full Year Outlook Compared to February 2022 Full Year Outlook
| Per Share
| EPS | FFO | Core FFO
Projected per share - February 2022 outlook (1) | $ | 6.81 |  | $ | 9.53 |  | $ | 9.55 |
Same Store Residential NOI | 0.11 |  | 0.11 |  | 0.11 |
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |  | (0.01) |
Commercial NOI | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |  | 0.01 |
Capital markets and transaction activity (2) | (0.02) |  | (0.02) |  | (0.05) |
Overhead and other | (0.05) |  | (0.05) |  | (0.03) |
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense | (0.60) |  | — |  | — |
Projected per share - April 2022 outlook (1) | $ | 6.25 |  | $ | 9.57 |  | $ | 9.58 |
(1) Represents the mid-point of the Company's outlook.
(2) Includes the impact of an expected reduction in acquisitions in 2022.

Second Quarter Conference Schedule
The Company is scheduled to participate in Nareit's REITweek Conference from June 7 - 9, 2022. During this conference, management may discuss the Company's current operating environment; operating trends; development, redevelopment, disposition and acquisition activity; portfolio strategy and other business and financial matters affecting the Company. Details on how to access a webcast of the Company's presentation will be available in advance of the conference event on the Company's website at http:// www.avalonbay.com/events.
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Other Matters
The Company will hold a conference call on April 28, 2022 at 1:00 PM ET to review and answer questions about this release, its first quarter 2022 results, the Attachments (described below) and related matters. To participate on the call, dial 888-254-3590 and use conference id: 2365980.
To hear a replay of the call, which will be available from April 28, 2022 at 6:00 PM ET to May 5, 2022 at 6:00 PM ET, dial 888-203-1112 and use conference id: 2365980. A webcast of the conference call will also be available at http://www.avalonbay.com/earnings, and an online playback of the webcast will be available for at least seven days following the call.
The Company produces Earnings Release Attachments (the "Attachments") that provide detailed information regarding operating, development, redevelopment, disposition and acquisition activity. These Attachments are considered a part of this earnings release and are available in full with this earnings release via the Company's website at http://www.avalonbay.com/earnings. To receive future press releases via e-mail, please submit a request through http://investors.avalonbay.com/email_notification.
In addition to the Attachments, the Company is providing a teleconference presentation that will be available on the Company's website at http://www.avalonbay.com/earnings subsequent to this release and before the market opens on April 28, 2022.
About AvalonBay Communities, Inc.
As of March 31, 2022, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 296 apartment communities containing 87,918 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 18 communities were under development and two communities were under redevelopment. The Company is an equity REIT in the business of developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing apartment communities in leading metropolitan areas in New England, the New York/New Jersey Metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion markets of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. More information may be found on the Company’s website at http://www.avalonbay.com. For additional information, please contact Jason Reilley, Vice President of Investor Relations, at 703-317-4681.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release, including its Attachments, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements, which you can identify by the Company’s use of words such as “expects,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “intends,” “believes,” “outlook,” "may," "shall," "will," "pursue" and similar expressions that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters, are based on the Company’s expectations, forecasts and assumptions at the time of this release, which may not be realized and involve risks and uncertainties that cannot be predicted accurately or that might not be anticipated. These could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties that might cause such differences include those related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effect, among other factors, on the multifamily industry and the general economy of measures taken by businesses and the government, such as governmental limitations on the ability of multifamily owners to evict residents who are delinquent in the payment of their rent and federal efforts at economic stimulus; we may abandon development or redevelopment opportunities for which we have already incurred costs; adverse capital and credit market conditions, including rising interest rates, may affect our access to various sources of capital and/or cost of capital, which may affect our business activities, earnings and common stock price, among other things; changes in local employment conditions, demand for apartment homes, supply of competitive housing products, landlord-tenant laws, including the adoption of new rent control regulations, and other economic or regulatory conditions may result in lower than expected occupancy and/or rental rates and adversely affect the profitability of our communities; delays in completing development, redevelopment and/or lease-up, and general price inflation, may result in increased financing and construction costs and may delay and/or reduce the profitability of a community; debt and/or equity financing for development, redevelopment or acquisitions of communities may not be available or may not be available on favorable terms; we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary governmental permits and authorizations; expenses may result in communities that we develop or redevelop failing to achieve expected profitability; our assumptions concerning risks relating to our lack of control of joint ventures and our ability to successfully dispose of certain assets may not be realized; our assumptions and expectations in our financial
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outlook may prove to be too optimistic; and the timing and net proceeds of condominium sales may not equal our current expectations. Additional discussions of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements appear in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 under the heading “Risk Factors” and under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Forward-Looking Statements” and in subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.
The Company does not undertake a duty to update forward-looking statements, including its expected 2022 operating results and other financial data forecasts contained in this release. The Company may, in its discretion, provide information in future public announcements regarding its outlook that may be of interest to the investment community. The format and extent of future outlooks may be different from the format and extent of the information contained in this release.
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Definitions and Reconciliations
Non-GAAP financial measures and other capitalized terms, as used in this earnings release, are defined, reconciled and further explained on Attachment 11, Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Other Terms. Attachment 11 is included in the full earnings release available at the Company’s website at http://www.avalonbay.com/earnings. This wire distribution includes only the following definitions and reconciliations.
AVB Residential Benchmark represents the average monthly revenue collections as a percentage of amounts billed for the referenced day of the month for the period from April 2019 to March 2020.
Average Rental Rates are calculated by the Company as Residential rental revenue in accordance with GAAP, divided by the weighted average number of occupied apartment homes.
Commercial represents results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other non-residential operations.
Development is composed of consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process for which the Company either has an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, for which the Company is the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where the Company controls the land through a ground lease or owns land to develop a new community, or where the Company is the designated developer in a public-private partnership. The Company capitalizes related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which the Company currently believes future development is probable.
EBITDA, EBITDAre and Core EBITDAre are considered by management to be supplemental measures of our financial performance. EBITDA is defined by the Company as net income or loss attributable to the Company before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDAre is calculated by the Company in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), as EBITDA plus or minus losses and gains on the disposition of depreciated property, plus impairment write-downs of depreciated property, with adjustments to reflect the Company's share of EBITDAre of unconsolidated entities. Core EBITDAre is the Company’s EBITDAre as adjusted for non-core items outlined in the table below. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of the Company’s core business operations, Core EBITDAre can help one compare the core operating and financial performance of the Company between periods. A reconciliation of EBITDA, EBITDAre and Core EBITDAre to net income is as follows (dollars in thousands):
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TABLE 1
|  | Q1
|  | 2022
Net income |  | $ | 262,076 |
Interest expense and loss on extinguishment of debt |  | 57,233 |
Income tax expense |  | 2,471 |
Depreciation expense |  | 201,786 |
EBITDA |  | $ | 523,566 |
Gain on sale of communities |  | (148,800) |
Unconsolidated entity EBITDAre adjustments (1) |  | 2,957 |
EBITDAre |  | $ | 377,723 |
Unconsolidated entity gains, net |  | (255) |
Advocacy contributions |  | 150 |
Gain on interest rate contract |  | (729) |
Executive transition compensation costs |  | 402 |
Severance related costs |  | 41 |
Development pursuit write-offs and expensed transaction costs, net of recoveries |  | 159 |
Gain on for-sale condominiums |  | (1,002) |
For-sale condominium marketing, operating and administrative costs |  | 766 |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net |  | (37) |
Legal settlements |  | 130 |
Core EBITDAre |  | $ | 377,348 |
(1) Includes joint venture interest, taxes, depreciation, gain on dispositions of depreciated real estate and impairment losses, if applicable, included in net income.

Economic Gain is calculated by the Company as the gain on sale in accordance with GAAP, less accumulated depreciation through the date of sale and any other adjustments that may be required under GAAP accounting. Management generally considers Economic Gain to be an appropriate supplemental measure to gain on sale in accordance with GAAP because it helps investors to understand the relationship between the cash proceeds from a sale and the cash invested in the sold community. The Economic Gain for disposed communities is based on their respective final settlement statements. A reconciliation of the aggregate Economic Gain to the aggregate gain on sale in accordance with GAAP for the wholly-owned operating communities disposed of during the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 2
| Q1 2022
GAAP Gain | $ | 148,708 |
Accumulated Depreciation and Other | (28,904) |
Economic Gain | $ | 119,804 |

Economic Occupancy is defined as total possible Residential revenue less vacancy loss as a percentage of total possible Residential revenue. Total possible Residential revenue (also known as “gross potential”) is determined by valuing occupied units at contract rates and vacant units at Market Rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current Market Rents. By measuring vacant apartments at their Market Rents, Economic Occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community’s gross revenue.
FFO and Core FFO are considered by management to be supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. FFO is calculated by the Company in accordance with the definition adopted by Nareit. FFO is calculated by the Company as Net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities, cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets, write-downs of investments in affiliates which are driven by a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by the affiliate and depreciation of real estate assets, including adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. By excluding gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated
8

operating communities and excluding real estate depreciation (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates), FFO can help one compare the operating and financial performance of a company’s real estate between periods or as compared to different companies. Core FFO is the Company's FFO as adjusted for non-core items outlined in the table below. By further adjusting for items that are not considered by us to be part of our core business operations, Core FFO can help one compare the core operating and financial performance of the Company between periods. A reconciliation of Net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO and to Core FFO is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 3
|  | Q1 |  | Q1 |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | 262,044 |  |  | $ | 142,223 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments |  | 200,652 |  |  | 182,314 |  |  |  |  |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate |  | (148,800) |  |  | (53,727) |  |  |  |  |
FFO attributable to common stockholders |  | 313,908 |  |  | 270,822 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusting items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unconsolidated entity (gains) losses, net |  | (255) |  |  | 101 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on extinguishment of consolidated debt |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on interest rate contract |  | (729) |  |  | (2,654) |  |  |  |  |
Advocacy contributions |  | 150 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Executive transition compensation costs |  | 402 |  |  | 1,781 |  |  |  |  |
Severance related costs |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Development pursuit write-offs and expensed transaction costs, net of recoveries |  | 159 |  |  | (225) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on for-sale condominiums (1) |  | (1,002) |  |  | (131) |  |  |  |  |
For-sale condominium marketing, operating and administrative costs (1) |  | 766 |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  |  |
For-sale condominium imputed carry cost (2) |  | 919 |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net |  | (37) |  |  | (427) |  |  |  |  |
Legal settlements |  | 130 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) (3) |  | 2,471 |  |  | (755) |  |  |  |  |
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | 316,923 |  |  | $ | 271,646 |  |  |  |  |
Average shares outstanding - diluted |  | 139,976,082 |  |  | 139,552,413 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share - diluted |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  |  |  |
FFO per common share - diluted |  | $ | 2.24 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  |  |  |
Core FFO per common share - diluted |  | $ | 2.26 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  |  |  |
(1) Aggregate impact of (i) Gain on for-sale condominiums and (ii) For-sale condominium marketing, operating and administrative costs, is a net gain of $236 and a net expense of $913 for Q1 2022 and Q1 2021, respectively.
(2) Represents the imputed carry cost of the for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. The Company computes this adjustment by multiplying the Total Capital Cost of completed and unsold for-sale residential condominiums by the Company's weighted average unsecured debt effective interest rate.
(3) Q1 2022 income tax expense is the recognition of taxes primarily associated with The Park Loggia.

Interest Coverage is calculated by the Company as Core EBITDAre divided by interest expense. Interest Coverage is presented by the Company because it provides rating agencies and investors an additional means of comparing our ability to service debt obligations to that of other companies. A calculation of Interest Coverage for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
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TABLE 4
Core EBITDAre (1) | $ | 377,348 |
Interest expense (2) | $ | 57,233 |
Interest Coverage | 6.6 times
(1) For additional detail, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 1.
(2) Excludes the impact of gain on interest rate contract.

Market Cap Rate is defined by the Company as Projected NOI of a single community for the first 12 months of operations (assuming no repositioning), less estimates for non-routine allowance of approximately $300 - $500 per apartment home, divided by the gross sales price for the community. Projected NOI, as referred to above, represents management’s estimate of projected rental revenue minus projected operating expenses before interest, income taxes (if any), depreciation and amortization. For this purpose, management’s projection of operating expenses for the community includes a management fee of 2.25%. The Market Cap Rate, which may be determined in a different manner by others, is a measure frequently used in the real estate industry when determining the appropriate purchase price for a property or estimating the value for a property. Buyers may assign different Market Cap Rates to different communities when determining the appropriate value because they (i) may project different rates of change in operating expenses and capital expenditure estimates and (ii) may project different rates of change in future rental revenue due to different estimates for changes in rent and occupancy levels. The weighted average Market Cap Rate is weighted based on the gross sales price of each community.
Market Rents as reported by the Company are based on the current market rates set by the Company based on its experience in renting apartments and publicly available market data. Trends in Market Rents for a region as reported by others could vary. Market Rents for a period are based on the average Market Rents during that period and do not reflect any impact for cash concessions.
Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre is calculated by the Company as total debt (secured and unsecured notes, and the Company's variable rate unsecured credit facility and commercial paper program) that is consolidated for financial reporting purposes, less consolidated cash and cash in escrow, divided by annualized first quarter 2022 Core EBITDAre. A calculation of Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 5
Total debt principal (1) | $ | 8,070,068 |
Cash and cash in escrow | (457,411) |
Net debt | $ | 7,612,657 |
Core EBITDAre (2) | $ | 377,348 |
Core EBITDAre, annualized | $ | 1,509,392 |
Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre | 5.0 times
(1) Balance at March 31, 2022 excludes $9,617 of debt discount and $39,481 of deferred financing costs as reflected in unsecured notes, net, and $13,251 of debt discount and $2,686 of deferred financing costs as reflected in notes payable on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) For additional detail, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 1.

NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from investments in unconsolidated entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense (benefit), casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net, net for-sale condominium activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The Company considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to Net Income of operating performance of a community or communities because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level
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property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community, and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or groups of assets.
Residential NOI represents results attributable to the Company's apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary Residential revenue. A reconciliation of Residential NOI to Net Income, as well as a breakdown of Residential NOI by operating segment, is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 6
|  | Q1 |  | Q1 |  | Q4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 262,076 |  |  | $ | 142,234 |  |  | $ | 335,298 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income |  | 28,113 |  |  | 24,470 |  |  | 24,555 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries |  | 987 |  |  | (170) |  |  | 1,331 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net |  | 56,526 |  |  | 52,613 |  |  | 55,711 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expense |  | 17,421 |  |  | 17,352 |  |  | 16,481 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated entities |  | (317) |  |  | 467 |  |  | (5,626) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense |  | 201,786 |  |  | 183,297 |  |  | 197,036 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 2,471 |  |  | (755) |  |  | 4,299 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Casualty and impairment loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of communities |  | (148,800) |  |  | (53,727) |  |  | (213,881) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net |  | (37) |  |  | (427) |  |  | (95) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net for-sale condominium activity |  | (236) |  |  | 913 |  |  | (425) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale |  | (1,699) |  |  | (11,247) |  |  | (4,621) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOI |  | 418,291 |  |  | 354,898 |  |  | 410,084 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial NOI |  | (8,320) |  |  | (5,311) |  |  | (8,045) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential NOI |  | $ | 409,971 |  |  | $ | 349,587 |  |  | $ | 402,039 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential NOI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Store: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | $ | 52,478 |  |  | $ | 47,456 |  |  | $ | 52,498 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 78,275 |  |  | 71,800 |  |  | 78,091 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 55,501 |  |  | 52,721 |  |  | 55,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Southeast FL |  | 5,965 |  |  | 4,178 |  |  | 5,904 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denver, CO |  | 4,727 |  |  | 4,019 |  |  | 4,486 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pacific NW |  | 23,122 |  |  | 19,560 |  |  | 21,598 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
N. California |  | 67,807 |  |  | 65,047 |  |  | 67,052 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S. California |  | 83,244 |  |  | 71,654 |  |  | 82,887 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Same Store |  | 371,119 |  |  | 336,435 |  |  | 367,620 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Stabilized |  | 26,845 |  |  | 9,810 |  |  | 25,081 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Development/Redevelopment |  | 12,007 |  |  | 3,342 |  |  | 9,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential NOI |  | $ | 409,971 |  |  | $ | 349,587 |  |  | $ | 402,039 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

NOI as reported by the Company does not include the operating results from assets sold or classified as held for sale. A reconciliation of NOI from communities sold or classified as held for sale is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 7
|  | Q1 |  | Q1 |  | Q4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from real estate assets sold or held for sale |  | $ | 3,219 |  |  | $ | 19,034 |  |  | $ | 8,168 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale |  | (1,520) |  |  | (7,787) |  |  | (3,547) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 11,247 |  |  | $ | 4,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Commercial NOI is composed of the following components (in thousands):

TABLE 8
|  | Q1 |  | Q1 |  | Q4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Revenue |  | $ | 10,031 |  |  | $ | 6,754 |  |  | $ | 9,396 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Operating Expenses |  | (1,711) |  |  | (1,443) |  |  | (1,351) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial NOI |  | $ | 8,320 |  |  | $ | 5,311 |  |  | $ | 8,045 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that the Company owns, which have Stabilized Operations as of January 1, 2022, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2021. Other Stabilized excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities.
Projected FFO and Projected Core FFO, as provided within this release in the Company’s outlook, are calculated on a basis consistent with historical FFO and Core FFO, and are therefore considered to be appropriate supplemental measures to projected Net Income from projected operating performance. A reconciliation of the ranges provided for Projected FFO per share (diluted) for the second quarter and full year 2022 to the ranges provided for projected EPS (diluted) and corresponding reconciliation of the ranges for Projected FFO per share to the ranges for Projected Core FFO per share are as follows:

TABLE 9
|  | Low Range |  | High Range
Projected EPS (diluted) - Q2 2022 | $ | 2.20 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |
| Depreciation (real estate related) | 1.41 |  |  | 1.41 |
| Gain on sale of communities | (1.38) |  |  | (1.38) |
Projected FFO per share (diluted) - Q2 2022 | 2.23 |  |  | 2.35 |
| Non-core transaction activity | 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |
| Income tax expense | 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |
Projected Core FFO per share (diluted) - Q2 2022 | $ | 2.25 |  |  | $ | 2.37 |
Projected EPS (diluted) - Full Year 2022 | $ | 6.05 |  |  | $ | 6.45 |
| Depreciation (real estate related) | 5.69 |  |  | 5.69 |
| Gain on sale of communities | (2.37) |  |  | (2.37) |
Projected FFO per share (diluted) - Full Year 2022 | 9.37 |  |  | 9.77 |
| Adjustments related to residential for-sale condominiums at The Park Loggia (1) | (0.01) |  |  | (0.01) |
| Non-core transaction activity | (0.03) |  |  | (0.03) |
| Development pursuit write-offs and expensed transaction costs, net of recoveries | 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |
| Executive transition compensation costs | 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |
| Income tax expense | 0.03 |  |  | 0.03 |
Projected Core FFO per share (diluted) - Full Year 2022 | $ | 9.38 |  |  | $ | 9.78 |
(1) The Park Loggia adjustments relate to the following for the for-sale condominiums: operating expenses incurred, GAAP gain after taxes and cost of sales, and imputed carry costs on unsold homes.

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Projected NOI, as used within this release for certain Development communities and in calculating the Market Cap Rate for dispositions, represents management’s estimate, as of the date of this release (or as of the date of the buyer’s valuation in the case of dispositions), of projected stabilized rental revenue minus projected stabilized operating expenses. For Development communities, Projected NOI is calculated based on the first twelve months of Stabilized Operations following the completion of construction. In calculating the Market Cap Rate, Projected NOI for dispositions is calculated for the first twelve months following the date of the buyer’s valuation. Projected stabilized rental revenue represents management’s estimate of projected gross potential minus projected stabilized economic vacancy and adjusted for projected stabilized concessions plus projected stabilized other rental revenue. Projected stabilized operating expenses do not include interest, income taxes (if any), depreciation or amortization, or any allocation of corporate-level property management overhead or general and administrative costs. In addition, projected stabilized operating expenses for Development communities do not include property management fee expense. Projected gross potential for Development communities and dispositions is generally based on leased rents for occupied homes and management’s best estimate of rental levels for homes which are currently unleased, as well as those homes which will become available for lease during the twelve month forward period used to develop Projected NOI. The weighted average Projected NOI as a percentage of Total Capital Cost ("Weighted Average Initial Projected Stabilized Yield") is weighted based on the Company’s share of the Total Capital Cost of each community, based on its percentage ownership.
Management believes that Projected NOI of the Development communities, on an aggregated weighted average basis, assists investors in understanding management's estimate of the likely impact on operations of the Development communities when the assets are complete and achieve stabilized occupancy (before allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead, general and administrative costs or interest expense). However, in this release the Company has not given a projection of NOI on a company-wide basis. Given the different dates and fiscal years for which NOI is projected for these communities, the projected allocation of corporate-level property management overhead, general and administrative costs and interest expense to communities under development is complex, impractical to develop, and may not be meaningful. Projected NOI of these communities is not a projection of the Company's overall financial performance or cash flow. There can be no assurance that the communities under development will achieve the Projected NOI as described in this release.
Redevelopment is composed of consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is probable to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community’s pre-redevelopment basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during or as a result of the redevelopment activity. Redevelopment includes two communities containing 1,058 apartment homes that are currently under active redevelopment as of March 31, 2022.
Residential represents results attributable to the Company's apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary Residential revenue.
Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis is considered by the Company to be a supplemental measure to Residential rental revenue in conformity with GAAP to help investors evaluate the impact of both current and historical concessions on GAAP-based Residential rental revenue and to more readily enable comparisons to revenue as reported by other companies. In addition, Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis allows an investor to understand the historical trend in cash concessions.
A reconciliation of Same Store Residential rental revenue in conformity with GAAP to Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 10
|  | Q1 |  | Q1 |  | Q4 |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Residential rental revenue (GAAP basis) |  | $ | 540,389 |  |  | $ | 498,069 |  |  | $ | 529,795 |  |  |  |  |
Residential concessions amortized |  | 8,306 |  |  | 15,068 |  |  | 11,929 |  |  |  |  |
Residential concessions granted |  | (2,373) |  |  | (16,130) |  |  | (4,478) |  |  |  |  |
Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis |  | $ | 546,322 |  |  | $ | 497,007 |  |  | $ | 537,246 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Q1 2022 |  | Q1 2022 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | vs. Q1 2021 |  | vs. Q4 2021 |  |  |  |
% change -- GAAP revenue |  |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |
% change -- cash revenue |  |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  |  |  |

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Same Store is composed of consolidated communities in the markets where the Company has a significant presence and where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had Stabilized Operations, as defined below, as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. Therefore, for 2022 operating results, Same Store is composed of consolidated communities that have Stabilized Operations as of January 1, 2021, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or probable for disposition within the current year.
Same Store Collections are the collection rates based on individual resident and commercial tenant activity as reflected in the Company’s property management systems, and are presented to provide information about collections trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the collections information provided was not routinely produced for internal use by senior management or publicly disclosed by the Company, and is a result of analysis that is not subject to internal controls over financial reporting. This information is not prepared in accordance with GAAP, does not reflect GAAP revenue or cash flow metrics, may be subject to adjustment in preparing GAAP revenue and cash flow metrics at the end of the three months ended March 31, 2022. Additionally, this information should not be interpreted as predicting the Company’s financial performance, results of operations or liquidity for any period.
Stabilized Operations/Restabilized Operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
Total Capital Cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development or Redevelopment community, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, offset by proceeds from the sale of any associated land or improvements, all as determined in accordance with GAAP. Total Capital Cost also includes costs incurred related to first generation commercial tenants, such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions. For Redevelopment communities, Total Capital Cost excludes costs incurred prior to the start of redevelopment when indicated. With respect to communities where development or redevelopment was completed in a prior or the current period, Total Capital Cost reflects the actual cost incurred, plus any contingency estimate made by management. Total Capital Cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount. For joint ventures not in construction, Total Capital Cost is equal to gross real estate cost.
Unconsolidated Development is composed of communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year, in which we have an indirect ownership interest through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.
Unencumbered NOI as calculated by the Company represents NOI generated by real estate assets unencumbered by outstanding secured notes payable as of March 31, 2022 as a percentage of total NOI generated by real estate assets. The Company believes that current and prospective unsecured creditors of the Company view Unencumbered NOI as one indication of the borrowing capacity of the Company. Therefore, when reviewed together with the Company’s Interest Coverage, EBITDA and cash flow from operations, the Company believes that investors and creditors view Unencumbered NOI as a useful supplemental measure for determining the financial flexibility of an entity. A calculation of Unencumbered NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

TABLE 11
|  | Q1 2022
|  | NOI
Residential NOI: |  |
Same Store |  | $ | 371,119 |
Other Stabilized |  | 26,845 |
Development/Redevelopment |  | 12,007 |
Total Residential NOI |  | 409,971 |
Commercial NOI |  | 8,320 |
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale |  | 1,699 |
Total NOI generated by real estate assets |  | 419,990 |
Less NOI on encumbered assets |  | (21,171) |
NOI on unencumbered assets |  | $ | 398,819 |
Unencumbered NOI |  | 95 | %

15