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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

19. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Stock-based compensation is based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, which is recognized over the related service period, net of actual forfeitures. The service period is the period over which the related service is performed, which is generally the same as the vesting period. Vesting may be accelerated for certain officers and employees as a result of attaining certain age and service based requirements in the Company’s long-term incentive plan and award agreements.

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $30.7 million, $26.6 million, and $21.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense relating to employee and director awards is included in compensation and benefits and acquisition-related costs in the consolidated statements of income. Stock-based compensation expense relating to awards granted to customers of Cboe Digital are recorded as contra-revenue.

The activity in the Company's stock options and restricted stock, consisting of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”), was as follows:

Stock Options

Summary stock option activity is presented below:


					Weighted
		Number of			average exercise
		Shares			price
Outstanding, January 1, 2020		$	10,834		$	18.59
Exercised			10,834			18.59
Outstanding, December 31, 2020		$	—		$	—
Exercised			—			—
Outstanding, December 31, 2021		$	—		$	—
Exercised			—			—
Outstanding and exercisable December 31, 2022		$	—		$	—

All outstanding stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2020. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised in the year ended December 31, 2020 was $0.9 million.

RSAs and RSUs

The following table summarizes RSA and RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2022:


				Weighted
		Number of		average grant
		shares		date fair value
Nonvested stock at January 1, 2020		436,013		$	91.58
Granted		193,912			115.89
Vested		(272,258)			88.32
Forfeited		(15,585)			106.70
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2020		342,082		$	108.40
Granted		298,084			92.32
Vested		(166,598)			106.13
Forfeited		(30,249)			97.01
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2021		443,319		$	99.22
Granted		369,037			119.97
Vested		(201,457)			99.87
Forfeited		(54,837)			106.07
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2022		556,062		$	112.07

RSAs granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors have a one-year vesting period and vesting accelerates upon the occurrence of a change in control of the Company. Unvested portions of the RSAs will be forfeited if the director leaves the Board of Directors prior to the applicable vesting date. The RSAs have voting rights and entitle the holder to receive dividends.

RSUs entitle the holder to one share of common stock upon vesting, typically vest over a three year period, and vesting accelerates upon the occurrence of a change in control or a termination of employment following a change in control or in the event of a participant’s earlier death or disability. Vesting will also accelerate upon a qualified retirement where applicable and permitted. Where applicable and permitted, qualified retirement eligibility occurs once achieving 55 years of age and 10 years of service for grants awarded in and after 2017. Unvested RSUs will be forfeited if the officer, or employee leaves the Company prior to the applicable vesting date, except in limited circumstances. The RSUs have no voting rights but entitle the holder to receive dividend equivalents.

In the year ended December 31, 2022, to satisfy employees’ tax obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock, the Company purchased 68,872 shares of common stock totaling $8.2 million as the result of the vesting of 183,573 shares of restricted stock.

PSUs

The following table summarizes restricted stock units contingent upon achievement of performance conditions, also known as PSUs, activity during the year ended December 31, 2022:


				Weighted
		Number of		average grant
		Shares		date fair value
Nonvested stock at January 1, 2020		132,248		$	107.21
Granted		72,975			125.62
Vested		(48,053)			108.91
Forfeited		(34,504)			109.85
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2020		122,666		$	115.18
Granted		71,302			98.32
Vested		(29,468)			111.45
Forfeited		(12,090)			110.20
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2021		152,410		$	108.41
Granted		64,668			141.41
Vested		(16,834)			96.00
Forfeited		(33,542)			95.40
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2022		166,702		$	125.08

PSUs include awards related to earnings per share during the performance period as well as awards related to total shareholder return during the performance period. The Company used the Monte Carlo valuation model method to estimate the fair value of the total shareholder return PSUs which incorporated the following assumptions for awards granted in February 2022: risk-free interest rate (1.75)%, three-year volatility (32.2)% and three-year correlation with S&P 500 Index (0.51), and incorporated the following assumptions for awards granted in May 2022: risk-free interest rate (2.88)%, three-year volatility (32.8%)% and three-year correlation with S&P 500 Index (0.52). Each of these performance shares has a performance condition under which the number of units ultimately awarded will vary from 0% to 200% of the original grant, with each unit representing the contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. The vesting period for the PSUs contingent on the achievement of performance conditions is three years. For each of the performance awards, the PSUs will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock following vesting of the PSU assuming that the participant has been continuously employed during the vesting period, subject to acceleration in the event of a change in control of the Company, or a termination of employment following a change in control, or in the event of a participant’s earlier death or disability. Participants have no voting rights with respect to the PSUs until the issuance of the shares of common stock. Dividends are accrued by the Company and will be paid once the PSUs contingent on the achievement of performance conditions vest.

In the year ended December 31, 2022, to satisfy employees’ tax obligations upon the vesting of performance stock, the Company purchased 5,245 shares of common stock totaling $0.6 million as the result of the vesting of 16,834 shares of performance stock.

As of December 31, 2022, there were $36.9 million in total unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In May 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, (“ESPP”), under which a total of 750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock will be made available for purchase to employees. The ESPP is a broad-based plan that permits employees to contribute up to 10% of wages and base salary to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount, subject to applicable annual Internal Revenue Service limitations. Under the ESPP, a participant may not purchase more than a maximum of 312 shares of the Company’s common stock during any single offering period. No participant may accrue options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a rate that exceeds $25,000 in fair market value of the Company’s common stock (determined at the time such options are granted) for each calendar year in which such rights are outstanding at any time. The exercise price per share of common stock shall be 85% following September 15, 2022, and 90% prior to September 15, 2022 (for eligible U.S. employees) or 85% (for eligible international employees) of the lesser of the fair value of the stock on the first day of the applicable offering period or the applicable exercise date.

The Company records compensation expense over the offering period related to the discount that is given to employees, which totaled $0.6 million, $0.4 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, 617,805 shares were reserved for future issuance under the ESPP.

Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units

On November 18, 2022, Cboe Digital Holdings entered into minority interest purchase agreements with certain digital asset industry participants, pursuant to which Cboe Digital Holdings agreed to issue 185 Restricted Common Units in Cboe Digital. In addition, certain investor members and their affiliates are our customers, including trading permit holders, trading privilege holders, participants, and members. Certain Cboe Digital investor members paid for the Restricted Common Units through the issuance of promissory notes, which are nonrecourse in nature. The issuances of Restricted Common Units for nonrecourse promissory notes are accounted for as in-substance stock options. The promissory notes generally bear interest at a rate of 5% per annum and mature upon the earlier of the sale of vested Restricted Common Units, or either November 18, 2032 or November 18, 2037. A certain Cboe Digital investor member paid for the Restricted Common Units in exchange for cash.

The following table summarizes the option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 (in millions, except number of shares and contractual term):


										Weighted
					Weighted					average
		Number of			average			Aggregate		remaining
		shares			exercise price			intrinsic value		contractual term
Outstanding, January 1, 2022		—		$	—		$	—		—
Granted		185			0.3			—		6 years
Vested		—			—			—		—
Outstanding and exercisable December 31, 2022		185		$	0.3		$	—		6 years

Vesting of Restricted Common Units is based on certain conditions relating to the participation and performance of the Cboe Digital investor members on the Cboe Digital platforms, generally over a five-year period. Performance is generally measured based on participation on the Cboe Digital platforms and the investor members maintaining certain average daily volumes on the platforms. Due to the existence of an option for investor members to sell their shares immediately after vesting, the options are liability classified. The options expire upon the maturity of the promissory notes, which is either November 18, 2032 or November 18, 2037, unless the options are exercised.

The cost associated with the options will be recognized as contra-revenue, net of actual forfeitures and based on the continued probability of the satisfaction of performance conditions ratably over the vesting period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, zero contra-revenue related to the options grants was recognized. As of December 31, 2022, $14.0 million of contra-revenue related to the options grants is included in Other assets, net within the consolidated balance sheets and is expected to be recognized in net revenue in the consolidated statements of income over the remaining contractual term.

Changes in the fair value of the options, subsequent to the grant date, is recognized as other revenue or expense in the period in which the fair value of the options changes. The Company uses a Black Scholes pricing model to estimate the fair value of the in-substance stock options which incorporated the following assumptions as of December 31, 2022: risk-free interest rate range (3.88 to 3.95)%, expected dividend rate (0)%, expected volatility (60)%, and expected term of five to seven years. For the year ended December 31, 2022, there was no change in the fair value of the options grants since the grant date.

Cboe Digital Warrants

On November 18, 2022, Cboe Digital Holdings entered into a Warrant Agreement with an investor member to acquire up to 80 Common Units of Cboe Digital, subject to certain vesting events. The investor member is a customer of Cboe Digital. The vesting of the Warrant is based upon the achievement of certain conditions relating to the service provided by the investor member over a two-year period, of which some conditions represent conditions that are not service, performance, or market conditions and, therefore, the Warrant is liability classified. As of December 31, 2022, no portion of the Warrant has vested.

The cost associated with the Warrant will be recognized as contra-revenue ratably throughout the expected life of the Warrant before exercise. For the year ended December 31, 2022, zero contra-revenue related to the Warrant was recognized. As of December 31, 2022, $5.9 million of contra-revenue related to the Warrant is included in Other assets, net within the consolidated balance sheets and is expected to be recognized in net revenue in the consolidated statements of income over the remaining life of the Warrant.

The following table summarizes the Warrant activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 (in millions, except number of shares):


					Weighted
		Number of			average
		shares			exercise price
Outstanding, January 1, 2022		—		$	—
Granted		80			0.2
Vested		—			—
Outstanding and exercisable December 31, 2022		80		$	0.2

Changes in the fair value of the Warrant, subsequent to the grant date, is recognized as other revenue or expense in the period in which the fair value of the Warrant changes. The Company uses a Black Scholes pricing model to estimate the fair value of the Warrant which incorporated the following assumptions as of December 31, 2022: risk-free interest rate (3.95)%, expected dividend rate (0)%, expected volatility (60)%, and expected term of five years. For the year ended December 31, 2022, there was no change in the fair value of the Warrant since the grant date.