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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes Income taxes
Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was 23.3% and 22.4%, respectively, compared to 14.0% and 19.6%, respectively, for the same periods in 2020. Our effective tax rate for each of these periods differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state income tax expense and benefits associated with federal energy efficient home credits. Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes benefits of $53.2 million and $58.0 million, respectively, associated with the extension of federal energy efficient homes tax credits, including to homes closed in prior open tax years. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 also reflects a reduction in valuation allowances relating to projected utilization of certain state net operating loss carryforwards.

At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had net deferred tax assets of $19.9 million and $32.7 million, respectively. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.

Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. We had $23.9 million and $30.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Additionally, we had accrued interest and penalties of $4.0 million and $2.8 million at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.