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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Organization and Basis of Presentation AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company develops, redevelops, acquires, owns and operates multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. As of September 30, 2025, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 314 apartment communities containing 97,219 apartment homes in 11 states and the District of Columbia, of which 21 communities were under construction. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 34 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,381 apartment homes. The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Form 10-K"). The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included. Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain joint venture partnerships, subsidiary partnerships structured as DownREITs, and any variable interest entities that qualify for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Noncontrolling Interests The Company classifies the carrying value of the DownREIT Units as noncontrolling interests, as the units may be redeemed by unitholders on or after April 30, 2026 for cash or common stock at the Company's election. Net income is allocated to the DownREIT Units pro-rata based on the weighted average proportion of DownREIT Units to the weighted average combined total of outstanding common stock, participating securities, and DownREIT Units for the period. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Restricted cash includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing, amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity and resident security deposits. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held at major commercial banks. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non- forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common stockholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per common share. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per common share on a diluted basis. Diluted earnings per common share was computed using the treasury stock method for performance awards, options, participating securities and forward contracts, and using the if-converted method for DownREIT Units. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Basic and diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 142,089,075 |  |  | 142,038,838 |  |  | 142,132,739 |  |  | 141,981,920 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 1,446,326 |  |  | 477,846 |  |  | 972,016 |  |  | 394,514 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 143,535,401 |  |  | 142,516,684 |  |  | 143,104,755 |  |  | 142,376,434 |
Calculation of Earnings per Common Share - basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 381,306 |  |  | $ | 372,519 |  |  | $ | 886,568 |  |  | $ | 799,902 |
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | (719) |  |  | (706) |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | (1,537) |
Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic | $ | 380,587 |  |  | $ | 371,813 |  |  | $ | 884,908 |  |  | $ | 798,365 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 142,089,075 |  |  | 142,038,838 |  |  | 142,132,739 |  |  | 141,981,920 |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 2.68 |  |  | $ | 2.62 |  |  | $ | 6.23 |  |  | $ | 5.62 |
Calculation of Earnings per Common Share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 381,306 |  |  | $ | 372,519 |  |  | $ | 886,568 |  |  | $ | 799,902 |
Net income attributable to DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships | 2,856 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,046 |  |  | — |
Net income - diluted | $ | 384,162 |  |  | $ | 372,519 |  |  | $ | 890,614 |  |  | $ | 799,902 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 143,535,401 |  |  | 142,516,684 |  |  | 143,104,755 |  |  | 142,376,434 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 2.68 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 6.22 |  |  | $ | 5.62 |
Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 19,266, forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 4,047,113, and unvested performance awards in the amounts of 42,609 as of September 30, 2025 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period. Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 9,793 and forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 3,757,922 were outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying hedges, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company records the cumulative changes in the Hedging Derivatives' fair value in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. Receipts or payments associated with the gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges of future fixed rate debt issuances are presented as a component of cash flows from financing activities in the period the hedges are terminated and the receipt or payments for the Company’s cash flow hedges of interest on variable rate debt are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. Payments for derivatives that are not designated in hedging relationships are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments. Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate The Company accounts for real estate acquisitions as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under either model, the Company identifies and determines the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. The Company utilizes various sources to determine fair value, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the purchase price is allocated based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be asset acquisitions. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' financial statements and notes to the financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification. Leases The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows: •lessor of residential and commercial space within its apartment communities; and •lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and certain commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices. Lessee Considerations The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments that are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Variable lease payments are generally not included in the lease liability, but recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred. For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determines the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease-by-lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements. For leases that are 12 months or less, the Company elected the practical expedient to not recognize the lease asset and liability. Lessor Considerations The Company's residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option. For the Company’s leases, which are comprised of a lease component and common area maintenance as a non-lease component, the Company determined that (i) the leases are operating leases, (ii) the lease component is the predominant component and (iii) all components of its operating leases share the same timing and pattern of transfer. Revenue and Gain Recognition The Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under "Leases". The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for as residential and commercial rental and other lease income include (i) management, development and other fees, (ii) non-lease related revenue and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate. The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2025, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):
|  | Same Store |  | Other Stabilized |  | Development/ Redevelopment |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |
Non-lease related revenue (2) |  | 2,222 |  |  | 1,761 |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,091 |
Total non-lease revenue |  | 2,222 |  |  | 1,761 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 1,870 |  |  | 5,961 |
Lease income (3) |  | 689,703 |  |  | 45,709 |  |  | 13,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 748,966 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 691,925 |  |  | $ | 47,470 |  |  | $ | 13,662 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 754,927 |
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,716 |  |  | $ | 1,716 |
Non-lease related revenue (2) |  | 1,966 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,444 |
Total non-lease revenue |  | 1,966 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 1,716 |  |  | 5,160 |
Lease income (3) |  | 674,384 |  |  | 24,283 |  |  | 2,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 701,527 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 676,350 |  |  | $ | 25,710 |  |  | $ | 2,911 |  |  | $ | 1,716 |  |  | $ | 706,687 |
|  | Same Store |  | Other Stabilized |  | Development/ Redevelopment |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |
Non-lease related revenue (2) |  | 6,267 |  |  | 4,822 |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,341 |
Total non-lease revenue |  | 6,267 |  |  | 4,822 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 5,204 |  |  | 16,545 |
Lease income (3) |  | 2,058,298 |  |  | 117,508 |  |  | 29,470 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,205,276 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,064,565 |  |  | $ | 122,330 |  |  | $ | 29,722 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 2,221,821 |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,342 |  |  | $ | 5,342 |
Non-lease related revenue (2) |  | 6,881 |  |  | 4,115 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,100 |
Total non-lease revenue |  | 6,881 |  |  | 4,115 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 5,342 |  |  | 16,442 |
Lease income (3) |  | 2,002,968 |  |  | 49,431 |  |  | 4,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,057,068 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,009,849 |  |  | $ | 53,546 |  |  | $ | 4,773 |  |  | $ | 5,342 |  |  | $ | 2,073,510 |
______________________________ (1)Represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment. (2)Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, and revenue streams not related to leasing activities including, but not limited to, application fees, renters insurance fees and vendor revenue sharing. (3)Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, as discussed above, under "Leases". Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2025. Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $11,531,000 and $11,669,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $35,411,000 and $35,450,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires (i) a tabular rate reconciliation of the reported income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations into specific categories, (ii) separate disclosure for any reconciling items within certain categories above a quantitative threshold, (iii) disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and material jurisdictions and (iv) disclosure of income tax expense from continuing operations disaggregated by federal and state. The new standard will be effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires the disaggregation for certain expenses presented on the face of an entity’s income statement in the entity's disclosures. Additionally, it requires the disclosure of selling expenses and descriptions of amounts not separately disaggregated. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect it to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which updates the accounting for software implementation and development, specifically with respect to cost capitalization. The amendments replace the former model which considered prescriptive and sequential software development stages with an approach that is focused on management authorization and probability that the project will be completed and used for its intended purpose. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect it to have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

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