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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
INCOME TAXES |
INCOME TAXES | 21. INCOME TAXES Net deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | As of December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued compensation and benefits | ​ | $ | 19.3 | ​ | $ | 16.1 | ​
Property, equipment and technology, net | ​ |  | 12.7 | ​ |  | 16.0 | ​
Investments | ​ | ​ | 83.7 | ​ | ​ | 95.1 | ​
Operating leases | ​ | ​ | 42.6 | ​ | ​ | 37.1 | ​
Other | ​ |  | 84.2 | ​ |  | 75.7 | ​
Subtotal | ​ | ​ | 242.5 | ​ | ​ | 240.0 | ​
Valuation allowances | ​ | ​ | (11.8) | ​ | ​ | (17.5) | ​
Total deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 230.7 | ​ |  | 222.5 | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Intangibles | ​ | ​ | (384.7) | ​ |  | (390.1) | ​
Property, equipment and technology, net | ​ | ​ | (17.4) | ​ |  | (20.4) | ​
Prepaid expenses or assets | ​ | ​ | (4.4) | ​ | ​ | (4.4) | ​
Operating leases | ​ | ​ | (33.9) | ​ | ​ | (28.2) | ​
Total deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | (440.4) | ​ |  | (443.1) | ​
Net deferred tax liabilities | ​ | $ | (209.7) | ​ | $ | (220.6) | ​
​ The Company provides valuation allowances against deferred tax assets if, based on management’s assessment of historical and projected future operating results and other available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Valuation allowances of $11.8 million and $17.5 million were recorded against gross deferred tax assets for certain investments, net operating and capital losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has capital loss carryforwards of $5.0 million, which, if unused, will expire in 2024 and 2025. The Company also has net operating loss carryforwards of $16.7 million, most of which have a 20 year carryforward period. The Company considers its non-U.S. earnings to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. to the extent these earnings are not subject to U.S. income tax under an anti-deferral tax regime. As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative amount of undistributed earnings in these subsidiaries is $116.6 million. Given our intent to reinvest these earnings for an indefinite period of time, the Company has not accrued a deferred tax liability on these earnings. A determination of an unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable. The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following (in millions):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Current tax expense: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Federal | ​ | $ | 188.1 | ​ | $ | 210.4 | ​ | $ | 148.4 | ​
State | ​ |  | 97.8 | ​ |  | 130.2 | ​ |  | 83.4 | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | 15.5 | ​ |  | 13.0 | ​ |  | 14.2 | ​
Total current tax expense | ​ |  | 301.4 | ​ |  | 353.6 | ​ |  | 246.0 | ​
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Federal | ​ | ​ | (3.4) | ​ | ​ | (126.2) | ​ | ​ | (24.3) | ​
State | ​ | ​ | 1.5 | ​ | ​ | (22.7) | ​ | ​ | (7.3) | ​
Foreign | ​ |  | (13.3) | ​ |  | (6.8) | ​ |  | 12.7 | ​
Total deferred income tax benefit | ​ |  | (15.2) | ​ |  | (155.7) | ​ |  | (18.9) | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 286.2 | ​ | $ | 197.9 | ​ | $ | 227.1 | ​
​ For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, income before taxes consists of the following (in millions):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Year Ended December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 | ​
U.S. operations | ​ | $ | 1,010.5 | ​ | $ | 401.3 | ​ | $ | 714.0 | ​
Foreign operations | ​ |  | 37.1 | ​ |  | 31.6 | ​ |  | 42.1 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,047.6 | ​ | $ | 432.9 | ​ | $ | 756.1 | ​
​ A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is as follows:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31, | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ |  | 2021 | ​ | ​
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | ​ | 21.0 | % | ​ | 21.0 | % | ​ | 21.0 | % | ​
Impact of federal, state and local tax law & rate changes, net | ​ | — | % | ​ | (0.5) | % | ​ | 1.9 | % | ​
State taxes, net of federal benefit | ​ | 4.3 | % | ​ | 4.5 | % | ​ | 4.3 | % | ​
Uncertain tax positions | ​ | 2.9 | % | ​ | 20.6 | % | ​ | 3.2 | % | ​
Deduction for foreign-derived intangible income | ​ | (0.4) | % | ​ | (1.0) | % | ​ | (0.6) | % | ​
Valuation allowances | ​ | (0.5) | % | ​ | 0.6 | % | ​ | — | % | ​
Other, net |  | — | % | ​ | 0.5 | % | ​ | 0.2 | % | ​
Effective income tax rate |  | 27.3 | % | ​ | 45.7 | % | ​ | 30.0 | % | ​
​ A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in millions):
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 | ​
Balance as of January 1 | ​ | $ | 212.1 | ​ | $ | 162.1 | ​ | $ | 138.6 | ​
Gross increases related to prior year tax positions | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 21.8 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​
Gross decreases related to prior year tax positions | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.2) | ​
Gross increases related to current year tax positions | ​ | ​ | 31.1 | ​ | ​ | 32.9 | ​ | ​ | 26.5 | ​
Settlements | ​ | ​ | (2.5) | ​ | ​ | (3.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Lapse of statute of limitations | ​ | ​ | (1.7) | ​ | ​ | (1.0) | ​ | ​ | (6.2) | ​
Balance as of December 31 |  | $ | 237.5 | ​ | $ | 212.1 | ​ | $ | 162.1 | ​
​ As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $196.6 million, $177.1 million, and $162.1 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, net of federal benefit, which, if recognized in the future, would affect the effective income tax rate. Reductions to unrecognized tax benefits from the lapse of the applicable statutes of limitations and potential audit settlements during the next twelve months are estimated to be approximately $49.9 million. Estimated interest costs and penalties are classified as part of the provision for income taxes in the Company's consolidated statements of income and were $14.3 million, $39.1 million, and $9.7 million, for the periods ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accrued interest and penalties were $88.5 million, $74.4 million and $35.8 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table summarizes the tax years that are either currently under audit or remain open and subject to examination by the tax authorities in the most significant jurisdictions in which Cboe operates: ​
​ | ​ | ​
U.S. Federal |  | 2020-2023
California | ​ | 2015-2023
Illinois |  | 2020-2023
New York |  | 2015-2023
New York City | ​ | 2015-2023
United Kingdom |  | 2020-2023
Netherlands |  | 2017-2023
​ During 2023 the Company reached a settlement with the IRS under which the Company agreed to concede all claimed Section 199 deductions in exchange for concession of the IRS asserted penalties. The Company accordingly remeasured its Section 199 tax reserves and released its reserves associated with penalties and interest thereon during the year.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 946 -SubTopic 20 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 13 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//740/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482526/740-270-50-1 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2 + Details
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