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Segment Reporting | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract] |
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company's reportable operating segments include Same Store, Other Stabilized and Development/Redevelopment. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. •Same Store is composed of consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Same Store communities are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2021, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of December 31, 2022 or probable for disposition to unrelated third parties within the fiscal year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment. •Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that the Company owns and that are not Same Store but that had stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2022, or which were acquired during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. Other Stabilized includes stabilized wholly-owned communities in Charlotte, North Carolina and Dallas, Texas, the two new expansion markets the Company entered in 2021, but excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the fiscal year. •Development/Redevelopment is composed of (i) consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction during the fiscal year, which may be partially or fully complete and operating, (ii) consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is probable to begin during the fiscal year and (iii) communities that have been complete for less than one year and have not reached stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2022. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment. The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") for assessing each segment's performance. The Company's CODM is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income (“NOI”) as the primary financial measure for Same Store communities and Other Stabilized communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from investments in unconsolidated entities, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), casualty loss, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net, net for-sale condominium activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The CODM evaluates the Company's financial performance on a consolidated residential and commercial basis. The commercial results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other nonresidential operations represent 2.0%, 1.7% and 0.9% of total NOI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income. A reconciliation of NOI to net income for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
| For the year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income | $ | 1,136,438 |  |  | $ | 1,004,356 |  |  | $ | 827,706 |
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 114,200 |  |  | 98,665 |  |  | 97,443 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 16,565 |  |  | 3,231 |  |  | 12,399 |
Interest expense, net | 230,074 |  |  | 220,415 |  |  | 214,151 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,646 |  |  | 17,787 |  |  | 9,333 |
General and administrative expense | 74,064 |  |  | 69,611 |  |  | 60,343 |
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities | (53,394) |  |  | (38,585) |  |  | (6,422) |
Depreciation expense | 814,978 |  |  | 758,596 |  |  | 707,331 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 14,646 |  |  | 5,733 |  |  | (3,247) |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 3,119 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of communities | (555,558) |  |  | (602,235) |  |  | (340,444) |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (5,039) |  |  | (2,097) |  |  | (440) |
Net for-sale condominium activity | (88) |  |  | 977 |  |  | (2,551) |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (22,746) |  |  | (61,105) |  |  | (103,181) |
Net operating income | $ | 1,765,786 |  |  | $ | 1,478,468 |  |  | $ | 1,472,421 |
The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
| For the year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 35,374 |  |  | $ | 99,684 |  |  | $ | 165,092 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (12,628) |  |  | (38,579) |  |  | (61,911) |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 22,746 |  |  | $ | 61,105 |  |  | $ | 103,181 |
The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget. The following table details the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at December 31, 2022 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and at December 31, 2021, for the year ended December 31, 2020. Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of December 31, 2022, as described in Note 6, “Real Estate Disposition Activities.”
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Same Store |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 344,384 |  |  | $ | 228,316 |  |  | $ | 2,881,980 |
Metro NY/NJ | 466,512 |  |  | 324,901 |  |  | 4,115,989 |
Mid-Atlantic | 333,400 |  |  | 227,031 |  |  | 3,203,802 |
Southeast Florida | 38,265 |  |  | 25,003 |  |  | 398,823 |
Denver, CO | 26,848 |  |  | 19,652 |  |  | 321,685 |
Pacific Northwest | 145,255 |  |  | 102,838 |  |  | 1,297,627 |
Northern California | 403,611 |  |  | 288,468 |  |  | 3,687,929 |
Southern California | 492,093 |  |  | 345,463 |  |  | 4,320,634 |
Total Same Store | 2,250,368 |  |  | 1,561,672 |  |  | 20,228,469 |
Other Stabilized | 210,341 |  |  | 141,593 |  |  | 2,973,170 |
Development / Redevelopment | 91,030 |  |  | 62,521 |  |  | 2,367,634 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  | N/A |  | 179,204 |
Non-allocated (3) | 6,333 |  |  | N/A |  | 155,418 |
Total | $ | 2,558,072 |  |  | $ | 1,765,786 |  |  | $ | 25,903,895 |
For the period ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Same Store |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 305,627 |  |  | $ | 196,075 |  |  | $ | 2,845,834 |
Metro NY/NJ | 415,936 |  |  | 284,819 |  |  | 4,089,024 |
Mid-Atlantic | 310,274 |  |  | 208,505 |  |  | 3,174,279 |
Southeast Florida | 31,703 |  |  | 19,689 |  |  | 395,999 |
Denver, CO | 23,742 |  |  | 16,451 |  |  | 320,435 |
Pacific Northwest | 126,513 |  |  | 85,980 |  |  | 1,288,975 |
Northern California | 371,978 |  |  | 263,101 |  |  | 3,640,220 |
Southern California | 441,765 |  |  | 303,336 |  |  | 4,264,695 |
Total Same Store (2) | 2,027,538 |  |  | 1,377,956 |  |  | 20,019,461 |
Other Stabilized | 121,659 |  |  | 75,422 |  |  | 2,413,391 |
Development / Redevelopment | 42,885 |  |  | 25,090 |  |  | 1,580,653 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  | N/A |  | 147,546 |
Non-allocated (3) | 3,084 |  |  | N/A |  | 257,536 |
Total | $ | 2,195,166 |  |  | $ | 1,478,468 |  |  | $ | 24,418,587 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |
Same Store |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 294,955 |  |  | $ | 193,754 |  |  | $ | 2,678,628 |
Metro NY/NJ | 399,686 |  |  | 277,666 |  |  | 3,895,554 |
Mid-Atlantic | 336,264 |  |  | 233,307 |  |  | 3,479,627 |
Southeast Florida | 29,151 |  |  | 15,730 |  |  | 393,926 |
Denver, CO | 21,293 |  |  | 13,796 |  |  | 319,562 |
Pacific Northwest | 110,976 |  |  | 77,324 |  |  | 1,052,903 |
Northern California | 400,934 |  |  | 298,176 |  |  | 3,438,290 |
Southern California | 433,203 |  |  | 299,196 |  |  | 4,226,724 |
Total Same Store (2) | 2,026,462 |  |  | 1,408,949 |  |  | 19,485,214 |
Other Stabilized | 79,431 |  |  | 52,614 |  |  | 1,081,327 |
Development / Redevelopment | 28,298 |  |  | 10,858 |  |  | 1,917,913 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  | N/A |  | 110,142 |
Non-allocated (3) | 1,978 |  |  | N/A |  | 367,189 |
Total | $ | 2,136,169 |  |  | $ | 1,472,421 |  |  | $ | 22,961,785 |
_________________________________ (1) Does not include gross real estate either sold or classified as held for sale subsequent to December 31, 2021 and 2020 of $482,542 and $955,497, respectively. (2) Gross real estate for the Company's Same Store includes capitalized additions of approximately $209,607, $158,991 and $126,548 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. (3) Revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment. Gross real estate includes the for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, as discussed in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

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- Definition The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 31 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8924-108599 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 34 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8981-108599 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Subparagraph (a) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8721-108599 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 40 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9031-108599 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 32 -Subparagraph (f) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 32 -Subparagraph (e) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 26 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8844-108599 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 41 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9038-108599 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 32 -Subparagraph (d) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 22 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8736-108599 Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 42 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9054-108599 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8657-108599 Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Subparagraph (b) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8721-108599 Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2134510 + Details
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