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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes Income taxes
Our effective tax rate was 23.0% and 23.1% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared with 24.6% and 24.4% for the same periods in 2023. Our effective tax rate for each of these periods differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state income tax expense. Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 also includes a benefit of $14.3 million associated with the purchase of transferable federal renewable energy tax credits. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also reflects a reduction in income tax liabilities totaling $13.2 million related to the favorable resolution of uncertain state tax positions.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had net deferred tax liabilities of $353.4 million and $237.4 million, respectively. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.

Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. We had $40.7 million and $58.2 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Additionally, we had accrued interest and penalties of $1.8 million and $6.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.