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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The U.S. and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended June 30,
202320222021
U.S.$(974,074)$(780,699)$(330,313)
Foreign(15,171)55,868 (113,057)
Total loss before income taxes$(989,245)$(724,831)$(443,370)

Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is summarized as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended June 30,
202320222021
Current
State$759 $145 $(10)
Foreign408 230 (410)
Total current expense$1,167 $375 $(420)
Deferred
Federal$137 $113 $88 
State249 281 (2,570)
Foreign(5,453)(18,183)559 
Total deferred expense(5,067)(17,789)(1,923)
Income tax (benefit) expense$(3,900)$(17,414)$(2,343)

The income tax benefit for the year ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to the effects of foreign income taxes on our Canadian subsidiary and partially offset by various U.S. state and other foreign income taxes, while the income tax benefits for the years ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 were primarily attributable to a change in our assessment of the future realization of our Canadian deferred tax assets and to an adjustment to the Company's valuation allowance resulting from a deferred tax liability assumed with the acquisition of Returnly, respectively.
The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

Year Ended June 30,
202320222021
U.S. statutory federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit7.7 %8.3 %9.1 %
Foreign rate differential0.1 %(0.4)%1.5 %
Stock-based compensation(14.9)%64.0 %66.4 %
Non-deductible compensation expense(2.2)%(12.4)%(8.4)%
Tax benefit related to tax credits, net0.9 %15.4 %0.5 %
Impact of change in fair value of contingent consideration0.2 %3.3 %(5.6)%
Change in unrecognized tax benefits(0.4)%(6.2)%— %
Other(0.1)%0.2 %1.6 %
Change in valuation allowance(11.9)%(90.8)%(85.6)%
Effective income tax rate0.4 %2.4 %0.5 %

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended June 30,
20232022
Net operating loss carryforwards$1,070,325 $1,056,403 
Allowance for credit losses65,699 55,154 
Stock-based compensation45,974 51,288 
Stock warrants50,097 — 
Operating lease liabilities15,253 19,840 
Purchased intangible assets315 — 
Tax credit carryforwards74,589 69,144 
Other10,338 7,581 
Total deferred tax assets$1,332,590 $1,259,410 
Capitalized R&E including internally developed software(21,304)(47,217)
Purchased intangible assets— (11,386)
Right-of-use lease assets(8,751)(15,289)
Stock warrants— (7,200)
Other(2,670)(2,920)
Total deferred tax liabilities$(32,725)$(84,012)
Valuation allowance(1,280,216)(1,158,246)
Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net of valuation allowance$19,649 $17,152 

We continue to recognize a full valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state and certain foreign net deferred tax assets. This determination was based on the assessment of the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred by the Company for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The presence of a three-year cumulative loss limits the
ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our expectations of future taxable income and projections for growth. The valuation allowance increased by $122.0 million during the year ended June 30, 2023.

As a result of the integration and consolidation of our PayBright business into and with Affirm’s Canadian business, the expansion of our overall business in Canada, and other objectively verifiable positive evidence available, all of which we have concluded is sufficient to outweigh the existing negative evidence – including the presence of a three-year cumulative loss attributable to the Canadian jurisdiction, we have determined that it is more likely than not that our Canadian deferred tax assets will be realized and a valuation allowance is not required.

As of June 30, 2023, we had pretax U.S. federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of approximately $3,393.3 million, state NOL carryforwards of $4,706.7 million, Canadian NOL carryforwards of $77.4 million, and U.K. NOL carryforwards of $9.6 million. If not utilized, certain U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2029, whereas others have an unlimited carryforward period, and foreign NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2039, with others that have an unlimited carryforward period as well. Additionally, as of June 30, 2023, we also had U.S. federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $87.8 million and $41.9 million, respectively. The U.S. federal research and development tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2041 while the state research and development tax credits may be carried forward indefinitely. As of June 30, 2023, the Company also had other state tax credit carryforwards of $2.6 million, which will begin to expire in 2024 if not utilized.

Of the above NOL carryforwards, approximately $42.0 million pretax U.S. federal NOL carryforwards and $36.4 million state NOL carryforwards are from domestic acquisitions, which may be subject to an annual utilization limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 382.

The future utilization of all domestic NOL and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 and similar state provisions, due to ownership changes that may have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. Any limitation may result in the expiration of all or a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization.

The Company accounts for uncertainties in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
Year ended June 30,
202320222021
Beginning balance$47,867 $— $— 
Gross increase for tax positions related to the current year5,828 28,407 — 
Gross increase for tax positions related to prior years— 19,460 — 
Gross decrease for tax positions related to prior years(1,845)— — 
Ending balance$51,850 $47,867 $— 

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months.

Interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as a component of tax expense. During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we did not recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.

We file U.S. federal and state income tax returns as well as various foreign income tax returns with varying statutes of limitation. With respect to the Company’s major tax filings, all tax years remain open to examination due to the carryover of unused net operating losses.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was enacted into U.S. federal law. The Company does not currently expect that the Inflation Reduction Act will have a material impact on its income taxes.