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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-9804
_______________________________________________________________________
PULTEGROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Michigan |  | 38-2766606
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3350 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 150
Atlanta, | Georgia | 30326
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | 404 | 978-6400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, par value $0.01 | PHM | New York Stock Exchange
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Share Purchase Rights |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
NONE
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act

Large accelerated filer | Accelerated filer | Non-accelerated filer | Smaller reporting company | Emerging growth company
☒ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting shares held by nonaffiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2020, based on the closing sale price per share as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date, was $9,077,356,567. As of January 21, 2021, the registrant had 265,894,240 shares of common shares outstanding.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Applicable portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form.

PULTEGROUP, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item No. |  | Page No.
| Part I |
1 | Business | 3
1A | Risk Factors | 8
1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 16
2 | Properties | 16
3 | Legal Proceedings | 17
4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 17
4A | Information About Our Executive Officers | 17
| Part II |
5 | Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 18
6 | Selected Financial Data | 20
7 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 44
9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 79
9A | Controls and Procedures | 79
9B | Other Information | 81
| Part III |
10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 81
11 | Executive Compensation | 81
12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters | 81
13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence | 81
14 | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 81
| Part IV |
15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 82
16 | Form 10-K Summary | 85
| Signatures | 86

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PART I
ITEM I. BUSINESS
PulteGroup, Inc. is a Michigan corporation organized in 1956. We are one of the largest homebuilders in the United States ("U.S."), and our common shares are included in the S&P 500 Index and trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “PHM”. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "PulteGroup", the "Company", "we", "us", and "our" used herein refer to PulteGroup, Inc. and its subsidiaries. While our subsidiaries engage primarily in the homebuilding business, we also have financial services businesses, including mortgage banking, conducted principally through Pulte Mortgage LLC (“Pulte Mortgage”), title, and insurance brokerage operations.
Homebuilding, our core business, which includes the acquisition and development of land primarily for residential purposes within the U.S. and the construction of housing on such land, generated 97% of our consolidated revenues of $11.0 billion in 2020 and 98% of our consolidated revenues of $10.2 billion in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Available information
We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These filings are available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Our internet website address is www.pultegroupinc.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with or furnish them to the SEC. Our code of ethics for principal officers, our code of ethical business conduct, our corporate governance guidelines, and the charters of the Audit, Compensation and Management Development, Nominating and Governance, and Finance and Investment Committees of our Board of Directors are also posted on our website and are available in print, free of charge, upon request.
Homebuilding Operations
Our Homebuilding operations are geographically diverse within the U.S. As of December 31, 2020, we operated out of 874 active communities in 40 markets across 23 states. We offer a broad product line to meet the needs of homebuyers in our targeted markets. Through our brands, which include Centex, Pulte Homes, Del Webb, DiVosta Homes, John Wieland Homes and Neighborhoods, and American West, we offer a wide variety of home designs at different prices and with varying levels of options and amenities to our major customer groups: first-time, move-up, and active adult. During 2020, we delivered home closings totaling 24,624 homes, compared with 23,232 homes in 2019 and 23,107 homes in 2018. Over our history, we have delivered nearly 750,000 homes.
We predominantly sell single-family detached homes, which represented 85% of our home closings in 2020, 2019, and 2018. The remaining units consist of attached homes, such as townhomes, condominiums, and duplexes. Sales prices of home closings during 2020 ranged from approximately $150,000 to over $2,500,000, with 92% falling within the range of $200,000 to $750,000. The average unit selling price in 2020 was $430,000, compared with $427,000 in 2019, and $425,000 in 2018.
Strategy
We believe that national publicly-traded builders have a competitive advantage over local builders through their ability to: access more reliable and lower cost financing through the capital markets; control and entitle large land positions; gain better access to scarce labor resources; and achieve greater geographic and product diversification. Among our national publicly-traded peer group, we believe that builders with broad geographic and product diversity and sustainable capital positions will benefit from this scale and diversification in any market conditions. Our strategy to enhance shareholder value is centered around the following operational objectives:
•Drive operational gains and asset efficiency in support of high returns over the housing cycle;
•Shorten the duration of our owned land pipeline to improve returns and reduce risks, including targeting a long-term balance of approximately three years of supply each for owned and optioned land (approximately six years of supply in total);
•Maintain disciplined business practices to maximize returns on investment;
•Increase scale within our existing markets by appropriately expanding market share among our primary buyer groups: first-time, move-up, and active adult;
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•Focus on building-to-order while maintaining an appropriate balance of speculative homes; and
•Manage the Company's capital consistent with our stated priorities: invest in the business, fund our dividend, maintain a long-term debt-to-capital ratio within a targeted range of 30.0% to 40.0%, and routinely return excess funds to shareholders through share repurchases.
Land acquisition and development
We acquire land primarily for the construction of homes for sale. We select locations for development of homebuilding communities after completing a feasibility study, which includes, among other things, soil tests, independent environmental studies and other engineering work, an evaluation of necessary zoning and other governmental entitlements, and extensive market research that enables us to match the location with our product offering to meet the needs of consumers. We consider factors such as proximity to developed areas, population and job growth patterns, and, if applicable, estimated development costs. We frequently manage a portion of the risk of controlling our land positions through the use of land option agreements, which enable us to defer acquiring portions of properties owned by land sellers until we have determined whether and when to exercise our option. Our use of land option agreements can serve to enhance our expected returns on our land investments and reduce the financial risk associated with long-term land holdings. We typically acquire land with the intent to complete sales of housing units within 24 to 36 months from the date of opening a community, except in the case of certain Del Webb active adult developments and other large master-planned projects for which the completion of community build-out requires a longer time period. While our overall supply of controlled land is in excess of our short-term needs in certain of our markets, some of our controlled land consists of long-term positions that will not be converted to home sales in the near term. Accordingly, we remain active in our pursuit of new land investment. We also periodically sell select parcels of land to third parties for commercial or other development or if we determine that such parcels no longer fit into our strategic operating plans.
Land is generally purchased after it is zoned and developed, or is ready for development, for our intended use. Where we develop land, we engage directly in many phases of the development process, including: land and site planning; obtaining environmental and other regulatory approvals; and constructing roads, sewers, water and drainage facilities, and community amenities, such as parks, pools, and clubhouses. We use our staff and the services of independent engineers and consultants for land development activities. Land development work is performed primarily by independent contractors and, when needed, local government authorities who construct sewer and water systems in some areas. At December 31, 2020, we controlled 180,352 lots, of which 91,363 were owned and 88,989 were under land option agreements.
Sales and marketing
We are dedicated to improving the quality and value of our homes through innovative architectural and community designs. Analyzing various qualitative and quantitative data obtained through extensive market research, we stratify our potential customers into well-defined homebuyer groups. Such stratification provides a method for understanding the business opportunities and risks across the full spectrum of consumer groups in each market. Once the needs of potential homebuyers are understood, we link our home design and community development efforts to the specific lifestyle of each consumer group. Through our understanding of each consumer group, we seek to provide homes that better meet the needs and wants of each homebuyer.
Our homes targeted to first-time homebuyers tend to be smaller with product offerings geared toward lower average selling prices and higher density. Move-up homebuyers tend to place more of a premium on location and amenities. These communities typically offer larger homes at higher price points. Through our Del Webb brand, we address the needs of active adults. Many of these active adult communities are age-restricted to homebuyers aged fifty-five and over and are highly amenitized, offering a variety of features, including athletic facilities, recreational centers, and educational classes, to facilitate the homebuyer maintaining an active lifestyle. In order to make the cost of these highly amenitized communities affordable to the individual homeowner, Del Webb communities tend to be larger than first-time or move-up homebuyer communities. During 2020, 31%, 45%, and 24% of our home closings were to first-time, move-up, and active adult customers, respectively, which reflects a slight increase toward first-time buyers since 2019 consistent with our continued investment in serving first-time buyers.
We believe that we are an innovator in home design, and we view our design capabilities as an integral aspect of our marketing strategy. Our in-house architectural services teams, supplemented by outside consultants, follow a disciplined product development process to introduce new features and technologies based on customer-validated data. Following this disciplined process results in distinctive design features, both in exterior facades and interior options and features. We typically offer a variety of house floor plans and elevations in each community, including potential options and upgrades, such as different flooring, countertop, fixture, and appliance choices, and design our base house and option packages to meet the needs of our
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customers as defined through rigorous market research. Energy efficiency represents an important source of value for new homes compared with existing homes and represents a key area of focus for our home designs, including high efficiency heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems and insulation, low-emissivity windows, solar power in certain geographies, and other energy-efficient features.
We market our homes to prospective homebuyers through internet listings and link placements, mobile applications, media advertising, illustrated brochures, and other advertising displays. We have made significant enhancements in our tools and business practices to adapt our selling efforts to today's tech-enabled customers. This includes our websites (www.centex.com, www.pulte.com, www.delwebb.com, www.divosta.com, www.americanwesthomes.com, and www.jwhomes.com), which provide tools to help users find a home that meets their needs, investigate financing alternatives, communicate moving plans, maintain a home, learn more about us, and communicate directly with us.
Our sales teams consist primarily of commissioned employees, and the majority of our home closings also involve independent third-party sales brokers. Our sales consultants are responsible for guiding the customer through the sales process, including selecting the community, house floor plan, and options that meet the customer's needs. We are committed to industry-leading customer service through a variety of quality initiatives, including our customer care program, which seeks to ensure that homebuyers are engaged and satisfied at every stage of the process. Fully furnished and landscaped model homes physically located in our communities, which leverage the expertise of our interior designers, are generally used to showcase our homes and their distinctive design features. We have also introduced virtual reality walkthroughs of our house floor plans in certain communities to provide prospective homebuyers a more cost-effective means to provide a realistic vision of our homes.
The majority of our homes are sold on a built-to-order basis where we do not begin construction of the home until we have a signed contract with a customer. However, we also build speculative ("spec") homes in most of our communities, which allow us to compete more effectively with existing homes available in the market, especially for homebuyers that require a home within a short time frame. We determine our spec home strategy for each community based on local market factors and maintain a level of spec home inventory based on our current and planned sales pace and construction cadence for the community.
Our sales contracts with customers generally require payment of a deposit at the time of contract signing and sometimes additional deposits upon selection of certain options or upgrade features for their homes. Our sales contracts also typically include a financing contingency that provides customers with the right to cancel if they cannot obtain mortgage financing at specified interest rates within a specified period. Our contracts may also include other contingencies, such as the sale of an existing home. Backlog, which represents orders for homes that have not yet closed, was $6.8 billion (15,158 units) at December 31, 2020 and $4.5 billion (10,507 units) at December 31, 2019. For orders in backlog, we have received a signed customer contract and customer deposit, which is refundable in certain instances. Of the orders in backlog at December 31, 2020, substantially all are scheduled to be closed during 2021, though all orders are subject to potential cancellation by or final negotiations with the customer. In the event of contract cancellation, the majority of our sales contracts stipulate that we have the right to retain the customer’s deposit, though we may choose to refund the deposit in certain instances.
Construction
The construction of our homes is conducted under the supervision of our on-site construction field managers. Substantially all of our construction work is performed by independent subcontractors under contracts that establish a specific scope of work at an agreed-upon price. Using a selective process, we have aligned with what we believe are premier subcontractors and suppliers to deliver quality throughout all aspects of the house construction process. In addition, our construction field managers and customer care associates interact with our homebuyers throughout the construction process and instruct homebuyers on post-closing home maintenance.
Continuous improvement in our house construction process is a key area of focus. We seek to build superior quality homes while maintaining efficient construction operations by using standard materials and components from a variety of sources and by following industry and company-specific construction practices. We maintain high quality product offerings and production processes through the following programs:
•Common management of house plans to deliver house designs that customers value the most and that can be built at the highest quality and at an efficient cost;
•Value engineering our house plans to optimize house designs in terms of material content and ease of construction while still providing a clear value to the customer;
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•Utilizing our proprietary construction standards and practices, training of our field leadership and construction personnel, communication with our suppliers, and auditing our compliance through the use of both internal and third party construction experts; and
•Working with our suppliers using a data driven, collaborative method to reduce construction costs.
Generally, the construction materials used in our operations are readily available from numerous sources. However, the cost of certain building materials, especially lumber, steel, concrete, copper, and petroleum-based materials, is influenced by changes in global commodity prices, national tariffs, and other foreign trade factors. Additionally, the ability to consistently source qualified labor at reasonable prices remains challenging as labor supply growth has not kept pace with construction demand. To protect against changes in construction costs, labor and materials costs are generally established prior to or near the time when related sales contracts are signed with customers. In addition, we leverage our size by actively negotiating for certain materials on a national or regional basis to minimize costs. We are also working to establish a more integrated system that can effectively link suppliers, contractors, and the production schedule. However, we cannot determine the extent to which necessary building materials and labor will be available at reasonable prices in the future.
Competition
The housing industry in the U.S. is fragmented and highly competitive. While we are one of the largest homebuilders in the U.S., our national market share represented only approximately 3% of U.S. new home sales in 2020. In each of our local markets, there are numerous national, regional, and local homebuilders with whom we compete. Additionally, new home sales have traditionally represented less than 15% of overall U.S. home sales (new and existing homes). Therefore, we also compete with sales of existing house inventory and any provider of for sale or rental housing units, including apartment operators. We compete primarily on the basis of location, price, quality, reputation, design, community amenities, and our customers' overall sales and homeownership experiences.
Seasonality
Although significant changes in market conditions have impacted our seasonal patterns in the past and could do so again, we historically experience variability in our quarterly results from operations due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally experience increases in revenues and cash flow from operations during the fourth quarter based on the timing of home closings. This seasonal activity increases our working capital requirements in our third and fourth quarters to support our home production and loan origination volumes. As a result of the seasonality of our operations, our quarterly results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. Additionally, given the disruption in economic activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, our quarterly results in 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be achieved in the future.
Regulation and environmental matters
Our operations are subject to extensive regulations imposed and enforced by various federal, state, and local governing authorities. These regulations are complex and include building codes, land zoning and other entitlement restrictions, health and safety regulations, labor practices, marketing and sales practices, environmental regulations, rules and regulations relating to mortgage financing and title operations, and various other laws, rules, and regulations. Collectively, these regulations have a significant impact on the site selection and development of our communities; our house design and construction techniques; our relationships with customers, employees, suppliers, and subcontractors; and many other aspects of our business. The applicable governing authorities frequently have broad discretion in administering these regulations, including inspections of our homes prior to closing with the customer in the majority of municipalities in which we operate. Additionally, we may experience extended timelines for receiving required approvals from municipalities or other government agencies that can delay our anticipated development and construction activities in our communities.
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Financial Services Operations
We conduct our financial services business, which includes mortgage banking, title, and insurance brokerage operations, through Pulte Mortgage and other subsidiaries. Pulte Mortgage arranges financing through the origination of mortgage loans primarily for the benefit of our homebuyers. We are a lender approved by the Federal Housing Administration ("FHA") and Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and are a seller/servicer approved by Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"), Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), and other investors. In our conventional mortgage lending activities, we follow underwriting guidelines established by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and private investors. We believe that our customers’ use of our in-house mortgage and title operations provides us with a competitive advantage by enabling more control over the quality of the overall home buying process for our customers, while also helping us align the timing of the house construction process with our customers’ financing needs.
Operating through a captive business model targeted to supporting our Homebuilding operations, the business levels of our Financial Services operations are highly correlated to Homebuilding. Our Homebuilding customers continue to account for substantially all of our loan production. We originated the mortgage loans for 73% of the homes we closed in 2020, 67% in 2019, and 62% in 2018. Other home closings are settled via either cash, which typically represent approximately 20% of home closings, or third party lenders.
In originating mortgage loans, we initially use our own funds, including funds available pursuant to credit agreements with third parties, and subsequently sell such mortgage loans to third party investors in the secondary market. Substantially all of the loans we originate are sold in the secondary market within a short period of time after origination, generally within 30 days. We also sell the servicing rights for the loans we originate through fixed price servicing sales contracts to reduce the risks and costs inherent in servicing loans. This strategy results in owning the loans and related servicing rights for only a short period of time.
The mortgage industry in the U.S. is highly competitive. We compete with other mortgage companies and financial institutions to provide attractive mortgage financing to our homebuyers. We utilize a centralized fulfillment center for our mortgage operations that performs underwriting, processing, and closing functions. We believe centralizing both the fulfillment and origination of our loans improves the speed, efficiency, and quality of our mortgage operations, improving our profitability and allowing us to focus on providing attractive mortgage financing opportunities for our customers.
In originating and servicing mortgage loans, we are subject to the rules and regulations of the government-sponsored investors and other investors that purchase the loans we originate, as well as to those of other government agencies that have oversight of the government-sponsored investors or consumer lending rules in the U.S. In addition to being affected by changes in these programs, our mortgage banking business is also affected by many of the same factors that impact our homebuilding business.
Our mortgage operations may be responsible for losses associated with mortgage loans originated and sold to investors in the event of errors or omissions relating to representations and warranties made by us that the loans met certain requirements, including representations as to underwriting standards, the existence of primary mortgage insurance, and the validity of certain borrower representations in connection with the loan. If a loan is determined to be faulty, we either indemnify the investor for potential future losses, repurchase the loan from the investor, or reimburse the investor's actual losses.
Our subsidiary title insurance companies serve as title insurance agents and underwriters in select markets by providing title insurance policies and examination and closing services to buyers of homes we sell. Historically, we have not experienced significant claims related to our title operations.
Our insurance brokerage operations serve as a broker for home, auto, and other personal insurance policies in select markets to buyers of homes we sell. All such insurance policies are placed with third party insurance carriers.
Human Capital Resources
The Company's key human capital management objectives are to attract, develop, and retain top industry talent that reflects the diversity of the communities in which we build. To support this goal, the Company's human resources programs are designed to develop talent to prepare for key roles and leadership positions for the future; reward employees through competitive industry pay, benefits, and other programs; instill the Company's culture with a focus on diversity and ethical behavior; and enhance our employees' performance through investment in current technology, tools, and training to enable our employees to operate at a
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high level. The Company's commitment to the aforementioned goals is evidenced through its certification as a Great Place to Work® and recent formation of a national diversity council.
At December 31, 2020, we employed 5,249 people, of which 945 were employed in our Financial Services operations. Of our homebuilding employees, 282 are involved in land acquisition and development functions, 1,752 are involved in construction and and post-closing customer care functions; 1,189 are involved in the sales function; and 1,081 are involved in procurement, corporate, and other functions. Our employees are not represented by any union. Contracted work, however, may be performed by union contractors. We consider our employee relations to be good.
We offer our employees a broad range of company-paid benefits, and we believe our compensation package and benefits are competitive with others in our industry.
Our management team supports a culture of developing future leaders from our existing workforce, enabling us to promote from within for many leadership positions. We believe this provides long-term focus and continuity to our operations while also providing opportunities for the growth and advancement of our employees. Our focus on retention is evident in the length of service of our executive, area, and divisional management teams. The average tenure of our executive team and homebuilding area presidents is 20 years and the average tenure of our homebuilding division presidents is 15 years.
We are committed to hiring, developing and supporting a diverse and inclusive workplace. Our management teams are expected to exhibit and promote honest, ethical and respectful conduct in the workplace. All of our employees must adhere to a code of conduct that sets standards for appropriate ethical behavior.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Discussion of our business and operations included in this annual report on Form 10-K should be read together with the risk factors set forth below. They describe various risks and uncertainties to which we are, or may become, subject. These risks and uncertainties, together with other factors described elsewhere in this report, have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies, or prospects in a material and adverse manner.
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Our business has been materially and adversely disrupted by the present outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19 and could be materially and adversely disrupted by another epidemic or pandemic, or similar public threat, or fear of such an event, and the measures that international, federal, state and local governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address it.
An epidemic, pandemic, or similar serious public health issue, and the measures undertaken by governmental authorities to address it, could significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period, and thereby, and/or along with any associated economic and/or social instability or distress, have a significant adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. On March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency concerning the COVID-19 outbreak, and shortly thereafter many states and municipalities also declared public health emergencies. Along with these declarations, extraordinary and wide-ranging actions were taken by international, federal, state, and local public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 in regions across the United States and the world, including quarantines, “shelter-in-place” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations. For instance, our business was impacted by restrictions on travel, the inability to keep our sales centers open for in-person customer interactions, limits on our ability to continue physical construction of homes and adjustments to many of our other business processes to limit direct interactions.
The severity of these restrictions and the extent of their impact on our operations has varied by market based upon the scope of "shelter in place" orders and public health conditions. While all of the above-referenced steps were necessary and appropriate in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, they have impacted our ability to operate our business in its ordinary and traditional course. Those restrictions, combined with a reduction in the availability, capacity, and efficiency of municipal and private services
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necessary to progress land development, homebuilding, mortgage loan originations, and home sales, which in each case varied by market depending on the scope of the restrictions local authorities have established, tempered our sales pace and delayed home construction and deliveries. The inconsistent pace of recovery from the cessation of normal activities in the second quarter of 2020 impacted our ability to start homes in that quarter, which impacts our ability to advance production at typical paces in some markets through the date of this report.
While our operations are now fully functioning, subject to regulated restrictions and safety constraints we have enacted in order to protect our employees, trade contractors, and customers, the current resurgence of the COVID pandemic in key areas of our operations may require us to implement restrictions on our operations. The potential magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19 are uncertain and could include, among other things, significant volatility in financial markets. The COVID-19 public health effort may be intensified to such an extent that we will not be able to conduct any business operations in certain of our served markets or at all for an indefinite period. In addition, efforts by local governments and agencies to lift restrictions on individuals’ daily activities and businesses’ normal operations may result in a resurgence of a pandemic or epidemic like COVID-19 and potentially prolong and intensify the impact of the crisis. Despite the development of a vaccine and more effective treatments for the physical impacts of COVID-19, there are no reliable estimates of how long the COVID-19 pandemic will last, and therefore, the unpredictability of the current economic and public health conditions will continue to evolve.
Our business has also been impacted by constraints to the labor and supply chain we rely on to construct our homes. The continuing pandemic has caused our employees and those of our trade partners to miss workdays due to illness or quarantine. In addition, our supply chain has been impacted by similar labor interruptions slowing production capacity and by increased demand on raw materials generated in part by the COVID pandemic. The combination of these factors can lead to increased costs and reductions in our production times.
Our business could also be negatively impacted over the medium-to-longer term if the disruptions related to COVID-19 decrease consumer confidence generally or with respect to purchasing a home; cause civil unrest; precipitate a prolonged economic downturn and/or an extended rise in unemployment or tempering of wage growth, any of which could lower demand for our products, impair our ability to sell and build homes in a typical manner or at all, generate revenues and cash flows, and/or access the capital or lending markets (or significantly increase the costs of doing so), as may be necessary to sustain our business; increase the costs or decrease the supply of building materials or the availability of subcontractors and other talent, including as a result of infections or medically necessary or recommended self-quarantining, or governmental mandates to direct production activities to support public health efforts; and/or result in our recognizing charges in future periods, which may be material, for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. The unprecedented uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, due to rapidly changing governmental directives, public health challenges and progress, macroeconomic consequences, and market reactions thereto, also makes it more challenging for our management to estimate the future performance of our business and develop strategies to generate growth or achieve our objectives for 2021 and beyond.
Should the adverse impacts described above (or others that are currently unknown) occur, whether individually or collectively, we would expect to experience, among other things, increases in the cancellation rates for homes in our backlog, and decreases in our net orders, homes delivered, revenues, and profitability, as we experienced in the first few weeks of our second quarter of 2020. Such impacts could be material to our consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. We could also be forced to reduce our average selling prices in order to generate consumer demand or in reaction to competitive pressures. In addition, should the COVID-19 public health effort and governmental restrictions in response to the pandemic instensify to such an extent that we cannot operate in most or all of our served markets, we could generate few or no orders and deliver few, if any, homes during the applicable period, which could be prolonged. Along with a potential increase in cancellations of home purchase contracts, if there are prolonged government restrictions on our business and our customers, and/or an extended economic recession, we could be unable to produce revenues and cash flows sufficient to conduct our business; meet the terms of our covenants and other requirements under our debt obligations, and/or mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans; service our outstanding debt; or pay any dividends to our stockholders. Such circumstances could, among other things, exhaust our available liquidity (and ability to access liquidity sources) and/or trigger an acceleration to pay a significant portion or all of our then-outstanding debt obligations, which we may be unable to do.
While the economic impact of COVID-19 may be reduced by financial assistance under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act; the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021; or other similar COVID-19 related federal and state programs, such programs may not be sufficient to have a positive impact on our business.
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Risks Associated With Our Industry
The homebuilding industry is cyclical and a deterioration in industry conditions or downward changes in general economic or other business conditions could adversely affect our business or our financial results.
The residential homebuilding industry is sensitive to changes in economic conditions and other factors, such as the level of employment, consumer confidence, consumer income, availability of financing, and interest rate levels. Adverse changes in any of these conditions generally, or in the markets where we operate, could decrease demand and pricing for new homes in these areas or result in customer cancellations of pending contracts, which could adversely affect the number of home deliveries we make or reduce the prices we can charge for homes, either of which could result in a significant decrease in our revenues and earnings that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
For example, beginning in 2006 and continuing through 2011, the U.S. housing market was unfavorably impacted by severe weakness in new home sales attributable to, among other factors, weak consumer confidence, tightened mortgage standards, significant foreclosure activity, a more challenging appraisal environment, higher than normal unemployment levels, and significant uncertainty in the global economy. During this period, we incurred significant losses, including impairments of our land inventory and certain other assets, and some aspects of the housing industry have yet to return to pre-2007 production levels.
Future increases in interest rates, reductions in mortgage availability, or other increases in the effective costs of owning a home could prevent potential customers from buying our homes and adversely affect our business and financial results.
A large majority of our customers finance their home purchases through mortgage loans, many through Pulte Mortgage. Mortgage interest rates in recent years have been at or near historic lows, thereby making new homes more affordable. Increases in interest rates or decreases in the availability of mortgage financing could adversely affect the market for new homes. Potential homebuyers may be less willing or able to pay the increased monthly costs resulting from higher interest rates or to obtain mortgage financing. Lenders may increase the qualifications needed for mortgages or adjust their terms to address any increased credit risk. Even if potential customers do not need financing, changes in interest rates and mortgage availability could make it harder for them to sell their current homes to potential buyers who need financing. These factors could adversely affect the sales or pricing of our homes and could also reduce the volume or margins in our financial services business. Our financial services business could also be impacted to the extent we are unable to match interest rates and amounts on loans we have committed to originate through the various hedging strategies we employ. These developments have had, and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on the overall demand for new housing and thereby on the results of operations of our business. For example, during 2018, we experienced lower than expected conversions of traffic to signups, especially among first-time and move-up buyers, beginning in May 2018 when mortgage rates increased.
The liquidity provided by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to the mortgage industry is also critical to the housing market. The impact of the federal government’s conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on the short-term and long-term demand for new housing remains unclear. Any limitations or restrictions on the availability of financing by these agencies could adversely affect interest rates, mortgage financing, and our sales of new homes and mortgage loans. Additionally, the availability of FHA and VA mortgage financing is an important factor in marketing some of our homes.
Mortgage interest expense and real estate taxes represent significant costs of homeownership, both of which were historically generally deductible for an individual’s federal and, in some cases, state income taxes. In December 2017, a law commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted. While the Tax Act lowered the tax rates applicable to many businesses and individuals, it also, among other things, (i) limits the federal deduction for mortgage interest so that it only applies to the first $750,000 of a new mortgage (as compared to $1 million under previous tax law), (ii) introduced a $10,000 cap on the federal deduction for state and local taxes, including real estate taxes, and (iii) eliminated the federal deduction for interest on certain home equity loans. The Tax Act also increased the standard deduction for individuals. As a result, fewer individuals are expected to itemize their income tax deductions, which would reduce the income tax advantages associated with homeownership for those individuals. Any further changes in income tax law which eliminate or further reduce the income tax benefits associated with home ownership could have an adverse impact on our business.
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Inflation may result in increased costs that we may not be able to recoup.
Inflation can adversely affect us by increasing costs of land, materials, and labor. In addition, significant inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates, which may have a negative impact on demand for our homes. In an inflationary environment, economic conditions and other market factors may make it difficult for us to raise home prices enough to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profit margins. Although the rate of inflation has been historically low for the last several years, we currently are experiencing increases in the prices of labor and certain materials above the general inflation rate.
Our success depends on our ability to acquire land suitable for residential homebuilding in accordance with our land investment criteria.
The homebuilding industry is highly competitive for suitable land. The availability of finished and partially finished developed lots and undeveloped land for purchase that meet our internal criteria depends on a number of factors outside our control, including land availability in general, competition with other homebuilders and land buyers for desirable property, inflation in land prices, zoning, allowable housing density, and other regulatory requirements. Should suitable lots or land become less available, the number of homes we may be able to build and sell could be reduced, and the cost of land could be increased, perhaps substantially, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
Our long-term ability to build homes depends on our acquiring land suitable for residential building at reasonable prices in locations where we want to build. We experience significant competition for suitable land as a result of land constraints in many of our markets. As competition for suitable land increases, and as available land is developed, the cost of acquiring suitable remaining land could rise, and the availability of suitable land at acceptable prices may decline. Any land shortages or any decrease in the supply of suitable land at reasonable prices could limit our ability to develop new communities or result in increased land costs. We may not be able to pass through to our customers any increased land costs, which could adversely impact our revenues, earnings, and margins.
If the market value of our land drops significantly, our profits could decrease and result in write-downs of the carrying values of land we own.
The market value of land can fluctuate significantly as a result of changing market conditions, and the measures we employ to manage inventory risk may not be adequate to insulate our operations from a severe drop in inventory values. We acquire land for expansion into new markets and for replacement of land inventory and expansion within our current markets. If housing demand decreases below what we anticipated when we acquired our inventory, we may not be able to make profits similar to what we have made in the past, we may experience less than anticipated profits, and/or we may not be able to recover our costs when we sell and build homes. When market conditions are such that land values are not appreciating, land option arrangements previously entered into may become less desirable, at which time we may elect to forego deposits and pre-acquisition costs and terminate the agreement. In the face of adverse market conditions, we may have substantial inventory carrying costs, we may have to write down our inventory to its fair value, and/or we may have to sell land or homes at a loss. At times we have been required to record significant write-downs of the carrying value of our land inventory, and we have elected not to exercise options to purchase land, even though that required us to forfeit deposits and write-off pre-acquisition costs. For example, we incurred land-related charges totaling $20.3 million, $27.1 million, and $99.4 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. If market conditions were to deteriorate in the future, we could again be required to record significant write downs to our land inventory, which would decrease the asset values reflected on our balance sheet and materially and adversely affect our earnings and our stockholders' equity.
Supply shortages and other risks related to the demand for skilled labor and building materials could increase costs and delay deliveries.
The homebuilding industry is highly competitive for skilled labor. Labor shortages in certain of our markets have become more acute in recent years as the supply chain adjusts to industry growth. Additionally, the cost of certain building materials, especially lumber, steel, concrete, copper, and petroleum-based materials, is influenced by changes in local and global commodity prices as well as government regulation, such as government-imposed tariffs or trade restrictions on supplies such as steel and lumber. During 2020 and 2019, we experienced supply chain constraints, increases in the prices of some building materials, and shortages of skilled labor in some areas. Increased costs or shortages of skilled labor and/or materials cause increases in construction costs and/or could cause construction delays. We may not be able to pass on increases in construction
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costs to customers and generally are unable to pass on any such increases to customers who have already entered into sales contracts as those sales contracts generally fix the price of the home at the time the contract is signed, which may be well in advance of the construction of the home. Sustained increases in construction costs may, over time, erode our margins, and pricing competition may restrict our ability to pass on any such additional costs, thereby decreasing our margins.
Competition for homebuyers could reduce our deliveries or decrease our profitability.
The U.S. housing industry is highly competitive. Homebuilders compete for homebuyers in each of our markets with numerous national, regional, and local homebuilders on the basis of location, price, quality, reputation, design, community amenities, and our customers' overall sales and homeownership experiences. This competition with other homebuilders could reduce the number of homes we deliver or cause us to accept reduced margins to maintain sales volume.
We also compete with resales of existing or foreclosed homes, housing speculators, and available rental housing. Increased competitive conditions in the residential resale or rental market in the regions where we operate could decrease demand for new homes or unfavorably impact pricing for new homes.
Government regulations could increase the cost and limit the availability of our development and homebuilding projects or affect our related financial services operations and adversely affect our business or financial results.
Our operations are subject to building, safety, environmental, and other regulations imposed and enforced by various federal, state, and local governing authorities. New housing developments may also be subject to various assessments for schools, parks, streets, and other public improvements. These assessments have increased over recent years as other funding mechanisms have decreased causing local governing authorities to seek greater contributions from homebuilders. All of these factors can cause an increase in the effective cost of our homes.
We also are subject to a variety of local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning protection of health, safety, and the environment. The impact of environmental laws varies depending upon the prior uses of the building site or adjoining properties and may be greater in areas with less supply where undeveloped land or desirable alternatives are less available. These matters may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantial compliance, remediation and other costs, and can prohibit or severely restrict development and homebuilding activity in environmentally sensitive regions or areas. More stringent requirements could be imposed in the future on homebuilders and developers, thereby increasing the cost of compliance.
Our financial services operations are also subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws and regulations. These include eligibility requirements for participation in federal loan programs and compliance with consumer lending and similar requirements such as disclosure requirements, prohibitions against discrimination, and real estate settlement procedures. They also subject our operations to examination by applicable agencies, pursuant to which those agencies may limit our ability to provide mortgage financing or title services to potential purchasers of our homes. For our homes to qualify for FHA or VA mortgages, we must satisfy valuation standards and site, material, and construction requirements of those agencies.
Homebuilding is subject to warranty and other claims in the ordinary course of business that can be significant.
As a homebuilder, we are subject to home warranty, construction defect, and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We rely on subcontractors to perform the actual construction of our homes and, in some cases, to select and obtain building materials. Despite our detailed specifications and quality control procedures, in some cases, subcontractors may use improper construction processes or defective materials. In such cases, it can result in the need to perform extensive repairs to large numbers of homes. We record warranty and other reserves relating to the homes we sell based on historical experience in our markets and our judgment of the qualitative risks associated with the types of homes built.
We have, and require our subcontractors to have, general liability, property, errors and omissions, workers compensation, and other business insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims, subject to certain self-insured per occurrence and aggregate retentions, deductibles, and available policy limits. In certain instances, we may offer our subcontractors the opportunity to purchase insurance through one of our captive insurance subsidiaries or participate in a project-specific insurance program provided by us. Policies issued by our captive insurance subsidiaries represent self-insurance of these risks by us. We reserve for costs to cover our self-insured and deductible amounts under these policies and for any costs of claims and lawsuits based on an analysis of our historical claims, which includes an estimate of claims incurred
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but not yet reported. Our insurance coverage, our subcontractor arrangements, and our reserves may not be adequate to address all our warranty and construction defect claims in the future. Contractual indemnities can be difficult to enforce, we may be responsible for applicable self-insured retentions, and some types of claims may not be covered by insurance or may exceed applicable coverage limits. Additionally, the coverage offered by and the availability of general liability insurance for construction defects are currently costly and limited. We have responded to increases in insurance costs and coverage limitations by increasing our self-insured retentions. There can be no assurance that coverage will not be further restricted or become more costly. Additionally, we are exposed to counterparty default risk related to our subcontractors, our insurance carriers, and our subcontractors’ insurance carriers.
We can be injured by improper acts of persons over whom we do not have control or by the attempt to impose liabilities or obligations of third parties on us.
Although we expect all of our subcontractors, employees, officers, and directors to comply at all times with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations, there may be instances in which subcontractors or others through whom we do business engage in practices that do not comply with applicable laws, regulations, or governmental guidelines. When we learn of practices that do not comply with applicable laws or regulations, including practices relating to homes, buildings, or multifamily properties we build or finance, we move to stop the non-complying practices as soon as possible, and we have taken disciplinary action regarding subcontractors and employees of ours who were aware of non-complying practices and did not take steps to address them, including in some instances terminating their employment. However, regardless of the steps we take after we learn of practices that do not comply with applicable laws or regulations, we can in some instances be subject to fines or other governmental penalties, and our reputation can be injured, due to the practices' having taken place.
The homes we sell are built by employees of subcontractors and other contract parties. We do not have the ability to control what these contract parties pay their employees or subcontractors or the work rules they impose on their employees or subcontractors. However, various governmental agencies are trying to hold contract parties like us responsible for violations of wage and hour laws and other work-related laws by firms whose employees are performing contracted services. Governmental rulings or changes in state or local laws that make us responsible for labor practices by our subcontractors could create substantial exposures for us in situations that are not within our control.
Natural disasters, severe weather conditions and changing climate patterns could delay deliveries, increase costs, and decrease demand for new homes in affected areas.
Our homebuilding operations are located in many areas that are subject to natural disasters and severe weather. The occurrence of natural disasters or severe weather conditions can delay new home deliveries, increase costs by damaging inventories, reduce the availability of materials, and negatively impact the demand for new homes in affected areas. For instance, in 2019 and 2018, several hurricanes caused disruptions in our southeastern coastal markets but did not result in a material impact to our results of operations. In addition, while they also did not have a material impact on our business in 2020 or 2019, the increased prevalence of forest fires in our western markets have caused disruptions to our sales operations and development delays. Furthermore, if our insurance does not fully cover business interruptions or losses resulting from these events, our earnings, liquidity, or capital resources could be adversely affected.
Government restrictions, standards, or regulations intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or potential climate change impacts are likely to result in restrictions on land development in certain areas and may increase energy, transportation, or raw material costs, which could reduce our housing gross profit margins and adversely affect our results of operations. For example, as the risk of flooding in coastal and other flood prone areas increases, local governments may increase the requirements on new home builders for zoning approvals and restrict areas where new homes may be built, resulting in increased development costs and greater competition for more desirable land parcels. In addition, as local governmental authorities and utilities are required to spend increasing amounts of their resources responding to and remediating weather and climate related events, their ability to provide approvals and service to new housing communities may be impaired.
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Risks Related to our Business Model and Capital Structure
Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our access to capital and cost of capital.
The capital and credit markets can experience significant volatility. We may need credit-related liquidity for the future development of our business and other capital needs. Without sufficient liquidity, we may not be able to purchase additional land or develop land, which could adversely affect our financial results. At December 31, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $2.6 billion as well as $750.3 million available under our revolving credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility"), less any outstanding letters of credit issued under the terms of our credit facilities. However, our internal sources of liquidity and Revolving Credit Facility may prove to be insufficient, and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
Another source of liquidity includes our ability to use letters of credit and surety bonds relating to certain performance-related obligations and as security for certain land option agreements and insurance programs. The majority of these letters of credit and surety bonds are in support of our land development and construction obligations to various municipalities, other government agencies, and utility companies related to the construction of roads, sewers, and other infrastructure. At December 31, 2020, we had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds totaling $249.7 million and $1.5 billion, respectively. These letters of credit are generally issued via our unsecured Revolving Credit Facility, which contains certain financial covenants and other limitations. If we are unable to obtain letters of credit or surety bonds when required, or the conditions imposed by issuers increase significantly, our liquidity could be adversely affected.
Our income tax provision and tax reserves may be insufficient if a taxing authority is successful in asserting positions that are contrary to our interpretations and related reserves, if any.
Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and our reserves for federal, state, and local taxes. In the ordinary course of business, there may be matters for which the ultimate outcome is uncertain. Our evaluation of our tax matters is based on a number of factors, including relevant facts and circumstances, applicable tax law, correspondence with tax authorities during the course of audits, and effective settlement of audit issues. Although we believe our approach to determining the tax treatment for such items is appropriate, no assurance can be given that the final tax authority review will not be materially different than that which is reflected in our income tax provision and related tax reserves. Such differences could have a material adverse effect on our income tax provision in the period in which such determination is made and, consequently, on our financial position, cash flows, or net income.
We are periodically audited by various federal, state, and local authorities regarding tax matters. Our current audits are in various stages of completion; however, no outcome for a particular audit can be determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit, appeal, and, in some cases, litigation process. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are recorded in our financial statements in the period determined. To provide for potential tax exposures, we consider a variety of factors, including relevant facts and circumstances, applicable tax law, correspondence with taxing authorities, and effective settlement of audit issues. If these reserves are insufficient upon completion of an audit, there could be an adverse impact on our financial position, cash flows, and results of operations.
We may not realize our deferred tax assets.
As of December 31, 2020, we had deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, of $102.5 million, against which we provided a valuation allowance of $69.8 million. The ultimate realization of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating future taxable income. While we have recorded valuation allowances against certain of our deferred tax assets, the valuation allowances are subject to change as facts and circumstances change.
Our ability to utilize net operating losses (“NOLs”), built-in losses (“BILs”), and tax credit carryforwards to offset our future taxable income or income tax would be limited if we were to undergo an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”). In general, an “ownership change” occurs whenever the percentage of the stock of a corporation owned by “5-percent shareholders” (within the meaning of Section 382 of the IRC) increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock of such corporation owned by such “5-percent shareholders” at any time over the testing period.
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An ownership change under Section 382 of the IRC would establish an annual limitation to the amount of NOLs, BILs, and tax credit carryforwards we could utilize to offset our taxable income or income tax in any single year. The application of these limitations might prevent full utilization of the deferred tax assets attributable to our NOLs, BILs, and tax credit carryforwards. To preserve our ability to utilize NOLs, BILs, and other tax benefits in the future without a Section 382 limitation, we adopted a shareholder rights plan, which is triggered upon certain transfers of our securities, and amended our by-laws to prohibit certain transfers of our securities. Our shareholder rights plan, as amended, expires June 1, 2022, unless our Board of Directors and shareholders approve an amendment to extend the term prior thereto. Notwithstanding the foregoing measures, there can be no assurance that we will not undergo an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382.
The value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are also dependent upon the tax rates expected to be in effect at the time they are realized. A change in enacted corporate tax rates in our major jurisdictions, especially the U.S. federal corporate tax rate, would change the value of our deferred taxes, which could be material.
Our inability to sell mortgages into the secondary market could significantly reduce our ability to sell homes unless we are willing to become a long-term investor in loans we originate.
We sell substantially all of the residential mortgage loans we originate within a short period in the secondary mortgage market. If we were unable to sell loans into the secondary mortgage market or directly to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, we would have to either (a) curtail our origination of residential mortgage loans, which among other things, could significantly reduce our ability to sell homes, or (b) commit our own funds to long term investments in mortgage loans, which, in addition to requiring us to deploy substantial amounts of our own funds, could delay the time when we recognize revenues from home sales on our statements of operations.
We are subject to claims related to mortgage loans we sold in the secondary mortgage market that may be significant.
Our mortgage operations may be responsible for losses arising out of claims associated with mortgage loans originated and sold to investors in the event of errors or omissions relating to certain representations and warranties made by us that the loans met certain requirements, including representations as to underwriting standards, the type of collateral, the existence of primary mortgage insurance, and the validity of certain borrower representations in connection with the loan. To date, the significant majority of these claims made by investors against our mortgage operations relate to loans originated prior to 2009, during which inherently riskier loan products became more common in the origination market. We may also be asked to indemnify underwriters that purchased and securitized loans originated by a former subsidiary of Centex Corporation ("Centex"), which we acquired in 2009, for losses incurred by investors in those securitized loans based on similar breaches of representations and warranties.
The resolution of claims related to alleged breaches of these representations and warranties and repurchase claims could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Given the unsettled nature of these claims, changes in values of underlying collateral over time, and other uncertainties regarding the ultimate resolution of these claims, actual costs could differ from our current estimates. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that such reserves will not need to be increased in the future.
General Risk Factors
Information technology failures or data security breaches could harm our business.
We use information technology and other computer resources to carry out important operational activities and to maintain our business records. Our computer systems, including our back-up systems, are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, security breaches (through cyberattacks from computer hackers and sophisticated organizations), catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes and hurricanes, usage errors by our employees, or cyber-attacks or errors by third party vendors who have access to our confidential data or that of our customers. While to our knowledge we have not experienced a significant cyber-attack, we are continuously working to improve our information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to enhance our levels of protection, to the extent possible, against cyber risks and security breaches, and monitor to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have an impact on our business, there is no assurance that advances in computer capabilities, new technologies, methods or other developments will detect or prevent security breaches and safeguard access to proprietary or confidential information. The
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frequency and sophistication of cyber-attacks on companies has increased over the last year with significant ransomware attacks and foreign attacks on prominent computer software systems impacting a wide variety of companies and industries. If our computer systems and our back-up systems are damaged, breached, or cease to function properly, or if there are intrusions or failures of critical infrastructure such as the power grid or communications systems, we could suffer extended interruptions in our operations or unintentionally allow misappropriation of proprietary or confidential information (including information about our employees, homebuyers and business partners). Any such disruption could damage our reputation, result in market value declines, lead to legal proceedings against us by affected third parties resulting in penalties or fines, and require us to incur significant costs to remediate or otherwise resolve these issues.
Negative publicity could negatively impact sales, which could cause our revenues or results of operations to decline.
Our business strategy relies heavily on our reputation and brands, which are critical to our success. Unfavorable media or investor and analyst reports related to our industry, company, brand, marketing, personnel, operations, business performance, or prospects may affect our stock price and the performance of our business, regardless of its accuracy or inaccuracy. Furthermore, the speed at which negative publicity is disseminated has increased dramatically through the use of electronic communication, including social media outlets, websites and other digital platforms. Our success in maintaining and enhancing our brand depends on our ability to adapt to this rapidly changing media environment. Adverse publicity or negative commentary from any media outlets could damage our reputation and reduce the demand for our homes, which would adversely affect our business.
In addition, we can be affected by poor relations with the residents of communities we develop because efforts made by us to resolve issues or disputes that may arise in connection with the operation or development of their communities, or in connection with the transition of a homeowners association, could be deemed unsatisfactory by the affected residents and subsequent actions by these residents could adversely affect sales or our reputation. In addition, we could decide or be required to make material expenditures related to the settlement of such issues or disputes, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
The loss of the services of members of our senior management or a significant number of our operating employees could negatively affect our business.
Our success depends upon the skills, experience, and active participation of our senior management, many of whom have been with the Company for a significant number of years. If we were to lose members of our senior management, we might not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis, and our operations could be negatively affected. Also, the loss of a significant number of operating employees in key roles or geographies where we are not able to hire qualified replacements could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We have significant intangible assets. If these assets become impaired, then our profits and shareholders’ equity may be reduced.
We have significant intangible assets related to business combinations. If the carrying value of intangible assets is deemed impaired, the carrying value is written down to fair value. This would result in a charge to our earnings. If management’s expectations of future results and cash flows decrease significantly, impairments of the remaining intangible assets may occur.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our homebuilding and corporate headquarters are located in leased office facilities at 3350 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 150, Atlanta, Georgia 30326. Pulte Mortgage leases its primary office facilities in Englewood, Colorado. We also maintain various support functions in leased facilities in Tempe, Arizona. Our homebuilding divisions and financial services branches lease office space in the geographic locations in which they conduct their daily operations. In total across our organization, we lease approximately 1.1 million square feet of office space. The Company considers its properties suitable and adequate for its current business operations.
Because of the nature of our homebuilding operations, significant amounts of property are held as inventory in the ordinary course. Such properties are not included in response to this Item.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in various legal and governmental proceedings incidental to our continuing business operations, many involving claims related to certain construction defects. The consequences of these matters are not presently determinable but, in our opinion, after consulting with legal counsel and taking into account insurance and reserves, the ultimate liability is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, to the extent the liability arising from the ultimate resolution of any matter exceeds our estimates reflected in the recorded reserves relating to such matter, we could incur additional charges that could be significant.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
This Item is not applicable.
ITEM 4A. INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Set forth below is certain information with respect to our executive officers.

Name |  | Age |  | Position |  | Year Became An Executive Officer
Ryan R. Marshall |  | 46 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | 2012
John J. Chadwick |  | 59 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer |  | 2019
Robert T. O'Shaughnessy |  | 55 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | 2011
Todd N. Sheldon |  | 53 |  | Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary |  | 2017
Michelle Hairston |  | 44 |  | Senior Vice President, Human Resources |  | 2018
Brien P. O'Meara |  | 48 |  | Vice President and Controller |  | 2020

The following is a brief account of the business experience of each officer during the past five years:
Mr. Marshall was appointed Chief Executive Officer in September 2016. Previously, he held the positions of President since February 2016 and Executive Vice President, Homebuilding Operations since May 2014.
Mr. Chadwick was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in April 2019 and previously held the position of Area President over various geographical markets since 2012.
Mr. O'Shaughnessy was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 2011.
Mr. Sheldon was appointed Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in March 2017. Prior to joining our company, he served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary at Americold Realty Trust from June 2013 to March 2017.
Ms. Hairston was appointed Senior Vice President, Human Resources in April 2018 and previously held the positions of Area Vice President of Human Resources, for the East and Midwest Areas since May 2015 and Vice President of Human Resources, Talent Acquisition between May 2015 and September 2016.
Mr. O'Meara was appointed Vice President and Controller in February 2017 and previously held the position of Assistant Controller since January 2013.
There is no family relationship between any of the officers. Each officer serves at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.
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PART II
ITEM 5.MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Symbol: PHM). At January 21, 2021, there were 2,110 shareholders of record.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

| Total number of shares purchased (1) |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs ($000’s omitted) |
October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020 | 347,737 |  |  | $ | 46.38 |  |  | 347,737 |  |  | $ | 413,744 |  | (2)
November 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020 | 746,242 |  |  | 42.96 |  |  | 746,242 |  |  | $ | 381,684 |  | (2)
December 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 | 622,773 |  |  | 43.05 |  |  | 622,773 |  |  | $ | 354,873 |  | (2)
Total | 1,716,752 |  |  | $ | 43.69 |  |  | 1,716,752 |  |  |  |

(1)During 2020, participants surrendered 0.3 million shares for payment of minimum tax obligations upon the vesting or exercise of previously granted share-based compensation awards. Such shares were not repurchased as part of our publicly-announced share repurchase programs and are excluded from the table above.
(2)The Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization totaling $500.0 million in January 2018 and an increase of $500.0 million to such authorization in May 2019. There is no expiration date for this program, under which $354.9 million remained available as of December 31, 2020. During 2020, we repurchased 4.5 million shares for a total of $170.7 million under this program.
The information required by this item with respect to equity compensation plans is set forth under Item 12 of this annual report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
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Performance Graph
The following line graph compares, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, (a) the yearly cumulative total shareholder return (i.e., the change in share price plus the cumulative amount of dividends, assuming dividend reinvestment, divided by the initial share price, expressed as a percentage) on PulteGroup’s common shares, with (b) the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and with (c) the Dow Jones U.S. Select Home Construction Index. The Dow Jones U.S. Select Home Construction Index is a widely-recognized index comprised primarily of large national homebuilders. We believe comparison of our shareholder return to this index represents a meaningful analysis for investors.
COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
AMONG PULTEGROUP, INC., S&P 500 INDEX, AND PEER INDEX
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020

|  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
PULTEGROUP, INC. |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 105.12 |  |  | $ | 192.81 |  |  | $ | 152.78 |  |  | $ | 231.20 |  |  | $ | 260.44 |
S&P 500 Index - Total Return |  | 100.00 |  |  | 111.96 |  |  | 136.40 |  |  | 130.42 |  |  | 171.49 |  |  | 203.04 |
Dow Jones U.S. Select Home Construction Index |  | 100.00 |  |  | 102.22 |  |  | 163.71 |  |  | 113.40 |  |  | 169.65 |  |  | 215.44 |

* Assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2015, and the reinvestment of dividends.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Set forth below is selected consolidated financial data for each of the past five fiscal years. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

| Years Ended December 31, (000’s omitted, except per share data)
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
OPERATING DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 10,673,913 |  |  | $ | 9,978,526 |  |  | $ | 9,982,949 |  |  | $ | 8,385,526 |  |  | $ | 7,495,404 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,542,057 |  |  | $ | 1,236,261 |  |  | $ | 1,288,804 |  |  | $ | 865,332 |  |  | $ | 860,766 |
Financial Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 362,169 |  |  | $ | 234,431 |  |  | $ | 205,382 |  |  | $ | 192,160 |  |  | $ | 181,126 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 186,637 |  |  | $ | 103,315 |  |  | $ | 58,736 |  |  | $ | 73,496 |  |  | $ | 73,084 |
Consolidated results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 11,036,082 |  |  | $ | 10,212,957 |  |  | $ | 10,188,331 |  |  | $ | 8,577,686 |  |  | $ | 7,676,530 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,728,694 |  |  | $ | 1,339,576 |  |  | $ | 1,347,540 |  |  | $ | 938,828 |  |  | $ | 933,850 |
Income tax expense | (321,855) |  |  | (322,876) |  |  | (325,517) |  |  | (491,607) |  |  | (331,147) |
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |  |  | $ | 1,022,023 |  |  | $ | 447,221 |  |  | $ | 602,703 |
PER SHARE DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 5.19 |  |  | $ | 3.67 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | $ | 1.76 |
Diluted | $ | 5.18 |  |  | $ | 3.66 |  |  | $ | 3.55 |  |  | $ | 1.44 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |
Number of shares used in calculation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 268,553 |  |  | 274,495 |  |  | 283,578 |  |  | 305,089 |  |  | 339,747 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 861 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 1,287 |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | 2,376 |
Diluted | 269,414 |  |  | 275,297 |  |  | 284,865 |  |  | 306,814 |  |  | 342,123 |
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 24.66 |  |  | $ | 20.20 |  |  | $ | 17.39 |  |  | $ | 14.60 |  |  | $ | 13.63 |
Cash dividends declared | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |

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| December 31, ($000’s omitted)
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
BALANCE SHEET DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
House and land inventory | $ | 7,721,798 |  |  | $ | 7,680,614 |  |  | $ | 7,253,353 |  |  | $ | 7,147,130 |  |  | $ | 6,770,655 |
Total assets | 12,205,498 |  |  | 10,715,597 |  |  | 10,172,976 |  |  | 9,686,649 |  |  | 10,178,200 |
Notes payable | 2,752,302 |  |  | 2,765,040 |  |  | 3,028,066 |  |  | 3,006,967 |  |  | 3,129,298 |
Shareholders’ equity | 6,569,989 |  |  | 5,458,180 |  |  | 4,817,782 |  |  | 4,154,026 |  |  | 4,659,363 |
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
OTHER DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Markets, at year-end | 40 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 49 |
Average active communities | 874 |  |  | 863 |  |  | 832 |  |  | 779 |  |  | 705 |
Closings (units) | 24,624 |  |  | 23,232 |  |  | 23,107 |  |  | 21,052 |  |  | 19,951 |
Net new orders (units) | 29,275 |  |  | 24,977 |  |  | 22,833 |  |  | 22,626 |  |  | 20,326 |
Backlog (units), at year-end | 15,158 |  |  | 10,507 |  |  | 8,722 |  |  | 8,996 |  |  | 7,422 |
Average selling price (per unit) | $ | 430,000 |  |  | $ | 427,000 |  |  | $ | 425,000 |  |  | $ | 395,000 |  |  | $ | 373,000 |

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ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
We experienced significant volatility in market conditions during 2020. We ended 2019 and began 2020 in an environment exhibiting strong demand conditions. However, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the various containment and mitigation measures adopted by governments and institutions globally and in the U.S. began to have a severe economic impact, including causing the U.S. to enter into an economic recession that continues through the date of this report.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and various state and local orders, we instituted the following actions in March:
•Placed restrictions on business travel for our employees;
•Closed our sales centers, model homes, and design centers to the general public and shifted to appointment-only interactions with our customers where permitted, following recommended distancing and other health and safety protocols when meeting in person with a customer;
•Enhanced our virtual sales tools to give customers the ability to shop for a new home online;
•Closed the public gathering spaces of our amenity centers as well as community pools and athletic facilities;
•Modified our corporate and division office functions in order to allow all of our employees to work remotely except for essential minimum basic operations which could only be done in an office setting;
•Eliminated non-emergency warranty work in our customers’ homes;
•Modified much of our customer interactions around the mortgage origination and closing process to be virtual and minimize in-person interactions; and
•Modified our construction operations to enforce enhanced safety protocols around social distancing, hygiene, and health screening.
The severity of these restrictions and the date we resumed more normal operations have varied by market based on the reduction in restrictions under "shelter in place" orders and improvement in public health conditions. While all of the above-referenced steps were, and some remain, necessary and appropriate in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, they impacted our ability to operate our business in its ordinary and traditional course. However, residential construction and financial services have been designated as essential services in almost all of our markets, which has allowed us to continue operations.
As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our net new orders declined significantly in late March through April. As the pandemic spread and government and business responses expanded, we focused on protecting our liquidity and closely managing our cash flows, including through the following actions:
•Delaying the acquisition of certain land parcels and slowing land development where practical;
•Limiting our investment in house construction, including strictly limiting production of new unsold "speculative" homes, and contacting backlog customers to reconfirm status before beginning construction of sold homes;
•As a precautionary measure, proactively drawing $700.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility in March;
•Suspending the repurchase of shares under our share repurchase program; and
•Reducing headcount and other overhead expenses.
However, demand began to stabilize in May and then rebounded sharply in June and has remained strong through the date of this report. This resulted in a 17% increase in net new orders for the full year 2020 over 2019, including a 24% increase in net new orders in the fourth quarter of 2020 over the fourth quarter of 2019. We believe the recovery in demand reflects a number of factors, including historically low mortgage interest rates, a limited supply of new and existing home inventory, an increased appeal for homeownership and single-family living, and a desire among some buyers to exit more densely populated urban centers. In addition to the improved demand, all of our operations are now functioning at effectively full capacity subject to health and safety protocols necessitated by the ongoing pandemic. However, we have experienced periodic disruptions in our supply chain, including the availability of skilled labor as industry demand increases, which have elongated the production cycles in certain markets. We are also facing cost pressures related to labor and materials, especially lumber, although we believe that we will be able to increase pricing to offset the majority of such cost increases.
Despite the volatility in 2020, the resurgence of demand resulted in the second highest annual pre-tax income and the highest year-end backlog (as measured in dollars) in our history. These financial results, combined with the favorable outlook, have allowed us to:
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•Fully repay the $700.0 million drawn on the Revolving Credit Facility;
•Reinstate our share repurchase program, including the repurchase of $75.0 million of shares in the fourth quarter of 2020;
•Increase our quarterly dividend by 17% to $0.14 per share in the fourth quarter of 2020;
•Announce a tender offer expected to be completed in March 2021 for $300 million of our senior notes scheduled to mature in 2026 and 2027;
•Increase our investments in new communities via land acquisition and development expenditures; and
•Improve our available liquidity to $3.4 billion, consisting of $2.6 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $750.3 million available under our Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2020.
The following tables and related discussion set forth key operating and financial data for our Homebuilding and Financial Services operations as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. For similar operating and financial data and discussion of our fiscal 2019 results compared to our fiscal 2018 results, refer to Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the SEC on January 30, 2020.
The following is a summary of our operating results by line of business ($000's omitted, except per share data):

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Income before income taxes: |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 1,542,057 |  |  | $ | 1,236,261 |
Financial Services | 186,637 |  |  | 103,315 |
Income before income taxes | 1,728,694 |  |  | 1,339,576 |
Income tax expense | (321,855) |  |  | (322,876) |
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |
Per share data - assuming dilution: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 5.18 |  |  | $ | 3.66 |

•Homebuilding income before income taxes increased 25% in 2020, primarily as the result of higher revenues, improved gross margins, and strong overhead management. Homebuilding results also included a goodwill impairment charge of $20.2 million in 2020 (see Note 1) and net favorable insurance-related adjustments totaling $75.7 million and $26.8 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively (see Note 11).
•The increase in Financial Services income in 2020 compared with 2019 was primarily the result of the Homebuilding volume growth, an improved capture rate of homebuyers from our Homebuilding operations, and a low mortgage interest rate environment. Mortgage interest rates continued at or near historically low levels during 2020, which resulted in higher gains from the sale of mortgages in the secondary market. These improvements were partially offset by $26.4 million of mortgage repurchase reserve charges (see Note 11 ).
•Our effective tax rate was 18.6% and 24.1% for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The lower effective tax rate in 2020 resulted primarily from the extension of federal energy efficient home credits (see Note 8).
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Homebuilding Operations
The following is a summary of income before income taxes for our Homebuilding operations ($000’s omitted):

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | FY 2020 vs. FY 2019 |  | 2019
Home sale revenues | $ | 10,579,896 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 9,915,705 |
Land sale and other revenues | 94,017 |  |  | 50 | % |  | 62,821 |
Total Homebuilding revenues | 10,673,913 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 9,978,526 |
Home sale cost of revenues (a) | (8,004,823) |  |  | 5 | % |  | (7,628,700) |
Land sale and other cost of revenues (b) | (77,626) |  |  | 38 | % |  | (56,098) |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses ("SG&A") (c) | (1,011,442) |  |  | (3) | % |  | (1,044,337) |
Goodwill impairment | (20,190) |  |  | (d) |  | — |
Other expense, net (e) | (17,775) |  |  | 35 | % |  | (13,130) |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,542,057 |  |  | 25 | % |  | $ | 1,236,261 |
Supplemental data: |  |  |  |  |
Gross margin from home sales (a) | 24.3 | % |  | 120 bps |  | 23.1 | %
SG&A % of home sale revenues (c) | 9.6 | % |  | (90) bps |  | 10.5 | %
Closings (units) | 24,624 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 23,232 |
Average selling price | $ | 430 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 427 |
Net new orders: |  |  |  |  |
Units | 29,275 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 24,977 |
Dollars | $ | 12,837,272 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 10,615,363 |
Cancellation rate | 14 | % |  |  |  | 14 | %
Average active communities | 874 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 863 |
Backlog at December 31: |  |  |  |  |
Units | 15,158 |  |  | 44 | % |  | 10,507 |
Dollars | $ | 6,793,182 |  |  | 50 | % |  | $ | 4,535,805 |

(a)Includes the amortization of capitalized interest; land inventory impairments of $7.0 million and $8.6 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively (see Note 2), and warranty charges of $14.8 million related to a closed-out community in 2019 (see Note 11).
(b)Includes net realizable value adjustments on sold or land held for sale of $5.4 million in 2019 (see Note 2).
(c)Includes insurance reserve reversals of $93.4 million and $49.4 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively, partially offset by reserves against insurance receivables of $17.8 million and $22.6 million 2020 and 2019, respectively (see Note 11).
(d)Percentage not meaningful.
(e)See "Other expense, net" for a table summarizing significant items (see Note 1).
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Home sale revenues
Home sale revenues for 2020 were higher than 2019 by $664.2 million, or 7%. The increase was attributable to a 6% increase in closings combined with a 1% increase in average selling price. The increase in closings was primarily the result of favorable demand conditions that began in 2019 and continued into the first quarter of 2020, especially among first-time buyers, which provided a large backlog of orders such that production could continue through 2020 despite the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The increased average selling price is reflective of favorable pricing actions related to all customer groups taken starting in the third quarter in response to the significant improvement in demand, partially offset by the increase in the mix of first-time buyer homes, which typically carry a lower sales price.
Home sale gross margins
Home sale gross margins were 24.3% in 2020, compared with 23.1% in 2019. Our results in 2020 and 2019 include the effect of the aforementioned land inventory impairments totaling $7.0 million and $8.6 million, respectively. Excluding such impairments, gross margins remained strong in both 2020 and 2019 relative to historical levels and reflect a combination of factors, including shifts in community mix and the aforementioned warranty charge of $14.8 million in 2019 related to a closed-out community in the Southeast. The low mortgage interest rate environment combined with limited supply of new and existing housing inventory has contributed to our ability to maintain or increase pricing in the majority of our markets, which has allowed us to effectively manage pressure in house and land costs as well as expand margins. Amortized interest costs in 2020 remained roughly equal in dollar terms with 2019 but declined slightly as a percentage of revenue to 1.7% in 2020 compared with 1.8% in 2019.
Land sale and other revenues
We periodically elect to sell parcels of land to third parties in the event such assets no longer fit into our strategic operating plans or are zoned for commercial or other development. Land sale and other revenues and their related gains or losses vary between periods, depending on the timing of land sales and our strategic operating decisions. Land sales and other revenues contributed income of $16.4 million and $6.7 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
SG&A
SG&A as a percentage of home sale revenues was 9.6% and 10.5% in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The gross dollar amount of our SG&A decreased $32.9 million, or 3%, in 2020 compared with 2019 and reflects net favorable insurance-related adjustments totaling $75.7 million (0.7% of revenues) and $26.8 million (0.3% of revenues) in 2020 and 2019, respectively. These adjustments resulted from favorable insurance reserve adjustments partially offset by reserves against insurance receivables. The lower gross SG&A dollars were partially offset by severance expense of $10.3 million recorded in the second quarter of 2020 related to various overhead actions taken as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as higher incentive compensation expense.
Goodwill impairment
As a result of the significant decline in equity market valuations that occurred during the period between our acquisition of Innovative Construction Group ("ICG") in January 2020 and March 31, 2020, we determined that an event-driven goodwill impairment test was appropriate for the ICG goodwill, which resulted in an impairment totaling $20.2 million in the first quarter of 2020. This impairment was not the result of any unique factors specific to ICG's operations but, rather, reflected the broad-based declines in the market capitalizations of publicly-traded construction companies in the short period of time between the acquisition and the March 31, 2020 valuation date.
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Other expense, net
Other expense, net includes the following ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019
Write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs (Note 2) | $ | (12,390) |  |  | $ | (13,116) |
Loss on debt retirement (Note 5) | — |  |  | (4,927) |
Amortization of intangible assets (Note 1) | (19,685) |  |  | (14,200) |
Interest income | 6,837 |  |  | 16,739 |
Interest expense | (4,248) |  |  | (584) |
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities (Note 4) | 1,880 |  |  | 747 |
Miscellaneous, net | 9,831 |  |  | 2,211 |
Total other expense, net | $ | (17,775) |  |  | $ | (13,130) |

The higher intangible assets amortization in 2020 reflects the ICG acquisition in January 2020. The lower interest income in 2020 resulted from the lower interest rate environment while the higher interest expense reflects the aforementioned short-term borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Net new orders
Net new orders in units increased 17% in 2020 compared with 2019 while net new orders in dollars increased by 21% compared with 2019. The increased new orders resulted from the strong demand for new housing during the year, not withstanding the impact on demand in the second quarter of the COVID-19 pandemic, which we attribute to a variety of factors, including historically low mortgage interest rates, a restricted supply of new and existing home inventory, an increased appeal for homeownership and single-family living, and a desire among some buyers to exit more densely populated urban centers. While the annual cancellation rate (canceled orders for the period divided by gross new orders for the period) was flat in 2020 with 2019 at 14%, the cancellation rate spiked in the period of mid-March through May as the result of the falloff in demand triggered by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic before stabilizing and then declining, ending the year with a cancellation rate of 12% in the fourth quarter.
Due to supply chain challenges resulting from both disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the surge in demand, we have consciously moderated the pace of sales in certain communities in order to better balance pricing, sales pace, lot availability, and production capacity. This has allowed us to increase pricing in the majority of our communities. Despite this moderation, ending backlog units, which represent orders for homes that have not yet closed, increased 44% as measured in units and 50% as measured in dollars at December 31, 2020 compared with December 31, 2019. This represented the highest year-end backlog (as measured in dollars) in our history.
Homes in production
The following is a summary of our homes in production at December 31, 2020 and 2019:

|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Sold |  | 10,421 |  |  | 7,423 |
Unsold |  |  |  |
Under construction |  | 1,694 |  |  | 2,672 |
Completed |  | 255 |  |  | 685 |
|  | 1,949 |  |  | 3,357 |
Models |  | 1,287 |  |  | 1,342 |
Total |  | 13,657 |  |  | 12,122 |

The number of homes in production at December 31, 2020 was 13% higher compared to December 31, 2019. The increase in homes under production resulted primarily from the higher backlog. Since demand accelerated in June 2020, the new housing supply chain has experienced delays in regard to certain materials and labor as well as with obtaining necessary approvals, permits, and inspections from local municipalities. As a result, our production cycle times have elongated somewhat, which has
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also contributed to the higher number of homes in production. The number of unsold, or "speculative", homes has decreased significantly as we have focused our production on completing sold homes consistent with the moderation of sales pace in certain communities discussed above.
Controlled lots
The following is a summary of our lots under control at December 31, 2020 and 2019:

|  | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
|  | Owned |  | Optioned |  | Controlled |  | Owned |  | Optioned |  | Controlled
Northeast |  | 4,956 |  |  | 4,001 |  |  | 8,957 |  |  | 4,999 |  |  | 4,240 |  |  | 9,239 |
Southeast |  | 15,051 |  |  | 18,248 |  |  | 33,299 |  |  | 16,174 |  |  | 12,802 |  |  | 28,976 |
Florida |  | 20,737 |  |  | 24,396 |  |  | 45,133 |  |  | 20,281 |  |  | 17,802 |  |  | 38,083 |
Midwest |  | 9,728 |  |  | 14,734 |  |  | 24,462 |  |  | 10,016 |  |  | 12,027 |  |  | 22,043 |
Texas |  | 15,923 |  |  | 17,841 |  |  | 33,764 |  |  | 16,256 |  |  | 10,573 |  |  | 26,829 |
West |  | 24,968 |  |  | 9,769 |  |  | 34,737 |  |  | 25,633 |  |  | 7,459 |  |  | 33,092 |
Total |  | 91,363 |  |  | 88,989 |  |  | 180,352 |  |  | 93,359 |  |  | 64,903 |  |  | 158,262 |
Developed (%) |  | 43 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 30 | % |  | 39 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 32 | %

Of our controlled lots, 91,363 and 93,359 were owned and 88,989 and 64,903 were under land option agreements at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. While competition for well-positioned land is robust, we continue to pursue strategic land investments that we believe can achieve appropriate risk-adjusted returns on invested capital. The remaining purchase price under our land option agreements totaled $3.8 billion at December 31, 2020. These land option agreements generally may be canceled at our discretion and in certain cases extend over several years. Our maximum exposure related to these land option agreements is generally limited to our deposits and pre-acquisition costs, which totaled $291.9 million, of which $16.2 million is refundable, at December 31, 2020.
Homebuilding Segment Operations
Our homebuilding operations represent our core business. Homebuilding offers a broad product line to meet the needs of homebuyers in our targeted markets. As of December 31, 2020, we conducted our operations in 40 markets located throughout 23 states. For reporting purposes, our Homebuilding operations are aggregated into six reportable segments:

Northeast: |  | Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia
Southeast: |  | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Florida: |  | Florida
Midwest: |  | Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio
Texas: |  | Texas
West: |  | Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington

We also have a reportable segment for our financial services operations, which consist principally of mortgage banking and title operations. The Financial Services segment operates generally in the same markets as the Homebuilding segments.
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The following table presents selected financial information for our reportable Homebuilding segments:

| Operating Data by Segment ($000's omitted)
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | FY 2020 vs. FY 2019 |  | 2019
Home sale revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 845,853 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 771,349 |
Southeast | 1,687,139 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1,673,670 |
Florida | 2,274,113 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 2,068,422 |
Midwest | 1,507,450 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1,485,370 |
Texas | 1,447,715 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 1,384,533 |
West | 2,817,626 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 2,532,361 |
| $ | 10,579,896 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 9,915,705 |
Income before income taxes (a): |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 136,985 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 116,221 |
Southeast (b) | 258,794 |  |  | 47 | % |  | 175,763 |
Florida | 362,276 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 309,596 |
Midwest | 213,017 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 184,438 |
Texas | 242,383 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 195,751 |
West | 424,803 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 386,361 |
Other homebuilding (c) | (96,201) |  |  | 27 | % |  | (131,869) |
| $ | 1,542,057 |  |  | 25 | % |  | $ | 1,236,261 |
Closings (units): |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | 1,522 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 1,443 |
Southeast | 4,108 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 3,982 |
Florida | 5,496 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 5,045 |
Midwest | 3,553 |  |  | (1) | % |  | 3,583 |
Texas | 4,747 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 4,528 |
West | 5,198 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 4,651 |
| 24,624 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 23,232 |
Average selling price: |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 556 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 535 |
Southeast | 411 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 420 |
Florida | 414 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 410 |
Midwest | 424 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 415 |
Texas | 305 |  |  | — | % |  | 306 |
West | 542 |  |  | — | % |  | 544 |
| $ | 430 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 427 |

(a)Includes land-related charges as summarized in the following land-related charges table (see Note 2).
(b)Southeast includes a warranty charge of $14.8 million in 2019 related to a closed-out community (see Note 11).
(c)Other homebuilding includes the amortization of intangible assets, amortization of capitalized interest, and other items not allocated to the operating segments. Also includes: reserves against insurance receivables of $17.8 million and $22.6 million associated with the resolution of certain insurance matters in 2020 and 2019, respectively; and insurance reserve reversals of $93.4 million and $49.4 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively (see Note 11).
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The following table present additional selected financial information for our reportable Homebuilding segments:

|  | Operating Data by Segment ($000's omitted)
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2020 |  | FY 2020 vs. FY 2019 |  | 2019
Net new orders - units: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | 1,886 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 1,562 |
Southeast |  | 4,583 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 4,237 |
Florida |  | 6,844 |  |  | 25 | % |  | 5,462 |
Midwest |  | 4,212 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 3,721 |
Texas |  | 5,950 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 4,886 |
West |  | 5,800 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 5,109 |
|  | 29,275 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 24,977 |
Net new orders - dollars: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | $ | 1,059,479 |  |  | 23 | % |  | $ | 861,234 |
Southeast |  | 1,934,579 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,758,110 |
Florida |  | 2,923,718 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 2,246,631 |
Midwest |  | 1,846,109 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 1,548,927 |
Texas |  | 1,837,939 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 1,489,188 |
West |  | 3,235,448 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 2,711,273 |
|  | $ | 12,837,272 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 10,615,363 |
Cancellation rates: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | 10 | % |  |  |  | 11 | %
Southeast |  | 10 | % |  |  |  | 11 | %
Florida |  | 13 | % |  |  |  | 12 | %
Midwest |  | 11 | % |  |  |  | 12 | %
Texas |  | 18 | % |  |  |  | 17 | %
West |  | 18 | % |  |  |  | 16 | %
|  | 14 | % |  |  |  | 14 | %
Unit backlog: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | 953 |  |  | 62 | % |  | 589 |
Southeast |  | 2,340 |  |  | 25 | % |  | 1,865 |
Florida |  | 3,654 |  |  | 58 | % |  | 2,306 |
Midwest |  | 2,199 |  |  | 43 | % |  | 1,540 |
Texas |  | 3,053 |  |  | 65 | % |  | 1,850 |
West |  | 2,959 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 2,357 |
|  | 15,158 |  |  | 44 | % |  | 10,507 |
Backlog dollars: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | $ | 561,323 |  |  | 61 | % |  | $ | 347,696 |
Southeast |  | 1,030,910 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 783,469 |
Florida |  | 1,627,865 |  |  | 66 | % |  | 978,261 |
Midwest |  | 990,635 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 651,977 |
Texas |  | 981,091 |  |  | 66 | % |  | 590,868 |
West |  | 1,601,358 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 1,183,534 |
|  | $ | 6,793,182 |  |  | 50 | % |  | $ | 4,535,805 |

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The following table presents additional selected financial information for our reportable Homebuilding segments:

|  | Operating Data by Segment ($000's omitted)
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2020 |  |  |  | 2019
Land-related charges*: |  |  |  |  |  |
Northeast |  | $ | 5,301 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,122 |
Southeast |  | 3,815 |  |  |  |  | 15,697 |
Florida |  | 1,395 |  |  |  |  | 2,811 |
Midwest |  | 2,390 |  |  |  |  | 2,581 |
Texas |  | 4,588 |  |  |  |  | 1,151 |
West |  | 1,936 |  |  |  |  | 2,568 |
Other homebuilding |  | 880 |  |  |  |  | 1,171 |
|  | $ | 20,305 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,101 |

* Land-related charges include land impairments, net realizable value adjustments for land held for sale, and write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs. Other homebuilding consists primarily of write-offs of capitalized interest resulting from land-related charges. See Notes 2 and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of these charges.
Northeast:
For 2020, Northeast home sale revenues increased 10% compared with 2019 due to a 5% increase in closings combined with a 4% increase in average selling price. The increase in closings was primarily attributable to Mid-Atlantic while the increase in average selling price was primarily attributable to Northeast Corridor. The increased income before income taxes resulted primarily due to the higher revenues across all markets. Net new orders increased 21%, which is attributable primarily to Mid-Atlantic.
Southeast:
For 2020, Southeast home sale revenues increased 1% compared with 2019 due to a 3% increase in closings partially offset by a 2% decrease in average selling price. The increase in closings occurred in all markets except Georgia and Tennessee while the decrease in average selling price occurred across the majority of markets. Income before income taxes increased 47% primarily due to higher revenues, improved gross margins, and improved overhead management, which occurred across the majority of markets, and charges related to estimated costs to complete repairs in a closed-out community during 2019. Net new orders increased 8%, which is attributable to a majority of our markets.
Florida:
For 2020, Florida home sale revenues increased 10% compared with 2019 due to a 9% increase in closings combined with a 1% increase in average selling price. The increase in closings and average selling price occurred across the majority of markets. The increased income before income taxes for 2020 resulted primarily from higher revenues and improved gross margin across the majority of markets. Net new orders increased 25%, which is attributable to all of our markets.
Midwest:
For 2020, Midwest home sale revenues increased 1% compared with the prior year period due to a 2% increase in average selling price partially offset by a 1% decrease in closings. The increase in average selling price occurred across all markets while the decrease in closings primarily occurred in Michigan. Income before income taxes increased 15% primarily due to improved overhead management and gross margins. Net new orders increased 13%,which is attributable to the majority of markets.
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Texas:
For 2020, Texas home sale revenues increased 5% compared with the prior year period due to an 5% increase in closings partially offset by a slight decrease in the average selling price. The increase in closings occurred in all markets except Dallas while the decrease in average selling price occurred across all markets except Austin. Income before income taxes increased primarily due to increased revenues, improved overhead management and gross margins. Net new orders increased 22%, which is attributable to all of our markets.
West:
For 2020, West home sale revenues increased 11% compared with the prior year period due to a 12% increase in closings partially offset by a slight decrease in the average selling price. Closings were higher in most markets with Las Vegas benefiting from the American West acquisition that occurred in 2019. However, Northern California experienced significantly lower revenues, primarily due to the prior period completion, or near completion, of several high performing communities and an overall moderation of demand in that market. The decrease in average selling prices was mixed among markets. Income before income taxes increased 10% primarily as the result of higher revenues and improved gross margins across the majority of markets. Net new orders increased by 14%, which is attributable to all markets except Arizona.
Financial Services Operations
We conduct our Financial Services operations, which include mortgage banking, title, and insurance brokerage operations, through Pulte Mortgage and other subsidiaries. In originating mortgage loans, we initially use our own funds, including funds available pursuant to credit agreements with third parties. Substantially all of the loans we originate are sold in the secondary market within a short period of time after origination, generally within 30 days. We also sell the servicing rights for the loans we originate through fixed price servicing sales contracts to reduce the risks and costs inherent in servicing loans. This strategy results in owning the loans and related servicing rights for only a short period of time. Operating as a captive business model primarily targeted to supporting our Homebuilding operations, the business levels of our Financial Services operations are highly correlated to Homebuilding. Our Homebuilding customers continue to account for substantially all loan production. We believe that our capture rate, which represents loan originations from our Homebuilding operations as a percentage of total loan opportunities from our Homebuilding operations, excluding cash closings, is an important metric in evaluating the effectiveness of our captive mortgage business model. The following table presents selected financial information for our Financial Services operations ($000’s omitted):

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | FY 2020 vs. FY 2019 |  | 2019
Mortgage revenues | $ | 293,099 |  |  | 72 | % |  | $ | 169,917 |
Title services revenues | 57,023 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 51,836 |
Insurance brokerage commissions | 12,047 |  |  | (5) | % |  | 12,678 |
Total Financial Services revenues | 362,169 |  |  | 54 | % |  | 234,431 |
Expenses | (175,481) |  |  | 34 | % |  | (130,770) |
Other income, net | (51) |  |  | (85) | % |  | (346) |
Income before income taxes | $ | 186,637 |  |  | 81 | % |  | $ | 103,315 |
Total originations: |  |  |  |  |
Loans | 18,433 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 15,821 |
Principal | $ | 6,075,132 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 4,976,973 |

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| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Supplemental data: |  |  |
Capture rate | 86.4 | % |  | 82.4 | %
Average FICO score | 751 |  |  | 751 |
Funded origination breakdown: |  |  |
Government (FHA, VA, USDA) | 21 | % |  | 20 | %
Other agency | 71 | % |  | 71 | %
Total agency | 92 | % |  | 90 | %
Non-agency | 8 | % |  | 10 | %
Total funded originations | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

Revenues
Total Financial Services revenues during 2020 increased 54% compared with 2019. The increase occurred primarily as the result of the Homebuilding volume growth combined with the low mortgage interest rate environment. Mortgage interest rates continued at or near historically low levels during 2020, which resulted in higher gains from the sale of mortgages in the secondary market and also contributed to an improved capture rate.
Income before income taxes
The increase in income before income taxes for 2020 as compared with 2019 was due primarily to higher volume, higher revenue per loan, and improved expense leverage. These improvements were partially offset by $26.4 million of mortgage repurchase reserve charges (see Note 11).
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was 18.6% and 24.1% for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The lower effective tax rate in 2020 resulted primarily from the extension of federal energy efficient home credits (see Note 8).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We finance our land acquisition, development, and construction activities and financial services operations using internally-generated funds supplemented by credit arrangements with third parties and capital market financing. We routinely monitor current and expected operational requirements and financial market conditions to evaluate accessing available financing sources, including revolving bank credit and securities offerings.
At December 31, 2020, we had unrestricted cash and equivalents of $2.6 billion, restricted cash balances of $50.0 million, and $750.3 million available under our Revolving Credit Facility. We follow a diversified investment approach for our cash and equivalents by maintaining such funds with a broad portfolio of banks within our group of relationship banks in high quality, highly liquid, short-term deposits and investments.
We retired outstanding debt totaling $65.3 million and $310.0 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our ratio of debt-to-total capitalization, excluding our Financial Services debt, was 29.5% at December 31, 2020, which is slightly below our targeted long-term range of 30.0% to 40.0%.
Unsecured senior notes
During 2019, we completed a tender offer to retire $310.0 million of our unsecured senior notes maturing in 2021. At December 31, 2020, we had $2.7 billion of unsecured senior notes outstanding with no repayments due until March 2021 when $426.0 million of notes are scheduled to mature. In January 2021, the Company announced a tender offer expected to be completed in February 2021 for up to $300 million of our senior notes scheduled to mature in 2026 and 2027.
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Other notes payable
Certain of our local homebuilding operations are party to non-recourse and limited recourse collateralized notes payable with third parties that totaled $40.1 million at December 31, 2020. These notes have maturities ranging up to three years, are secured by the applicable land positions to which they relate, have no recourse to any other assets, and are classified within notes payable.
Revolving credit facility
We maintain a Revolving Credit Facility, maturing in June 2023 that has a maximum borrowing capacity of $1.0 billion and contains an uncommitted accordion feature that could increase the capacity to $1.5 billion, subject to certain conditions and availability of additional bank commitments. The Revolving Credit Facility also provides for the issuance of letters of credit that reduce the available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility, with a sublimit of $500.0 million at December 31, 2020. The interest rate on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may be based on either the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or a base rate plus an applicable margin, as defined therein. In the event that LIBOR is no longer widely available, the agreement contemplates transitioning to an alternative widely available market rate agreeable between the parties. As a precautionary measure during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, we made the decision in March 2020 to draw $700.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility. In June 2020, we repaid the full outstanding balance of $700.0 million. We had no borrowings outstanding and $249.7 million and $262.8 million of letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum Tangible Net Worth, a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio, and a maximum Debt-to-Capitalization Ratio (as each term is defined in the Revolving Credit Facility). As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants. Outstanding balances under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Our available and unused borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, net of outstanding letters of credit, amounted to $750.3 million and $737.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Financial Services debt
Pulte Mortgage provides mortgage financing for the majority of our home closings by utilizing its own funds and funds made available pursuant to credit agreements with third parties. Pulte Mortgage uses these resources to finance its lending activities until the loans are sold in the secondary market, which generally occurs within 30 days.
Pulte Mortgage maintains a master repurchase agreement with third party lenders (the "Repurchase Agreement") that matures in July 2021. The maximum aggregate commitment was $420.0 million during the seasonally high borrowing period from December 28, 2020 through January 15, 2021. At all other times, the maximum aggregate commitment ranges from $230.0 million to $375.0 million. The purpose of the changes in capacity during the term of the agreement is to lower associated fees during seasonally lower volume periods of mortgage origination activity. Borrowings under the Repurchase Agreement are secured by residential mortgage loans available-for-sale. The Repurchase Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants applicable to Pulte Mortgage, including quantitative thresholds related to net worth, net income, and liquidity. Pulte Mortgage had $411.8 million and $326.6 million outstanding under the Repurchase Agreement at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was in compliance with its covenants and requirements as of such dates.
Share repurchase program
We repurchased 4.5 million and 8.4 million shares in 2020 and 2019, respectively, for a total of $170.7 million and $274.3 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively, under this program. In 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a $500.0 million share repurchase program and approved an increase of $500.0 million in May 2019. The repurchase of shares was suspended in March 2020 as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic and was reinstated in October 2020. At December 31, 2020, we had remaining authorization to repurchase $354.9 million of common shares.
Dividends
Our declared quarterly cash dividends totaled $135.1 million and $124.4 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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Cash flows
Operating activities
Our net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was $1.8 billion, compared with net cash provided by operating activities of $1.1 billion in 2019. Generally, the primary drivers of our cash flow from operations are profitability and changes in inventory levels and residential mortgage loans available-for-sale, each of which experiences seasonal fluctuations. Our positive cash flow from operations for 2020 was primarily due to our net income of $1.4 billion, which included various non-cash items, including land-related charges of $20.3 million and $137.6 million of deferred income tax expense. These factors were partially offset by a $56.7 million increase in residential mortgage loans available-for-sale.
Our positive cash flow from operations for 2019 was primarily due to our net income of $1.0 billion, which included non-cash land-related charges of $27.1 million and $105.4 million of deferred income tax expense. These factors were partially offset by a net increase in inventories of $237.7 million and a $48.3 million increase in residential mortgage loans available-for-sale.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $107.9 million in 2020, compared with $224.7 million in 2019. The 2020 cash outflows primarily reflect our acquisition of ICG in January 2020 for $83.3 million, as well as capital expenditures of $58.4 million related to our ongoing investment in new communities and certain information technology applications. The use of cash in investing activities in 2019 was primarily due to our acquisition of American West in April 2019 for $163.7 million as well as $58.1 million of capital expenditures.
Financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $295.6 million in 2020 compared with $733.6 million during 2019. The net cash used in financing activities for 2020 resulted primarily from the repurchase of 4.5 million common shares for $170.7 million under our repurchase authorization, repayments of debt of $65.3 million, and cash dividends of $130.2 million.
Net cash used in financing activities for 2019 resulted primarily from the repurchase of 8.4 million common shares for $274.3 million under our repurchase authorization, repayments of debt of $310.0 million, and cash dividends of $122.4 million.
Inflation
We, and the homebuilding industry in general, may be adversely affected during periods of inflation because of higher land and construction costs. Inflation may also increase our financing costs. In addition, higher mortgage interest rates affect the affordability of our products to prospective homebuyers. While we attempt to pass on to our customers increases in our costs through increased sales prices, market forces may limit our ability to do so. If we are unable to raise sales prices enough to compensate for higher costs, or if mortgage interest rates increase significantly, our revenues, gross margins, and net income could be adversely affected.
Seasonality
Although significant changes in market conditions have impacted our seasonal patterns in the past and could do so again, we historically experience variability in our quarterly results from operations due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally experience increases in revenues and cash flow from operations during the fourth quarter based on the timing of home closings. This seasonal activity increases our working capital requirements in our third and fourth quarters to support our home production and loan origination volumes. As a result of the seasonality of our operations, our quarterly results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. Additionally, given the
disruption in economic activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, our quarterly results in 2020 are not necessarily indicative
of results that may be achieved in the future.
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Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table summarizes our payments under contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:

| Payments Due by Period ($000’s omitted)
| 2021 |  | 2022-2023 |  | 2024-2025 |  | After 2025 |  | Total
Contractual obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable (a) | $ | 596,928 |  |  | $ | 285,766 |  |  | $ | 271,250 |  |  | $ | 2,881,229 |  |  | $ | 4,035,173 |
Operating lease obligations | 21,154 |  |  | 42,746 |  |  | 23,335 |  |  | 19,432 |  |  | 106,667 |
Total contractual obligations (b) | $ | 618,082 |  |  | $ | 328,512 |  |  | $ | 294,585 |  |  | $ | 2,900,661 |  |  | $ | 4,141,840 |

(a)Represents principal and interest payments related to our senior notes and limited recourse collateralized financing arrangements.
(b)We do not have any payments due in connection with capital lease or long-term purchase obligations.
We are currently under examination by various taxing jurisdictions and anticipate finalizing the examinations with certain jurisdictions within the next twelve months. The final outcome of these examinations is not yet determinable. The statute of limitations for our major tax jurisdictions remains open for examination for tax years 2016 to 2020. At December 31, 2020, we had $30.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits and $2.8 million of related accrued interest and penalties, which are excluded from the above table.
We are subject to certain obligations associated with entering into contracts (including land option contracts) for the purchase, development, and sale of real estate in the routine conduct of our business. Option contracts for the purchase of land enable us to defer acquiring portions of properties owned by third parties and unconsolidated entities until we have determined whether to exercise our option, which may serve to reduce our financial risks associated with long-term land holdings. At December 31, 2020, we had $291.9 million of deposits and pre-acquisition costs, of which $16.2 million is refundable, relating to option agreements to acquire 88,989 lots with a remaining purchase price of $3.8 billion. We expect to acquire the majority of such land within the next three years.
The following table summarizes our other commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020:

|  | Amount of Commitment Expiration by Period ($000’s omitted)
|  | 2021 |  | 2022-2023 |  | 2024-2025 |  | After 2025 |  | Total
Other commercial commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility (a) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Repurchase Agreement (b) |  | 420,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 420,000 |
Total commercial commitments (c) |  | $ | 420,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,420,000 |

(a)The $1.0 billion in 2022-2023 represents the capacity of our Revolving Credit Facility, under which no borrowings were outstanding, and $249.7 million of letters of credit were issued at December 31, 2020.
(b)Represents the capacity of the Repurchase Agreement, of which $411.8 million was outstanding at December 31, 2020. The capacity of $420.0 million was effective through January 15, 2021 after which it ranges from $230.0 million to $375.0 million until its expiration in July 2021.
(c)The above table excludes an aggregate $1.5 billion of surety bonds, which typically do not have stated expiration dates.
Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information
As of December 31, 2020 PulteGroup, Inc. had outstanding $2.7 billion principal amount of unsecured senior notes due at dates from March 2021 through February 2035 and no amounts outstanding on its Revolving Credit Facility.
All of our unsecured senior notes and the Revolving Credit Facility are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, by certain subsidiaries of PulteGroup, Inc. ("Guarantors" or "Guarantor Subsidiaries"). Each of the Guarantor
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Subsidiaries is 100% owned, directly or indirectly, by PulteGroup, Inc. Our subsidiaries associated with our financial services operations and certain other subsidiaries do not guarantee the unsecured senior notes or the Revolving Credit Facility (collectively, "Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries"). The guarantees are senior unsecured obligations of each Guarantor and rank equal with all existing and future senior debt of such Guarantor and senior to all subordinated debt of such Guarantor. The guarantees are effectively subordinated to any secured debt of such Guarantor to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt.
A court could void or subordinate any Guarantor’s guarantee under the fraudulent conveyance laws if existing or future creditors of any such Guarantor were successful in establishing that such Guarantor:
(a) incurred the guarantee with the intent of hindering, delaying or defrauding creditors; or
(b) received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration in return for incurring the guarantee and, in the case of and any one of the following is also true at the time thereof:
•such Guarantor was insolvent or rendered insolvent by reason of the issuance of the incurrence of the guarantee;
•the incurrence of the guarantee left such Guarantor with an unreasonably small amount of capital or assets to carry on its business;
•such Guarantor intended to, or believed that it would, incur debts beyond its ability to pay as they mature;
•such Guarantor was a defendant in an action for money damages, or had a judgment for money damages docketed against it, if the judgment is unsatisfied after final judgment.
The measures of insolvency for purposes of determining whether a fraudulent conveyance occurred would vary depending upon the laws of the relevant jurisdiction and upon the valuation assumptions and methodology applied by the court. However, in general, a court would deem a company insolvent if:
•the sum of its debts, including contingent and unliquidated liabilities, was greater than the fair saleable value of all of its assets;
•the present fair saleable value of its assets was less than the amount that would be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent liabilities, as they become absolute and mature; or
•it could not pay its debts as they became due.
The guarantees of the senior notes contain a provision to limit each Guarantor’s liability to the maximum amount that it could incur without causing the incurrence of obligations under its guarantee to be a fraudulent transfer. However, under recent case law, this provision may not be effective to protect such guarantee from being voided under fraudulent transfer law or otherwise determined to be unenforceable. If a court were to find that the incurrence of a guarantee was a fraudulent transfer or conveyance, the court could void the payment obligations under that guarantee, could subordinate that guarantee to presently existing and future indebtedness of the Guarantor or could require the holders of the senior notes to repay any amounts received with respect to that guarantee. In the event of a finding that a fraudulent transfer or conveyance occurred, you may not receive any repayment on the senior notes.
Finally, as a court of equity, a bankruptcy court may subordinate the claims in respect of the guarantees to other claims against us under the principle of equitable subordination if the court determines that (1) the holder of senior notes engaged in some type of inequitable conduct, (2) the inequitable conduct resulted in injury to our other creditors or conferred an unfair advantage upon the holders of senior notes and (3) equitable subordination is not inconsistent with the provisions of the bankruptcy code.
On the basis of historical financial information, operating history and other factors, we believe that each of the Guarantors, after giving effect to the issuance of the guarantees when such guarantees were issued, was not insolvent, did not have unreasonably small capital for the business in which it engaged and did not and has not incurred debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature. We cannot assure you, however, as to what standard a court would apply in making these determinations or that a court would agree with our conclusions in this regard.
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The following tables present summarized financial information for PulteGroup, Inc. and the Guarantor Subsidiaries on a combined basis after intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated among PulteGroup, Inc. and the Guarantor Subsidiaries, as well as their investment in and equity in earnings from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries ($000’s omitted):

PulteGroup, Inc. and Guarantor Subsidiaries
Summarized Balance Sheet Data |
ASSETS | December 31, 2020
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $2,429,639
House and land inventory | 7,600,542 |
Total assets | 11,028,911 |
LIABILITIES |
Accounts payable, customer deposits, accrued and other liabilities | $2,101,427
Notes payable | 2,752,302 |
Amount due to Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | 12,208 |
Total liabilities | 4,948,275 |

| For the year ended
Summarized Statement of Operations Data | December 31, 2020
Revenues | $10,368,616
Cost of revenues | 7,839,807 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 966,662 |
Income before income taxes | 1,510,185 |

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We use letters of credit and surety bonds to guarantee our performance under various contracts, principally in connection with the development of our homebuilding projects. The expiration dates of the letter of credit contracts coincide with the expected completion date of the related homebuilding projects. If the obligations related to a project are ongoing, annual extensions of the letters of credit are typically granted on a year-to-year basis. At December 31, 2020, we had outstanding letters of credit of $249.7 million. Our surety bonds generally do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are released from the bonds as the contractual performance is completed. These bonds, which approximated $1.5 billion at December 31, 2020, are typically outstanding over a period of approximately three to five years. Because significant construction and development work has been performed related to the applicable projects but has not yet received final acceptance by the respective counterparties, the aggregate amount of surety bonds outstanding is in excess of the projected cost of the remaining work to be performed.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land option agreements in order to procure land for the construction of houses in the future. At December 31, 2020, these agreements had an aggregate remaining purchase price of $3.8 billion. Pursuant to these land option agreements, we provide a deposit to the seller as consideration for the right to purchase land at different times in the future, usually at predetermined prices.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. When more than one accounting principle, or the method of its application, is generally accepted, we select the principle or method that is appropriate in our specific circumstances (see Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements). Application of these accounting principles requires us to make estimates about the future resolution of existing uncertainties; as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, we have made our best estimates and judgments of the amounts and disclosures included in the consolidated financial statements, giving due regard to materiality.
Revenue recognition
Home sale revenues - Home sale revenues and related profit are generally recognized when title to and possession of the home are transferred to the buyer at the home closing date. Little to no estimation is involved in recognizing such revenues.
Land sale and other revenues - We periodically elect to sell parcels of land to third parties in the event such assets no longer fit into our strategic operating plans or are zoned for commercial or other development. Land sales are generally outright sales of specified land parcels with cash consideration due on the closing date, which is generally when performance obligations are satisfied. Revenues related to our construction services operations are generally recognized as materials are delivered and installation services are provided.
Financial services revenues - Loan origination fees, commitment fees, and direct loan origination costs are recognized as incurred. Expected gains and losses from the sale of residential mortgage loans and their related servicing rights are included in the measurement of written loan commitments that are accounted for at fair value through Financial Services revenues at the time of commitment. The determination of fair value for certain of these financial instruments requires the use of estimates and management judgment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these loans are reflected in Financial Services revenues as they occur. Interest income is accrued from the date a mortgage loan is originated until the loan is sold. Mortgage servicing fees represent fees earned for servicing loans for various investors. Servicing fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal balance, or a contracted set fee in the case of certain sub-servicing arrangements, and are credited to income when related mortgage payments are received or the sub-servicing fees are earned.
Revenues associated with our title operations are recognized as closing services are rendered and title insurance policies are issued, both of which generally occur as each home is closed. Insurance brokerage commissions relate to commissions on home and other insurance policies placed with third party carriers through various agency channels. Our performance obligations for policy renewal commissions are considered satisfied upon issuance of the initial policy, and related contract assets for estimated future renewal commissions are included in other assets and totaled $38.5 million at December 31, 2020. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process and the long duration of renewal policies, which can extend years into the future, actual results could differ from such estimates.
Inventory and cost of revenues
Inventory is stated at cost unless the carrying value is determined to not be recoverable, in which case the affected inventory is written down to fair value. Cost includes land acquisition, land development, and home construction costs, including interest, real estate taxes, and certain direct and indirect overhead costs related to development and construction. For those communities for which construction and development activities have been idled, applicable interest and real estate taxes are expensed as incurred. Land acquisition and development costs are allocated to individual lots using an average lot cost determined based on the total expected land acquisition and development costs and the total expected home closings for the community. The specific identification method is used to accumulate home construction costs.
We capitalize interest cost into homebuilding inventories. Each layer of capitalized interest is amortized over a period that approximates the average life of communities under development. Interest expense is allocated over the period based on the timing of home closings.
Cost of revenues includes the construction cost, average lot cost, estimated warranty costs, and closing costs applicable to the home. Sales commissions are classified within selling, general, and administrative expenses. The construction cost of the home includes amounts paid through the closing date of the home, plus an accrual for costs incurred but not yet paid, based on an analysis of budgeted construction costs. This accrual is reviewed for accuracy based on actual payments made after closing compared with the amount accrued, and adjustments are made if needed. Total community land acquisition and development
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costs are based on an analysis of budgeted costs compared with actual costs incurred to date and estimates to complete. The development cycles for our communities range from under one year to in excess of ten years for certain master planned communities. Adjustments to estimated total land acquisition and development costs for the community affect the amounts costed for the community’s remaining lots.
We test inventory for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by the community may be less than its carrying amount. Such indicators include gross margins or sales paces significantly below expectations, construction costs or land development costs significantly in excess of budgeted amounts, significant delays or changes in the planned development for the community, and other known qualitative factors. Communities that demonstrate potential impairment indicators are tested for impairment by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. For those communities whose carrying values exceed the expected undiscounted cash flows, we determine the fair value of the community and impairment charges are recorded if the fair value of the community’s inventory is less than its carrying value.
We generally determine the fair value of each community using a combination of discounted cash flow models and market comparable transactions, where available. These estimated cash flows are significantly impacted by estimates related to expected average selling prices, expected sales paces, expected land development and construction timelines, and anticipated land development, construction, and overhead costs. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow models are specific to each community. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, the significant volatility in demand for new housing, the long life cycles of many communities, and potential changes in our strategy related to certain communities, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates.
Generally, a community must have projected gross margin percentages in the mid-single digits or lower to potentially fail the undiscounted cash flow step and proceed to the fair value step. Our overall gross margin realized during 2020 and our average gross margin in backlog at December 31, 2020 both exceeded 20%, and we have only a small minority of communities with gross margins below 10%. However, in the event of an extended economic slowdown that leads to moderate or significant decreases in the price of new homes in certain geographic or buyer submarkets, we could have a larger number of communities that begin to approach these levels such that more detailed impairment analyses would be necessary, and the resulting impairments could be material. Additionally, we have $291.9 million of deposits and pre-acquisition costs at December 31, 2020 related to option agreements to acquire additional land. In the event of an extended economic slowdown, we could elect to cancel a large portion of such land option agreements, which would generally result in the write-off of the related deposits and pre-acquisition costs.
Residential mortgage loans available-for-sale
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 825, “Financial Instruments” (“ASC 825”), we use the fair value option for our residential mortgage loans available-for-sale. Election of the fair value option for residential mortgage loans available-for-sale allows a better offset of the changes in fair values of the loans and the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. Changes in the fair value of these loans are reflected in revenues as they occur.
Allowance for warranties
Home purchasers are provided with a limited warranty against certain building defects, including a one-year comprehensive limited warranty and coverage for certain other aspects of the home’s construction and operating systems for periods of up to (and in limited instances exceeding) 10 years. We estimate the costs to be incurred under these warranties and record a liability in the amount of such costs at the time revenue is recognized. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of homes sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and the projected cost of claims. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liability for each geographic market in which we operate and adjust the amounts as necessary. Actual warranty costs in the future could differ from our estimates.
Income taxes
We evaluate our deferred tax assets each period to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is "more likely than not" that some portion of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. The ultimate realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income during future periods. We conduct our evaluation by considering all available positive and negative evidence. This evaluation considers, among other factors, historical operating results, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, and the outlooks for the U.S. housing
39

industry and broader economy. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.
Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. We follow the provisions of ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), which prescribes a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Significant judgment is required to evaluate uncertain tax positions. Our evaluations of tax positions consider a variety of factors, including relevant facts and circumstances, applicable tax law, correspondence with taxing authorities, and effective settlements of audit issues. Changes in the recognition or measurement of uncertain tax positions could result in material increases or decreases in income tax expense (benefit) in the period in which the change is made. Interest and penalties related to income taxes and unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense (benefit).
Self-insured risks
At any point in time, we are managing over 1,000 individual claims related to general liability, property, errors and omission, workers compensation, and other business insurance coverage. We reserve for costs associated with such claims (including expected claims management expenses) on an undiscounted basis at the time product revenue is recognized for each home closing and periodically evaluate the recorded liabilities based on actuarial analyses of our historical claims. The actuarial analyses calculate estimates of the ultimate cost of all unpaid losses, including estimates for incurred but not reported losses ("IBNR"). IBNR represents losses related to claims incurred but not yet reported plus development on reported claims.
Our recorded reserves for all such claims totaled $641.8 million and $709.8 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the vast majority of which relate to general liability claims. The recorded reserves include loss estimates related to both (i) existing claims and related claim expenses and (ii) IBNR and related claim expenses. Liabilities related to IBNR and related claim expenses represented approximately 68% of the total general liability reserves at both December 31, 2020 and 2019. The actuarial analyses that determine the IBNR portion of reserves consider a variety of factors, including the frequency and severity of losses, which are based on our historical claims experience supplemented by industry data. The actuarial analyses of the reserves also consider historical third-party recovery rates and claims management expenses. Because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating future losses related to these claims, actual costs could differ significantly from estimated costs. Based on the actuarial analyses performed, we believe the range of reasonably possible losses related to these claims is $550 million to $750 million. While this range represents our best estimate of our ultimate liability related to these claims, due to a variety of factors, including those factors described above, there can be no assurance that the ultimate costs realized by us will fall within this range.
Volatility in both national and local housing market conditions can affect the frequency and cost of construction defect claims. Additionally, IBNR estimates comprise the majority of our liability and are subject to a high degree of uncertainty due to a variety of factors, including changes in claims reporting and resolution patterns, third party recoveries, insurance industry practices, the regulatory environment, and legal precedent. State regulations vary, but construction defect claims are reported and resolved over an extended period often exceeding ten years. Changes in the frequency and timing of reported claims and estimates of specific claim values can impact the underlying inputs and trends utilized in the actuarial analyses, which could have a material impact on the recorded reserves. Additionally, the amount of insurance coverage available for each policy period also impacts our recorded reserves. Because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating future losses and the timing of such losses related to these claims, actual costs could differ significantly from estimated costs.
Adjustments to reserves are recorded in the period in which the change in estimate occurs. During 2020 and 2019, we reduced general liability reserves by $93.4 million and $49.4 million, respectively, as a result of changes in estimates resulting from actual claim experience observed being less than anticipated in previous actuarial projections. The changes in actuarial estimates were driven by changes in actual claims experience that, in turn, impacted actuarial estimates for potential future claims. These changes in actuarial estimates did not involve any changes in actuarial methodology but did impact the development of estimates for future periods, which resulted in adjustments to the IBNR portion of our recorded liabilities. There were no material adjustments to individual claims. Rather, the adjustments reflect an overall lower level of losses related to construction defect claims in recent years as compared with our previous experience. We attribute this favorable experience to a variety of factors, including improved construction techniques, rising home values, and increased participation from our subcontractors in resolving claims.
40

In certain instances, we have the ability to recover a portion of our costs under various insurance policies or from subcontractors or other third parties. Estimates of such amounts are recorded when recovery is considered probable. Our receivables from insurance carriers totaled $69.5 million and $118.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The insurance receivables relate to costs incurred or to be incurred to perform corrective repairs, settle claims with customers, and other costs related to the continued progression of both known and anticipated future construction defect claims that we believe to be insured related to previously closed homes. We believe collection of these insurance receivables is probable based on various factors, including the legal merits of our positions after review by legal counsel, favorable legal rulings received to date, the credit quality of our carriers, and our long history of collecting significant amounts of insurance reimbursements under similar insurance policies related to similar claims, including significant amounts funded by the above carriers under different policies.
While the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the resolution of such matters will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are subject to market risk on our debt instruments primarily due to fluctuations in interest rates. We utilize both fixed-rate and variable-rate debt. For fixed-rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt instrument but not our earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for variable-rate debt, changes in interest rates generally do not affect the fair value of the debt instrument but could affect our earnings and cash flows. Except in very limited circumstances, we do not have an obligation to prepay our debt prior to maturity. As a result, interest rate risk and changes in fair value should not have a significant impact on our fixed-rate debt until we are required or elect to refinance or repurchase such debt.
The following table sets forth the principal cash flows by scheduled maturity, weighted-average interest rates, and estimated fair value of our debt obligations as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 ($000’s omitted).

| As of December 31, 2020 for the Years ending December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair Value
Rate-sensitive liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt | $ | 451,596 |  |  | $ | 14,456 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,300,000 |  |  | $ | 2,766,052 |  |  | $ | 3,415,662 |
Average interest rate | 4.10 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 5.90 | % |  | 5.57 | % |  |
Variable rate debt (a) | $ | 411,821 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 411,821 |  |  | $ | 411,821 |
Average interest rate | 2.55 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 2.55 | % |  |
| As of December 31, 2019 for the Years ending December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair Value
Rate-sensitive liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt | $ | 21,327 |  |  | $ | 447,712 |  |  | $ | 10,295 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,300,000 |  |  | $ | 2,779,334 |  |  | $ | 3,152,046 |
Average interest rate | 2.09 | % |  | 4.17 | % |  | 0.39 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 5.90 | % |  | 5.57 | % |  |
Variable rate debt (a) | $ | 326,573 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 326,573 |  |  | $ | 326,573 |
Average interest rate | 3.59 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 3.59 | % |  |

(a) Includes the Pulte Mortgage Repurchase Agreement. There were no borrowings outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility at either December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Derivative instruments and hedging activities
Pulte Mortgage is exposed to market risks from commitments to lend, movements in interest rates, and canceled or modified commitments to lend. A commitment to lend at a specific interest rate (an interest rate lock commitment) is a derivative financial instrument (interest rate is locked to the borrower). The interest rate risk continues through the loan closing and until the loan is sold to an investor. We are generally not exposed to variability in cash flows of derivative instruments for more than approximately 60 days. In periods of rising interest rates, the length of exposure will generally increase due to customers locking in an interest rate sooner as opposed to letting the interest rate float. In periods of low or decreasing interest rates, the length of exposure will also generally increase as customers desire to lock before the possibility of rising rates.
In order to reduce these risks, we use other derivative financial instruments, principally cash forward placement contracts on mortgage-backed securities and whole loan investor commitments, to economically hedge the interest rate lock commitment. We generally enter into one of the aforementioned derivative financial instruments upon accepting interest rate lock commitments. Changes in the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and the other derivative financial instruments are recognized in Financial Services revenues. We do not use any derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, residential mortgage loans available-for-sale had an aggregate fair value of $565.0 million and $509.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had aggregate interest rate lock commitments of $367.2 million and $255.3 million, respectively, which were originated at interest rates prevailing at the date of commitment. Unexpired forward contracts totaled $686.4 million and $518.2 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and whole loan investor commitments totaled $169.6 million and $200.7 million, respectively, at such dates. Hypothetical changes in the fair values of our financial instruments arising from immediate parallel shifts in long-term mortgage rates would not be material to our financial results due to the offsetting nature in the movements in fair value of our financial instruments.
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SPECIAL NOTES CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
As a cautionary note, except for the historical information contained herein, certain matters discussed in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance, prospects or opportunities, as well as those of the markets we serve or intend to serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these statements. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate to matters of a strictly factual or historical nature and generally discuss or relate to forecasts, estimates or other expectations regarding future events. Generally, the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “project,” “may,” “can,” “could,” “might,” "should", “will” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, including statements related to any potential impairment charges and the impacts or effects thereof, expected operating and performing results, planned transactions, planned objectives of management, future developments or conditions in the industries in which we participate and other trends, developments and uncertainties that may affect our business in the future.
Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among other things: interest rate changes and the availability of mortgage financing; competition within the industries in which we operate; the availability and cost of land and other raw materials used by us in our homebuilding operations; the impact of any changes to our strategy in responding to the cyclical nature of the industry, including any changes regarding our land positions and the levels of our land spend; the availability and cost of insurance covering risks associated with our businesses; shortages and the cost of labor; weather related slowdowns; slow growth initiatives and/or local building moratoria; governmental regulation directed at or affecting the housing market, the homebuilding industry or construction activities; uncertainty in the mortgage lending industry, including revisions to underwriting standards and repurchase requirements associated with the sale of mortgage loans; the interpretation of or changes to tax, labor and environmental laws which could have a greater impact on our effective tax rate or the value of our deferred tax assets than we anticipate; economic changes nationally or in our local markets, including inflation, deflation, changes in consumer confidence and preferences and the state of the market for homes in general; legal or regulatory proceedings or claims; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow in order to successfully implement our capital allocation priorities; required accounting changes; terrorist acts and other acts of war; the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial position and ability to continue our Homebuilding or Financial Services activities at normal levels or at all in impacted areas; the duration, effect and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic; the measures that governmental authorities take to address the COVID-19 pandemic which may precipitate or exacerbate one or more of the above-mentioned and/or other risks and significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period of time; and other factors of national, regional and global scale, including those of a political, economic, business and competitive natur e. See Item 1A – Risk Factors for a further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our businesses. We undertake no duty to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or changes in our expectations.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
PULTEGROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, 2020 and 2019
($000’s omitted, except per share data)

| 2020 |  | 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and equivalents | $ | 2,582,205 |  |  | $ | 1,217,913 |
Restricted cash | 50,030 |  |  | 33,543 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 2,632,235 |  |  | 1,251,456 |
House and land inventory | 7,721,798 |  |  | 7,680,614 |
Land held for sale | 27,962 |  |  | 24,009 |
Residential mortgage loans available-for-sale | 564,979 |  |  | 508,967 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | 35,562 |  |  | 59,766 |
Other assets | 923,270 |  |  | 895,686 |
Intangible assets | 163,425 |  |  | 124,992 |
Deferred tax assets | 136,267 |  |  | 170,107 |
| $ | 12,205,498 |  |  | $ | 10,715,597 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable, including book overdrafts of $84,505 and $51,827 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | $ | 511,321 |  |  | $ | 435,916 |
Customer deposits | 449,474 |  |  | 294,427 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 103,548 |  |  | — |
Accrued and other liabilities | 1,407,043 |  |  | 1,435,461 |
Financial Services debt | 411,821 |  |  | 326,573 |
Notes payable | 2,752,302 |  |  | 2,765,040 |
Total liabilities | 5,635,509 |  |  | 5,257,417 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized, none issued | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Common shares, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized, 266,464,063 and 270,235,297 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | 2,665 |  |  | 2,702 |
Additional paid-in capital | 3,261,412 |  |  | 3,235,149 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (145) |  |  | (245) |
Retained earnings | 3,306,057 |  |  | 2,220,574 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 6,569,989 |  |  | 5,458,180 |
| $ | 12,205,498 |  |  | $ | 10,715,597 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
44

PULTEGROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
(000’s omitted, except per share data)

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding |  |  |  |  |
Home sale revenues | $ | 10,579,896 |  |  | $ | 9,915,705 |  |  | $ | 9,818,445 |
Land sale and other revenues | 94,017 |  |  | 62,821 |  |  | 164,504 |
| 10,673,913 |  |  | 9,978,526 |  |  | 9,982,949 |
Financial Services | 362,169 |  |  | 234,431 |  |  | 205,382 |
Total revenues | 11,036,082 |  |  | 10,212,957 |  |  | 10,188,331 |
Homebuilding Cost of Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Home sale cost of revenues | (8,004,823) |  |  | (7,628,700) |  |  | (7,540,937) |
Land sale and other cost of revenues | (77,626) |  |  | (56,098) |  |  | (126,560) |
| (8,082,449) |  |  | (7,684,798) |  |  | (7,667,497) |
Financial Services expenses | (175,481) |  |  | (130,770) |  |  | (147,422) |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | (1,011,442) |  |  | (1,044,337) |  |  | (1,012,023) |
Goodwill impairment | (20,190) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other expense, net | (17,826) |  |  | (13,476) |  |  | (13,849) |
Income before income taxes | 1,728,694 |  |  | 1,339,576 |  |  | 1,347,540 |
Income tax expense | (321,855) |  |  | (322,876) |  |  | (325,517) |
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |  |  | $ | 1,022,023 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 5.19 |  |  | $ | 3.67 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |
Diluted | $ | 5.18 |  |  | $ | 3.66 |  |  | $ | 3.55 |
Cash dividends declared | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |
Number of shares used in calculation: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 268,553 |  |  | 274,495 |  |  | 283,578 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 861 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 1,287 |
Diluted | 269,414 |  |  | 275,297 |  |  | 284,865 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
45

PULTEGROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
($000’s omitted)

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |  |  | $ | 1,022,023 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Change in value of derivatives | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |
Other comprehensive income | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 1,406,939 |  |  | $ | 1,016,800 |  |  | $ | 1,022,123 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
(000’s omitted)

| Common Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
Shares |  | $ |
Shareholders' equity, December 31, 2017 | 286,752 |  |  | $ | 2,868 |  |  | $ | 3,171,542 |  |  | $ | (445) |  |  | $ | 980,061 |  |  | $ | 4,154,026 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change (see Note 1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,411 |  |  | 22,411 |
Stock option exercises | 605 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6,549 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,555 |
Share issuances | 1,210 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 3,475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,487 |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (108,489) |  |  | (108,489) |
Share repurchases | (11,457) |  |  | (115) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (294,451) |  |  | (294,566) |
Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | (284) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,626) |  |  | (7,910) |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,145 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,022,023 |  |  | 1,022,023 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |
Shareholders' equity, December 31, 2018 | 277,110 |  |  | $ | 2,771 |  |  | $ | 3,201,427 |  |  | $ | (345) |  |  | $ | 1,613,929 |  |  | $ | 4,817,782 |
Stock option exercises | 547 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6,394 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,399 |
Share issuances | 1,013 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,800 |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (124,356) |  |  | (124,356) |
Share repurchases | (8,435) |  |  | (84) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (274,249) |  |  | (274,333) |
Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,450) |  |  | (11,450) |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,538 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,016,700 |  |  | 1,016,700 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |
Shareholders' equity, December 31, 2019 | 270,235 |  |  | $ | 2,702 |  |  | $ | 3,235,149 |  |  | $ | (245) |  |  | $ | 2,220,574 |  |  | $ | 5,458,180 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change (see Note 1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (735) |  |  | (735) |
Stock option exercises | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |
Share issuances | 756 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4,088 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,096 |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (135,138) |  |  | (135,138) |
Share repurchases | (4,542) |  |  | (46) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (170,630) |  |  | (170,676) |
Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,853) |  |  | (14,853) |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,065 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,065 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,406,839 |  |  | 1,406,839 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |
Shareholders' equity, December 31, 2020 | 266,464 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |  |  | $ | 3,261,412 |  |  | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | 3,306,057 |  |  | $ | 6,569,989 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
47

PULTEGROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
($000’s omitted)

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |  |  | $ | 1,022,023 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income tax expense | 137,598 |  |  | 105,438 |  |  | 362,777 |
Land-related charges | 20,305 |  |  | 27,101 |  |  | 99,446 |
Goodwill impairment | 20,190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 66,081 |  |  | 53,999 |  |  | 49,429 |
Share-based compensation expense | 32,843 |  |  | 28,368 |  |  | 28,290 |
Loss on debt retirements | — |  |  | 4,927 |  |  | 76 |
Other, net | (1,112) |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | (3,688) |
Increase (decrease) in cash due to: |  |  |  |  |
Inventories | 2,988 |  |  | (237,741) |  |  | (50,362) |
Residential mortgage loans available-for-sale | (56,732) |  |  | (48,261) |  |  | 107,330 |
Other assets | (46,307) |  |  | (16,668) |  |  | (65,641) |
Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities | 201,649 |  |  | 140,984 |  |  | (101,400) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,784,342 |  |  | 1,076,002 |  |  | 1,448,280 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (58,354) |  |  | (58,119) |  |  | (59,039) |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | (753) |  |  | (9,515) |  |  | (1,000) |
Distributions of capital from unconsolidated entities | 27,939 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 11,275 |
Business acquisitions | (83,251) |  |  | (163,724) |  |  | — |
Other investing activities, net | 6,472 |  |  | 6,458 |  |  | 8,289 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (107,947) |  |  | (224,686) |  |  | (40,475) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Debt issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,164) |
Repayments of notes payable | (65,267) |  |  | (309,985) |  |  | (82,775) |
Borrowings under revolving credit facility | 700,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,566,000 |
Repayments under revolving credit facility | (700,000) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,566,000) |
Financial Services borrowings (repayments), net | 85,248 |  |  | (21,841) |  |  | (89,393) |
Stock option exercises | 111 |  |  | 6,399 |  |  | 6,555 |
Share repurchases | (170,676) |  |  | (274,333) |  |  | (294,566) |
Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes | (14,853) |  |  | (11,450) |  |  | (7,910) |
Dividends paid | (130,179) |  |  | (122,350) |  |  | (104,020) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (295,616) |  |  | (733,560) |  |  | (580,273) |
Net increase | 1,380,779 |  |  | 117,756 |  |  | 827,532 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 1,251,456 |  |  | 1,133,700 |  |  | 306,168 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 2,632,235 |  |  | $ | 1,251,456 |  |  | $ | 1,133,700 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information: |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid (capitalized), net | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 5,605 |  |  | $ | 557 |
Income taxes paid, net | $ | 264,248 |  |  | $ | 137,119 |  |  | $ | 89,204 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
48

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of significant accounting policies
Basis of presentation
PulteGroup, Inc. is one of the largest homebuilders in the U.S., and our common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “PHM”. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "PulteGroup", the "Company", "we", "us", and "our" used herein refer to PulteGroup, Inc. and its subsidiaries. While our subsidiaries engage primarily in the homebuilding business, we also have mortgage banking operations, conducted principally through Pulte Mortgage LLC (“Pulte Mortgage”), and title and insurance brokerage operations.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and include the accounts of PulteGroup, Inc. and all of its direct and indirect subsidiaries and variable interest entities in which PulteGroup, Inc. is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany accounts, transactions, and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Business acquisitions
On April 23, 2019, we acquired certain assets of American West, located in Las Vegas, Nevada, for $163.7 million. The assets acquired included approximately 1,200 finished lots and control of approximately 2,300 additional lots through land option agreements. The acquired assets were recorded at their estimated fair values, including $12.0 million associated with the American West tradename, which is being amortized over a 20-year useful life. The acquisition of these assets was not material to our results of operations or financial condition.
On January 24, 2020, we acquired the operations of Innovative Construction Group ("ICG"), an offsite construction framing company located in Jacksonville, Florida, for $104.0 million, of which $83.3 million was paid in January 2020 while additional payments of $10.4 million will be settled in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The acquired net assets were recorded at their estimated fair values, including intangible assets of $27.8 million associated with customer relationships and $1.8 million associated with the ICG tradename, which are being amortized over seven- and five-year useful lives, respectively. The acquisition also resulted in $48.7 million of tax deductible goodwill. The acquisition of these assets was not material to our results of operations or financial condition.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
Subsequent events
We evaluated subsequent events up until the time the financial statements were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Cash and equivalents
Cash and equivalents include institutional money market investments and time deposits with a maturity of three months or less when acquired. Cash and equivalents at December 31, 2020 and 2019 also included $6.1 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of cash from home closings held in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, which are considered deposits in-transit.
Restricted cash
49

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We maintain certain cash balances that are restricted as to their use, including customer deposits on home sales that are temporarily restricted by regulatory requirements in certain states until title transfers to the homebuyer. Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash includes restricted cash balances of $50.0 million and $33.5 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Investments in unconsolidated entities
We have investments in a number of unconsolidated entities, including joint ventures, with independent third parties. The equity method of accounting is used for unconsolidated entities over which we have significant influence; generally this represents ownership interests of at least 20% and not more than 50%. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognize our proportionate share of the earnings and losses of these entities. Certain of these entities sell land to us. We defer the recognition of profits from such activities until the time we ultimately sell the related land.
We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated entities for recoverability in accordance with ASC 323, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures” (“ASC 323”). If we determine that a loss in the value of the investment is other than temporary, we write down the investment to its estimated fair value. Any such losses are recorded to equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entities, which is reflected in other expense, net. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process and the significant volatility in demand for new housing, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates. See Note 4.
Intangible assets
Goodwill, which represents the cost of acquired businesses in excess of the fair value of the net assets of such businesses at the acquisition date, totaled $68.9 million and $40.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We assess goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
In accordance with ASC 350, management evaluates the recoverability of goodwill by comparing the carrying value of the Company’s reporting units to their fair value. Fair value is determined using accepted valuation methods, including the use of discounted cash flows supplemented by market-based assessments of fair value. As a result of the significant decline in equity market valuations that occurred during the period between our acquisition of ICG in January 2020 and March 31, 2020, we determined that an event-driven goodwill impairment test was appropriate for the ICG goodwill, which resulted in an impairment totaling $20.2 million in the first quarter of 2020. This impairment was not the result of any unique factors specific to ICG's operations but, rather, reflected the broad-based declines in the market capitalizations of publicly-traded construction companies in the short period of time between the acquisition and the March 31, 2020 valuation date.
Intangible assets also include tradenames and customer relationships acquired in connection with acquisitions and totaled $94.5 million, net of accumulated amortization of $224.1 million, at December 31, 2020, and $84.6 million, net of accumulated amortization of $204.4 million, at December 31, 2019. Such tradenames are generally being amortized over 20-year lives. Our customer relationships intangible asset resulted from the ICG acquisition and is being amortized over seven years. Amortization expense totaled $19.7 million, $14.2 million, and $13.8 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is expected to be $16.5 million in 2021, $11.1 million in 2022, $10.5 million in 2023, $10.0 million in 2024, and $9.3 million in 2025. The ultimate realization of these assets is dependent upon the future cash flows and benefits that we expect to generate from their use. We assess intangibles for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives as follows: office furniture and equipment - 3 to 10 years; leasehold improvements - life of the lease; software and hardware - 3 to 5 years; model park improvements and furnishings - 1 to 5 years. Property and equipment are included in other assets and totaled $131.7 million net of accumulated depreciation of $228.8 million at December 31, 2020 and $111.7 million net of accumulated depreciation of $218.9 million at December 31, 2019. Depreciation expense totaled $46.4 million, $39.8 million, and $35.6 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Advertising costs
50

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Advertising costs are expensed to selling, general, and administrative expense as incurred and totaled $40.3 million, $53.9 million, and $51.0 million, in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Employee benefits
We maintain a defined contribution retirement plan that covers substantially all of our employees. Company contributions to the plan totaled $20.4 million, $19.1 million, and $17.9 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Other expense, net
Other expense, net consists of the following ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs (Note 2) | $ | (12,390) |  |  | $ | (13,116) |  |  | $ | (16,992) |
Amortization of intangible assets (Note 1) | (19,685) |  |  | (14,200) |  |  | (13,800) |
Loss on debt retirement (Note 5) | — |  |  | (4,927) |  |  | (76) |
Interest income | 6,837 |  |  | 16,739 |  |  | 7,593 |
Interest expense | (4,248) |  |  | (584) |  |  | (618) |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities (Note 4) | 1,880 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 2,690 |
Miscellaneous, net | 9,780 |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | 7,354 |
Total other expense, net | $ | (17,826) |  |  | $ | (13,476) |  |  | $ | (13,849) |

Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders (the “Numerator”) by the weighted-average number of common shares, adjusted for unvested shares, (the “Denominator”), for the period. Computing diluted earnings per share is similar to computing basic earnings per share, except that the Denominator is increased to include the dilutive effects of stock options, unvested restricted share units, and other potentially dilutive instruments. Any stock options that have an exercise price greater than the average market price of our common shares are considered anti-dilutive and excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation. Anti-dilutive shares were immaterial in 2020, 2019 and 2018.
In accordance with ASC 260 "Earnings Per Share" ("ASC 260"), the two-class method determines earnings per share for each class of common share and participating securities according to an earnings allocation formula that adjusts the Numerator for dividends or dividend equivalents and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are participating securities and, therefore, are included in computing earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Our outstanding restricted share units and deferred shares are considered participating securities. The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator used in our earnings per common share calculation ($000's omitted):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,406,839 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |  |  | $ | 1,022,023 |
Less: earnings distributed to participating securities | (1,106) |  |  | (1,228) |  |  | (1,208) |
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities | (11,348) |  |  | (9,143) |  |  | (9,984) |
Numerator for basic earnings per share | $ | 1,394,385 |  |  | $ | 1,006,329 |  |  | $ | 1,010,831 |
Add: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities | 11,348 |  |  | 9,143 |  |  | 9,984 |
Less: undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities | (11,312) |  |  | (9,117) |  |  | (9,939) |
Numerator for diluted earnings per share | $ | 1,394,421 |  |  | $ | 1,006,355 |  |  | $ | 1,010,876 |

Share-based compensation
51

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We measure compensation cost for share-based compensation on the grant date. Fair value for restricted share units is determined based on the quoted price of our common shares on the grant date. We recognize compensation expense for restricted share units, the majority of which cliff vest at the end of three years, ratably over the vesting period. For share-based awards containing performance conditions, we recognize compensation expense ratably over the vesting period when it is probable that the stated performance targets will be achieved and record cumulative adjustments in the period in which estimates change. Compensation expense related to our share-based awards is included in selling, general, and administrative expense, except for a small portion recognized in Financial Services expenses. See Note 7.
Income taxes
The provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by identifying the temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is primarily dependent upon the generation of future taxable income. In determining the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns, judgment is required. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results including the valuation and realization of deferred tax assets and liabilities over time.
Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. We follow the provisions of ASC 740 which prescribes a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Significant judgment is required to evaluate uncertain tax positions. Our evaluations of tax positions consider a variety of factors, including relevant facts and circumstances, applicable tax law, correspondence with taxing authorities, and effective settlements of audit issues. Changes in the recognition or measurement of uncertain tax positions could result in material increases or decreases in income tax expense (benefit) in the period in which the change is made. Interest and penalties related to income taxes and unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense (benefit). See Note 8.
Revenue recognition
Home sale revenues - Home sale revenues and related profit are generally recognized when title to and possession of the home are transferred to the buyer at the home closing date. Our performance obligation to deliver the agreed-upon home is generally satisfied at the home closing date. Home sale contract assets consist of cash from home closings held in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, which are considered deposits in-transit and classified as cash. Contract liabilities include customer deposit liabilities related to sold but undelivered homes, which totaled $449.5 million and $294.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Substantially all of our home sales are scheduled to close and be recorded to revenue within one year from the date of receiving a customer deposit. See Note 11 for information on warranties and related obligations.
Land sale and other revenues - We periodically elect to sell parcels of land to third parties in the event such assets no longer fit into our strategic operating plans or are zoned for commercial or other development. Land sales are generally outright sales of specified land parcels with cash consideration due on the closing date, which is generally when performance obligations are satisfied. Other revenues related to our construction services operations are generally recognized as materials are delivered and installation services are provided.
Financial services revenues - Loan origination fees, commitment fees, and direct loan origination costs are recognized as incurred. Expected gains and losses from the sale of residential mortgage loans and their related servicing rights are included in the measurement of written loan commitments that are accounted for at fair value through Financial Services revenues at the time of commitment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these loans are reflected in Financial Services revenues as they occur. Interest income is accrued from the date a mortgage loan is originated until the loan is sold. Mortgage servicing fees represent fees earned for servicing loans for various investors. Servicing fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal balance and are credited to income when related mortgage payments are received or the sub-servicing fees are earned.
52

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Revenues associated with our title operations are recognized as closing services are rendered and title insurance policies are issued, both of which generally occur as each home is closed. Insurance brokerage commissions relate to commissions on home and other insurance policies placed with third party carriers through various agency channels. Our performance obligations for policy renewal commissions are considered satisfied upon issuance of the initial policy, and related contract assets for estimated future renewal commissions are included in other assets and totaled $38.5 million and $35.1 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Contract assets totaling $27.7 million were recognized on January 1, 2018, in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606"). Refer to "New accounting pronouncements" within Note 1 for further discussion.
Sales incentives
When sales incentives involve a discount on the selling price of the home, we record the discount as a reduction of revenue at the time of house closing. If the sales incentive requires us to provide a free product or service to the customer, the cost of the free product or service is recorded as cost of revenues at the time of house closing.
Inventory and cost of revenues
Inventory is stated at cost unless the carrying value is determined to not be recoverable, in which case the affected inventory is written down to fair value. Cost includes land acquisition, land development, and home construction costs, including interest, real estate taxes, and certain direct and indirect overhead costs related to development and construction. For those communities for which construction and development activities have been idled, applicable interest and real estate taxes are expensed as incurred. Land acquisition and development costs are allocated to individual lots using an average lot cost determined based on the total expected land acquisition and development costs and the total expected home closings for the community. The specific identification method is used to accumulate home construction costs.
We capitalize interest cost into homebuilding inventories. Each layer of capitalized interest is amortized over a period that approximates the average life of communities under development. Interest expense is allocated over the period based on the timing of home closings.
Cost of revenues includes the construction cost, average lot cost, estimated warranty costs, and closing costs applicable to the home. Sales commissions are classified within selling, general, and administrative expenses. The construction cost of the home includes amounts paid through the closing date of the home, plus an accrual for costs incurred but not yet paid. Total community land acquisition and development costs are based on an analysis of budgeted costs compared with actual costs incurred to date and estimates to complete. The development cycles for our communities range from under one year to in excess of ten years for certain master planned communities. Adjustments to estimated total land acquisition and development costs for the community affect the amounts costed for the community’s remaining lots.
We test inventory for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by the community may be less than its carrying amount. Such indicators include gross margins or sales paces significantly below expectations, construction costs or land development costs significantly in excess of budgeted amounts, significant delays or changes in the planned development or strategy for the community, and other known qualitative factors. Communities that demonstrate potential impairment indicators are tested for impairment by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. For those communities whose carrying values exceed the expected undiscounted cash flows, we estimate the fair value of the community, and impairment charges are recorded if the fair value of the community's inventory is less than its carrying value. See Note 2.
Land held for sale
We periodically elect to sell parcels of land to third parties in the event such assets no longer fit into our strategic operating plans or are zoned for commercial or other development. Land held for sale is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. In determining the value of land held for sale, we consider recent offers received, prices for land in recent comparable sales transactions, and other factors. We record net realizable value adjustments for land held for sale within Homebuilding land sale cost of revenues. See Note 2.
53

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Land option agreements
We enter into land option agreements in order to procure land for the construction of homes in the future. Pursuant to these land option agreements, we generally provide a deposit to the seller as consideration for the right to purchase land at different times in the future, usually at predetermined prices. Such contracts enable us to defer acquiring portions of properties owned by third parties or unconsolidated entities until we have determined whether and when to exercise our option, which may serve to reduce our financial risks associated with long-term land holdings. Option deposits and pre-acquisition costs (such as environmental testing, surveys, engineering, and entitlement costs) are capitalized if the costs are directly identifiable with the land under option, the costs would be capitalized if we owned the land, and acquisition of the property is probable. Such costs are reflected in other assets and are reclassified to inventory upon taking title to the land. We write off deposits and pre-acquisition costs when it becomes probable that we will not go forward with the project or recover the capitalized costs. Such decisions take into consideration changes in local market conditions, the timing of required land purchases, the availability and best use of necessary incremental capital, and other factors. We record any such write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs within other expense, net. See Note 2.
If an entity holding the land under option is a variable interest entity (“VIE”), our deposit represents a variable interest in that entity. No VIEs required consolidation at either December 31, 2020 or 2019 because we determined that we were not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss related to these VIEs is generally limited to our deposits and pre-acquisition costs under the applicable land option agreements. The following provides a summary of our interests in land option agreements ($000’s omitted):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Deposits and Pre-acquisition Costs |  | Remaining Purchase Price |  | Deposits and Pre-acquisition Costs |  | Remaining Purchase Price
Land options with VIEs | $ | 126,900 |  |  | $ | 1,586,551 |  |  | $ | 123,775 |  |  | $ | 1,466,585 |
Other land options | 164,964 |  |  | 2,187,017 |  |  | 175,662 |  |  | 1,755,377 |
| $ | 291,864 |  |  | $ | 3,773,568 |  |  | $ | 299,437 |  |  | $ | 3,221,962 |

Warranty liabilities
Home buyers are provided with a limited warranty against certain building defects, including a one-year comprehensive limited warranty and coverage for certain other aspects of the home's construction and operating systems for periods of up to (and in limited instances exceeding) 10 years. We estimate the costs to be incurred under these warranties and record a liability in the amount of such costs at the time revenue is recognized (see Note 11).
Self-insured risks
We maintain, and require the majority of our subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for certain construction defects. We also maintain builders' risk, property, errors and omissions, workers compensation, and other business insurance coverage. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of the risk of loss from claims, subject to certain self-insured per occurrence and aggregate retentions, deductibles, and available policy limits. However, we retain a significant portion of the overall risk for such claims. We reserve for these costs on an undiscounted basis at the time revenue is recognized for each home closing and evaluate the recorded liabilities based on actuarial analyses of our historical claims, which include estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Adjustments to estimated reserves are recorded in the period in which the change in estimate occurs. In certain instances, we have the ability to recover a portion of our costs under various insurance policies or from our subcontractors or other third parties. Estimates of such amounts are recorded when recovery is considered probable. See Note 11.
Residential mortgage loans available-for-sale
Substantially all of the loans originated by us and their related servicing rights are sold in the secondary mortgage market within a short period of time after origination, generally within 30 days. In accordance with ASC 825, “Financial Instruments” (“ASC 825”), we use the fair value option to record residential mortgage loans available-for-sale. Election of the fair value option for these loans allows a better offset of the changes in fair values of the loans and the derivative instruments used to economically
54

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
hedge them without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. We do not designate any derivative instruments as hedges or apply the hedge accounting provisions of ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging" ("ASC 815"). See Note 11 for discussion of the risks retained related to mortgage loan originations.
Expected gains and losses from the sale of residential mortgage loans and their related servicing rights are included in the measurement of written loan commitments that are accounted for at fair value through Financial Services revenues at the time of commitment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these loans are reflected in Financial Services revenues as they occur. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, residential mortgage loans available-for-sale had an aggregate fair value of $565.0 million and $509.0 million, respectively, and an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $539.1 million and $494.1 million, respectively. The net gain (loss) resulting from changes in fair value of these loans totaled $(1.2) million , $(0.6) million, and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. These changes in fair value were substantially offset by changes in fair value of the corresponding hedging instruments. Net gains from the sale of mortgages during 2020, 2019, and 2018 were $247.3 million, $129.4 million, and $111.3 million, respectively, and have been included in Financial Services revenues.
Mortgage servicing rights
We sell the servicing rights for the loans we originate through fixed price servicing sales contracts to reduce the risks and costs inherent in servicing loans. This strategy results in owning the servicing rights for only a short period of time. The servicing sales contracts provide for the reimbursement of payments made by the purchaser if loans prepay within specified periods of time, generally within 90 to 120 days after sale. We establish reserves for this exposure at the time the sale is recorded. Such reserves were immaterial at December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Interest income on mortgage loans
Interest income on mortgage loans is recorded in Financial Services revenues, accrued from the date a mortgage loan is originated until the loan is sold, and totaled $9.2 million, $9.7 million, and $11.3 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Loans are placed on non-accrual status once they become greater than 90 days past due their contractual terms. Subsequent payments received are applied according to the contractual terms of the loan. Mortgage discounts are not amortized as interest income due to the short period the loans are held until sale to third party investors.
Derivative instruments and hedging activities
We are party to interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") with customers resulting from our mortgage origination operations. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had aggregate IRLCs of $367.2 million and $255.3 million, respectively, which were originated at interest rates prevailing at the date of commitment. Since we can terminate a loan commitment if the borrower does not comply with the terms of the contract, and some loan commitments may expire without being drawn upon, these commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate the creditworthiness of these transactions through our normal credit policies.
We hedge our exposure to interest rate market risk relating to residential mortgage loans available-for-sale and IRLCs using forward contracts on mortgage-backed securities, which are commitments to either purchase or sell a specified financial instrument at a specified future date for a specified price, and whole loan investor commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price within a specified time period. Forward contracts on mortgage-backed securities are the predominant derivative financial instruments we use to minimize market risk during the period from the time we extend an interest rate lock to a loan applicant until the time the loan is sold to an investor. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had unexpired forward contracts of $686.4 million and $518.2 million, respectively, and whole loan investor commitments of $169.6 million and $200.7 million, respectively. Changes in the fair value of IRLCs and other derivative financial instruments are recognized in Financial Services revenues, and the fair values are reflected in other assets or other liabilities, as applicable.
There are no credit-risk-related contingent features within our derivative agreements, and counterparty risk is considered minimal. Gains and losses on IRLCs are substantially offset by corresponding gains or losses on forward contracts on mortgage-backed securities and whole loan investor commitments. We are generally not exposed to variability in cash flows of derivative instruments for more than approximately 60 days.
55

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The fair values of derivative instruments and their location in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized below ($000’s omitted):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Other Assets |  | Other Liabilities |  | Other Assets |  | Other Liabilities
Interest rate lock commitments | $ | 16,179 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 8,351 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Forward contracts | 501 |  |  | 5,937 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 1,372 |
Whole loan commitments | 168 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 880 |  |  | 284 |
| $ | 16,848 |  |  | $ | 6,621 |  |  | $ | 9,530 |  |  | $ | 1,805 |

Credit losses
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our vendors and insurance carriers. We assess and monitor each counterparty’s ability to pay amounts owed by considering contractual terms and conditions, the counterparty’s financial condition, macroeconomic factors, and business strategy.
At December 31, 2020, we reported $176.2 million of assets in-scope under Accounting Standards Codification 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" ("ASC 326"). These assets consist primarily of insurance receivables, contract assets related to insurance brokerage commissions, and vendor rebate receivables. Counterparties associated with these assets are generally highly rated. Allowances on the aforementioned in-scope assets were not material as of December 31, 2020.
New accounting pronouncements
On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services and satisfaction of performance obligations to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. We applied the modified retrospective method to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the previous accounting standards. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $22.4 million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018, due to the cumulative impact of adopting ASC 606, with the impact primarily related to the recognition of contract assets for insurance brokerage commission renewals. There was not a material impact to revenues as a result of applying ASC 606 and there have not been significant changes to our business processes, systems, or internal controls as a result of implementing the standard.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”) and related amendments using a modified retrospective approach with an effective date as of January 1, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires leases with durations greater than 12 months to be recorded on balance sheet in our consolidated financial statements. Prior year financial statements were not required to be recast under the new standard and, therefore, have not been reflected as such in our consolidated financial statements. We elected the package of transition practical expedients, which allowed us to carry forward our historical assessment of (1) whether contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification, and (3) initial direct costs. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 had no impact on retained earnings. See Note 11 “Leases” for additional information about this adoption.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASC 326, which changed the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments from an "incurred loss" approach to a new "expected credit loss" methodology. We adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective transition method. The amendment requires entities to consider a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses, which may result in earlier recognition of losses. Our adoption of ASC 326 resulted in a $0.7 million decrease to retained earnings as of January 1, 2020.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment", which removed the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Under the new standard, goodwill impairment is determined by evaluating the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. We adopted the standard for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2020, and the standard was followed in the previously mentioned assessment of the ICG goodwill.
56

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes" ("ASU 2019-12"), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2021. We do not expect ASU 2019-12 to have a material impact on our financial statements.
2. Inventory and land held for sale
Major components of inventory at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019
Homes under construction | $ | 3,086,740 |  |  | $ | 2,899,016 |
Land under development | 4,137,318 |  |  | 4,347,107 |
Raw land | 497,740 |  |  | 434,491 |
| $ | 7,721,798 |  |  | $ | 7,680,614 |

In all periods presented, we capitalized all Homebuilding interest costs into inventory because the level of our active inventory exceeded our debt levels. Activity related to interest capitalized into inventory is as follows ($000’s omitted):

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest in inventory, beginning of period | $ | 210,383 |  |  | $ | 227,495 |  |  | $ | 226,611 |
Interest capitalized | 159,575 |  |  | 164,114 |  |  | 172,809 |
Interest expensed | (176,549) |  |  | (181,226) |  |  | (171,925) |
Interest in inventory, end of period | $ | 193,409 |  |  | $ | 210,383 |  |  | $ | 227,495 |

Land-related charges
We recorded the following land-related charges ($000's omitted):

| Statement of Operations Classification |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net realizable value adjustments ("NRV") - land held for sale | Land sale and other cost of revenues |  | $ | 871 |  |  | $ | 5,368 |  |  | $ | 11,489 |
Land impairments | Home sale cost of revenues |  | 7,044 |  |  | 8,617 |  |  | 70,965 |
Write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs | Other expense, net |  | 12,390 |  |  | 13,116 |  |  | 16,992 |
Total land-related charges |  |  | $ | 20,305 |  |  | $ | 27,101 |  |  | $ | 99,446 |

Land-related charges have not been a significant broad-based issue since the U.S. housing recovery began in 2012. However, we experienced changes to facts and circumstances related to specific individual communities in 2018 that elevated such charges.
Land impairments relate to communities that are either active or that we intend to eventually open and build out. On a quarterly basis, we review each of our land positions for potential indicators of impairment and perform detailed impairment calculations for communities that display indicators of potential impairment.
•In 2020 and 2019, we recorded impairment charges of $7.0 million and $8.6 million, respectively, relating to a number of communities where we experienced slower sales paces and lower average selling prices.
•In 2018, we received an unfavorable determination related to one of our communities that had been idle while pursuing entitlements for over 10 years. This unfavorable determination caused a significant reduction in the number of lots and
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
necessitated certain changes to the expected product offering and land development that, combined with rising costs and a softening in demand in the applicable local market, resulted in an impairment of $59.2 million. Impairments for all other communities in 2018 totaled $11.8 million.
We determine the fair value of a community's inventory using a combination of discounted cash flow models and market comparable transactions, where available. These estimated cash flows are significantly impacted by estimates related to expected average selling prices, expected sales paces, expected land development and construction timelines, and anticipated land development, construction, and overhead costs. The assumptions used in the cash flow models are specific to each community and typically do not assume improvements in market conditions in the near term. The discount rate used in determining each community's fair value depends on the stage of development of the community and other specific factors that increase or decrease the inherent risks associated with the community's cash flow streams. Accordingly, determining the fair value of a community's inventory involves a number of variables, many of which are interrelated. The table below summarizes certain quantitative unobservable inputs utilized in determining the fair value of impaired communities ($000's omitted):

| Communities Impaired |  | Fair Value of Communities Impaired, Net of Impairment Charges |  | Impairment Charges |  | Average Selling Price |  | Quarterly Sales Pace (homes) |  | Discount Rate
2020 | 3 |  |  | $ | 15,641 |  |  | $ | 7,044 |  |  | $305 to $878 |  | 2 to 6 |  | 13% to 17%
2019 | 5 |  |  | $ | 10,702 |  |  | $ | 8,617 |  |  | $284 to $550 |  | 1 to 6 |  | 12% to 14%
2018 | 8 |  |  | $ | 24,062 |  |  | $ | 70,695 |  |  | $287 to $586 |  | 2 to 11 |  | 12% to 22%

Our evaluations for impairments are based on our best estimates of the future cash flows for our communities. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, the significant volatility in demand for new housing, the long life cycles of certain of our communities, and potential changes in our strategy related to certain communities, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
3. Segment information
Our Homebuilding operations are engaged in the acquisition and development of land primarily for residential purposes within the U.S. and the construction of housing on such land. Home sale revenues for detached and attached homes were $8.9 billion and $1.6 billion in 2020, $8.3 billion and $1.6 billion in 2019, and $8.2 billion and $1.6 billion in 2018, respectively. For reporting purposes, our Homebuilding operations are aggregated into six reportable segments:

Northeast: |  | Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia
Southeast: |  | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Florida: |  | Florida
Midwest: |  | Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio
Texas: |  | Texas
West: |  | Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington

We also have a reportable segment for our Financial Services operations, which consist principally of mortgage banking, title, and insurance brokerage operations. The Financial Services segment operates generally in the same markets as the Homebuilding segments. Evaluation of segment performance is generally based on income before income taxes. Each reportable segment generally follows the same accounting policies described in Note 1.

| Operating Data by Segment ($000’s omitted) Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 846,337 |  |  | $ | 797,963 |  |  | $ | 839,700 |
Southeast | 1,691,822 |  |  | 1,684,655 |  |  | 1,746,161 |
Florida | 2,350,055 |  |  | 2,074,194 |  |  | 1,944,170 |
Midwest | 1,514,132 |  |  | 1,495,037 |  |  | 1,497,389 |
Texas | 1,451,104 |  |  | 1,389,211 |  |  | 1,301,004 |
West | 2,820,463 |  |  | 2,537,466 |  |  | 2,654,525 |
| 10,673,913 |  |  | 9,978,526 |  |  | 9,982,949 |
Financial Services | 362,169 |  |  | 234,431 |  |  | 205,382 |
Consolidated revenues | $ | 11,036,082 |  |  | $ | 10,212,957 |  |  | $ | 10,188,331 |
Income before income taxes (a): |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 136,985 |  |  | $ | 116,221 |  |  | $ | 29,629 |
Southeast (b) | 258,794 |  |  | 175,763 |  |  | 202,639 |
Florida (c) | 362,276 |  |  | 309,596 |  |  | 289,418 |
Midwest | 213,017 |  |  | 184,438 |  |  | 179,568 |
Texas | 242,383 |  |  | 195,751 |  |  | 193,946 |
West (d) | 424,803 |  |  | 386,361 |  |  | 511,828 |
Other homebuilding (e) | (96,201) |  |  | (131,869) |  |  | (118,224) |
| 1,542,057 |  |  | 1,236,261 |  |  | 1,288,804 |
Financial Services | 186,637 |  |  | 103,315 |  |  | 58,736 |
Consolidated income before income taxes | $ | 1,728,694 |  |  | $ | 1,339,576 |  |  | $ | 1,347,540 |

(a)Includes certain land-related charges (see the following table and Note 2).
(b)Includes warranty charges totaling $14.8 million in 2019 related to a closed-out community in Southeast (see Note 11).
(c)Includes goodwill impairment charge totaling $20.2 million (see Note 1).
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(d)West includes gains of $26.4 million in 2018 related to two land sale transactions in California.
(e)Other homebuilding includes the amortization of intangible assets, amortization of capitalized interest, and other items not allocated to the operating segments. Also included are write-offs of insurance receivables associated with the resolution of certain insurance matters totaling $22.6 million in 2019 (see Note 11), and general liability insurance reserve reversals of $93.4 million, $49.4 million, and $35.9 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively (see Note 11).

| Operating Data by Segment ($000's omitted) Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Land-related charges*: |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 5,301 |  |  | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | 74,488 |
Southeast | 3,815 |  |  | 15,697 |  |  | 8,140 |
Florida | 1,395 |  |  | 2,811 |  |  | 1,166 |
Midwest | 2,390 |  |  | 2,581 |  |  | 7,361 |
Texas | 4,588 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 1,204 |
West | 1,936 |  |  | 2,568 |  |  | 5,159 |
Other homebuilding | 880 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 1,928 |
| $ | 20,305 |  |  | $ | 27,101 |  |  | $ | 99,446 |

* Land-related charges include land impairments, NRV adjustments for land held for sale, and write-offs of deposits and pre-acquisition costs for land option contracts we elected not to pursue. Other homebuilding consists primarily of write-offs of capitalized interest related to such land-related charges. See Note 2 for additional discussion of these charges.

| Operating Data by Segment ($000's omitted) Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Northeast | $ | 2,454 |  |  | $ | 1,962 |  |  | $ | 2,093 |
Southeast | 4,308 |  |  | 4,448 |  |  | 5,231 |
Florida | 7,478 |  |  | 5,775 |  |  | 4,893 |
Midwest | 5,329 |  |  | 4,417 |  |  | 4,271 |
Texas | 3,631 |  |  | 3,423 |  |  | 3,082 |
West | 11,450 |  |  | 9,317 |  |  | 6,758 |
Other homebuilding (a) | 26,459 |  |  | 19,553 |  |  | 18,908 |
| 61,109 |  |  | 48,895 |  |  | 45,236 |
Financial Services | 4,972 |  |  | 5,104 |  |  | 4,193 |
| $ | 66,081 |  |  | $ | 53,999 |  |  | $ | 49,429 |

(a)Other homebuilding includes amortization of intangible assets.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

| Operating Data by Segment
| ($000's omitted)
| December 31, 2020
| Homes Under Construction |  | Land Under Development |  | Raw Land |  | Total Inventory |  | Total Assets
Northeast | $ | 342,737 |  |  | $ | 203,561 |  |  | $ | 68,865 |  |  | $ | 615,163 |  |  | $ | 712,205 |
Southeast (a) | 465,950 |  |  | 645,408 |  |  | 69,937 |  |  | 1,181,295 |  |  | 1,296,382 |
Florida (b) | 638,394 |  |  | 921,962 |  |  | 116,709 |  |  | 1,677,065 |  |  | 1,967,788 |
Midwest | 364,839 |  |  | 424,169 |  |  | 18,173 |  |  | 807,181 |  |  | 911,984 |
Texas | 354,256 |  |  | 458,893 |  |  | 66,024 |  |  | 879,173 |  |  | 955,436 |
West | 874,673 |  |  | 1,212,730 |  |  | 142,380 |  |  | 2,229,783 |  |  | 2,519,724 |
Other homebuilding (c) | 45,891 |  |  | 270,595 |  |  | 15,652 |  |  | 332,138 |  |  | 3,149,871 |
| 3,086,740 |  |  | 4,137,318 |  |  | 497,740 |  |  | 7,721,798 |  |  | 11,513,390 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 692,108 |
| $ | 3,086,740 |  |  | $ | 4,137,318 |  |  | $ | 497,740 |  |  | $ | 7,721,798 |  |  | $ | 12,205,498 |
| December 31, 2019
| Homes Under Construction |  | Land Under Development |  | Raw Land |  | Total Inventory |  | Total Assets
Northeast | $ | 345,644 |  |  | $ | 242,666 |  |  | $ | 25,098 |  |  | $ | 613,408 |  |  | $ | 698,661 |
Southeast (a) | 430,008 |  |  | 724,258 |  |  | 72,804 |  |  | 1,227,070 |  |  | 1,354,086 |
Florida | 539,895 |  |  | 894,716 |  |  | 99,228 |  |  | 1,533,839 |  |  | 1,700,198 |
Midwest | 315,822 |  |  | 464,733 |  |  | 31,881 |  |  | 812,436 |  |  | 886,889 |
Texas | 343,230 |  |  | 447,707 |  |  | 84,926 |  |  | 875,863 |  |  | 949,236 |
West | 881,551 |  |  | 1,289,255 |  |  | 105,606 |  |  | 2,276,412 |  |  | 2,538,803 |
Other homebuilding (c) | 42,866 |  |  | 283,772 |  |  | 14,948 |  |  | 341,586 |  |  | 1,953,440 |
| 2,899,016 |  |  | 4,347,107 |  |  | 434,491 |  |  | 7,680,614 |  |  | 10,081,313 |
Financial Services | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 634,284 |
| $ | 2,899,016 |  |  | $ | 4,347,107 |  |  | $ | 434,491 |  |  | $ | 7,680,614 |  |  | $ | 10,715,597 |

(a)Southeast includes goodwill of $40.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019.
(b)Florida includes goodwill of $28.6 million at December 31, 2020, net of a goodwill impairment charge of $20.2 million recorded during 2020.
(c)Other homebuilding primarily includes cash and equivalents, capitalized interest, intangibles, deferred tax assets, and other corporate items that are not allocated to the operating segments.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
4. Investments in unconsolidated entities
We participate in a number of joint ventures and other investments with independent third parties. These entities generally purchase, develop, and sell land, including selling land to us for use in our homebuilding operations. Our investments in such entities totaled $35.6 million and $59.8 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In 2020, 2019, and 2018, we recognized earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures of $1.9 million, $0.7 million, and $2.7 million, respectively. We received distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures of $27.9 million, $5.1 million, and $12.1 million, in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. We made capital contributions to our unconsolidated joint ventures of $0.8 million, $9.5 million, and $1.0 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
The timing of cash flows related to a joint venture and any related financing agreements varies by agreement. If additional capital contributions are required and approved by the joint venture, we would need to contribute our pro rata portion of those capital needs in order to not dilute our ownership in the joint ventures. While future capital contributions may be required, we believe the total amount of such contributions will be limited. Our maximum financial exposure related to joint ventures is unlikely to exceed the combined investment and limited recourse guaranty totals.
5. Debt
Our notes payable are summarized as follows ($000’s omitted):

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
4.250% unsecured senior notes due March 2021 (a) | $ | 425,954 |  |  | $ | 425,954 |
5.500% unsecured senior notes due March 2026 (a) | 700,000 |  |  | 700,000 |
5.000% unsecured senior notes due January 2027 (a) | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
7.875% unsecured senior notes due June 2032 (a) | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
6.375% unsecured senior notes due May 2033 (a) | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
6.000% unsecured senior notes due February 2035 (a) | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Net premiums, discounts, and issuance costs (b) | (13,750) |  |  | (14,295) |
Total senior notes | $ | 2,712,204 |  |  | $ | 2,711,659 |
Other notes payable | 40,098 |  |  | 53,381 |
Notes payable | $ | 2,752,302 |  |  | $ | 2,765,040 |
Estimated fair value | $ | 3,415,662 |  |  | $ | 3,152,046 |

(a)Redeemable prior to maturity; guaranteed on a senior basis by certain wholly-owned subsidiaries.
(b)The carrying value of senior notes reflects the impact of premiums, discounts, and issuance costs that are amortized to interest cost over the respective terms of the senior notes.
The indentures governing the senior notes impose certain restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt along with other limitations. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of the covenants and requirements under the senior notes.
Other notes payable include non-recourse and limited recourse collateralized notes with third parties that totaled $40.1 million and $53.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These notes have maturities ranging up to three years, are secured by the applicable land positions to which they relate, and have no recourse to any other assets. The stated interest rates on these notes range up to 5.17%.
We retired outstanding debt totaling $65.3 million, $310.0 million, and $82.8 million during 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The retirements in 2019 included a tender offer to retire $274.0 million of our unsecured senior notes maturing in 2021 which resulted in a loss of $4.9 million, which included the write-off of debt issuance costs, unamortized discounts and premiums, and transaction fees related to the repurchased debt, and which is reflected in other expense, net. In January 2021, the Company announced a tender offer expected to be completed in February 2021 for up to $300 million of our senior notes scheduled to mature in 2026 and 2027.
62

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Revolving credit facility
We maintain a revolving credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility") maturing in June 2023 that has a maximum borrowing capacity of $1.0 billion and contains an uncommitted accordion feature that could increase the capacity to $1.5 billion, subject to certain conditions and availability of additional bank commitments. The Revolving Credit Facility also provides for the issuance of letters of credit that reduce the available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility, with a sublimit of $500.0 million at December 31, 2020. The interest rate on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may be based on either the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or a base rate plus an applicable margin, as defined therein. In the event that LIBOR is no longer widely available, the agreement contemplates transitioning to an alternative widely available market rate agreeable between the parties. As a precautionary measure during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, we made the decision in March 2020 to draw $700.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility. In June 2020, we repaid the full outstanding balance of $700.0 million. We had no borrowings outstanding and $249.7 million and $262.8 million of letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum Tangible Net Worth, a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio, and a maximum Debt-to-Capitalization Ratio (as each term is defined in the Revolving Credit Facility). As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants. Outstanding balances under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Our available and unused borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, net of outstanding letters of credit, amounted to $750.3 million and $737.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Financial Services debt
Pulte Mortgage maintains a master repurchase agreement with third party lenders (the "Repurchase Agreement") that matures in July 2021. The maximum aggregate commitment was $420.0 million during the seasonally high borrowing period from December 28, 2020 through January 15, 2021. At all other times, the maximum aggregate commitment ranges from $230.0 million to $375.0 million. The purpose of the changes in capacity during the term of the agreement is to lower associated fees during seasonally lower volume periods of mortgage origination activity. Borrowings under the Repurchase Agreement are secured by residential mortgage loans available-for-sale. The Repurchase Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants applicable to Pulte Mortgage, including quantitative thresholds related to net worth, net income, and liquidity. Pulte Mortgage had $411.8 million and $326.6 million outstanding under the Repurchase Agreement at December 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and was in compliance with its covenants and requirements as of such dates.
The following is aggregate borrowing information for our mortgage operations ($000’s omitted):

| December 31, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
Available credit lines | $ | 420,000 |  |  | $ | 375,000 |  |  |
Unused credit lines | $ | 8,179 |  |  | $ | 48,427 |  |  |
Weighted-average interest rate | 2.55 | % |  | 4.16 | % |  |

6. Shareholders’ equity
Our declared quarterly cash dividends totaled $135.1 million, $124.4 million, and $108.5 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Under a share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors, we repurchased 4.5 million, 8.4 million, and 10.9 million shares in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, for a total of $170.7 million, $274.3 million, and $294.6 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020, we had remaining authorization to repurchase $354.9 million of common shares.
Under our stock compensation plans, we accept shares as payment under certain conditions related to stock option exercises and vesting of restricted shares and share units, generally related to the payment of tax obligations. During 2020, 2019, and 2018, employees surrendered shares valued at $14.9 million, $11.5 million, and $7.9 million, respectively, under these plans. Such share transactions are excluded from the above noted share repurchase authorization.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
7. Stock compensation plans
We maintain a stock award plan for both employees and non-employee directors. The plan provides for the grant of a variety of equity awards, including options (generally non-qualified options), restricted share units ("RSUs"), and performance shares to key employees (as determined by the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors) for periods not to exceed ten years. Non-employee directors are awarded an annual distribution of common shares. Options granted to employees generally vest incrementally over four years and are generally exercisable for ten years from the vest date. RSUs represent the right to receive an equal number of common shares and are converted into common shares upon distribution. RSUs generally cliff vest after three years. RSU holders receive cash dividends during the vesting period. Performance shares vest upon attainment of the stated performance targets and minimum service requirements and are converted into common shares upon distribution. As of December 31, 2020, there were 23.1 million shares that remained available for grant under the plan. Our stock compensation expense is presented below ($000's omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
RSUs and performance shares | $ | 22,065 |  |  | $ | 21,538 |  |  | $ | 20,145 |
Long-term incentive plans | 10,778 |  |  | 6,830 |  |  | 8,145 |
| $ | 32,843 |  |  | $ | 28,368 |  |  | $ | 28,290 |

Stock options
A summary of stock option activity is presented below (000’s omitted, except per share data):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Exercise Price |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Exercise Price |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of year | 16 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 563 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | 1,168 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercised | (15) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (547) |  |  | 12 |  |  | (605) |  |  | 11 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding, end of year | 1 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 563 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Options exercisable at year end | 1 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 563 |  |  | $ | 12 |

We did not issue any stock options during 2020, 2019, or 2018. As a result, there is no unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option awards at December 31, 2020. The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options that were exercised during 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $0.4 million, $10.5 million, and $11.7 million, respectively.
RSUs and performance shares
A summary of RSUs and performance shares is presented below (000’s omitted, except per share data):
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Per Share Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of year | 2,681 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | 3,271 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Granted | 625 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 833 |  |  | 31 |
Distributed | (952) |  |  | 21 |  |  | (1,181) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (786) |  |  | 22 |
Forfeited | (169) |  |  | 33 |  |  | (144) |  |  | 26 |  |  | (244) |  |  | 22 |
Outstanding, end of year | 2,185 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 2,681 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Vested, end of year | 184 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | 153 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | 129 |  |  | $ | 21 |

During 2020, 2019, and 2018, the total fair value of shares vested during the year was $20.4 million, $20.0 million, and $17.1 million, respectively. Unamortized compensation cost related to restricted share awards was $20.6 million at December 31, 2020. These costs will be expensed over a weighted-average period of approximately 2 years. Additionally, there were 0.2 million RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020, that had vested but had not yet been paid out because the payout date had been deferred by the holders.
Long-term incentive plans
We maintain long-term incentive plans for senior management and other employees that provide awards based on the achievement of stated performance targets over three-year periods. Awards are stated in dollars but are settled in common shares based on the stock price at the end of the performance period. If the share price falls below a floor of $5.00 per share at the end of the performance period or we do not have a sufficient number of shares available under our stock incentive plans at the time of settlement, then a portion of each award will be paid in cash. We adjust the liabilities and recognize the expense associated with the awards based on the probability of achieving the stated performance targets at each reporting period. Liabilities for these awards totaled $19.1 million and $15.0 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
8. Income taxes
Components of current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) are as follows ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Current expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 159,677 |  |  | $ | 196,186 |  |  | $ | (44,462) |
State and other | 24,580 |  |  | 21,252 |  |  | 7,202 |
| $ | 184,257 |  |  | $ | 217,438 |  |  | $ | (37,260) |
Deferred expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 116,484 |  |  | $ | 74,700 |  |  | $ | 271,544 |
State and other | 21,114 |  |  | 30,738 |  |  | 91,233 |
| $ | 137,598 |  |  | $ | 105,438 |  |  | $ | 362,777 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 321,855 |  |  | $ | 322,876 |  |  | $ | 325,517 |

65

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Income taxes at federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax | 3.3 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 4.0 |
Tax accounting method change | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.5) |
Federal tax credits | (4.8) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.4) |
Changes in tax laws, including the Tax Act | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.0 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | (0.8) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 0.9 |
Other | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.2 |
Effective rate | 18.6 | % |  | 24.1 | % |  | 24.2 | %

The 2020 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to benefits associated with the federal energy efficient home credits and changes in valuation allowances relating to projected utilization of certain state net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards, partially offset by state income tax expense on current year earnings. Income tax expense for 2020 includes a benefit of $82.0 million associated with the extension of federal energy efficient home credits, including $56.8 million related to homes closed in prior open tax years. This provision, which had previously expired in 2017, has been extended to apply to homes closed through December 31, 2021. The 2019 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state income tax expense on current year earnings, changes in valuation allowances relating to projected utilization of certain state NOL carryforwards, and state tax law changes. The 2018 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state income tax expense on current year earnings, tax benefits due to Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") acceptance of a tax accounting method change applicable to the 2017 tax year, valuation allowances relating to projected utilization of certain NOL carryforwards, and state tax law changes. The acceptance of the tax accounting method change provided a deferral of profit on home sales, which resulted in a favorable adjustment in 2018 due to the tax rate reduction in the Tax Act.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. Components of our net deferred tax asset are as follows ($000’s omitted):

| At December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Accrued insurance | $ | 135,703 |  |  | $ | 142,515 |
Inventory valuation reserves | 78,518 |  |  | 97,585 |
Other | 58,686 |  |  | 64,373 |
NOL carryforwards: |  |  |
Federal | — |  |  | 12,962 |
State | 184,046 |  |  | 200,710 |
Tax credits | 5,344 |  |  | 8,648 |
| 462,297 |  |  | 526,793 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Deferred income | (313,170) |  |  | (228,186) |
Intangibles and other | (46,595) |  |  | (44,547) |
| (359,765) |  |  | (272,733) |
Valuation allowance | (69,813) |  |  | (83,953) |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 32,719 |  |  | $ | 170,107 |

We have state NOLs in various jurisdictions which may generally be carried forward up to 20 years, depending on the jurisdiction. Our state NOL carryforward deferred tax assets will expire if unused at various dates as follows: $36.4 million from 2021 to 2025 and $147.6 million from 2026 and thereafter.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We evaluate our deferred tax assets each period to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is "more likely than not" that some portion of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. The ultimate realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income during future periods. We conduct our evaluation by considering all available positive and negative evidence. This evaluation considers, among other factors, historical operating results, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, and the outlooks for the U.S. housing industry and broader economy.
The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.
Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. We had $30.9 million and $40.3 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. If recognized, $24.4 million and $21.6 million, respectively, of these amounts would impact our effective tax rate. Additionally, we had accrued interest and penalties of $2.8 million and $6.5 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
We do not expect the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits to increase or decrease by a material amount within the next twelve months. A reconciliation of the change in the unrecognized tax benefits is as follows ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period | $ | 40,300 |  |  | $ | 30,554 |  |  | $ | 48,604 |
Increases related to positions taken during a prior period | — |  |  | 2,376 |  |  | 5,389 |
Decreases related to positions taken during a prior period | (12,981) |  |  | (7,918) |  |  | (31,850) |
Increases related to positions taken during the current period | 11,001 |  |  | 16,332 |  |  | 8,411 |
Decreases related to settlements with taxing authorities | (7,465) |  |  | (1,044) |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period | $ | 30,855 |  |  | $ | 40,300 |  |  | $ | 30,554 |

We continue to participate in the Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”) with the IRS as an alternative to the traditional IRS examination process. Through the CAP program, we work with the IRS to achieve tax compliance by resolving issues prior to filing the tax return. We are also currently under examination by state taxing jurisdictions and anticipate finalizing certain of the examinations within the next twelve months. The outcome of these examinations is not yet determinable, and we are not aware of unrecorded liabilities. The statute of limitations for our major tax jurisdictions remains open for examination for tax years 2016 to 2020.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
9. Fair value disclosures
ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” provides a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy can be summarized as follows:

Level 1 |  | Fair value determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 |  | Fair value determined using significant observable inputs, generally either quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices in markets that are not active.
Level 3 |  | Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs, such as pricing models, discounted cash flows, or similar techniques

Our assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value are summarized below ($000’s omitted):

Financial Instrument |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage loans available-for-sale |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 564,979 |  |  | $ | 508,967 |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | Level 2 |  | 16,161 |  |  | 8,202 |
Forward contracts |  | Level 2 |  | (5,436) |  |  | (1,073) |
Whole loan commitments |  | Level 2 |  | (498) |  |  | 596 |
Measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |
House and land inventory |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 8,092 |
Land held for sale |  | Level 2 |  | — |  |  | 4,193 |
Disclosed at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and equivalents (including restricted cash) |  | Level 1 |  | $ | 2,632,235 |  |  | $ | 1,251,456 |
Financial Services debt |  | Level 2 |  | 411,821 |  |  | 326,573 |
Senior notes payable |  | Level 2 |  | 3,375,564 |  |  | 3,098,665 |
Other notes payable |  | Level 2 |  | 40,098 |  |  | 53,381 |

Fair values for agency residential mortgage loans available-for-sale are determined based on quoted market prices for comparable instruments. Fair values for non-agency residential mortgage loans available-for-sale are determined based on purchase commitments from whole loan investors and other relevant market information available to management. Fair values for interest rate lock commitments, including the value of servicing rights, and forward contracts on mortgage-backed securities are valued based on market prices for similar instruments. Fair values for whole loan commitments are based on market prices for similar instruments from the specific whole loan investor.
Certain assets are required to be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The non-recurring fair values included in the above table represent only those assets whose carrying values were adjusted to fair value during the quarterly period ended as of the respective balance sheet dates. See Note 1 for a more detailed discussion of the valuation methods used for inventory.
The carrying amounts of cash and equivalents, Financial Services debt, Other notes payable and the Revolving Credit Facility approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature and floating interest rate terms. The fair values of the Senior notes payable are based on quoted market prices, when available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of similar issues. The carrying value of the senior notes payable was $2.7 billion at both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
10. Other assets and accrued and other liabilities
Other assets are presented below ($000’s omitted):

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Accounts and notes receivable: |  |  |
Insurance receivables (Note 11) | $ | 69,491 |  |  | $ | 118,366 |
Other receivables | 140,726 |  |  | 129,781 |
| 210,217 |  |  | 248,147 |
Prepaid expenses | 128,472 |  |  | 123,220 |
Deposits and pre-acquisition costs (Note 1) | 291,864 |  |  | 299,437 |
Property and equipment, net (Note 1) | 131,744 |  |  | 111,713 |
Right-of-use assets (Note 11) | 71,273 |  |  | 70,029 |
Income taxes receivable | 59,827 |  |  | 2,285 |
Other | 29,873 |  |  | 40,855 |
| $ | 923,270 |  |  | $ | 895,686 |

We record receivables from various parties in the normal course of business, including amounts due from insurance companies (see Note 11) and municipalities. In certain instances, we may accept consideration for land sales or other transactions in the form of a note receivable.
Accrued and other liabilities are presented below ($000’s omitted):

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Self-insurance liabilities (Note 11) | $ | 641,779 |  |  | $ | 709,798 |
Compensation-related liabilities | 218,013 |  |  | 180,305 |
Lease liabilities (Note 11) | 91,365 |  |  | 91,408 |
Warranty liabilities (Note 11) | 82,744 |  |  | 91,389 |
Accrued interest | 50,950 |  |  | 48,483 |
Loan origination liabilities (Note 11) | 11,969 |  |  | 25,159 |
Other | 310,223 |  |  | 288,919 |
| $ | 1,407,043 |  |  | $ | 1,435,461 |

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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
11. Commitments and contingencies
Loan origination liabilities
Our mortgage operations may be responsible for losses associated with mortgage loans originated and sold to investors in the event of errors or omissions relating to representations and warranties made by us that the loans met certain requirements, including representations as to underwriting standards, the existence of primary mortgage insurance, and the validity of certain borrower representations in connection with the loan. If a loan is determined to be faulty, we either indemnify the investor for potential future losses, repurchase the loan from the investor, or reimburse the investor's actual losses. In addition, certain trustees and investors continue to attempt to collect damages based on losses from loans that originated prior to 2009.
Estimating the required liability for these potential losses requires a significant level of management judgment. During 2020 and 2018, we increased our loan origination liabilities by $26.4 million and $16.1 million, respectively, based on settlements of a number of claims related to loans originated prior to 2009. Reserves provided (released) are reflected in Financial Services expenses. Changes in these liabilities were as follows ($000's omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Liabilities, beginning of period | $ | 25,159 |  |  | $ | 50,282 |  |  | $ | 34,641 |
Reserves provided (released), net | 26,410 |  |  | (225) |  |  | 16,130 |
Payments | (39,600) |  |  | (24,898) |  |  | (489) |
Liabilities, end of period | $ | 11,969 |  |  | $ | 25,159 |  |  | $ | 50,282 |

Given the unsettled claims, changes in values of underlying collateral over time, and other uncertainties regarding the ultimate resolution of known and potential claims, actual costs could differ from our current estimates.
Community development and other special district obligations
A community development district (“CDD”) or similar development authority is a unit of local government created under various state statutes that utilizes the proceeds from the sale of bonds to finance the construction or acquisition of infrastructure assets of a development. A portion of the liability associated with the bonds, including principal and interest, is assigned to each parcel of land within the development. This debt is typically paid by subsequent special assessments levied by the CDD on the landowners. Generally, we are only responsible for paying the special assessments for the period during which we are the landowner of the applicable parcels and reflect our estimated obligations as part of our land development budgets.
Letters of credit and surety bonds
In the normal course of business, we post letters of credit and surety bonds pursuant to certain performance-related obligations, as security for certain land option agreements, and under various insurance programs. The majority of these letters of credit and surety bonds are in support of our land development and construction obligations to various municipalities, other government agencies, and utility companies related to the construction of roads, sewers, and other infrastructure. We had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds totaling $249.7 million and $1.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2020, and $262.8 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2019. In the event any such letter of credit or surety bonds is drawn, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the letter of credit or surety bond. We do not believe that a material amount, if any, of the letters of credit or surety bonds will be drawn. Our surety bonds generally do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are released from the surety bonds as the underlying contractual performance is completed. Because significant construction and development work has been performed related to the applicable projects but has not yet received final acceptance by the respective counterparties, the aggregate amount of surety bonds outstanding is in excess of the projected cost of the remaining work to be performed.
Litigation and regulatory matters
We are involved in various litigation and legal claims in the normal course of our business operations, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. We are also subject to a variety of local, state, and federal laws and regulations related to land development activities, house construction standards, sales practices, mortgage lending operations, employment
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
practices, and protection of the environment. As a result, we are subject to periodic examination or inquiry by various governmental agencies that administer these laws and regulations.
We establish liabilities for legal claims and regulatory matters when such matters are both probable of occurring and any potential loss is reasonably estimable. We accrue for such matters based on the facts and circumstances specific to each matter and revise these estimates as the matters evolve. In such cases, there may exist an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts currently accrued. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of these legal and regulatory matters, we generally cannot predict the ultimate resolution of the pending matters, the related timing, or the eventual loss. While the outcome of such contingencies cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the resolution of such matters will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, to the extent the liability arising from the ultimate resolution of any matter exceeds the estimates reflected in the recorded reserves relating to such matter, we could incur additional charges that could be significant.
Warranty liabilities
Factors that affect our warranty liabilities include the number of homes sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and the projected cost of claims. We periodically assess the adequacy of the warranty liabilities for each geographic market in which we operate and adjust the amounts as necessary. Actual warranty costs in the future could differ from the current estimates. Changes in warranty liabilities were as follows ($000’s omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Warranty liabilities, beginning of period | $ | 91,389 |  |  | $ | 79,154 |  |  | $ | 72,709 |
Reserves provided | 64,492 |  |  | 60,818 |  |  | 65,567 |
Payments | (70,869) |  |  | (75,635) |  |  | (64,525) |
Other adjustments (a) | (2,268) |  |  | 27,052 |  |  | 5,403 |
Warranty liabilities, end of period | $ | 82,744 |  |  | $ | 91,389 |  |  | $ | 79,154 |

(a)Includes charges totaling $14.8 million in 2019 related to a closed-out community in Southeast.
Self-insured risks
We maintain, and require our subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance coverage. We also maintain builders' risk, property, errors and omissions, workers compensation, and other business insurance coverage. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of the risk of loss from claims. However, we retain a significant portion of the overall risk for such claims either through policies issued by our captive insurance subsidiaries or through our own self-insured per occurrence and aggregate retentions, deductibles, and claims in excess of available insurance policy limits.
Our general liability insurance includes coverage for certain construction defects. While construction defect claims can relate to a variety of circumstances, the majority of our claims relate to alleged problems with siding, windows, roofing, and foundations. The availability of general liability insurance for the homebuilding industry and its subcontractors has become increasingly limited, and the insurance policies available require companies to maintain significant per occurrence and aggregate retention levels. In certain instances, we may offer our subcontractors the opportunity to purchase insurance through one of our captive insurance subsidiaries or participate in a project-specific insurance program provided by us. Policies issued by the captive insurance subsidiaries represent self-insurance of these risks by us. This self-insured exposure is limited by reinsurance policies that we purchase. General liability coverage for the homebuilding industry is complex, and our coverage varies from policy year to policy year. Our insurance coverage requires a per occurrence deductible up to an overall aggregate retention level. Beginning with the first dollar, amounts paid to satisfy insured claims apply to our per occurrence and aggregate retention obligations. Any amounts incurred in excess of the occurrence or aggregate retention levels are covered by insurance up to our purchased coverage levels. Our insurance policies, including the captive insurance subsidiaries' reinsurance policies, are maintained with highly-rated underwriters for whom we believe counterparty default risk is not significant.
At any point in time, we are managing over 1,000 individual claims related to general liability, property, errors and omission, workers compensation, and other business insurance coverage. We reserve for costs associated with such claims (including expected claims management expenses) on an undiscounted basis at the time revenue is recognized for each home closing and evaluate the recorded liabilities based on actuarial analyses of our historical claims. The actuarial analyses calculate estimates
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
of the ultimate net cost of all unpaid losses, including estimates for incurred but not reported losses ("IBNR"). IBNR represents losses related to claims incurred but not yet reported plus development on reported claims.
Our recorded reserves for all such claims totaled $641.8 million and $709.8 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the vast majority of which relate to general liability claims. The recorded reserves include loss estimates related to both (i) existing claims and related claim expenses and (ii) IBNR and related claim expenses. Liabilities related to IBNR and related claim expenses represented approximately 68% of the total general liability reserves at both December 31, 2020 and 2019. The actuarial analyses that determine the IBNR portion of reserves consider a variety of factors, including the frequency and severity of losses, which are based on our historical claims experience supplemented by industry data. The actuarial analyses of the reserves also consider historical third-party recovery rates and claims management expenses.
Volatility in both national and local housing market conditions can affect the frequency and cost of construction defect claims. Additionally, IBNR estimates comprise the majority of our liability and are subject to a high degree of uncertainty due to a variety of factors, including changes in claims reporting and resolution patterns, third party recoveries, insurance industry practices, the regulatory environment, and legal precedent. State regulations vary, but construction defect claims are reported and resolved over an extended period often exceeding ten years. Changes in the frequency and timing of reported claims and estimates of specific claim values can impact the underlying inputs and trends utilized in the actuarial analyses, which could have a material impact on the recorded reserves. Additionally, the amount of insurance coverage available for each policy period also impacts our recorded reserves. Because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating future losses and the timing of such losses related to these claims, actual costs could differ significantly from estimated costs.
Adjustments to reserves are recorded in the period in which the change in estimate occurs. During 2020, 2019, and 2018, we reduced reserves, primarily general liability reserves, by $93.4 million, $49.4 million, and $35.9 million respectively, as a result of changes in estimates resulting from actual claim experience observed being less than anticipated in previous actuarial projections. The changes in actuarial estimates were driven by changes in actual claims experience that, in turn, impacted actuarial estimates for potential future claims. These changes in actuarial estimates did not involve any significant changes in actuarial methodology but did impact the development of estimates for future periods, which resulted in adjustments to the IBNR portion of our recorded liabilities. There were no material adjustments to individual claims. Rather, the adjustments reflect an overall lower level of losses related to construction defect claims in recent years as compared with our previous experience. We attribute this favorable experience to a variety of factors, including improved construction techniques, rising home values, and increased participation from our subcontractors in resolving claims. Costs associated with our insurance programs are classified within selling, general, and administrative expenses. Changes in these liabilities were as follows ($000's omitted):

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 709,798 |  |  | $ | 737,013 |  |  | $ | 758,812 |
Reserves provided | 83,912 |  |  | 83,209 |  |  | 93,156 |
Adjustments to previously recorded reserves | (93,431) |  |  | (49,437) |  |  | (35,873) |
Payments, net (a) | (58,500) |  |  | (60,987) |  |  | (79,082) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 641,779 |  |  | $ | 709,798 |  |  | $ | 737,013 |

(a)Includes net changes in amounts expected to be recovered from our insurance carriers, which are recorded in other assets (see below).
In certain instances, we have the ability to recover a portion of our costs under various insurance policies or from subcontractors or other third parties. Estimates of such amounts are recorded when recovery is considered probable. As reflected in Note 10, our receivables from insurance carriers totaled $69.5 million and $118.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The insurance receivables relate to costs incurred or to be incurred to perform corrective repairs, settle claims with customers, and other costs related to the continued progression of both known and anticipated future construction defect claims that we believe to be insured related to previously closed homes. Given the complexity inherent with resolving construction defect claims in the homebuilding industry as described above, there generally exists a significant lag between our payment of claims and our reimbursements from applicable insurance carriers. In addition, disputes between homebuilders and carriers over coverage positions relating to construction defect claims are common. Resolution of claims with carriers involves the exchange of significant amounts of information and frequently involves legal action.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In 2020 and 2019, we recorded reserves against insurance receivables of $17.8 million and $22.6 million, respectively, in connection with policy settlement negotiations with certain of our carriers. We believe collection of our recorded insurance receivables is probable based on the legal merits of our positions after review by legal counsel, the high credit ratings of our carriers, and our long history of collecting significant amounts of insurance reimbursements under similar insurance policies related to similar claims. While the outcomes of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the resolution of such matters will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
Leases
We lease certain office space and equipment for use in our operations. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term and combine lease and non-lease components for all leases. Right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet for all leases with an expected term of at least one year. Some leases include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is generally at our discretion. The depreciable lives of ROU assets and leasehold improvements are limited to the expected lease term. Certain of our lease agreements include rental payments based on a pro-rata share of the lessor’s operating costs which are variable in nature. Our lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
ROU assets are classified within other assets on the balance sheet, while lease liabilities are classified within accrued and other liabilities. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. ROU assets and lease liabilities were $71.3 million and $91.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020, and $70.0 million and $91.4 million at December 31, 2019, respectively. We recorded an additional $13.0 million and $17.6 million of lease liabilities under operating leases during 2020 and 2019, respectively. Payments on lease liabilities during 2020 and 2019 and totaled $19.8 million and $23.4 million, respectively.
Lease expense includes costs for leases with terms in excess of one year as well as short-term leases with terms of less than one year. Our total lease expense was $38.2 million, $36.4 million, and $33.6 million during 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Our total lease expense in 2020 and 2019 is inclusive of variable lease costs of $6.2 million and $6.7 million, respectively, and short-term lease costs of $10.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively. Sublease income was de minimis. The future minimum lease payments required under our leases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows ($000's omitted):

Years Ending December 31, |
2021 | $ | 21,154 |
2022 | 22,412 |
2023 | 20,334 |
2024 | 14,032 |
2025 | 9,303 |
Thereafter | 19,432 |
Total lease payments (a) | 106,667 |
Less: Interest (b) | 15,302 |
Present value of lease liabilities (c) | $ | 91,365 |

(a) Lease payments include options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised and exclude $1.7 million of legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced at December 31, 2020.
(b) Our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, we must estimate our discount rate for such leases to determine the present value of lease payments at the lease commencement date.
(c) The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate used in calculating our lease liabilities were 5.4 years and 5.4%, respectively, at December 31, 2020.
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PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
12. Quarterly results (unaudited)
UNAUDITED QUARTERLY INFORMATION
(000’s omitted, except per share data)

| 1st Quarter |  | 2nd Quarter |  | 3rd Quarter |  | 4th Quarter |  | Total (a)
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 2,240,430 |  |  | $ | 2,498,979 |  |  | $ | 2,848,086 |  |  | $ | 3,086,418 |  |  | $ | 10,673,913 |
Cost of revenues | (1,709,879) |  |  | (1,900,250) |  |  | (2,152,243) |  |  | (2,320,077) |  |  | (8,082,449) |
Income before income taxes (b) | 244,218 |  |  | 396,585 |  |  | 420,103 |  |  | 481,151 |  |  | 1,542,057 |
Financial Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 54,550 |  |  | $ | 94,802 |  |  | $ | 106,871 |  |  | $ | 105,945 |  |  | $ | 362,169 |
Income before income taxes (c) | 19,551 |  |  | 60,424 |  |  | 64,064 |  |  | 42,599 |  |  | 186,637 |
Consolidated results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 2,294,980 |  |  | $ | 2,593,781 |  |  | $ | 2,954,957 |  |  | $ | 3,192,363 |  |  | $ | 11,036,082 |
Income before income taxes | 263,769 |  |  | 457,009 |  |  | 484,167 |  |  | 523,750 |  |  | 1,728,694 |
Income tax expense (d) | (60,058) |  |  | (108,389) |  |  | (67,769) |  |  | (85,639) |  |  | (321,855) |
Net income | $ | 203,711 |  |  | $ | 348,620 |  |  | $ | 416,398 |  |  | $ | 438,111 |  |  | $ | 1,406,839 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 5.19 |
Diluted | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 5.18 |
Number of shares used in calculation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 270,000 |  |  | 268,324 |  |  | 268,363 |  |  | 267,561 |  |  | 268,553 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 1,218 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 598 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 861 |
Diluted | 271,218 |  |  | 269,025 |  |  | 268,961 |  |  | 268,227 |  |  | 269,414 |

(a)Due to rounding, the sum of quarterly results may not equal the total for the year. Additionally, quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently.
(b)Homebuilding income before income taxes includes a goodwill impairment charge of $20.2 million during the 1st Quarter (see Note 1); insurance reserve reversals of $93.4 million, of which $60.7 million and $34.1 million occurred during the 2nd and 4th Quarter, respectively (see Note 11); and reserves against insurance receivables of $17.8 million during the 4th Quarter.
(c)Financial Services income before income taxes includes $26.4 million of mortgage repurchase reserve charges, of which $22.0 million occurred during the 4th Quarter (see Note 11).
(d)Income tax expense includes energy efficient homes tax credits of $82.0 million, of which $53.2 million and $24.0 million occurred during the 3rd and 4th Quarter, respectively (see Note 8).
74

PULTEGROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
UNAUDITED QUARTERLY INFORMATION
(000’s omitted, except per share data)

| 1st Quarter |  | 2nd Quarter |  | 3rd Quarter |  | 4th Quarter |  | Total (a)
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,952,831 |  |  | $ | 2,433,028 |  |  | $ | 2,645,550 |  |  | $ | 2,947,116 |  |  | $ | 9,978,526 |
Cost of revenues (b) | (1,494,841) |  |  | (1,874,369) |  |  | (2,035,972) |  |  | (2,279,615) |  |  | (7,684,798) |
Income before income taxes (c) | 204,294 |  |  | 295,698 |  |  | 333,862 |  |  | 402,407 |  |  | 1,236,261 |
Financial Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 43,862 |  |  | $ | 55,957 |  |  | $ | 64,815 |  |  | $ | 69,797 |  |  | $ | 234,431 |
Income before income taxes | 12,409 |  |  | 25,078 |  |  | 32,284 |  |  | 33,544 |  |  | 103,315 |
Consolidated results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,996,693 |  |  | $ | 2,488,985 |  |  | $ | 2,710,365 |  |  | $ | 3,016,913 |  |  | $ | 10,212,957 |
Income before income taxes | 216,703 |  |  | 320,776 |  |  | 366,146 |  |  | 435,951 |  |  | 1,339,576 |
Income tax expense | (49,946) |  |  | (79,735) |  |  | (93,042) |  |  | (100,153) |  |  | (322,876) |
Net income | $ | 166,757 |  |  | $ | 241,041 |  |  | $ | 273,104 |  |  | $ | 335,798 |  |  | $ | 1,016,700 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 1.23 |  |  | $ | 3.67 |
Diluted | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 3.66 |
Number of shares used in calculation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 277,637 |  |  | 276,652 |  |  | 272,992 |  |  | 270,843 |  |  | 274,495 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 1,003 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 640 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 802 |
Diluted | 278,640 |  |  | 277,584 |  |  | 273,632 |  |  | 271,475 |  |  | 275,297 |

(a)Due to rounding, the sum of quarterly results may not equal the total for the year. Additionally, quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently.
(b)Cost of revenues includes a warranty charge related to a close-out community of $14.8 million, of which $9.0 million occurred during the 3rd Quarter (see Note 11).
(c)Homebuilding income before income taxes includes an insurance reserve reversal of $12.8 million and $31.1 million during the 2nd and 4th Quarters, respectively; and write-offs of insurance receivables of $11.6 million and $12.6 million in the 1st and 2nd Quarters, respectively (see Note 11).
75

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of PulteGroup, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PulteGroup, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 2, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
76

| Self-insured Risks
Description of the Matter | The Company’s reserves for self-insured risks totaled $641.8 million at December 31, 2020, of which the majority relates to incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) losses associated with exposures to construction defects on homes previously sold. As discussed in Notes 1 and 11 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company reserves for costs associated with construction defect claims (including IBNR losses and expected claims management expense) based on actuarial analyses of the Company’s historical claims activity. The actuarial analyses that determine the IBNR reserves consider a variety of factors, which principally include the frequency and severity of losses. Auditing the Company’s IBNR reserve for construction defects is complex due to the significant measurement uncertainty associated with the estimate, the use of various actuarial methods, and management’s application of significant judgment. In addition, the reserve estimate is sensitive to significant management assumptions, including the frequency and severity assumptions used in the computation of the IBNR reserve and loss development factors for reported claims.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls that address the risks of material misstatement relating to the measurement and valuation of the IBNR reserve. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the significant actuarial assumptions and the data inputs used by management when estimating IBNR losses. To test the IBNR reserve associated with construction defects exposures, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying claims data used in management’s estimation calculations and reviewing the Company’s reinsurance contracts by policy year to assess the Company’s self-insured retentions, deductibles, and coverage limits, which represent inputs to the actuarial models. Furthermore, we involved our actuarial specialists to assist in our assessment of the methodologies used by management to estimate the IBNR reserve. We compared the Company's self-insurance reserve (inclusive of the IBNR estimate) to a range developed by our actuarial specialists based on independently selected assumptions.

77

| Land Impairments
Description of the Matter | At December 31, 2020, the Company’s house and land inventory was $7.7 billion. As more fully described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company assesses each community to identify indicators of potential impairment. When an indicator of potential impairment is identified, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the community by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. For any community whose carrying value exceeds the expected undiscounted cash flows, the Company estimates the fair value of the community, and impairment charges are recorded if the carrying value of the community exceeds its fair value. The Company recognized impairment charges of $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Auditing the Company's projected future undiscounted cash flows for a community involves subjectivity as estimates of such cash flows are sensitive to significant assumptions such as expected average selling prices and anticipated land development and house construction costs specific to each community.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s processes used to estimate the undiscounted cash flows of its communities with indicators of potential impairment. For example, we tested controls over the appropriateness of the assumptions and the completeness and accuracy of the data that management used in the undiscounted cash flow models. Our testing of the Company’s undiscounted cash flow models included, among other audit procedures, assessing the methodologies used, evaluating the completeness and accuracy of the data used by management in its analysis, and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management to project future cash flows. We also compared community data to the Company’s accounting records and recalculated the Company’s estimated future cash flows.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1973.
Atlanta, GA
February 2, 2021
78

ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
This Item is not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2020. Based upon, and as of the date of that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
(a)Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and reflect management’s judgments and estimates concerning events and transactions that are accounted for or disclosed.
Management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management recognizes that there are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control and effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Additionally, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting may vary over time.
In order to ensure that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective, management regularly assesses such controls and did so most recently for its financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Management’s assessment was based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on this assessment, management asserts that the Company has maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. On January 24, 2020, the Company acquired the operations of Innovative Construction Group. As permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, management excluded such operations from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Such operations constituted less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2020, and less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated total revenues for the year then ended.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, has issued its report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.
79

(b)Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of PulteGroup, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited PulteGroup, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control— Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, PulteGroup, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.
As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Innovative Construction Group, which is included in the 2020 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted less than 1% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2020 and less than 1% of consolidated total revenues for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Innovative Construction Group.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated February 2, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
80

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Atlanta, GA
February 2, 2021
(c)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
This Item is not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information required by this Item with respect to our executive officers is set forth in Item 4A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Information required by this Item with respect to members of our Board of Directors and with respect to our audit committee will be contained in the Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“2021 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020, under the captions “Election of Directors” and “Committees of the Board of Directors - Audit Committee” and in the chart disclosing Audit Committee membership and is incorporated herein by this reference. Information required by this Item with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the caption “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” and is incorporated herein by this reference. Information required by this Item with respect to our code of ethics will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the caption “Corporate Governance - Governance Guidelines; Code of Ethical Business Conduct; Code of Ethics” and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Our code of ethics for principal officers, our code of ethical business conduct, our corporate governance guidelines, and the charters of the Audit, Compensation and Management Development, Nominating and Governance, and Finance and Investment committees of our Board of Directors are also posted on our website and are available in print, free of charge, upon request.
ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required by this Item will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the captions “2020 Executive Compensation” and “2020 Director Compensation” and is incorporated herein by this reference, provided that the Compensation and Management Development Committee Report shall not be deemed to be “filed” with this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information required by this Item will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the captions “Beneficial Security Ownership” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” and is incorporated herein by this reference.
ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information required by this Item will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Board of Directors Information” and is incorporated herein by this reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information required by this Item will be contained in the 2021 Proxy Statement under the captions “Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Audit Committee Preapproval Policies” and is incorporated herein by reference.
81

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) T he following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1) Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019 | 44
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 | 45
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 | 46
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 | 47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 | 48
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 49

(2)Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules are omitted because the required information is not present, is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference:
Exhibit Number and Description

(3) |  | (a) |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation, of PulteGroup, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 18, 2009)
|  | (b) |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation, dated March 18, 2010 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(b) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010)
|  | (c) |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation, dated May 21, 2010 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(c) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010)
|  | (d) |  | Amended and Restated By-laws of PulteGroup, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 11, 20 2 0)
|  | (e) |  | Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Shares, dated August 6, 2009 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(b) of our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 18, 2009)
(4) |  | (a) |  | Any instrument with respect to long-term debt, where the securities authorized thereunder do not exceed 10% of the total assets of PulteGroup, Inc. and its subsidiaries, has not been filed. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of such instruments to the SEC upon request.
|  | (b) |  | Amended and Restated Section 382 Rights Agreement, dated as of March 18, 2010, between PulteGroup, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent, which includes the Form of Rights Certificate as Exhibit B thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 of PulteGroup, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A, filed with the SEC on March 23, 2010)
|  | (c) |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Section 382 Rights Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2013, between PulteGroup, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2013)

82

|  | (d) |  | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Section 382 Rights Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2016, between PulteGroup, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2016)
|  | (e) |  | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Section 382 Rights Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2019, between PulteGroup, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 7, 2019)
|  | (f) |  | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Section 382 Rights Agreement, dated as of Ma y 8, 2020, between PulteGroup, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on Ma y 11, 2020)
|  | (g) |  | Description of the Registrant's Securities (Filed herewith)
(10) |  | (a) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 401(k) Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8, No. 333-115570)*
|  | (b) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 2002 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement dated April 3, 2002 and as Exhibit 4.3 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8, No. 333-123223)*
|  | (c) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 2013 Senior Management Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 13, 2013)*
|  | (d) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 2019 Senior Management Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019)*
|  | (e) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Program (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2008)*
|  | (f) |  | Form of PulteGroup, Inc. Long Term Incentive Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2008)*
|  | (g) |  | Form of PulteGroup, Inc. 2008-2010 Grant Acceptance Agreement - Company Performance Measures (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2008)*
|  | (h) |  | Form of PulteGroup, Inc. 2008-2010 Grant Acceptance Agreement - Individual Performance Measures (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2008)*
|  | (i) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 13, 2013)*
|  | (j) |  | Amendment Number One to the PulteGroup, Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan dated February 10, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017)*
|  | (k) |  | Amendment Number Two to the PulteGroup, Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan dated December 3, 2020 (Filed herewith)*
|  | (l) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (as Amended and Restated as of July 9, 2009) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(a) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009)*
|  | (m) |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (as Amended) under PulteGroup, Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(k) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017)*
|  | (n) |  | Form of Stock Option Agreement under PulteGroup, Inc. 2002 and 2004 Stock Incentive Plans (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(s) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007)*
|  | (o) |  | Form of Stock Option Agreement (as amended) under PulteGroup, Inc. 2002 and 2004 Stock Incentive Plans (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(t) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007)*

83

|  | (p) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. Long Term Compensation Deferral Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2004) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(a) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006)*
|  | (q) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan For Non-Employee Directors, as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017)*
|  | (r) |  | Form of Performance Award Agreement under PulteGroup, Inc. 2008 Senior Management Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(a) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012)*
|  | (s) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. Executive Severance Policy (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 12, 2013)*
|  | (t) |  | PulteGroup, Inc. Amended Retirement Policy (Effective November 30, 2017) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(u) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017)*
|  | (u) |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated June 22, 2018 among PulteGroup, Inc., as Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other Lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 22, 2018)
|  | (v) |  | Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated September 4, 2015, among Comerica Bank, as Agent, Lead Arranger and a Buyer, the other Buyers party hereto and Pulte Mortgage LLC, as Seller (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 8, 2015)
|  | (w) |  | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated June 24, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2016)
|  | (x) |  | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated August 15, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 17, 2016)
|  | (y) |  | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated December 27, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 29, 2016)
|  | (z) |  | Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated August 14, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 15, 2017)
|  | (aa) |  | Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated August 3, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2018)
|  | (ab) |  | Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated August 1, 2019 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 5, 2019)
|  | (ac) |  | Tenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated August 7, 2019 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2019)
|  | (ad) |  | Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement dated July 30, 2020, among Comerica Bank, as Agent, Lead Arranger and a Buyer, the other Buyers party hereto and Pulte Mortgage LLC, as Seller (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2020)
|  | (ae) |  | Letter Agreement by and among William J. Pulte (grandson of the founder), William J. Pulte (founder), William J. Pulte Trust dtd 01/26/90, Joan B. Pulte Trust dtd 01/26/90 and PulteGroup, Inc., dated September 8, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 8, 2016)
|  | (af) |  | Release, Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation and Confidentiality Agreement by and between PulteGroup, Inc. and Stephen Schlageter, dated as of May 8, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of PulteGroup Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 11, 2020)*

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(21) |  |  |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant (Filed herewith)
(22) |  |  |  | List of Guarantor Subsidiaries
(23) |  |  |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Filed herewith)
(24) |  |  |  | Power of Attorney (Filed herewith)
(31) |  | (a) |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Ryan R. Marshall, President and Chief Executive Officer (Filed herewith)
|  | (b) |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Robert T. O'Shaughnessy, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Filed herewith)
(32) |  |  |  | C ertification Pursuant to 18 United States Code § 1350 and Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Furnished herewith)
101.INS |  |  |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  |  |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  |  |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  |  |  | InlineXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  |  |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  |  |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PULTEGROUP, INC.
(Registrant)

February 2, 2021 | By: |  | /s/ Robert T. O'Shaughnessy
|  |  | Robert T. O'Shaughnessy
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated:

February 2, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
/s/ Ryan R. Marshall |  |  | /s/ Robert T. O'Shaughnessy |  |  | /s/ Brien P. O'Meara
Ryan R. Marshall |  |  | Robert T. O'Shaughnessy |  |  | Brien P. O'Meara
President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Member of Board of Directors |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  |  | Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Brian P. Anderson |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  |
Bryce Blair |  |  | Non-Executive Chairman of Board of Directors | } |  |
Richard W. Dreiling |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  |
Thomas J. Folliard |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  | /s/ Robert T. O'Shaughnessy
Cheryl W. Grisé |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  | Robert T. O'Shaughnessy
André J. Hawaux |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
J. Phillip Holloman |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |
John R. Peshkin |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |
Scott F. Powers |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  |
Lila Snyder |  |  | Member of Board of Directors | } |  |

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