10-Q 1 eqr-10q_20190331.htm 10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-12252 (Equity Residential)

Commission File Number: 0-24920 (ERP Operating Limited Partnership)

EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland (Equity Residential) |  | 13-3675988 (Equity Residential)
Illinois (ERP Operating Limited Partnership) |  | 36-3894853 (ERP Operating Limited Partnership)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Two North Riverside Plaza, Chicago, Illinois 60606 |  | (312) 474-1300
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) |  | (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, $0.01 Par Value (Equity Residential) |  | EQR |  | New York Stock Exchange
7.57% Notes due August 15, 2026 (ERP Operating Limited Partnership) |  | N/A |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Equity Residential Yes ☒ No ☐ | ERP Operating Limited Partnership Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Equity Residential Yes ☒ No ☐ | ERP Operating Limited Partnership Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Equity Residential:

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Small reporting company |  | ☐
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |  |

ERP Operating Limited Partnership:

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Small reporting company |  | ☐
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Equity Residential ☐ | ERP Operating Limited Partnership ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Equity Residential Yes ☐ No ☒ | ERP Operating Limited Partnership Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of EQR Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, $0.01 par value, outstanding on April 30, 2019 was 370,535,630.

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EXPLANATORY NOTE

This report combines the reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019 of Equity Residential and ERP Operating Limited Partnership. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “EQR” mean Equity Residential, a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”), and references to “ERPOP” mean ERP Operating Limited Partnership, an Illinois limited partnership. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” mean collectively EQR, ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by EQR and/or ERPOP. References to the “Operating Partnership” mean collectively ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by ERPOP. The following chart illustrates the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s corporate structure:

EQR is the general partner of, and as of March 31, 2019 owned an approximate 96.4% ownership interest in, ERPOP. The remaining 3.6% interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of ERPOP, EQR has exclusive control of ERPOP’s day-to-day management. Management operates the Company and the Operating Partnership as one business. The management of EQR consists of the same members as the management of ERPOP.

The Company is structured as an umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”) and EQR contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to ERPOP. In return for those contributions, EQR receives a number of OP Units (see definition below) in ERPOP equal to the number of Common Shares it has issued in the equity offering. The Company may acquire properties in transactions that include the issuance of OP Units as consideration for the acquired properties. Such transactions may, in certain circumstances, enable the sellers to defer in whole or in part, the recognition of taxable income or gain that might otherwise result from the sales. This is one of the reasons why the Company is structured in the manner shown above. Based on the terms of ERPOP’s partnership agreement, OP Units can be exchanged with Common Shares on a one-for-one basis because the Company maintains a one-for-one relationship between the OP Units of ERPOP issued to EQR and the outstanding Common Shares.

The Company believes that combining the reports on Form 10-Q of EQR and ERPOP into this single report provides the following benefits:

| • | enhances investors’ understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

| • | eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both the Company and the Operating Partnership; and

| • | creates time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

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The Company believes it is important to understand the few differences between EQR and ERPOP in the contex t of how EQR and ERPOP operate as a consolidated company. All of the Company’s property ownership, development and related business operations are conducted through the Operating Partnership and EQR has no material assets or liabilities other than its inv estment in ERPOP. EQR’s primary function is acting as the general partner of ERPOP. EQR also issues equity from time to time, the net proceeds of which it is obligated to contribute to ERPOP, and guarantees certain debt of ERPOP, as disclosed in this rep ort. EQR does not have any indebtedness as all debt is incurred by the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures. The Operatin g Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for the net procee ds from equity offerings by EQR (which are contributed to the capital of ERPOP in exchange for additional par tnership interests in ERPOP (“OP Units”) (on a one-for-one Common Share per OP Unit basis) or additional preference units in ERPOP (on a one-for-one preferred share per preference unit b asis)), the Operating Partnership generates all remaining capital requ ired by the Company’s business. These sources include the Operating Partnership’s working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facility and/or commercial paper program, the issuance of secured and unsec ured debt and partnership interests, and proceeds received from disposition of certain properties and joint venture interests.

Shareholders’ equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of the Company and those of the Operating Partnership. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership are accounted for as partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in the Company’s financial statements. The noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership’s financial statements include the interests of unaffiliated partners in various consolidated partnerships. The noncontrolling interests in the Company’s financial statements include the same noncontrolling interests at the Operating Partnership level and limited partner OP Unit holders of the Operating Partnership. The differences between shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from differences in the equity issued at the Company and Operating Partnership levels.

To help investors understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report provides separate consolidated financial statements for the Company and the Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity’s debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity or partners’ capital, as applicable; and a combined Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity.

This report also includes separate Part I, Item 4, Controls and Procedures, sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that the Company and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

In order to highlight the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, the separate sections in this report for the Company and the Operating Partnership specifically refer to the Company and the Operating Partnership. In the sections that combine disclosure of the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report refers to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that directly or indirectly enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the Company is one business and the Company operates that business through the Operating Partnership.

As general partner with control of ERPOP, EQR consolidates ERPOP for financial reporting purposes, and EQR essentially has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in ERPOP. Therefore, the assets and liabilities of the Company and the Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements. The separate discussions of the Company and the Operating Partnership in this report should be read in conjunction with each other to understand the results of the Company on a consolidated basis and how management operates the Company.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PAGE
PART I. |
Item 1. Financial Statements of Equity Residential: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 2
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 3 to 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 5 to 7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 8 to 9
Financial Statements of ERP Operating Limited Partnership: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 10
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 11 to 12
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 13 to 15
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Capital for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 16 to 17
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of Equity Residential and ERP Operating Limited Partnership | 18 to 38
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39 to 53
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 53
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 53 to 54
PART II. |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 54
Item 5. Other Information | 54
Item 6. Exhibits | 54

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands except for share amounts)

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 5,918,994 |  |  | $ | 5,875,803 |
Depreciable property |  |  | 20,691,304 |  |  |  | 20,435,901 |
Projects under development |  |  | 135,191 |  |  |  | 109,409 |
Land held for development |  |  | 91,647 |  |  |  | 89,909 |
Investment in real estate |  |  | 26,837,136 |  |  |  | 26,511,022 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (6,900,496 | ) |  |  | (6,696,281 | )
Investment in real estate, net |  |  | 19,936,640 |  |  |  | 19,814,741 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | 62,853 |  |  |  | 58,349 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 29,391 |  |  |  | 47,442 |
Restricted deposits |  |  | 64,115 |  |  |  | 68,871 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 434,683 |  |  |  | — |
Other assets |  |  | 241,129 |  |  |  | 404,806 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,768,811 |  |  | $ | 20,394,209 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 2,671,491 |  |  | $ | 2,385,470 |
Notes, net |  |  | 5,936,335 |  |  |  | 5,933,286 |
Line of credit and commercial paper |  |  | 344,844 |  |  |  | 499,183 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 152,831 |  |  |  | 102,471 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 74,028 |  |  |  | 62,622 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 282,237 |  |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  |  | 321,172 |  |  |  | 358,563 |
Security deposits |  |  | 68,335 |  |  |  | 67,258 |
Distributions payable |  |  | 218,471 |  |  |  | 206,601 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 10,069,744 |  |  |  | 9,615,454 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | 432,562 |  |  |  | 379,106 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 745,600 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  |  | 37,280 |  |  |  | 37,280 |
Common Shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 370,462,401 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and 369,405,161 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 3,705 |  |  |  | 3,694 |
Paid in capital |  |  | 8,925,882 |  |  |  | 8,935,453 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 1,155,032 |  |  |  | 1,261,763 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (75,013 | ) |  |  | (64,986 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 10,046,886 |  |  |  | 10,173,204 |
Noncontrolling Interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Partnership |  |  | 225,081 |  |  |  | 228,738 |
Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (5,462 | ) |  |  | (2,293 | )
Total Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | 219,619 |  |  |  | 226,445 |
Total equity |  |  | 10,266,505 |  |  |  | 10,399,649 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 20,768,811 |  |  | $ | 20,394,209 |

See accompanying notes

2

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 662,302 |  |  | $ | 632,831 |  |
Fee and asset management |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 185 |  |
Total revenues |  |  | 662,494 |  |  |  | 633,016 |  |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and maintenance |  |  | 115,070 |  |  |  | 108,202 |  |
Real estate taxes and insurance |  |  | 91,442 |  |  |  | 91,914 |  |
Property management |  |  | 26,396 |  |  |  | 23,444 |  |
General and administrative |  |  | 15,381 |  |  |  | 16,278 |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |  |
Total expenses |  |  | 452,504 |  |  |  | 436,147 |  |
Net gain (loss) on sales of real estate properties |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 142,213 |  |
Operating income |  |  | 209,969 |  |  |  | 339,082 |  |
Interest and other income |  |  | 581 |  |  |  | 5,880 |  |
Other expenses |  |  | (3,275 | ) |  |  | (3,441 | ) |
Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expense incurred, net |  |  | (94,938 | ) |  |  | (116,104 | ) |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  | (2,136 | ) |  |  | (3,679 | ) |
Income before income and other taxes, income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated entities and net gain (loss) on sales of land parcels |  |  | 110,201 |  |  |  | 221,738 |  |
Income and other tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (238 | ) |  |  | (213 | ) |
Income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | (707 | ) |  |  | (977 | ) |
Net gain (loss) on sales of land parcels |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |
Net income |  |  | 109,257 |  |  |  | 220,548 |  |
Net (income) loss attributable to Noncontrolling Interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Partnership |  |  | (3,919 | ) |  |  | (8,059 | ) |
Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | ) |
Net income attributable to controlling interests |  |  | 104,539 |  |  |  | 211,809 |  |
Preferred distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | ) |
Net income available to Common Shares |  | $ | 103,766 |  |  | $ | 211,036 |  |
Earnings per share – basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to Common Shares |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |
Weighted average Common Shares outstanding |  |  | 369,558 |  |  |  | 367,800 |  |
Earnings per share – diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to Common Shares |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |
Weighted average Common Shares outstanding |  |  | 385,184 |  |  |  | 383,018 |  |

See accompanying notes

3

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (14,420 | ) |  |  | 6,087 |  |
Losses reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income |  |  | 4,393 |  |  |  | 4,791 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (10,027 | ) |  |  | 10,878 |  |
Comprehensive income |  |  | 99,230 |  |  |  | 231,426 |  |
Comprehensive (income) attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | (4,353 | ) |  |  | (9,139 | ) |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interests |  | $ | 94,877 |  |  | $ | 222,287 |  |

See accompanying notes

4

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  | 2,136 |  |  |  | 3,679 |
Amortization of above/below market lease intangibles |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 1,098 |
Amortization of discounts and premiums on debt |  |  | 1,418 |  |  |  | 1,532 |
Amortization of deferred settlements on derivative instruments |  |  | 4,390 |  |  |  | 4,788 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 4,022 |  |  |  | — |
Write-off of pursuit costs |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 931 |
(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | 707 |  |  |  | 977 |
Distributions from unconsolidated entities – return on capital |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | 615 |
Net (gain) loss on sales of real estate properties |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (142,213 | )
Net (gain) loss on sales of land parcels |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |
Net (gain) loss on debt extinguishment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,110 |
Compensation paid with Company Common Shares |  |  | 9,806 |  |  |  | 10,278 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in other assets |  |  | (14,325 | ) |  |  | (15,396 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 63,789 |  |  |  | 48,997 |
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable |  |  | 11,406 |  |  |  | 11,718 |
Increase (decrease) in lease liabilities |  |  | (554 | ) |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | (25,942 | ) |  |  | (4,692 | )
Increase (decrease) in security deposits |  |  | 1,077 |  |  |  | (261 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 373,545 |  |  |  | 361,018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in real estate – acquisitions |  |  | (258,938 | ) |  |  | (54,134 | )
Investment in real estate – development/other |  |  | (45,327 | ) |  |  | (40,813 | )
Capital expenditures to real estate |  |  | (34,018 | ) |  |  | (36,747 | )
Non-real estate capital additions |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  |  | (1,191 | )
Interest capitalized for real estate under development |  |  | (1,202 | ) |  |  | (1,688 | )
Proceeds from disposition of real estate, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 284,670 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | (6,281 | ) |  |  | (2,799 | )
Purchase of investment securities and other investments |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities |  |  | (347,035 | ) |  |  | 147,298 |

See accompanying notes

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt financing costs |  | $ | (1,492 | ) |  | $ | (4,345 | )
Mortgage notes payable, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds |  |  | 288,120 |  |  |  | — |
Lump sum payoffs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (725,639 | )
Scheduled principal repayments |  |  | (1,619 | ) |  |  | (1,720 | )
Net gain (loss) on debt extinguishment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,110 | )
Notes, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 497,010 |
Line of credit and commercial paper: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Line of credit proceeds |  |  | 1,995,000 |  |  |  | 415,000 |
Line of credit repayments |  |  | (1,995,000 | ) |  |  | (415,000 | )
Commercial paper proceeds |  |  | 3,985,661 |  |  |  | 1,107,561 |
Commercial paper repayments |  |  | (4,140,000 | ) |  |  | (1,173,000 | )
Proceeds from (payments on) settlement of derivative instruments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,638 |
Proceeds from Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Proceeds from exercise of options |  |  | 29,860 |  |  |  | 1,600 |
Payment of offering costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26 | )
Contributions – Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Contributions – Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Distributions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Shares |  |  | (199,749 | ) |  |  | (185,484 | )
Preferred Shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | (773 | )
Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | (7,256 | ) |  |  | (6,666 | )
Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (3,968 | ) |  |  | (4,220 | )
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities |  |  | (49,317 | ) |  |  | (514,367 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits |  |  | (22,807 | ) |  |  | (6,051 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, beginning of period |  |  | 116,313 |  |  |  | 100,762 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  | $ | 93,506 |  |  | $ | 94,711 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 29,391 |  |  | $ | 44,453 |
Restricted deposits |  |  | 64,115 |  |  |  | 50,258 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  | $ | 93,506 |  |  | $ | 94,711 |

See accompanying notes

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized |  | $ | 74,777 |  |  | $ | 96,404 |
Net cash paid for income and other taxes |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 462 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | 603 |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | 2,084 |
Notes, net |  | $ | 1,117 |  |  | $ | 992 |
Amortization of discounts and premiums on debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 736 |  |  | $ | 897 |
Notes, net |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | 635 |
Amortization of deferred settlements on derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | $ | 4,393 |  |  | $ | 4,791 |
Write-off of pursuit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in real estate, net |  | $ | 1,437 |  |  | $ | 931 |
Other assets |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |
(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 627 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 350 |
Realized/unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | (9,132 | )
Notes, net |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | (2,289 | )
Other liabilities |  | $ | 11,828 |  |  | $ | 5,334 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | $ | (14,420 | ) |  | $ | 6,087 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  | $ | (5,561 | ) |  | $ | (2,079 | )
Other liabilities |  | $ | (720 | ) |  | $ | (720 | )
Debt financing costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | (1,632 | ) |  | $ | — |
Notes, net |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (4,345 | )
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities initial measurement and reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | (438,705 | ) |  | $ | — |
Other assets |  | $ | 184,116 |  |  | $ | — |
Lease liabilities |  | $ | 282,791 |  |  | $ | — |
Other liabilities |  | $ | (28,202 | ) |  | $ | — |

See accompanying notes

7

Table of Contents

EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PREFERRED SHARES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
COMMON SHARES, $0.01 PAR VALUE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 3,694 |  |  | $ | 3,680 |
Conversion of OP Units into Common Shares |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
Exercise of share options |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |
Share-based employee compensation expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted shares |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 3,705 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |
PAID IN CAPITAL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 8,935,453 |  |  | $ | 8,886,586 |
Common Share Issuance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of OP Units into Common Shares |  |  | 4,785 |  |  |  | 134 |
Exercise of share options |  |  | 29,853 |  |  |  | 1,599 |
Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Share-based employee compensation expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted shares |  |  | 4,576 |  |  |  | 2,622 |
Share options |  |  | 793 |  |  |  | 7,338 |
ESPP discount |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 297 |
Offering costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26 | )
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) |  |  | (602 | ) |  |  | 83 |
Change in market value of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | (55,021 | ) |  |  | 12,831 |
Adjustment for Noncontrolling Interests ownership in Operating Partnership |  |  | 4,652 |  |  |  | (2,839 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 8,925,882 |  |  | $ | 8,910,306 |
RETAINED EARNINGS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 1,261,763 |  |  | $ | 1,403,530 |
Net income attributable to controlling interests |  |  | 104,539 |  |  |  | 211,809 |
Common Share distributions |  |  | (210,497 | ) |  |  | (198,928 | )
Preferred Share distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,155,032 |  |  | $ | 1,415,638 |
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | (64,986 | ) |  | $ | (88,612 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (14,420 | ) |  |  | 6,087 |
Losses reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income |  |  | 4,393 |  |  |  | 4,791 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (75,013 | ) |  | $ | (77,734 | )
DISTRIBUTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributions declared per Common Share outstanding |  | $ | 0.5675 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |

See accompanying notes

8

Table of Contents

EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OPERATING PARTNERSHIP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 228,738 |  |  | $ | 226,691 |
Issuance of restricted units to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Conversion of OP Units held by Noncontrolling Interests into OP Units held by General Partner |  |  | (4,787 | ) |  |  | (134 | )
Equity compensation associated with Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | 7,903 |  |  |  | 4,803 |
Net income attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | 3,919 |  |  |  | 8,059 |
Distributions to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | (7,605 | ) |  |  | (7,188 | )
Change in carrying value of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | 1,565 |  |  |  | (443 | )
Adjustment for Noncontrolling Interests ownership in Operating Partnership |  |  | (4,652 | ) |  |  | 2,839 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 225,081 |  |  | $ | 234,628 |
PARTIALLY OWNED PROPERTIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | (2,293 | ) |  | $ | 4,708 |
Net income attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | 680 |
Contributions by Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Distributions to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | (3,968 | ) |  |  | (4,220 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (5,462 | ) |  | $ | 1,293 |

See accompanying notes

9

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LI MITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 5,918,994 |  |  | $ | 5,875,803 |
Depreciable property |  |  | 20,691,304 |  |  |  | 20,435,901 |
Projects under development |  |  | 135,191 |  |  |  | 109,409 |
Land held for development |  |  | 91,647 |  |  |  | 89,909 |
Investment in real estate |  |  | 26,837,136 |  |  |  | 26,511,022 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (6,900,496 | ) |  |  | (6,696,281 | )
Investment in real estate, net |  |  | 19,936,640 |  |  |  | 19,814,741 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | 62,853 |  |  |  | 58,349 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 29,391 |  |  |  | 47,442 |
Restricted deposits |  |  | 64,115 |  |  |  | 68,871 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 434,683 |  |  |  | — |
Other assets |  |  | 241,129 |  |  |  | 404,806 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,768,811 |  |  | $ | 20,394,209 |
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 2,671,491 |  |  | $ | 2,385,470 |
Notes, net |  |  | 5,936,335 |  |  |  | 5,933,286 |
Line of credit and commercial paper |  |  | 344,844 |  |  |  | 499,183 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 152,831 |  |  |  | 102,471 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 74,028 |  |  |  | 62,622 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 282,237 |  |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  |  | 321,172 |  |  |  | 358,563 |
Security deposits |  |  | 68,335 |  |  |  | 67,258 |
Distributions payable |  |  | 218,471 |  |  |  | 206,601 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 10,069,744 |  |  |  | 9,615,454 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable Limited Partners |  |  | 432,562 |  |  |  | 379,106 |
Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partners’ Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preference Units |  |  | 37,280 |  |  |  | 37,280 |
General Partner |  |  | 10,084,619 |  |  |  | 10,200,910 |
Limited Partners |  |  | 225,081 |  |  |  | 228,738 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (75,013 | ) |  |  | (64,986 | )
Total partners’ capital |  |  | 10,271,967 |  |  |  | 10,401,942 |
Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (5,462 | ) |  |  | (2,293 | )
Total capital |  |  | 10,266,505 |  |  |  | 10,399,649 |
Total liabilities and capital |  | $ | 20,768,811 |  |  | $ | 20,394,209 |

See accompanying notes

10

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands except per Unit data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 662,302 |  |  | $ | 632,831 |  |
Fee and asset management |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 185 |  |
Total revenues |  |  | 662,494 |  |  |  | 633,016 |  |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and maintenance |  |  | 115,070 |  |  |  | 108,202 |  |
Real estate taxes and insurance |  |  | 91,442 |  |  |  | 91,914 |  |
Property management |  |  | 26,396 |  |  |  | 23,444 |  |
General and administrative |  |  | 15,381 |  |  |  | 16,278 |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |  |
Total expenses |  |  | 452,504 |  |  |  | 436,147 |  |
Net gain (loss) on sales of real estate properties |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 142,213 |  |
Operating income |  |  | 209,969 |  |  |  | 339,082 |  |
Interest and other income |  |  | 581 |  |  |  | 5,880 |  |
Other expenses |  |  | (3,275 | ) |  |  | (3,441 | ) |
Interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expense incurred, net |  |  | (94,938 | ) |  |  | (116,104 | ) |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  | (2,136 | ) |  |  | (3,679 | ) |
Income before income and other taxes, income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated entities and net gain (loss) on sales of land parcels |  |  | 110,201 |  |  |  | 221,738 |  |
Income and other tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (238 | ) |  |  | (213 | ) |
Income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | (707 | ) |  |  | (977 | ) |
Net gain (loss) on sales of land parcels |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |
Net income |  |  | 109,257 |  |  |  | 220,548 |  |
Net (income) loss attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | ) |
Net income attributable to controlling interests |  | $ | 108,458 |  |  | $ | 219,868 |  |
ALLOCATION OF NET INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preference Units |  | $ | 773 |  |  | $ | 773 |  |
General Partner |  | $ | 103,766 |  |  | $ | 211,036 |  |
Limited Partners |  |  | 3,919 |  |  |  | 8,059 |  |
Net income available to Units |  | $ | 107,685 |  |  | $ | 219,095 |  |
Earnings per Unit – basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to Units |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |
Weighted average Units outstanding |  |  | 382,477 |  |  |  | 380,663 |  |
Earnings per Unit – diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to Units |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |
Weighted average Units outstanding |  |  | 385,184 |  |  |  | 383,018 |  |

See accompanying notes

11

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands except per Unit data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) – derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (14,420 | ) |  |  | 6,087 |  |
Losses reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income |  |  | 4,393 |  |  |  | 4,791 |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (10,027 | ) |  |  | 10,878 |  |
Comprehensive income |  |  | 99,230 |  |  |  | 231,426 |  |
Comprehensive (income) attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | ) |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interests |  | $ | 98,431 |  |  | $ | 230,746 |  |

See accompanying notes

12

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  | 2,136 |  |  |  | 3,679 |
Amortization of above/below market lease intangibles |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 1,098 |
Amortization of discounts and premiums on debt |  |  | 1,418 |  |  |  | 1,532 |
Amortization of deferred settlements on derivative instruments |  |  | 4,390 |  |  |  | 4,788 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 4,022 |  |  |  | — |
Write-off of pursuit costs |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 931 |
(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | 707 |  |  |  | 977 |
Distributions from unconsolidated entities – return on capital |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | 615 |
Net (gain) loss on sales of real estate properties |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (142,213 | )
Net (gain) loss on sales of land parcels |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |
Net (gain) loss on debt extinguishment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,110 |
Compensation paid with Company Common Shares |  |  | 9,806 |  |  |  | 10,278 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in other assets |  |  | (14,325 | ) |  |  | (15,396 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 63,789 |  |  |  | 48,997 |
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable |  |  | 11,406 |  |  |  | 11,718 |
Increase (decrease) in lease liabilities |  |  | (554 | ) |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | (25,942 | ) |  |  | (4,692 | )
Increase (decrease) in security deposits |  |  | 1,077 |  |  |  | (261 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 373,545 |  |  |  | 361,018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in real estate – acquisitions |  |  | (258,938 | ) |  |  | (54,134 | )
Investment in real estate – development/other |  |  | (45,327 | ) |  |  | (40,813 | )
Capital expenditures to real estate |  |  | (34,018 | ) |  |  | (36,747 | )
Non-real estate capital additions |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  |  | (1,191 | )
Interest capitalized for real estate under development |  |  | (1,202 | ) |  |  | (1,688 | )
Proceeds from disposition of real estate, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 284,670 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  |  | (6,281 | ) |  |  | (2,799 | )
Purchase of investment securities and other investments |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities |  |  | (347,035 | ) |  |  | 147,298 |

See accompanying notes

13

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt financing costs |  | $ | (1,492 | ) |  | $ | (4,345 | )
Mortgage notes payable, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds |  |  | 288,120 |  |  |  | — |
Lump sum payoffs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (725,639 | )
Scheduled principal repayments |  |  | (1,619 | ) |  |  | (1,720 | )
Net gain (loss) on debt extinguishment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,110 | )
Notes, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 497,010 |
Line of credit and commercial paper: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Line of credit proceeds |  |  | 1,995,000 |  |  |  | 415,000 |
Line of credit repayments |  |  | (1,995,000 | ) |  |  | (415,000 | )
Commercial paper proceeds |  |  | 3,985,661 |  |  |  | 1,107,561 |
Commercial paper repayments |  |  | (4,140,000 | ) |  |  | (1,173,000 | )
Proceeds from (payments on) settlement of derivative instruments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,638 |
Proceeds from EQR’s Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Proceeds from exercise of EQR options |  |  | 29,860 |  |  |  | 1,600 |
Payment of offering costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26 | )
Contributions – Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Contributions – Limited Partners |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Distributions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OP Units – General Partner |  |  | (199,749 | ) |  |  | (185,484 | )
Preference Units |  |  | — |  |  |  | (773 | )
OP Units – Limited Partners |  |  | (7,256 | ) |  |  | (6,666 | )
Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (3,968 | ) |  |  | (4,220 | )
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities |  |  | (49,317 | ) |  |  | (514,367 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits |  |  | (22,807 | ) |  |  | (6,051 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, beginning of period |  |  | 116,313 |  |  |  | 100,762 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  | $ | 93,506 |  |  | $ | 94,711 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 29,391 |  |  | $ | 44,453 |
Restricted deposits |  |  | 64,115 |  |  |  | 50,258 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits, end of period |  | $ | 93,506 |  |  | $ | 94,711 |

See accompanying notes

14

Table of Contents

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized |  | $ | 74,777 |  |  | $ | 96,404 |
Net cash paid for income and other taxes |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 462 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | 603 |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | 2,084 |
Notes, net |  | $ | 1,117 |  |  | $ | 992 |
Amortization of discounts and premiums on debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 736 |  |  | $ | 897 |
Notes, net |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | 635 |
Amortization of deferred settlements on derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | $ | 4,393 |  |  | $ | 4,791 |
Write-off of pursuit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in real estate, net |  | $ | 1,437 |  |  | $ | 931 |
Other assets |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |
(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 627 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 350 |
Realized/unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | (9,132 | )
Notes, net |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | (2,289 | )
Other liabilities |  | $ | 11,828 |  |  | $ | 5,334 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | $ | (14,420 | ) |  | $ | 6,087 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in unconsolidated entities |  | $ | (5,561 | ) |  | $ | (2,079 | )
Other liabilities |  | $ | (720 | ) |  | $ | (720 | )
Debt financing costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | (1,632 | ) |  | $ | — |
Notes, net |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (4,345 | )
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities initial measurement and reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | (438,705 | ) |  | $ | — |
Other assets |  | $ | 184,116 |  |  | $ | — |
Lease liabilities |  | $ | 282,791 |  |  | $ | — |
Other liabilities |  | $ | (28,202 | ) |  | $ | — |

See accompanying notes

15

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ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN CAPITAL

(Amounts in thousands except per Unit data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
PARTNERS’ CAPITAL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PREFERENCE UNITS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
GENERAL PARTNER |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 10,200,910 |  |  | $ | 10,293,796 |
OP Unit Issuance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of OP Units held by Limited Partners into OP Units held by General Partner |  |  | 4,787 |  |  |  | 134 |
Exercise of EQR share options |  |  | 29,860 |  |  |  | 1,600 |
EQR’s Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Share-based employee compensation expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EQR restricted shares |  |  | 4,578 |  |  |  | 2,623 |
EQR share options |  |  | 793 |  |  |  | 7,338 |
EQR ESPP discount |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 297 |
Net income available to Units – General Partner |  |  | 103,766 |  |  |  | 211,036 |
OP Units – General Partner distributions |  |  | (210,497 | ) |  |  | (198,928 | )
Offering costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26 | )
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) |  |  | (602 | ) |  |  | 83 |
Change in market value of Redeemable Limited Partners |  |  | (55,021 | ) |  |  | 12,831 |
Adjustment for Limited Partners ownership in Operating Partnership |  |  | 4,652 |  |  |  | (2,839 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 10,084,619 |  |  | $ | 10,329,626 |
LIMITED PARTNERS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 228,738 |  |  | $ | 226,691 |
Issuance of restricted units to Limited Partners |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Conversion of OP Units held by Limited Partners into OP Units held by General Partner |  |  | (4,787 | ) |  |  | (134 | )
Equity compensation associated with Units – Limited Partners |  |  | 7,903 |  |  |  | 4,803 |
Net income available to Units – Limited Partners |  |  | 3,919 |  |  |  | 8,059 |
Units – Limited Partners distributions |  |  | (7,605 | ) |  |  | (7,188 | )
Change in carrying value of Redeemable Limited Partners |  |  | 1,565 |  |  |  | (443 | )
Adjustment for Limited Partners ownership in Operating Partnership |  |  | (4,652 | ) |  |  | 2,839 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 225,081 |  |  | $ | 234,628 |
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | (64,986 | ) |  | $ | (88,612 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (14,420 | ) |  |  | 6,087 |
Losses reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income |  |  | 4,393 |  |  |  | 4,791 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (75,013 | ) |  | $ | (77,734 | )
DISTRIBUTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributions declared per Unit outstanding |  | $ | 0.5675 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |

See accompanying notes

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ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN CAPITAL (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands except per Unit data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS – PARTIALLY OWNED PROPERTIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | (2,293 | ) |  | $ | 4,708 |
Net income attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | 680 |
Contributions by Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |
Distributions to Noncontrolling Interests |  |  | (3,968 | ) |  |  | (4,220 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (5,462 | ) |  | $ | 1,293 |

See accompanying notes

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EQUITY RESIDENTIAL

ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. | Business

Equity Residential (“EQR”) is an S&P 500 company focused on the acquisition, development and management of rental apartment properties located in urban and high-density suburban markets, a business that is conducted on its behalf by ERP Operating Limited Partnership (“ERPOP”). EQR is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed in March 1993 and ERPOP is an Illinois limited partnership formed in May 1993. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” mean collectively EQR, ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by EQR and/or ERPOP. References to the “Operating Partnership” mean collectively ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by ERPOP. Unless otherwise indicated, the notes to consolidated financial statements apply to both the Company and the Operating Partnership.

EQR is the general partner of, and as of March 31, 2019 owned an approximate 96.4% ownership interest in, ERPOP. All of the Company’s property ownership, development and related business operations are conducted through the Operating Partnership and EQR has no material assets or liabilities other than its investment in ERPOP. EQR issues public equity from time to time, the net proceeds of which it is obligated to contribute to ERPOP, but does not have any indebtedness as all debt is incurred by the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company, directly or indirectly through investments in title holding entities, owned all or a portion of 310 properties located in 11 states and the District of Columbia consisting of 80,061 apartment units. The ownership breakdown includes (table does not include various uncompleted development properties):

|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |
Wholly Owned Properties |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 75,419 |
Master-Leased Properties – Consolidated |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 162 |
Partially Owned Properties – Consolidated |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 3,535 |
Partially Owned Properties – Unconsolidated |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 945 |
|  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 80,061 |

2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) and certain reclassifications considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period financial statements in order to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not have an impact on net income previously reported. Operating results for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019.

In preparation of the Company’s financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

The balance sheets at December 31, 2018 have been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements.

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For further information, inc luding definitions of capitalized terms not defined herein, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Income and Other Taxes

Due to the structure of EQR as a REIT and the nature of the operations of its operating properties, no provision for federal income taxes has been made at the EQR level. In addition, ERPOP generally is not liable for federal income taxes as the partners recognize their proportionate share of income or loss in their tax returns; therefore no provision for federal income taxes has been made at the ERPOP level. Historically, the Company has generally only incurred certain state and local income, excise and franchise taxes. The Company has elected taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) status for certain of its corporate subsidiaries and as a result, these entities may incur both federal and state income taxes on any taxable income of such entities after consideration of any net operating losses.

In December 2017, H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), became law. As of March 31, 2019, the Tax Act did not have a material impact on our REIT or subsidiary entities, our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT or on our results of operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new standard which requires companies to adopt a new approach for estimating credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, such as trade and other receivables and loans. The standard requires entities to estimate a lifetime expected credit loss for most financial instruments, including trade receivables. In November 2018, the FASB issued an amendment excluding operating lease receivables accounted for under the new leases standard from the scope of the new credit losses standard. The new standard will be effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued a comprehensive new revenue recognition standard entitled Revenue from Contracts with Customers that superseded nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance. The new standard specifically excludes lease revenue. The new standard’s core principle is that a company recognizes revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Companies will likely need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under previous revenue recognition guidance. These may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration, if any, to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The new standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or prospectively with the cumulative effect, if any, recognized as of the date of adoption. The Company selected the modified retrospective transition method as of the date of adoption as required effective January 1, 2018. Approximately 94% of rental income consists of revenue from leasing arrangements, which is specifically excluded from the standard. The Company analyzed its remaining revenue streams, inclusive of fee and asset management and gains and losses on sales, and concluded these revenue streams have the same timing and pattern of revenue recognition under the new guidance, and therefore the Company had no changes in revenue recognition with the adoption of the new standard. As such, adoption of the standard did not result in a cumulative adjustment recognized as of January 1, 2018, and the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, equity/capital or cash flows.

For the remaining approximately 6% of rental income that is subject to the new revenue recognition standard, the Company’s disaggregated revenue streams are disclosed in the table included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and are comparable with the percentage of rental income for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. These revenue streams have the same timing and pattern of revenue recognition across our reportable segments, with consistent allocations between the leasing and revenue recognition standards.

Additionally, as part of the new revenue recognition standard, the FASB issued amendments related to partial sales of real estate. Adoption of the new partial sales standard did not result in a change of accounting for the Company related to its disposition process. We concluded that the Company’s typical dispositions will continue to meet the criteria for sale and associated profit recognition under both new standards.

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In February 2016, the FASB issued a ne w leases standard which sets out principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessors and lessees). The new standard requires the following:

| • | Lessors – Leases are accounted for using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for operating, sales-type and financing leases, but aligned with the new revenue recognition standard. Lessors are required to allocate lease payments to separate lease and non-lease components of each lease agreement, with the non-lease components evaluated under the new revenue recognition standard.

| • | Lessees – Leases are accounted for using a dual approach, classifying leases as either operating or finance based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification determines whether the lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease (for operating leases) or based on an effective interest method (for finance leases). A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on its balance sheet for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification as operating or finance leases. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases.

The Company adopted this new standard as required effective January 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective method and the Company applied the new guidance as of the adoption date and elected certain practical expedients, as described below. The standard impacted our consolidated balance sheets but did not impact our consolidated statements of operations. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities where the Company is the lessee were recognized for various corporate office leases and ground leases. The Company recorded ROU assets and related lease liabilities to its opening balance sheet upon adoption on January 1, 2019 of $434.2 million and $278.3 million, respectively. The Company calculated the net present value of the lease liabilities on January 1, 2019 and reclassed the following amounts from other assets and other liabilities to record our initial ROU assets (amounts in thousands):

|  | January 1, 2019 |  |  | Balance Sheet Reclass:
Initial lease liabilities |  | $ | 278,287 |  |  |
Reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid ground leases |  |  | 17,886 |  |  | Other Assets
Ground lease intangibles – below market, net |  |  | 166,230 |  |  | Other Assets
Ground lease intangibles – above market, net |  |  | (2,110 | ) |  | Other Liabilities
Straight-line rent liabilities (1) |  |  | (26,092 | ) |  | Other Liabilities
Initial right-of-use assets |  | $ | 434,201 |  |  |

(1) | Straight-line rent liabilities relate to corporate office leases and certain ground leases.

In July 2018, the FASB issued an amendment to the new leases standard, which includes a practical expedient that provides lessors an option not to separate lease and non-lease components when certain criteria are met and instead account for those components as a single component under the new leases standard. The amendment also provides a transition option that permits the application of the new guidance as of the adoption date rather than to all periods presented. The Company elected the practical expedient to account for both its lease and non-lease components as a single component under the leases standard and elected the new transition option as of the date of adoption effective January 1, 2019. See Note 8 for additional discussion regarding the new lease standard.

In August 2017, the FASB issued a final standard which makes changes to the hedge accounting model to enable entities to better portray their risk management activities in the financial statements. The new standard expands an entity’s ability to hedge nonfinancial and financial risk components, reduces complexity in fair value hedges of interest rate risk and eases certain documentation and assessment requirements. The new standard also eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and generally requires the entire change in the fair value of any hedging instrument to be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged instrument. The Company adopted this new standard as required effective January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations or financial position.

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3. | Equity, Capital and Other Interests

Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests of Equity Residential

The following tables present the changes in the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Shares and “Units” (which includes OP Units and restricted units) for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Common Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Shares outstanding at January 1, |  |  | 369,405,161 |  |  |  | 368,018,082 |
Common Shares Issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of OP Units |  |  | 184,878 |  |  |  | 5,000 |
Exercise of share options |  |  | 709,071 |  |  |  | 45,391 |
Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 18,901 |  |  |  | 35,177 |
Restricted share grants, net |  |  | 144,390 |  |  |  | 108,261 |
Common Shares outstanding at March 31, |  |  | 370,462,401 |  |  |  | 368,211,911 |
Units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Units outstanding at January 1, |  |  | 13,904,035 |  |  |  | 13,768,438 |
Restricted unit grants, net |  |  | 133,214 |  |  |  | 263,048 |
Conversion of OP Units to Common Shares |  |  | (184,878 | ) |  |  | (5,000 | )
Units outstanding at March 31, |  |  | 13,852,371 |  |  |  | 14,026,486 |
Total Common Shares and Units outstanding at March 31, |  |  | 384,314,772 |  |  |  | 382,238,397 |
Units Ownership Interest in Operating Partnership |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 3.7 | %

The equity positions of various individuals and entities that contributed their properties to the Operating Partnership in exchange for OP Units, as well as the equity positions of the holders of restricted units, are collectively referred to as the “Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership”. Subject to certain exceptions (including the “book-up” requirements of restricted units), the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership may exchange their Units with EQR for Common Shares on a one-for-one basis. The carrying value of the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership (including redeemable interests) is allocated based on the number of Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units in total in proportion to the number of Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units in total plus the number of Common Shares. Net income is allocated to the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership based on the weighted average ownership percentage during the period.

The Operating Partnership has the right but not the obligation to make a cash payment instead of issuing Common Shares to any and all holders of Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units requesting an exchange of their OP Units with EQR. Once the Operating Partnership elects not to redeem the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units for cash, EQR is obligated to deliver Common Shares to the exchanging holder of the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units.

The Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units are classified as either mezzanine equity or permanent equity. If EQR is required, either by contract or securities law, to deliver registered Common Shares, such Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership are differentiated and referred to as “Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership”. Instruments that require settlement in registered shares cannot be classified in permanent equity as it is not always completely within an issuer’s control to deliver registered shares. Therefore, settlement in cash is assumed and that responsibility for settlement in cash is deemed to fall to the Operating Partnership as the primary source of cash for EQR, resulting in presentation in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet. The Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership are adjusted to the greater of carrying value or fair market value based on the Common Share price of EQR at the end of each respective reporting period. EQR has the ability to deliver unregistered Common Shares for the remaining portion of the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units that are classified in permanent equity at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The carrying value of the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership is allocated based on the number of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units in proportion to the number of Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units in total. Such percentage of the total carrying value of Units which is ascribed to the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership is then adjusted to the greater of carrying value or fair market value as described above. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership have a redemption value of approximately $432.6 million and $354.6 million, respectively, which represents the value of Common Shares that would be issued in exchange for the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership Units.

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The following table presents the changes in the redemption value of the Redeemable Noncontrolling Intere sts – Operating Partnership for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in thousands):

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Balance at January 1, |  | $ | 379,106 |  |  | $ | 366,955 |
Change in market value |  |  | 55,021 |  |  |  | (12,831 | )
Change in carrying value |  |  | (1,565 | ) |  |  | 443 |
Balance at March 31, |  | $ | 432,562 |  |  | $ | 354,567 |

Net proceeds from EQR Common Share and Preferred Share (see definition below) offerings are contributed by EQR to ERPOP. In return for those contributions, EQR receives a number of OP Units in ERPOP equal to the number of Common Shares it has issued in the equity offering (or in the case of a preferred equity offering, a number of preference units in ERPOP equal in number and having the same terms as the Preferred Shares issued in the equity offering). As a result, the net offering proceeds from Common Shares and Preferred Shares are allocated between shareholders’ equity and Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership to account for the change in their respective percentage ownership of the underlying equity of ERPOP.

The Company’s declaration of trust authorizes it to issue up to 100,000,000 preferred shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value per share (the “Preferred Shares”), with specific rights, preferences and other attributes as the Board of Trustees may determine, which may include preferences, powers and rights that are senior to the rights of holders of the Company’s Common Shares.

The following table presents the Company’s issued and outstanding Preferred Shares as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amounts in thousands |
|  |  |  | Annual |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Call |  | Dividend Per |  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | Date (1) |  | Share (2) |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Preferred Shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
8.29% Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred; liquidation value $50 per share; 745,600 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | 12/10/26 |  | $ | 4.145 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |

(1) | On or after the call date, redeemable preferred shares may be redeemed for cash at the option of the Company, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the liquidation price per share, plus accrued and unpaid distributions, if any.

(2) | Dividends on Preferred Shares are payable quarterly.

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Capital and Redeemable Limited Partners of ERP Operating Limited Partnership

The following tables present the changes in the Operating Partnership’s issued and outstanding Units and in the limited partners’ Units for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
General and Limited Partner Units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and Limited Partner Units outstanding at January 1, |  |  | 383,309,196 |  |  |  | 381,786,520 |
Issued to General Partner: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of EQR share options |  |  | 709,071 |  |  |  | 45,391 |
EQR’s Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) |  |  | 18,901 |  |  |  | 35,177 |
EQR’s restricted share grants, net |  |  | 144,390 |  |  |  | 108,261 |
Issued to Limited Partners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted unit grants, net |  |  | 133,214 |  |  |  | 263,048 |
General and Limited Partner Units outstanding at March 31, |  |  | 384,314,772 |  |  |  | 382,238,397 |
Limited Partner Units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited Partner Units outstanding at January 1, |  |  | 13,904,035 |  |  |  | 13,768,438 |
Limited Partner restricted unit grants, net |  |  | 133,214 |  |  |  | 263,048 |
Conversion of Limited Partner OP Units to EQR Common Shares |  |  | (184,878 | ) |  |  | (5,000 | )
Limited Partner Units outstanding at March 31, |  |  | 13,852,371 |  |  |  | 14,026,486 |
Limited Partner Units Ownership Interest in Operating Partnership |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 3.7 | %

The Limited Partners of the Operating Partnership as of March 31, 2019 include various individuals and entities that contributed their properties to the Operating Partnership in exchange for OP Units, as well as the equity positions of the holders of restricted units. Subject to certain exceptions (including the “book-up” requirements of restricted units), Limited Partners may exchange their Units with EQR for Common Shares on a one-for-one basis. The carrying value of the Limited Partner Units (including redeemable interests) is allocated based on the number of Limited Partner Units in total in proportion to the number of Limited Partner Units in total plus the number of General Partner Units. Net income is allocated to the Limited Partner Units based on the weighted average ownership percentage during the period.

The Operating Partnership has the right but not the obligation to make a cash payment instead of issuing Common Shares to any and all holders of Limited Partner Units requesting an exchange of their OP Units with EQR. Once the Operating Partnership elects not to redeem the Limited Partner Units for cash, EQR is obligated to deliver Common Shares to the exchanging limited partner.

The Limited Partner Units are classified as either mezzanine equity or permanent equity. If EQR is required, either by contract or securities law, to deliver registered Common Shares, such Limited Partner Units are differentiated and referred to as “Redeemable Limited Partner Units”. Instruments that require settlement in registered shares cannot be classified in permanent equity as it is not always completely within an issuer’s control to deliver registered shares. Therefore, settlement in cash is assumed and that responsibility for settlement in cash is deemed to fall to the Operating Partnership as the primary source of cash for EQR, resulting in presentation in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet. The Redeemable Limited Partner Units are adjusted to the greater of carrying value or fair market value based on the Common Share price of EQR at the end of each respective reporting period. EQR has the ability to deliver unregistered Common Shares for the remaining portion of the Limited Partner Units that are classified in permanent equity at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The carrying value of the Redeemable Limited Partner Units is allocated based on the number of Redeemable Limited Partner Units in proportion to the number of Limited Partner Units in total. Such percentage of the total carrying value of Limited Partner Units which is ascribed to the Redeemable Limited Partner Units is then adjusted to the greater of carrying value or fair market value as described above. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Redeemable Limited Partner Units have a redemption value of approximately $432.6 million and $354.6 million, respectively, which represents the value of Common Shares that would be issued in exchange for the Redeemable Limited Partner Units.

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The following table presents the changes in the redemption value of the Redeemable Limited Partners for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in thousands):

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Balance at January 1, |  | $ | 379,106 |  |  | $ | 366,955 |
Change in market value |  |  | 55,021 |  |  |  | (12,831 | )
Change in carrying value |  |  | (1,565 | ) |  |  | 443 |
Balance at March 31, |  | $ | 432,562 |  |  | $ | 354,567 |

EQR contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings (including proceeds from exercise of options for Common Shares) to ERPOP. In return for those contributions, EQR receives a number of OP Units in ERPOP equal to the number of Common Shares it has issued in the equity offering (or in the case of a preferred equity offering, a number of preference units in ERPOP equal in number and having the same terms as the preferred shares issued in the equity offering).

The following table presents the Operating Partnership’s issued and outstanding “Preference Units” as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amounts in thousands |
|  |  |  | Annual |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Call |  | Dividend Per |  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | Date (1) |  | Unit (2) |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Preference Units: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
8.29% Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preference Units; liquidation value $50 per unit; 745,600 units issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | 12/10/26 |  | $ | 4.145 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,280 |  |  | $ | 37,280 |

(1) | On or after the call date, redeemable preference units may be redeemed for cash at the option of the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the liquidation price per unit, plus accrued and unpaid distributions, if any, in conjunction with the concurrent redemption of the corresponding Company Preferred Shares.

(2) | Dividends on Preference Units are payable quarterly.

Other

The Company has an At-The-Market (“ATM”) share offering program which allows EQR to sell Common Shares from time to time into the existing trading market at current market prices as well as through negotiated transactions. Per the terms of ERPOP’s partnership agreement, EQR contributes the net proceeds from all equity offerings to the capital of ERPOP in exchange for additional OP Units (on a one-for-one Common Share per OP Unit basis). The program currently has a maturity of June 28, 2019. EQR has the authority to issue 13.0 million shares but has not issued any shares under this program since September 2012.

The Company may repurchase up to 13.0 million Common Shares under its share repurchase program. No open market repurchases have occurred since 2008 and no repurchases of any kind have occurred since February 2014. As of March 31, 2019, EQR has remaining authorization to repurchase up to 13.0 million of its shares under the repurchase program.

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4. | Real Estate

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts for the Company’s investment in real estate (at cost) as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Land |  | $ | 5,918,994 |  |  | $ | 5,875,803 |
Depreciable property: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buildings and improvements |  |  | 18,440,716 |  |  |  | 18,232,625 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  |  | 1,761,906 |  |  |  | 1,722,231 |
In-Place lease intangibles |  |  | 488,682 |  |  |  | 481,045 |
Projects under development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 25,430 |  |  |  | 25,429 |
Construction-in-progress |  |  | 109,761 |  |  |  | 83,980 |
Land held for development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 61,038 |  |  |  | 61,038 |
Construction-in-progress |  |  | 30,609 |  |  |  | 28,871 |
Investment in real estate |  |  | 26,837,136 |  |  |  | 26,511,022 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (6,900,496 | ) |  |  | (6,696,281 | )
Investment in real estate, net |  | $ | 19,936,640 |  |  | $ | 19,814,741 |

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company acquired the entire equity interest in the following from unaffiliated parties (purchase price in thousands):

|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |  | Purchase Price |
Rental Properties – Consolidated (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 579 |  |  | $ | 258,650 |
Total |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 579 |  |  | $ | 258,650 |

(1) | Purchase price includes an allocation of approximately $43.2 million to land and $215.7 million to depreciable property (inclusive of capitalized closing costs).

5. | Commitments to Acquire/Dispose of Real Estate

The Company has entered into a separate agreement to acquire the following (purchase price in thousands):

|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |  | Purchase Price |
Land Parcels (one) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 28,000 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 28,000 |

The Company has entered into separate agreements to dispose of the following (sales price in thousands):

|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |  | Sales Price |
Rental Properties – Consolidated |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  | $ | 282,250 |
Rental Properties – Unconsolidated (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 255,500 |
Land Parcels (one) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,900 |
Total |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | $ | 539,650 |

(1) | The Company has a 20.0% ownership in this property. See Notes 6 and 12 for additional discussion regarding unconsolidated properties.

The closing of pending transactions are subject to certain conditions and restrictions, therefore, there can be no assurance that the transactions will be consummated or that the final terms will not differ in material respects from any agreements summarized above. See Note 14 for discussion of the properties acquired or disposed of, if any, subsequent to March 31, 2019.

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6. | Investments in Partially Owned Entities

The Company has co-invested in various properties with unrelated third parties which are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method of accounting (unconsolidated).

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)

In accordance with accounting standards for consolidation of VIEs, the Company consolidates ERPOP on EQR’s financial statements. As the sole general partner of ERPOP, EQR has exclusive control of ERPOP’s day-to-day management. The limited partners are not able to exercise substantive kick-out or participating rights. As a result, ERPOP qualifies as a VIE. EQR has a controlling financial interest in ERPOP and, thus, is ERPOP’s primary beneficiary. EQR has the power to direct the activities of ERPOP that most significantly impact ERPOP’s economic performance as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from ERPOP that could potentially be significant to ERPOP.

The Company has various equity interests in certain joint ventures owning 17 properties containing 3,535 apartment units. The Company is the general partner or managing member of these joint ventures and is responsible for managing the operations and affairs of the joint ventures as well as making all decisions regarding the businesses of the joint ventures. The limited partners or non-managing members are not able to exercise substantive kick-out or participating rights. As a result, the joint ventures qualify as VIEs. The Company has a controlling financial interest in the VIEs and, thus, is the VIEs’ primary beneficiary. The Company has both the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. As a result, the joint ventures are required to be consolidated on the Company’s financial statements. The consolidated assets and liabilities related to the joint ventures were approximately $694.7 million and $316.1 million, respectively, at March 31, 2019 and approximately $713.6 million and $313.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

The following table and information summarizes the Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as the requirements for consolidation are not met, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands except for ownership percentage):

| March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | Ownership Percentage |
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wisconsin Place Developer (VIE) (1) | $ | 41,828 |  |  | $ | 42,365 |  |  | 33.3% |
Operating Properties (Non-VIE) (2) |  | 10,207 |  |  |  | 10,494 |  |  | 20.0% |
Other |  | 10,818 |  |  |  | 5,490 |  |  | Varies |
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities | $ | 62,853 |  |  | $ | 58,349 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Represents an unconsolidated interest in an entity that owns the land underlying one of the consolidated joint venture properties noted above and owns and operates a related parking facility. The joint venture, as a limited partner, does not have substantive kick-out or participating rights in the entity. As a result, the entity qualifies as a VIE. The joint venture does not have a controlling financial interest in the VIE and is not the VIE’s primary beneficiary. The joint venture does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance or the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As a result, the entity that owns the land and owns and operates the parking facility is unconsolidated and recorded using the equity method of accounting.

(2) | Includes two joint ventures under separate agreements with the same partner totaling 945 apartment units.

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7. | Restricted Deposits

The following table presents the Company’s restricted deposits as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Mortgage escrow deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate taxes and insurance |  | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | 876 |
Replacement reserves |  |  | 9,023 |  |  |  | 8,641 |
Mortgage principal reserves/sinking funds |  |  | 11,514 |  |  |  | 9,754 |
Other |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 852 |
Mortgage escrow deposits |  |  | 22,700 |  |  |  | 20,123 |
Restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnest money on pending acquisitions |  |  | 3,125 |  |  |  | 5,000 |
Restricted deposits on real estate investments |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 540 |
Resident security and utility deposits |  |  | 36,213 |  |  |  | 35,659 |
Other |  |  | 1,543 |  |  |  | 7,549 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 41,415 |  |  |  | 48,748 |
Restricted deposits |  | $ | 64,115 |  |  | $ | 68,871 |

8. | Leases

Lessor Accounting

The Company is the lessor for its residential and retail leases (including commercial leases) and these leases will continue to be accounted for as operating leases under the new standard as described in Note 2. Therefore, the Company did not have significant changes in the accounting for its lease revenues.

As of March 31, 2019, approximately 97.0% of the Company’s total lease revenue is generated from residential apartment leases that are generally for twelve months or less in length. The residential apartment leases may include lease income related to such items as parking, storage and pet rent that the Company treats as a single lease component because the amenities cannot be leased on their own and the timing and pattern of revenue recognition are the same. The collection of lease payments at lease commencement is probable and therefore the Company subsequently recognizes lease income over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Residential leases are renewable upon consent of both parties on an annual or monthly basis.

As of March 31, 2019, approximately 3.0% of the Company’s total lease revenue is generated by retail leases that are generally for terms ranging between 5-10 years. The retail leases generally consist of ground floor retail spaces and master-leased parking garages that serve as additional amenities for our residents. The retail leases may include lease income related to such items as parking and storage rent that the Company treats as a single lease component because the amenities cannot be leased on their own and the timing and pattern of revenue recognition are the same. The collection of lease payments at lease commencement is probable and therefore the Company subsequently recognizes lease income over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Retail leases are renewable with market-based renewal options.

The Company elected the practical expedient to account for both its lease and non-lease components (specifically common area maintenance charges) as a single lease component under the leases standard.

The following table presents the lease income types relating to lease payments for residential and retail leases for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 |
Lease Income Type |  | Residential Leases |  |  | Retail Leases |  |  | Total |
Residential and retail rent |  | $ | 592,520 |  |  | $ | 18,470 |  |  | $ | 610,990 |
Parking rent |  |  | 9,137 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 9,209 |
Storage rent |  |  | 919 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 963 |
Pet rent |  |  | 2,887 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,887 |
Total lease revenue (1) |  | $ | 605,463 |  |  | $ | 18,586 |  |  | $ | 624,049 |

(1) | Excludes other rental income of $38.3 million, which is accounted for under the revenue recognition standard.

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Lessee Accounting

The Company is the lessee under various corporate office and ground leases for which the Company recognized ROU assets and related lease liabilities effective January 1, 2019. The following table presents the Company’s ROU assets and related lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

|  | 2019 |
Right-of-use assets: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases (1) |  | $ | 16,024 |
Ground leases |  |  | 418,659 |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 434,683 |
Lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases (1) |  | $ | 17,585 |
Ground leases |  |  | 264,652 |
Lease liabilities |  | $ | 282,237 |

(1) | The Company has two corporate office leases that are considered short-term and therefore, there is no balance sheet impact and both leases continue to be expensed on a straight-line basis throughout the year.

As the standard requires the recognition of a liability for the lease obligation, discount rates are used to determine the net present value of the lease payments. The discount rate for the lease is the rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. As the Company does not know the amount of the lessors’ initial direct costs, it cannot readily determine the rate implicit in the lease and instead must apply the incremental borrowing rate. The Company has estimated the discount rate ranges of 3.3% to 3.9% for corporate office leases and 4.4% to 5.5% for ground leases. Since the Company’s credit backs the corporate office lease obligations and the lease terms are ten years or less, the discount rate range was estimated by using the Company’s borrowing rates for actual pricing. The discount range for ground leases takes into account various factors, including the longer life of the ground leases, and was estimated by using the Company’s borrowing rates for actual pricing through 30 years and other long-term market rates.

Corporate office leases

The Company leases nine corporate offices with remaining lease terms of one to ten years. The Company’s corporate office leases continue to be accounted for as operating leases under the new standard. When there is a material lease modification, the Company is required to remeasure the lease liability.

The Company leases its corporate headquarters from an entity controlled by EQR’s Chairman of the Board of Trustees. The lease terminates on January 31, 2022. The amount incurred for such office space for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $0.6 million. The Company believes this amount approximates market rates for such rental space.

Ground leases

The Company maintains long-term ground leases for 14 operating properties with lease expiration dates ranging from 2042 through 2113. The Company owns the building and improvements. Based on its election of the package of practical expedients, the Company was not required to reassess the classification of existing ground leases and therefore these leases continue to be accounted for as operating leases. However, in the event we materially modify existing ground leases and/or enter into new ground leases, such leases will likely be classified as finance leases.

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Additional disclosures

The following table illustrates the quantitative disclosures for lessees as of and for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

|  | 2019 |
Lease cost: |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  | $ | 918 |
Ground leases |  |  | 5,550 |
Short-term lease cost: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  |  | 56 |
Ground leases |  |  | — |
Variable lease cost: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  |  | 261 |
Ground leases |  |  | 851 |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 7,636 |
Other information |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  | $ | 1,248 |
Ground leases |  | $ | 4,493 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  | $ | 16,687 |
Ground leases |  | $ | 422,018 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  | 6.5 years |
Ground leases |  | 56.8 years |
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases: |  |  |  |
Corporate office leases |  |  | 3.7 | %
Ground leases |  |  | 5.0 | %

The following table summarizes the Company’s undiscounted cash flows for contractual obligations for minimum rent payments/receipts under operating leases for the next five years and thereafter as of March 31, 2019:

(Payments)/Receipts Due by Year (in thousands) |
|  | Remaining 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Thereafter |  |  | Total |
Operating Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Minimum Rent Payments (a) |  | $ | (12,607 | ) |  | $ | (17,208 | ) |  | $ | (17,148 | ) |  | $ | (14,993 | ) |  | $ | (14,843 | ) |  | $ | (15,101 | ) |  | $ | (938,561 | ) |  | $ | (1,030,461 | )
Minimum Rent Receipts (b) |  | $ | 49,268 |  |  | $ | 62,481 |  |  | $ | 58,439 |  |  | $ | 54,378 |  |  | $ | 46,987 |  |  | $ | 39,364 |  |  | $ | 135,548 |  |  | $ | 446,465 |

(a) | Minimum basic rent due for corporate office leases and base rent due on ground leases where the Company is the lessee.

(b) | Minimum basic rent receipts due for various retail space where the Company is the lessor. Excludes residential leases due to their short-term nature.

The following table provides a reconciliation of lease liabilities from our undiscounted cash flows for minimum rent payments for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (amount in thousands):

|  | 2019 |
Total minimum rent payments |  | $ | 1,030,461 |
Less: Lease discount |  |  | (748,224 | )
Lease liabilities |  | $ | 282,237 |

9. | Debt

EQR does not have any indebtedness as all debt is incurred by the Operating Partnership. EQR guarantees the Operating Partnership’s revolving credit facility up to the maximum amount and for the full term of the facility. Weighted average interest rates noted below for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 include the effect of any derivative instruments and amortization of premiums/discounts/OCI (other comprehensive income) on debt and derivatives.

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Mortgage Notes Payable

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding mortgage debt of approximately $2.7 billion.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company obtained $288.1 million in 3.94% fixed rate mortgage debt held in a Fannie Mae loan pool maturing on March 1, 2029.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had $440.6 million of secured debt (primarily tax-exempt bonds) subject to third party credit enhancement.

As of March 31, 2019, scheduled maturities for the Company’s outstanding mortgage indebtedness were at various dates through May 28, 2061. At March 31, 2019, the interest rate range on the Company’s mortgage debt was 0.10% to 6.90%. During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the weighted average interest rate on the Company’s mortgage debt was 4.01%.

Notes

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding unsecured notes of approximately $5.9 billion.

As of March 31, 2019, scheduled maturities for the Company’s outstanding notes were at various dates through August 1, 2047. At March 31, 2019, the interest rate range on the Company’s notes before the effect of certain fair value hedges was 2.375% to 7.57%. During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the weighted average interest rate on the Company’s notes was 4.32%.

The Company’s unsecured public debt contains certain financial and operating covenants including, among other things, maintenance of certain financial ratios. The Company was in compliance with its unsecured public debt covenants for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.

Line of Credit and Commercial Paper

In November 2016, the Company replaced its existing $2.5 billion facility with a $2.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility maturing January 10, 2022. The Company has the ability to increase available borrowings by an additional $750.0 million by adding additional banks to the facility or obtaining the agreement of existing banks to increase their commitments. The interest rate on advances under the facility will generally be LIBOR plus a spread (currently 0.825%), or based on bids received from the lending group, and the Company pays an annual facility fee (currently 0.125%). Both the spread and the facility fee are dependent on the Company’s senior unsecured credit rating.

In February 2015, the Company entered into an unsecured commercial paper note program in the United States. The Company may borrow up to a maximum of $500.0 million under this program subject to market conditions. The notes will be sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper note market and will rank pari passu with all of the Company’s other unsecured senior indebtedness. As of March 31, 2019, there was a balance of $344.8 million outstanding on the commercial paper program ($345.0 million in principal outstanding net of an unamortized discount of $0.2 million). The notes bear interest at various floating rates with a weighted average of 2.75% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 and a weighted average maturity of 7 days as of March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2019, there were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $6.7 million was restricted/dedicated to support letters of credit. In addition, the Company limits its utilization of the facility in order to maintain liquidity and to support its $500.0 million commercial paper program along with certain other obligations. As a result, the Company had approximately $1.55 billion available under the facility at March 31, 2019. During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the weighted average interest rate on the revolving credit facility was 3.25%.

Other

In 2017, the Company executed a letter of credit facility with a third party financial institution which is not backed or collateralized by borrowings on the Company’s unsecured revolving credit facility. As of March 31, 2019, there was $9.0 million in letters of credit outstanding on this facility.

10. | Derivative and Other Fair Value Instruments

The valuation of financial instruments requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the fair value of the

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instruments. The Company, where possible, bases the fair values of its financial inst ruments, including its derivative instruments, on listed market prices and third party quotes. Where these are not available, the Company bases its estimates on current instruments with similar terms and maturities or on other factors relevant to the fina ncial instruments.

In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to the effect of interest rate changes. The Company seeks to manage these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives to hedge interest rate risk on debt instruments. The Company may also use derivatives to manage commodity prices in the daily operations of the business.

A three-level valuation hierarchy exists for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows:

| • | Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

| • | Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

| • | Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s derivative positions are valued using models developed by the respective counterparty as well as models applied internally by the Company that use as their inputs readily observable market parameters (such as forward yield curves and credit default swap data). Employee holdings other than Common Shares within the supplemental executive retirement plan (the “SERP”) are valued using quoted market prices for identical assets and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership/Redeemable Limited Partners are valued using the quoted market price of Common Shares. The fair values disclosed for mortgage notes payable and unsecured debt (including its commercial paper and line of credit, if applicable) were calculated using indicative rates provided by lenders of similar loans in the case of mortgage notes payable and the private unsecured debt (including its commercial paper and line of credit, if applicable) and quoted market prices for each underlying issuance in the case of the public unsecured notes.

The fair values of the Company’s financial instruments (other than mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, commercial paper, line of credit and derivative instruments), including cash and cash equivalents and other financial instruments, approximate their carrying or contract value. The following table provides a summary of the carrying and fair values for the Company’s mortgage notes payable and unsecured debt (including its commercial paper and line of credit, if applicable) at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Estimated Fair Value (Level 2) |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Estimated Fair Value (Level 2) |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 2,671,491 |  |  | $ | 2,646,252 |  |  | $ | 2,385,470 |  |  | $ | 2,352,502 |
Unsecured debt, net |  |  | 6,281,179 |  |  |  | 6,533,696 |  |  |  | 6,432,469 |  |  |  | 6,481,426 |
Total debt, net |  | $ | 8,952,670 |  |  | $ | 9,179,948 |  |  | $ | 8,817,939 |  |  | $ | 8,833,928 |

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The following tabl e summarizes the Company’s consolidated derivative instruments at March 31, 2019 (dollar amounts are in thousands):

| Fair Value Hedges (1) |  |  | Forward Starting Swaps (2) |
Current Notional Balance | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |
Lowest Interest Rate |  | 2.375 | % |  |  | 2.2665 | %
Highest Interest Rate |  | 2.375 | % |  |  | 3.1163 | %
Maturity Date |  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2029 |

(1) | Fair Value Hedges – Converts outstanding fixed rate unsecured notes ($450.0 million 2.375% notes due July 1, 2019) to a floating interest rate of 90-Day LIBOR plus 0.61%.

(2) | Forward Starting Swaps – Designed to partially fix interest rates in advance of planned future debt issuances. These swaps have mandatory counterparty terminations in 2020 and are targeted for certain 2019 debt issuances.

The following tables provide a summary of the fair value measurements for each major category of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the location within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
Description |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 3/31/2019 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | Other Assets |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | — |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan |  | Other Assets |  |  | 142,075 |  |  |  | 142,075 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 142,740 |  |  | $ | 142,075 |  |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair Value Hedges |  | Other Liabilities |  | $ | 1,022 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,022 |  |  | $ | — |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | Other Liabilities |  |  | 22,936 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,936 |  |  |  | — |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan |  | Other Liabilities |  |  | 142,075 |  |  |  | 142,075 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 166,033 |  |  | $ | 142,075 |  |  | $ | 23,958 |  |  | $ | — |
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Partnership/Redeemable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited Partners |  | Mezzanine |  | $ | 432,562 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 432,562 |  |  | $ | — |

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
Description |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 12/31/2018 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | Other Assets |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan |  | Other Assets |  |  | 134,088 |  |  |  | 134,088 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 136,088 |  |  | $ | 134,088 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair Value Hedges |  | Other Liabilities |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | — |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | Other Liabilities |  |  | 9,851 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,851 |  |  |  | — |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan |  | Other Liabilities |  |  | 134,088 |  |  |  | 134,088 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 146,216 |  |  | $ | 134,088 |  |  | $ | 12,128 |  |  | $ | — |
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Partnership/Redeemable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited Partners |  | Mezzanine |  | $ | 379,106 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 379,106 |  |  | $ | — |

The following tables provide a summary of the effect of fair value hedges on the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively (amounts in thousands):

March 31, 2019 Type of Fair Value Hedge |  | Location of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  |  | Hedged Item |  | Income Statement Location of Hedged Item Gain/(Loss) |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Hedged Item |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | Fixed rate debt |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (1,255 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,255 | )

March 31, 2018 Type of Fair Value Hedge |  | Location of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  |  | Hedged Item |  | Income Statement Location of Hedged Item Gain/(Loss) |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Hedged Item |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (2,289 | ) |  | Fixed rate debt |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 2,289 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | (2,289 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,289 |

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The following tables provide a summary of the effect of cash flow hedges on the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | Effective Portion |
March 31, 2019 Type of Cash Flow Hedge |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative |  |  | Location of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | $ | (14,420 | ) |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (4,393 | )
Total |  | $ | (14,420 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (4,393 | )

|  | Effective Portion |  |  | Ineffective Portion |
March 31, 2018 Type of Cash Flow Hedge |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative |  |  | Location of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income |  |  | Location of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward Starting Swaps |  | $ | 6,087 |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (4,791 | ) |  | N/A |  | $ | — |
Total |  | $ | 6,087 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,791 | ) |  |  |  | $ | — |

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were approximately $75.0 million and $65.0 million in deferred losses, net, included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), respectively, related to derivative instruments. Based on the estimated fair values of the net derivative instruments at March 31, 2019, the Company may recognize an estimated $22.8 million of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as additional interest expense during the twelve months ending March 31, 2020.

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1 1. | Earning s Per Share and Earnings Per Unit

Equity Residential

The following tables set forth the computation of net income per share – basic and net income per share – diluted for the Company (amounts in thousands except per share amounts):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Numerator for net income per share – basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Allocation to Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership |  |  | (3,919 | ) |  |  | (8,059 | )
Net (income) loss attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | )
Preferred distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Numerator for net income per share – basic |  | $ | 103,766 |  |  | $ | 211,036 |
Numerator for net income per share – diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Net (income) loss attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | )
Preferred distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Numerator for net income per share – diluted |  | $ | 107,685 |  |  | $ | 219,095 |
Denominator for net income per share – basic and diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for net income per share – basic |  |  | 369,558 |  |  |  | 367,800 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OP Units |  |  | 12,919 |  |  |  | 12,863 |
Long-term compensation shares/units |  |  | 2,707 |  |  |  | 2,355 |
Denominator for net income per share – diluted |  |  | 385,184 |  |  |  | 383,018 |
Net income per share – basic |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |
Net income per share – diluted |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |

ERP Operating Limited Partnership

The following tables set forth the computation of net income per Unit – basic and net income per Unit – diluted for the Operating Partnership (amounts in thousands except per Unit amounts):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Numerator for net income per Unit – basic and diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Net (income) loss attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | )
Allocation to Preference Units |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Numerator for net income per Unit – basic and diluted |  | $ | 107,685 |  |  | $ | 219,095 |
Denominator for net income per Unit – basic and diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for net income per Unit – basic |  |  | 382,477 |  |  |  | 380,663 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilution for Units issuable upon assumed exercise/vesting of the Company’s long-term compensation shares/units |  |  | 2,707 |  |  |  | 2,355 |
Denominator for net income per Unit – diluted |  |  | 385,184 |  |  |  | 383,018 |
Net income per Unit – basic |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |
Net income per Unit – diluted |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |

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1 2. | Commitments and Contingencies

The Company, as an owner of real estate, is subject to various Federal, state and local environmental laws. Compliance by the Company with existing laws has not had a material adverse effect on the Company. However, the Company cannot predict the impact of new or changed laws or regulations on its current properties or on properties that it may acquire in the future. As of March 31, 2019, the Company does have environmental reserves totaling approximately $4.3 million related to three of its properties.

The Company does not believe there is any litigation pending or threatened against it that, individually or in the aggregate, may reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company has three wholly owned projects totaling 691 apartment units in various stages of development with remaining commitments to fund of approximately $388.4 million and estimated completion dates ranging through September 30, 2021, as well as other completed development projects that are in various stages of lease-up or are stabilized.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company has two unconsolidated operating properties that are owned with the same third party joint venture partner under separate agreements. The joint venture agreements with this partner are primarily deal-specific regarding profit-sharing, equity contributions, returns on investment, buy-sell agreements and other customary provisions. The buy-sell arrangements contain provisions that provide the right, but not the obligation, for the Company to acquire the partner’s interests or sell its interests at any time following the occurrence of certain pre-defined events described in the joint venture agreements.

1 3. | Reportable Segments

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses and about which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker decides how resources are allocated and assesses performance on a recurring basis at least quarterly.

The Company’s primary business is the acquisition, development and management of multifamily residential properties, which includes the generation of rental and other related income through the leasing of apartment units to residents. The chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s operating performance geographically by market and both on a same store and non-same store basis. The Company’s geographic same store operating segments located in urban and high-density suburban markets represent its reportable segments (the three Denver properties owned by the Company are currently included in non-same store). The Company’s operating segments located in its other markets (Phoenix) that are not material have also been included in the tables presented below.

The Company’s fee and asset management and development activities are other business activities that do not constitute an operating segment and as such, have been aggregated in the “Other” category in the tables presented below.

All revenues are from external customers and there is no customer who contributed 10% or more of the Company’s total revenues during the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The primary financial measure for the Company’s rental real estate segment is net operating income (“NOI”), which represents rental income less: 1) property and maintenance expense and 2) real estate taxes and insurance expense (all as reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income). The Company believes that NOI is helpful to investors as a supplemental measure of its operating performance because it is a direct measure of the actual operating results of the Company’s apartment properties. Revenues for all leases are reflected on a straight-line basis in accordance with GAAP for the current and comparable periods.

The following table presents a reconciliation of NOI from our rental real estate for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively (amounts in thousands):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 662,302 |  |  | $ | 632,831 |  |
Property and maintenance expense |  |  | (115,070 | ) |  |  | (108,202 | ) |
Real estate taxes and insurance expense |  |  | (91,442 | ) |  |  | (91,914 | ) |
Total operating expenses |  |  | (206,512 | ) |  |  | (200,116 | ) |
Net operating income |  | $ | 455,790 |  |  | $ | 432,715 |  |

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The following tables present NOI for each segment from our rental real estate for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as well as total assets and capital expenditures at March 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 |  |  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2018 |
|  | Rental Income |  |  | Operating Expenses |  |  | NOI |  |  | Rental Income |  |  | Operating Expenses |  |  | NOI |
Same store (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Los Angeles |  | $ | 115,399 |  |  | $ | 34,484 |  |  | $ | 80,915 |  |  | $ | 110,996 |  |  | $ | 32,041 |  |  | $ | 78,955 |
Orange County |  |  | 25,828 |  |  |  | 6,205 |  |  |  | 19,623 |  |  |  | 24,803 |  |  |  | 6,091 |  |  |  | 18,712 |
San Diego |  |  | 23,304 |  |  |  | 6,127 |  |  |  | 17,177 |  |  |  | 22,492 |  |  |  | 5,964 |  |  |  | 16,528 |
Subtotal - Southern California |  |  | 164,531 |  |  |  | 46,816 |  |  |  | 117,715 |  |  |  | 158,291 |  |  |  | 44,096 |  |  |  | 114,195 |
San Francisco |  |  | 121,761 |  |  |  | 30,417 |  |  |  | 91,344 |  |  |  | 117,352 |  |  |  | 29,410 |  |  |  | 87,942 |
Washington D.C. |  |  | 110,784 |  |  |  | 34,674 |  |  |  | 76,110 |  |  |  | 108,528 |  |  |  | 33,910 |  |  |  | 74,618 |
New York |  |  | 116,064 |  |  |  | 49,089 |  |  |  | 66,975 |  |  |  | 113,328 |  |  |  | 45,549 |  |  |  | 67,779 |
Boston |  |  | 58,320 |  |  |  | 16,611 |  |  |  | 41,709 |  |  |  | 56,294 |  |  |  | 16,199 |  |  |  | 40,095 |
Seattle |  |  | 50,621 |  |  |  | 13,531 |  |  |  | 37,090 |  |  |  | 49,516 |  |  |  | 13,853 |  |  |  | 35,663 |
Other Markets |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 324 |
Total same store |  |  | 622,603 |  |  |  | 191,323 |  |  |  | 431,280 |  |  |  | 603,797 |  |  |  | 183,181 |  |  |  | 420,616 |
Non-same store/other (2) (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-same store |  |  | 39,409 |  |  |  | 13,293 |  |  |  | 26,116 |  |  |  | 17,396 |  |  |  | 7,105 |  |  |  | 10,291 |
Other (3) |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 1,896 |  |  |  | (1,606 | ) |  |  | 11,638 |  |  |  | 9,830 |  |  |  | 1,808 |
Total non-same store/other |  |  | 39,699 |  |  |  | 15,189 |  |  |  | 24,510 |  |  |  | 29,034 |  |  |  | 16,935 |  |  |  | 12,099 |
Totals |  | $ | 662,302 |  |  | $ | 206,512 |  |  | $ | 455,790 |  |  | $ | 632,831 |  |  | $ | 200,116 |  |  | $ | 432,715 |

(1) | For the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, same store primarily includes all properties acquired or completed that were stabilized prior to January 1, 2018, less properties subsequently sold, which represented 74,166 apartment units.

(2) | For the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, non-same store primarily includes properties acquired after January 1, 2018, plus any properties in lease-up and not stabilized as of January 1, 2018.

(3) | Other includes development, other corporate operations and operations prior to disposition for properties sold.

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 |
|  | Total Assets |  |  | Capital Expenditures |
Same store (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Los Angeles |  | $ | 3,049,292 |  |  | $ | 7,061 |
Orange County |  |  | 415,698 |  |  |  | 1,833 |
San Diego |  |  | 401,881 |  |  |  | 630 |
Subtotal - Southern California |  |  | 3,866,871 |  |  |  | 9,524 |
San Francisco |  |  | 3,400,898 |  |  |  | 6,039 |
Washington D.C. |  |  | 3,749,155 |  |  |  | 3,683 |
New York |  |  | 4,144,468 |  |  |  | 3,754 |
Boston |  |  | 1,581,121 |  |  |  | 5,981 |
Seattle |  |  | 1,322,060 |  |  |  | 2,773 |
Other Markets |  |  | 12,852 |  |  |  | 44 |
Total same store |  |  | 18,077,425 |  |  |  | 31,798 |
Non-same store/other (2) (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-same store |  |  | 2,192,615 |  |  |  | 2,220 |
Other (3) |  |  | 498,771 |  |  |  | — |
Total non-same store/other |  |  | 2,691,386 |  |  |  | 2,220 |
Totals |  | $ | 20,768,811 |  |  | $ | 34,018 |

(1) | Same store primarily includes all properties acquired or completed that were stabilized prior to January 1, 2018, less properties subsequently sold, which represented 74,166 apartment units.

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(2) | Non-same store primarily includes propertie s acquired after January 1, 2018, plus any properties in lease-up and not stabilized as of January 1, 2018.

(3) | Other includes development, other corporate operations and capital expenditures for properties sold.

1 4. | Subsequent Events

Subsequent to March 31, 2019, the Company:

| • | Acquired one property consisting of 366 apartment units for $103.5 million;

| • | Sold one wholly-owned property consisting of 266 apartment units for $237.5 million; and

| • | Repaid $95.5 million of tax-exempt mortgage bonds maturing in 2036 in conjunction with the sale of the wholly owned property noted above.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

For further information including definitions for capitalized terms not defined herein, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Forward-Looking Statements

Forward-looking statements are intended to be made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions made by management. While the Company’s management believes the assumptions underlying its forward-looking statements are reasonable, such information is inherently subject to uncertainties and may involve certain risks, which could cause actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to differ materially from anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Many of these uncertainties and risks are difficult to predict and beyond management’s control. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, results or events. The forward-looking statements contained herein are made as of the date hereof and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or supplement these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, the following:

| • | We intend to actively acquire, develop and renovate multifamily operating properties as market conditions dictate. We may also acquire multifamily properties that are unoccupied or in the early stages of lease-up. We may be unable to lease these apartment properties on schedule, resulting in decreases in expected rental revenues and/or lower yields due to lower occupancy and rental rates as well as higher than expected concessions or higher than expected operating expenses. We may not be able to achieve rents that are consistent with expectations for acquired, developed or renovated properties. We may underestimate the costs necessary to bring an acquired property up to standards established for its intended market position, to complete a development property or to complete a renovation. Additionally, we expect that other real estate investors with capital will compete with us for attractive investment opportunities or may also develop properties in markets where we focus our development and acquisition efforts. This competition (or lack thereof) may increase (or depress) prices for multifamily properties. We may not be in a position or have the opportunity in the future to make suitable property acquisitions on favorable terms. We have acquired in the past and intend to continue to pursue the acquisition of properties, including large portfolios of properties, that could increase our size and result in alterations to our capital structure. The total number of apartment units under development, costs of labor and construction materials and estimated completion dates are subject to uncertainties arising from changing economic conditions, competition, tariffs and other trade disruptions and local government regulation;

| • | Debt financing and other capital required by the Company may not be available or may only be available on adverse terms;

| • | Labor and materials required for maintenance, repair, capital expenditure or development may be more expensive than anticipated;

| • | Occupancy levels and market rents may be adversely affected by national and local political, economic and market conditions including, without limitation, new construction and excess inventory of multifamily and owned housing/ condominiums, increasing portions of owned housing/condominium stock being converted to rental use, rental housing subsidized by the government, other government programs that favor single family rental housing or owner occupied housing over multifamily rental housing, slow or negative employment growth and household formation, the availability of low-interest mortgages or the availability of mortgages requiring little or no down payment for single family home buyers, changes in social preferences, governmental regulations including rent control or rent stabilization laws and regulations and the potential for geopolitical instability, all of which are beyond the Company’s control; and

| • | Additional factors as discussed in Part I of the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly those under Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Forward-looking statements and related uncertainties are also included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

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Overview

Equity Residential (“EQR”) is an S&P 500 company focused on the acquisition, development and management of rental apartment properties located in urban and high-density suburban markets, a business that is conducted on its behalf by ERP Operating Limited Partnership (“ERPOP”). EQR is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed in March 1993 and ERPOP is an Illinois limited partnership formed in May 1993. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” mean collectively EQR, ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by EQR and/or ERPOP. References to the “Operating Partnership” mean collectively ERPOP and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by ERPOP.

EQR is the general partner of, and as of March 31, 2019 owned an approximate 96.4% ownership interest in, ERPOP. All of the Company’s property ownership, development and related business operations are conducted through the Operating Partnership and EQR has no material assets or liabilities other than its investment in ERPOP. EQR issues equity from time to time, the net proceeds of which it is obligated to contribute to ERPOP, but does not have any indebtedness as all debt is incurred by the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity.

The Company’s corporate headquarters is located in Chicago, Illinois and the Company also operates property management offices in each of its markets. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had approximately 2,700 employees who provided real estate operations, leasing, legal, financial, accounting, acquisition, disposition, development and other support functions.

Available Information

You may access our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to any of those reports we file with the SEC free of charge on our website, www.equityapartments.com. These reports are made available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them with the SEC. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this report.

Business Objectives and Operating and Investing Strategies

The Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s business objectives and operating and investing strategies have not changed from the information included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Results of Operations

2019 Transactions

In conjunction with our business objectives and operating strategy, the Company continued to invest in apartment properties located primarily in our urban and high-density suburban markets and sell apartment properties that we believe will have inferior long-term returns. The following table provides a rollforward of the transactions that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2019:

Portfolio Rollforward

($ in thousands)

|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |  | Purchase Price |  |  | Acquisition Cap Rate |
12/31/2018 |  |  | 307 |  |  |  | 79,482 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental Properties |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  | $ | 148,150 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Rental Properties – Not Stabilized (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 274 |  |  | $ | 110,500 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
3/31/2019 |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 80,061 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The Company acquired one property in Denver in the first quarter of 2019 that was in the final stages of completing lease-up and is expected to stabilize in its second year of ownership at an Acquisition Cap Rate of 4.6%.

The properties acquired were located in the New York, Seattle and Denver markets. See the Definitions section below for the definition of Acquisition Cap Rate, Development Yield, Disposition Yield and Unlevered IRR. See also Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion regarding the Company’s real estate transactions.

Same Store Results

Properties that the Company owned and were stabilized (see definition below) for all of both of the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (the “First Quarter 2019 Same Store Properties”), which represented 74,166 apartment units, impacted the Company’s results of operations. The First Quarter 2019 Same Store Properties are discussed in the following paragraphs.

The Company’s primary financial measure for evaluating each of its apartment communities is net operating income (“NOI”). NOI represents rental income less direct property operating expenses (including real estate taxes and insurance). The Company believes that NOI is helpful to investors as a supplemental measure of its operating performance because it is a direct measure of the actual operating results of the Company’s apartment properties.

The following tables provide a rollforward of the apartment units included in Same Store Properties and a reconciliation of apartment units included in Same Store Properties to those included in Total Properties for the quarter ended March 31, 2019:

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 |  |
| Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |
Same Store Properties at December 31, 2018 |  | 281 |  |  |  | 71,721 |  |
2017 acquisitions |  | 2 |  |  |  | 437 |  |
Properties added back to same store (1) |  | 2 |  |  |  | 356 |  |
Lease-up properties stabilized |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,652 |  |
Same Store Properties at March 31, 2019 |  | 290 |  |  |  | 74,166 |  |

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|  | Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 |  |
|  | Properties |  |  | Apartment Units |  |
Same Store |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 74,166 |  |
Non-Same Store: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 acquisitions |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 579 |  |
2018 acquisitions |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,461 |  |
2017 acquisitions – not stabilized |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 510 |  |
Master-Leased properties (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 162 |  |
Lease-up properties not yet stabilized (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2,237 |  |
Other |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |
Total Non-Same Store |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 4,950 |  |
Unconsolidated properties |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 945 |  |
Total Properties and Apartment Units |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 80,061 |  |

Note: Properties are considered “stabilized” when they have achieved 90% occupancy for three consecutive months. Properties are included in Same Store when they are stabilized for all of the current and comparable periods presented.

(1) | Consists of two properties which were added back to the same store portfolio as discussed further below:

| a. | Playa Pacifica in Hermosa Beach, California containing 285 apartment units was removed from the same store portfolio in the first quarter of 2015 due to a major renovation in which significant portions of the property were taken offline for extended time periods. Playa Pacifica was added back to same store for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as the property achieved greater than 90% occupancy for all of the current and comparable periods presented.

| b. | Acton Courtyard in Berkeley, California containing 71 apartment units was removed from the same store portfolio in the third quarter of 2016 due to an affordable housing dispute which required significant portions of the property to be vacant for an extended re-leasing period. Acton Courtyard was added back to same store for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as the property achieved greater than 90% occupancy for all of the current and comparable periods presented.

(2) | Consists of one property containing 162 apartment units that is wholly owned by the Company where the entire project is master-leased to a third party corporate housing provider.

(3) | Consists of properties in various stages of lease-up and properties where lease-up has been completed but the properties were not stabilized for the comparable periods presented. Also includes two former master-leased properties that were not stabilized for the comparable periods presented.

The following table provides comparative same store results and statistics for the First Quarter 2019 Same Store Properties:

First Quarter 2019 vs. First Quarter 2018

Same Store Results/Statistics for 74,166 Same Store Apartment Units

$ in thousands (except for Average Rental Rate)

|  | Results |  |  | Statistics |
Description |  | Revenues |  |  | Expenses |  |  | NOI |  |  | Average Rental Rate (1) |  |  | Physical Occupancy (2) |  |  | Turnover (3) |
Q1 2019 |  | $ | 622,603 |  |  | $ | 191,323 |  |  | $ | 431,280 |  |  | $ | 2,796 |  |  |  | 96.3 | % |  |  | 9.9 | %
Q1 2018 |  | $ | 603,797 |  |  | $ | 183,181 |  |  | $ | 420,616 |  |  | $ | 2,721 |  |  |  | 96.0 | % |  |  | 10.8 | %
Change |  | $ | 18,806 |  |  | $ | 8,142 |  |  | $ | 10,664 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | (0.9 | %)
Change |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Note: Same store revenues for all leases are reflected on a straight-line basis in accordance with GAAP for the current and comparable periods.

(1) | Average Rental Rate – Total residential rental revenues reflected on a straight-line basis in accordance with GAAP divided by the weighted average occupied apartment units for the reporting period presented.

(2) | Physical Occupancy – The weighted average occupied apartment units for the reporting period divided by the average of total apartment units available for rent for the reporting period.

(3) | Turnover – Total residential move-outs (including inter-property and intra-property transfers) divided by total residential apartment units.

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The following tables present reconciliations of operating income per the consolidated statements of operations to NOI, along with rental income, ope rating expenses and NOI per the consolidated statements of operations allocated between same store and non-same store results (amounts in thousands):

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Operating income |  | $ | 209,969 |  |  | $ | 339,082 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and asset management revenue |  |  | (192 | ) |  |  | (185 | )
Property management |  |  | 26,396 |  |  |  | 23,444 |
General and administrative |  |  | 15,381 |  |  |  | 16,278 |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |
Net (gain) loss on sales of real estate properties |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (142,213 | )
Total NOI |  | $ | 455,790 |  |  | $ | 432,715 |
Rental income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same store |  | $ | 622,603 |  |  | $ | 603,797 |
Non-same store/other |  |  | 39,699 |  |  |  | 29,034 |
Total rental income |  |  | 662,302 |  |  |  | 632,831 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same store |  |  | 191,323 |  |  |  | 183,181 |
Non-same store/other |  |  | 15,189 |  |  |  | 16,935 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 206,512 |  |  |  | 200,116 |
NOI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same store |  |  | 431,280 |  |  |  | 420,616 |
Non-same store/other |  |  | 24,510 |  |  |  | 12,099 |
Total NOI |  | $ | 455,790 |  |  | $ | 432,715 |

The Company anticipates the following same store results for the full year ending December 31, 2019, which assumptions are based on current expectations and are forward-looking:

2019 Same Store Assumptions |
Physical Occupancy |  | 96.2% |
Revenue change |  | 2.2% to 3.2% |
Expense change |  | 3.5% to 4.5% |
NOI change |  | 1.5% to 3.0% |

The following table provides the same store revenue growth during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018 and our expected same store revenue growth for 2019 as of March 31, 2019:

Markets/Metro Areas |  | Actual YTD 2019 Same Store Revenue Growth |  |  | Projected Full Year 2019 Same Store Revenue Growth |
Washington D.C. |  | 2.1% |  |  | 1.4% |
New York |  | 2.4% |  |  | 1.8% |
Boston |  | 3.6% |  |  | 2.8% |
Seattle |  | 2.2% |  |  | 2.0% |
San Francisco |  | 3.8% |  |  | 3.4% |
Los Angeles |  | 4.0% |  |  | 3.8% |
Orange County |  | 4.1% |  |  | 3.1% |
San Diego |  | 3.6% |  |  | 3.9% |
Overall |  | 3.1% |  |  | 2.2% to 3.2% |

Same store revenues, which exceeded our expectations, increased due to stronger demand, gains in occupancy, continued low turnover and strong renewals. As we enter the busiest leasing period of the year, we believe we are well positioned to deliver full year results near the top end of our guidance range if current trends continue. The Company’s primary focus in 2019 is to continue to retain existing residents and maintain strong occupancy.

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Washington D.C. had a strong quarter with high occupancy rates throughout the period and good pricing power. The rate of job growth declined from last year but unemployment remains below the national average. We remain cautious on this market’s performance due to contin ued pres sure from new supply.

The New York market performed better than expected with strong occupancy and improved pricing power. New supply will be lower than 2018 with expected deliveries in Long Island City and Brooklyn, which to date have not had a significant impact. Due in part to improved new lease pricing, improved occupancy and strong renewals, we have also used fewer concessions than in the prior period.

Boston continues to steadily absorb new supply as a result of strong job growth in the biotechnology business sector. While growth in parking and retail contributed to our strong performance, we are also benefitting from a pause in competitive supply. Strong new lease and renewal pricing increases continue to drive performance.

We have a continued cautious outlook for Seattle as the market has decelerated as anticipated due to increased supply in the urban core. Notwithstanding this supply, job growth continues to be strong and we experienced improvement in occupancy and better new lease pricing than anticipated for the quarter.

San Francisco continues to perform better than expected as a result of strong demand driving occupancy and new lease and renewal pricing growth. The market continues to show good absorption of new supply and positive trends and is producing wage growth driven by technology company expansions and investments.

In the Los Angeles market, job growth and continued absorption of new supply along with strong demand created in 2018 have driven expected results. With current strong occupancy, we remain focused on how new supply may impact 2019. To date, the market performance has met expectations.

In the Orange County market, job growth has decelerated but the overall outlook is positive. We continue to feel the lower growth from new lease and renewal pricing from 2018 and expect occupancy rates to be similar to the prior year.

In the San Diego market, we experienced slightly lower than expected renewal pricing and supply pressure in the downtown area, but military spending remains strong. To date, the market has performed slightly below expectations.

The Company currently owns three apartment properties in Denver. While these properties are not currently within our same store portfolio, they are performing consistent with our expectations.

The following table provides comparative same store operating expenses for the First Quarter 2019 Same Store Properties:

First Quarter 2019 vs. First Quarter 2018

Same Store Operating Expenses for 74,166 Same Store Apartment Units

$ in thousands

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of Actual |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Q1 2019 |
|  | Actual |  |  | Actual |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | Operating |
|  | Q1 2019 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  |  | Change (5) |  |  | Change |  |  | Expenses |
Real estate taxes |  | $ | 80,239 |  |  | $ | 77,459 |  |  | $ | 2,780 |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 41.9 | %
On-site payroll (1) |  |  | 41,525 |  |  |  | 39,980 |  |  |  | 1,545 |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 21.7 | %
Utilities (2) |  |  | 26,186 |  |  |  | 25,799 |  |  |  | 387 |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |  | 13.7 | %
Repairs and maintenance (3) |  |  | 23,444 |  |  |  | 21,752 |  |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  | 12.2 | %
Insurance |  |  | 5,347 |  |  |  | 4,861 |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 10.0 | % |  |  | 2.8 | %
Leasing and advertising |  |  | 2,423 |  |  |  | 2,499 |  |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | (3.0 | )% |  |  | 1.3 | %
Other on-site operating expenses (4) |  |  | 12,159 |  |  |  | 10,831 |  |  |  | 1,328 |  |  |  | 12.3 | % |  |  | 6.4 | %
Same store operating expenses |  | $ | 191,323 |  |  | $ | 183,181 |  |  | $ | 8,142 |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | On-site payroll – Includes payroll and related expenses for on-site personnel including property managers, leasing consultants and maintenance staff.

(2) | Utilities – Represents gross expenses prior to any recoveries under the Resident Utility Billing System (“RUBS”). Recoveries are reflected in rental income.

(3) | Repairs and maintenance – Includes general maintenance costs, apartment unit turnover costs including interior painting, routine landscaping, security, exterminating, fire protection, snow removal, elevator, roof and parking lot repairs and other miscellaneous building repair and maintenance costs.

(4) | Other on-site operating expenses – Includes ground lease costs and administrative costs such as office supplies, telephone and data charges

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| and association and business licensing fees.

(5) | The changes are due primarily to:

| • | Real estate taxes – Increase below expectations. Continue to experience growth across most markets, particularly New York. Growth rate is lower than prior expectations due to lower than anticipated rates in Seattle and modestly favorable appeals activity.

| • | On-site payroll – Increase in line with expectations. Continue to experience payroll pressure given strong employment environment.

| • | Utilities – Increase in line with expectations.

| • | Repairs and maintenance – Growth driven primarily by minimum wage pressure on contract labor and various weather related repairs, particularly in California.

| • | Insurance – Increase due to higher premiums on property insurance renewal due to challenging conditions in the insurance market.

| • | Other on-site operating expenses – Increase primarily driven by higher ground lease costs due to a contractual revaluation at one property along with higher association fees.

Same store expenses increased 4.4% during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018. The Company still anticipates that full year 2019 same store expenses will increase 3.5% to 4.5%.

Same store NOI increased 2.5% during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2018, which was slightly higher than our expectations. Should current trends continue, the Company anticipates same store NOI growth in the top half of our current range of approximately 1.5% to 3.0% for full year 2019 as compared to 2018 as a result of the above same store revenue and expense expectations.

See also Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion regarding the Company’s segment disclosures.

Non-Same Store/Other Results

Non-same store/other NOI results for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 increased approximately $12.4 million compared to the same period of 2018 and consist primarily of properties acquired in calendar years 2018 and 2019, operations from the Company’s development properties and operations prior to disposition from 2018 and 2019 sold properties. This difference is due primarily to:

| • | A positive impact of higher NOI from development and newly stabilized development properties in lease-up of $4.8 million;

| • | A positive impact of higher NOI from properties primarily acquired in 2018 and 2019 of $10.8 million;

| • | A positive impact of higher NOI from other non-same store properties (including one current and two former master-leased properties) of $0.2 million; and

| • | A negative impact of lost NOI from 2018 and 2019 dispositions of $7.5 million.

The Company’s guidance assumes consolidated rental acquisitions of $700.0 million and consolidated rental dispositions of $700.0 million and expects that the Acquisition Cap Rate will be 0.25% lower than the Disposition Yield for the full year ending December 31, 2019. The Company did not budget any development starts during the year ending December 31, 2019. We currently budget spending approximately $180.6 million on development costs during the year ending December 31, 2019, primarily for properties currently under construction. We assume that this capital will be primarily sourced with excess operating cash flow, future debt offerings and borrowings on our revolving credit facility and/or commercial paper program. These 2019 assumptions are based on current expectations and are forward-looking.

Comparison of the quarter ended March 31, 2019 to the quarter ended March 31, 2018

For the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company reported diluted earnings per share/unit of $0.28 compared to $0.57 per share/unit in the same period of 2018. The difference is primarily due to approximately $0.06 per share/unit in higher property NOI, $0.37 per share/unit in lower gains on property sales and $0.06 per share/unit in lower debt extinguishment costs in 2019 as compared to 2018, as discussed below.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2019, consolidated rental income increased 4.7%, consolidated operating expenses (comprised of property and maintenance and real estate taxes and insurance) increased 3.2% and consolidated NOI increased 5.3% when compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2018. The increase in NOI is primarily a result of the Company’s improved NOI from same store and lease-up properties along with NOI from the Company’s recent acquisitions and development properties.

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Property management expenses include off-site expenses associated with the self-management of the Company’s properties as well as management fees paid to any third party management companies. These expenses increased approximately $3.0 million or 12.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period. These increases are primarily attributable to increases in payroll-related costs, legal and professional fees and computer operations fees. T he Company antic ipates that property management expenses will approximate $96.0 million to $98.0 million for the year ending December 31, 201 9.

General and administrative expenses, which include corporate operating expenses, decreased approximately $0.9 million or 5.5% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a decrease in payroll-related costs. The Company anticipates that general and administrative expenses will approximate $49.0 million to $51.0 million for the year ending December 31, 2019.

Depreciation expense, which includes depreciation on non-real estate assets, increased approximately $7.9 million or 4.0% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, primarily as a result of additional depreciation expense on properties acquired in 2018 and 2019 and development properties placed in service during 2018, offset by lower depreciation from properties sold in 2018.

Net gain on sales of real estate properties decreased approximately $142.2 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, as a result of the sale of four consolidated apartment properties in 2018 that did not occur in the same period in 2019.

Interest and other income decreased approximately $5.3 million or 90.1% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, primarily due to $5.4 million in insurance/litigation settlement proceeds received during 2018 that did not occur in 2019. The Company anticipates that interest and other income will approximate $1.2 million to $1.7 million for the year ending December 31, 2019, excluding certain non-comparable insurance/litigation settlement proceeds.

Interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs, decreased approximately $22.7 million or 19.0% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period. The decrease is due primarily to $23.5 million in lower debt extinguishment costs for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period. The effective interest cost on all indebtedness, excluding debt extinguishment costs/prepayment penalties, for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 was 4.34% as compared to 4.43% for the prior year period. The Company capitalized interest of approximately $1.2 million and $1.7 million during the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company anticipates that interest expense, excluding debt extinguishment costs/prepayment penalties, will approximate $374.0 million to $382.5 million and capitalized interest will approximate $4.5 to $8.5 million for the year ending December 31, 2019.

The 2019 guidance/projections provided above are based on current projections and are forward-looking.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-Term Liquidity and Cash Proceeds

The Company generally expects to meet its short-term liquidity requirements, including capital expenditures related to maintaining its existing properties and scheduled unsecured note and mortgage note repayments, through its working capital, net cash provided by operating activities and borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility and commercial paper program. Under normal operating conditions, the Company considers its cash provided by operating activities to be adequate to meet operating requirements and payments of distributions.

As of January 1, 2019, the Company had approximately $47.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, approximately $68.9 million of restricted deposits and the amount available on its revolving credit facility was $1.40 billion. After taking into effect the various transactions discussed in the following paragraphs and the net cash provided by operating activities, at March 31, 2019, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance was approximately $29.4 million, the restricted deposits balance was approximately $64.1 million and the amount available on its revolving credit facility was $1.55 billion. See Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the availability on the Company’s revolving credit facility.

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During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Compan y generated proceeds from various transactions, which included the following:

| • | Obtained $288.1 million in 3.94% fixed rate mortgage debt held in a Fannie Mae loan pool maturing on March 1, 2029; and

| • | Issued approximately 0.7 million Common Shares related to share option exercises and ESPP purchases and received net proceeds of $31.0 million, which were contributed to the capital of the Operating Partnership in exchange for additional OP Units (on a one-for-one Common Share per OP Unit basis).

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the above proceeds along with net cash flow from operations and borrowings from the Company’s revolving line of credit and commercial paper program were primarily utilized to:

| • | Acquire three consolidated rental properties for approximately $258.9 million in cash;

| • | Invest $45.3 million primarily in development projects; and

| • | Repay $1.6 million of mortgage loans (inclusive of scheduled principal repayments).

Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program

In November 2016, the Company replaced its existing $2.5 billion facility with a $2.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility maturing January 10, 2022. The Company has the ability to increase available borrowings by an additional $750.0 million by adding additional banks to the facility or obtaining the agreement of existing banks to increase their commitments. The interest rate on advances under the facility will generally be LIBOR plus a spread (currently 0.825%), or based on bids received from the lending group, and the Company pays an annual facility fee (currently 0.125%). Both the spread and the facility fee are dependent on the Company’s senior unsecured credit rating.

In February 2015, the Company entered into an unsecured commercial paper note program in the United States. The Company may borrow up to a maximum of $500.0 million under this program subject to market conditions. The notes will be sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper note market and will rank pari passu with all of the Company’s other unsecured senior indebtedness. As of April 30, 2019, there was a balance of $435.0 million in principal outstanding on the commercial paper program.

As of April 30, 2019, there were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $6.7 million was restricted/dedicated to support letters of credit. In addition, the Company limits its utilization of the facility in order to maintain liquidity to support its $500.0 million commercial paper program along with certain other obligations. As a result, the Company had approximately $1.46 billion available under the facility at April 30, 2019. This facility may, among other potential uses, be used to fund property acquisitions, costs for certain properties under development and short-term liquidity requirements.

Dividend Policy

The Company determines its dividends/distributions based on actual and projected financial conditions, the Company’s actual and projected liquidity and operating results, the Company’s projected cash needs for capital expenditures and other investment activities and such other factors as the Company’s Board of Trustees deems relevant. The Company declared a dividend/distribution for the first quarter of 2019 of $0.5675 per share/unit, an annualized increase of 5.1% over the amount paid in 2018. This increase is supported by the Company’s strong growth in property operations since the recent economic downturn and a significant reduction in its development activity resulting in a material increase in available cash flow. All future dividends/distributions remain subject to the discretion of the Company’s Board of Trustees. The Company believes that its expected 2019 operating cash flow will be sufficient to cover capital expenditures and regular dividends/distributions.

Total dividends/distributions paid in April 2019 amounted to $218.5 million (excluding distributions on Partially Owned Properties), which consisted of certain distributions declared during the first quarter ended March 31, 2019.

Long-Term Financing and Capital Needs

The Company expects to meet its long-term liquidity requirements, such as lump sum unsecured note and mortgage debt maturities, property acquisitions and financing of development activities, through the issuance of secured and unsecured debt and equity securities, including additional OP Units, proceeds received from the disposition of certain properties and joint ventures and cash generated from operations after all distributions. In addition, the Company has significant unencumbered properties available to secure additional mortgage borrowings in the event that unsecured capital is unavailable or the cost of alternative sources of capital is too high. The fair value of and cash flow from these unencumbered properties are in excess of the requirements the Company must maintain in order to comply with covenants under its unsecured notes and line of credit. Of the $26.8 billion in investment in real estate on the Company’s balance sheet at March 31, 2019, $22.0 billion or 82.1% was unencumbered. However, there can be no assurances that these sources of capital will be available to the Company in the future on acceptable terms or otherwise.

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EQR issues public equity from time to time and guarantees certain debt of the Operating Partnership. EQR does not have any indebtedness as all deb t is incurred by the Operating Partnership.

The Company’s total debt summary and debt maturity schedules as of March 31, 2019 are as follows:

Debt Summary as of March 31, 2019

($ in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Average |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |  | Maturities |
|  | Amounts (1) |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Rates (1) |  |  | (years) |
Secured |  | $ | 2,671,491 |  |  |  | 29.8 | % |  |  | 4.01 | % |  |  | 6.9 |
Unsecured |  |  | 6,281,179 |  |  |  | 70.2 | % |  |  | 4.19 | % |  |  | 9.3 |
Total |  | $ | 8,952,670 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 4.14 | % |  |  | 8.6 |
Fixed Rate Debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured – Conventional |  | $ | 2,170,926 |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  |  | 4.48 | % |  |  | 4.8 |
Unsecured – Public |  |  | 5,487,518 |  |  |  | 61.3 | % |  |  | 4.39 | % |  |  | 10.7 |
Fixed Rate Debt |  |  | 7,658,444 |  |  |  | 85.5 | % |  |  | 4.42 | % |  |  | 9.0 |
Floating Rate Debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured – Conventional |  |  | 6,259 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 2.42 | % |  |  | 5.4 |
Secured – Tax Exempt |  |  | 494,306 |  |  |  | 5.5 | % |  |  | 2.11 | % |  |  | 15.3 |
Unsecured – Public (2) |  |  | 448,817 |  |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 3.43 | % |  |  | 0.2 |
Unsecured – Revolving Credit Facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 2.8 |
Unsecured – Commercial Paper Program |  |  | 344,844 |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 2.75 | % |  |  | — |
Floating Rate Debt |  |  | 1,294,226 |  |  |  | 14.5 | % |  |  | 2.79 | % |  |  | 6.2 |
Total |  | $ | 8,952,670 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 4.14 | % |  |  | 8.6 |

(1) | Includes the effect of any derivative instruments and amortization of premiums/discounts/OCI on debt and derivatives. Weighted average rates are for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.

(2) | Fair value interest rate swaps convert the $450.0 million 2.375% notes due July 1, 2019 to a floating interest rate of 90-Day LIBOR plus 0.61%.

Debt Maturity Schedule as of March 31, 2019

($ in thousands)

Year |  | Fixed Rate (1) |  |  | Floating Rate (1) |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Weighted Average Coupons on Fixed Rate Debt (1) |  |  | Weighted Average Coupons on Total Debt (1) |
2019 |  | $ | 5,212 |  |  | $ | 814,378 |  | (2) | $ | 819,590 |  |  |  | 9.1 | % |  |  | 3.65 | % |  |  | 3.06 | %
2020 |  |  | 1,128,592 |  | (3) |  | 700 |  |  |  | 1,129,292 |  |  |  | 12.5 | % |  |  | 5.20 | % |  |  | 5.20 | %
2021 |  |  | 927,506 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 928,106 |  |  |  | 10.3 | % |  |  | 4.64 | % |  |  | 4.64 | %
2022 |  |  | 265,341 |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 266,141 |  |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  | 3.26 | %
2023 |  |  | 1,326,800 |  |  |  | 4,800 |  |  |  | 1,331,600 |  |  |  | 14.7 | % |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  | 3.73 | %
2024 |  |  | 1,272 |  |  |  | 10,900 |  |  |  | 12,172 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 4.79 | % |  |  | 1.95 | %
2025 |  |  | 451,334 |  |  |  | 13,200 |  |  |  | 464,534 |  |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 3.38 | % |  |  | 3.33 | %
2026 |  |  | 593,424 |  |  |  | 14,500 |  |  |  | 607,924 |  |  |  | 6.7 | % |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  | 3.54 | %
2027 |  |  | 401,468 |  |  |  | 15,600 |  |  |  | 417,068 |  |  |  | 4.6 | % |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  | 3.19 | %
2028 |  |  | 901,540 |  |  |  | 48,580 |  |  |  | 950,120 |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 3.79 | % |  |  | 3.68 | %
2029+ |  |  | 1,711,549 |  |  |  | 407,420 |  |  |  | 2,118,969 |  |  |  | 23.4 | % |  |  | 4.33 | % |  |  | 3.80 | %
Subtotal |  |  | 7,714,038 |  |  |  | 1,331,478 |  |  |  | 9,045,516 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 4.08 | % |  |  | 3.88 | %
Deferred Financing Costs and Unamortized (Discount) |  |  | (55,594 | ) |  |  | (37,252 | ) |  |  | (92,846 | ) |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Total |  | $ | 7,658,444 |  |  | $ | 1,294,226 |  |  | $ | 8,952,670 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 4.08 | % |  |  | 3.88 | %

(1) | Includes the effect of any derivative instruments. Weighted average coupons are as of March 31, 2019.

(2) | Includes $345.0 million in principal outstanding on the Company’s commercial paper program.

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(3) | Includes a $500.0 million 5.78% mortgage loan with a maturity date of July 1, 2020 that can be prepaid at par beginning July 1, 2019. The Company currently intends to prepay this mortgage loan on July 1, 2019.

See Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of debt at March 31, 2019.

ERPOP’s long-term senior debt ratings and short-term commercial paper ratings as well as EQR’s long-term preferred equity ratings, which all have a stable outlook, as of April 30, 2019 are as follows:

|  | Standard & Poor’s |  | Moody’s |  | Fitch
ERPOP’s long-term senior debt rating |  | A- |  | A3 |  | A
ERPOP’s short-term commercial paper rating |  | A-2 |  | P-2 |  | F-1
EQR’s long-term preferred equity rating |  | BBB |  | Baa1 |  | BBB+

See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of the events, if any, which occurred subsequent to March 31, 2019.

Capitalization of Fixed Assets and Improvements to Real Estate

The Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s capital expenditures policy has not changed from the information included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2019, our actual capital expenditures to real estate included the following (amounts in thousands except for apartment unit and per apartment unit amounts):

Capital Expenditures to Real Estate

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2019

|  | Same Stores Properties (5) |  |  | Non-Same Store Properties/Other (6) |  |  | Total |  |  | Same Store Avg. Per Apartment Unit |
Total Apartment Units (1) |  |  | 74,166 |  |  |  | 4,950 |  |  |  | 79,116 |  |  |  |  |
Building Improvements (2) |  | $ | 16,722 |  |  | $ | 1,316 |  |  | $ | 18,038 |  |  | $ | 225 |
Renovation Expenditures (3) |  |  | 7,756 |  |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | 8,396 |  |  |  | 105 |
Replacements (4) |  |  | 7,320 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 7,584 |  |  |  | 99 |
Total Capital Expenditures |  | $ | 31,798 |  |  | $ | 2,220 |  |  | $ | 34,018 |  |  | $ | 429 |

(1) | Total Apartment Units – Excludes 945 unconsolidated apartment units for which capital expenditures to real estate are self-funded and do not consolidate into the Company’s results.

(2) | Building Improvements – Includes roof replacement, paving, building mechanical equipment systems, exterior siding and painting, major landscaping, furniture, fixtures and equipment for amenities and common areas, vehicles and office and maintenance equipment.

(3) | Renovation Expenditures – Apartment unit renovation costs (primarily kitchens and baths) designed to reposition these units for higher rental levels in their respective markets. Amounts for 550 same store apartment units approximated $14,100 per apartment unit renovated.

(4) | Replacements – Includes appliances, mechanical equipment, fixtures and flooring (including hardwood and carpeting).

(5) | Same Store Properties – Primarily includes all properties acquired or completed that are stabilized prior to January 1, 2018, less properties subsequently sold.

(6) | Non-Same Store Properties/Other – Primarily includes all properties acquired during 2018 and 2019, plus any properties in lease-up and not stabilized as of January 1, 2018. Also includes capital expenditures for properties sold.

The Company estimates that during 2019 it will spend approximately $2,600 per same store apartment unit or $190.0 million of total capital expenditures to real estate for same store properties. During 2019, the Company expects to spend approximately $40.0 million for apartment unit renovation expenditures on approximately 3,000 same store apartment units at an average cost of approximately $13,300 per apartment unit renovated. The anticipated total capital expenditures to real estate for same store properties represent approximately the same percentage of same store revenues and a slightly higher cost per unit and absolute dollar amount as compared to 2018. The Company plans to continue the capital expenditures for investment in customer-facing building improvements (leasing offices, fitness centers, common areas, etc.) to enhance the quality of our properties and to protect our competitive position given the new luxury supply opening in many of our markets. We also expect to maintain our elevated spending on sustainability projects and renovation expenditures during 2019. The above assumptions are based on current expectations and are forward-looking.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s total non-real estate capital additions, such as computer software,

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computer equipment, and furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements to the Company’s property management offices and its corporate offic es, were approximately $1.0 million. The Company expects to fund approximately $1.8 million in total non-real estate capital additions for the remainder of 201 9. These anticipated fundings are slightly lower than 2018, which are p rimarily driven by antic ipated hardware and software upgrades to various existing systems during 201 9. The above assumption is based on current expectations and is forward-looking.

Capital expenditures to real estate and non-real estate capital additions are generally funded from net cash provided by operating activities and from investment cash flow.

Derivative Instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to the effect of interest rate changes. The Company seeks to manage these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives to hedge interest rate risk on debt instruments. The Company may also use derivatives to manage commodity prices in the daily operations of the business.

The Company has a policy of only entering into contracts with major financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and other factors. When viewed in conjunction with the underlying and offsetting exposure that the derivatives are designed to hedge, the Company has not sustained a material loss from these instruments nor does it anticipate any material adverse effect on its net income or financial position in the future from the use of derivatives it currently has in place.

See Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of derivative instruments at March 31, 2019.

Definitions

The definition of certain terms described above or below are as follows:

| • | Acquisition Cap Rate – NOI that the Company anticipates receiving in the next 12 months (or the year two or three stabilized NOI for properties that are in lease-up at acquisition) less an estimate of property management costs/management fees allocated to the project (generally ranging from 2.0% to 4.0% of revenues depending on the size and income streams of the asset) and less an estimate for in-the-unit replacement capital expenditures (generally ranging from $100-$450 per apartment unit depending on the age and condition of the asset) divided by the gross purchase price of the asset. The weighted average Acquisition Cap Rate for acquired properties is weighted based on the projected NOI streams and the relative purchase price for each respective property.

| • | Development Yield – NOI that the Company anticipates receiving in the next 12 months following stabilization less an estimate of property management costs/management fees allocated to the project (generally ranging from 2.0% to 4.0% of revenues depending on the size and income streams of the asset) and less an estimate for in-the-unit replacement capital expenditures (generally ranging from $50-$150 per apartment unit depending on the type of asset) divided by the Total Budgeted Capital Cost of the asset. The weighted average Development Yield for development properties is weighted based on the projected NOI streams and the relative Total Budgeted Capital Cost for each respective property.

| • | Disposition Yield – NOI that the Company anticipates giving up in the next 12 months less an estimate of property management costs/management fees allocated to the project (generally ranging from 2.0% to 4.0% of revenues depending on the size and income streams of the asset) and less an estimate for in-the-unit replacement capital expenditures (generally ranging from $100-$450 per apartment unit depending on the age and condition of the asset) divided by the gross sales price of the asset. The weighted average Disposition Yield for sold properties is weighted based on the projected NOI streams and the relative sales price for each respective property.

| • | Unlevered Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”) – The Unlevered IRR on sold properties is the compound annual rate of return calculated by the Company based on the timing and amount of: (i) the gross purchase price of the property plus any direct acquisition costs incurred by the Company; (ii) total revenues earned during the Company’s ownership period; (iii) total direct property operating expenses (including real estate taxes and insurance) incurred during the Company’s ownership period; (iv) capital expenditures incurred during the Company’s ownership period; and (v) the gross sales price of the property net of selling costs.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Ob ligations

The Company has various unconsolidated interests in certain joint ventures. The Company does not believe that these unconsolidated investments have a materially different impact on its liquidity, cash flows, capital resources, credit or market risk than its consolidated operating and/or other activities. See Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion regarding the Company’s investments in partially owned entities. See also Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion regarding the Company’s development projects.

The Company’s contractual obligations for the next five years and thereafter have not changed materially from the amounts and disclosures included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. See the updated contractual obligations for minimum rent payments schedule included in Note 8 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and the updated debt maturity schedule included in Liquidity and Capital Resources for further discussion.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed from the information included in the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Funds From Operations and Normalized Funds From Operations

The following is the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s reconciliation of net income to FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

Funds From Operations and Normalized Funds From Operations

(Amounts in thousands)

|  | Quarter Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net income |  | $ | 109,257 |  |  | $ | 220,548 |
Net (income) attributable to Noncontrolling Interests – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (680 | )
Preferred/preference distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Net income available to Common Shares and Units / Units |  |  | 107,685 |  |  |  | 219,095 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 204,215 |  |  |  | 196,309 |
Depreciation – Non-real estate additions |  |  | (1,182 | ) |  |  | (1,145 | )
Depreciation – Partially Owned Properties |  |  | (903 | ) |  |  | (1,032 | )
Depreciation – Unconsolidated Properties |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | 1,148 |
Net (gain) loss on sales of real estate properties |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (142,213 | )
FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units (1) (3) (4) |  |  | 310,758 |  |  |  | 272,162 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment – non-operating assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Write-off of pursuit costs |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 931 |
Debt extinguishment and preferred share redemption (gains) losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,539 |
Non-operating asset (gains) losses |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 213 |
Other miscellaneous items |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | (3,239 | )
Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units (2) (3) (4) |  | $ | 314,010 |  |  | $ | 293,606 |
FFO (1) (3) |  | $ | 311,531 |  |  | $ | 272,935 |
Preferred/preference distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units (1) (3) (4) |  | $ | 310,758 |  |  | $ | 272,162 |
Normalized FFO (2) (3) |  | $ | 314,783 |  |  | $ | 294,379 |
Preferred/preference distributions |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (773 | )
Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units (2) (3) (4) |  | $ | 314,010 |  |  | $ | 293,606 |

(1) | The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) defines funds from operations (“FFO”) (December 2018 White Paper) as net income (computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”)), excluding gains or losses from sales and impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate and land when connected to the main business of a REIT, impairment write-downs of investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity and depreciation and amortization related to real estate. Adjustments for partially owned consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis.

(2) | Normalized funds from operations (“Normalized FFO”) begins with FFO and excludes:

| • | the impact of any expenses relating to non-operating asset impairment;

| • | pursuit cost write-offs;

| • | gains and losses from early debt extinguishment and preferred share redemptions;

| • | gains and losses from non-operating assets; and

| • | other miscellaneous items.

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(3) | The Company believes that FFO and FFO avai lable to Common Shares and Units / Units are helpful to investors as supplemental measures of the operating performance of a real estate company, because they are recognized measures of performance by the real estate industry and by excluding gains or loss es from sales and impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate and excluding depreciation related to real estate (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates), FFO and FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units can help compare the operating performance of a company’s real estate between periods or as compared to different companies. The Company also believes that Normalized FFO and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units are helpful to investors as supplemental measures of the operating performance of a real estate company because they allow investors to compare the Company’s operating performance to its performance in prior reporting perio ds and to the operating performance of other real estate companies without the effect of items that by their nature are not comparable from period to period and tend to obscure the Company’s actual operating results. FFO, FFO available to Common Shares an d Units / Units, Normalized FFO and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units do not represent net income, net income available to Common Shares / Units or net cash flows from operating activities in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, FFO, FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units, Normalized FFO and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units should not be exclusively considered as alternatives to net income, net income available to Common Shares / Units or net cash flows from operating activities as determined by GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. The Company’s calculation of FFO, FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units, Normalized FFO and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units may diff er from other real estate companies due to, among other items, variations in cost capitalization policies for capital expenditures and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other real estate companies.

(4) | FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units and Normalized FFO available to Common Shares and Units / Units are calculated on a basis consistent with net income available to Common Shares / Units and reflects adjustments to net income for preferred distributions and premiums on redemption of preferred shares/preference units in accordance with GAAP. The equity positions of various individuals and entities that contributed their properties to the Operating Partnership in exchange for OP Units are collectively referred to as the “Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership”. Subject to certain restrictions, the Noncontrolling Interests – Operating Partnership may exchange their OP Units for Common Shares on a one-for-one basis.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s market risk has not changed materially from the amounts and information reported in Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, to the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. See Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of derivative and other fair value instruments.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Equity Residential

| (a) | Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:

Effective as of March 31, 2019, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in its Exchange Act filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

| (b) | Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting:

There were no changes to the internal control over financial reporting of the Company identified in connection with the Company’s evaluation referred to above that occurred during the first quarter of 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ERP Operating Limited Partnership

| (a) | Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:

Effective as of March 31, 2019, the Operating Partnership carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Operating Partnership’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of EQR, of the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Operating Partnership in its Exchange Act filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

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| (b) | Changes in Internal Control over F inancial Reporting:

There were no changes to the internal control over financial reporting of the Operating Partnership identified in connection with the Operating Partnership’s evaluation referred to above that occurred during the first quarter of 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

As of March 31, 2019, the Company does not believe there is any litigation pending or threatened against it that, individually or in the aggregate, may reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors that were discussed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) Unregistered Common Shares Issued in the Quarter Ended March 31, 2019 - Equity Residential

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, EQR issued 184,878 Common Shares in exchange for 184,878 OP Units held by various limited partners of ERPOP. OP Units are generally exchangeable into Common Shares on a one-for-one basis or, at the option of ERPOP, the cash equivalent thereof, at any time one year after the date of issuance. These shares were either registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as these were transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering. In light of the manner of the sale and information obtained by EQR from the limited partners in connection with these transactions, EQR believes it may rely on these exemptions.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits – See the Exhibit Index.

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EXHIBI T INDEX

The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this report. References to exhibits or other filings under the caption “Location” indicate that the exhibit or other filing has been filed, that the indexed exhibit and the exhibit referred to are the same and that the exhibit referred to is incorporated by reference. The Commission file numbers for our Exchange Act filings referenced below are 1-12252 (Equity Residential) and 0-24920 (ERP Operating Limited Partnership).

Exhibit |  | Description |  | Location
31.1 |  | Equity Residential – Certification of Mark J. Parrell, Chief Executive Officer. |  | Attached herein.
31.2 |  | Equity Residential – Certification of Robert A. Garechana, Chief Financial Officer. |  | Attached herein.
31.3 |  | ERP Operating Limited Partnership – Certification of Mark J. Parrell, Chief Executive Officer of Registrant’s General Partner. |  | Attached herein.
31.4 |  | ERP Operating Limited Partnership – Certification of Robert A. Garechana, Chief Financial Officer of Registrant’s General Partner. |  | Attached herein.
32.1 |  | Equity Residential – Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Mark J. Parrell, Chief Executive Officer of the Company. |  | Attached herein.
32.2 |  | Equity Residential – Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Robert A. Garechana, Chief Financial Officer of the Company. |  | Attached herein.
32.3 |  | ERP Operating Limited Partnership – Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Mark J. Parrell, Chief Executive Officer of Registrant’s General Partner. |  | Attached herein.
32.4 |  | ERP Operating Limited Partnership – Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Robert A. Garechana, Chief Financial Officer of Registrant’s General Partner. |  | Attached herein.
101 |  | XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from Equity Residential’s and ERP Operating Limited Partnership’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019, formatted in XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets, (ii) consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, (iii) consolidated statements of cash flows, (iv) consolidated statements of changes in equity (Equity Residential), (v) consolidated statements of changes in capital (ERP Operating Limited Partnership) and (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements. |  | Attached herein.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | EQUITY RESIDENTIAL
Date: | May 6, 2019 | By: |  | /s/ Robert A. Garechana
|  |  |  | Robert A. Garechana
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | May 6, 2019 | By: |  | /s/ Ian S. Kaufman
|  |  |  | Ian S. Kaufman
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

|  | ERP OPERATING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP BY: EQUITY RESIDENTIAL ITS GENERAL PARTNER
Date: | May 6, 2019 | By: |  | /s/ Robert A. Garechana
|  |  |  | Robert A. Garechana
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | May 6, 2019 | By: |  | /s/ Ian S. Kaufman
|  |  |  | Ian S. Kaufman
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)