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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission File Number: 001-39888
Affirm Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 84-2224323
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
650 California Street |  |  |
San Francisco, California |  |  | 94108
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(415) 960-1518
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share |  | AFRM |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of February 3, 2025, the number of shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding was 277,254,755 and the number of shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding was 40,801,695.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Cover |  | 1
Table of Contents |  | 2
Part I - Financial Information |  | 5
Item 1. Financial Statements |  | 5
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) |  | 5
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS, CONT. (Unaudited) |  | 6
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited) |  | 7
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited) |  | 8
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) |  | 10
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS, CONT. (Unaudited) |  | 11
1. Business Description |  | 12
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |  | 12
3. Revenue |  | 14
4. Loans Held for Investment and Allowance for Credit Losses |  | 17
5. Balance Sheet Components |  | 21
6. Leases |  | 24
7. Commitments and Contingencies |  | 25
8. Debt |  | 27
9. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities |  | 33
10. Investments |  | 35
11. Derivative Financial Instruments |  | 39
12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities |  | 41
13. Stockholders’ Equity |  | 52
14. Equity Incentive Plans |  | 53
15. Restructuring |  | 56
16. Income Taxes |  | 56
17. Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders |  | 57
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 59
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 76
Item 4. Controls and Procedures |  | 78
Part II - Other Information |  | 79
Item 1. Legal Proceedings |  | 79
Item 1A. Risk Factors |  | 79
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 80
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 80
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 80
Item 5. Other Information |  | 81
Item 6. Exhibits |  | 83
Signatures |  | 84

2

Table of Contents
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”), as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial condition, business strategy, and plans and objectives of management regarding future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potentially,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:
•our expectations regarding our future revenue, expenses, and other operating results and key operating metrics;
•our ability to attract new merchant partners and commerce platforms and grow our relationships with existing merchant partners and commerce platforms;
•our ability to compete successfully in a highly competitive and evolving industry;
•our ability to attract new consumers and retain and grow our relationships with our existing consumers;
•our expectations regarding the development, innovation, introduction of, and demand for, our products;
•our ability to successfully maintain our relationship with existing originating bank partners and card issuing bank partners and engage additional originating bank partners and card issuing bank partners;
•our ability to maintain, renew or replace our existing funding arrangements and build and grow new funding relationships;
•the impact of any of our funding sources becoming unwilling or unable to provide funding to us on terms acceptable to us, or at all;
•our ability to effectively price and score credit risk using our proprietary risk model;
•the performance of loans facilitated and originated through our platform;
•the future growth rate of our revenue and related key operating metrics;
•our ability to achieve sustained profitability in the future;
•our ability, and the ability of our originating bank and other partners, to comply, and remain in compliance with, laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business or the businesses of such partners;
•our ability to protect our confidential, proprietary, or sensitive information;
•past and future acquisitions, investments, and other strategic investments;
•our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand and intellectual property;
•litigation, investigations, regulatory inquiries, and proceedings;
•developments in our regulatory environment;
•the impact of macroeconomic conditions on our business, including the impacts of inflation, an elevated interest rate environment and corresponding elevated negotiated interest rate spreads, ongoing recessionary concerns, and the potential impact of those macroeconomic conditions on the stability of the financial institutions with whom we do business; and
•the size and growth rates of the markets in which we compete.
3

Table of Contents
Forward-looking statements, including statements such as “we believe” and similar statements, are based on our management’s current beliefs, opinions and assumptions and on information currently available as of the date of this Report. Such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 (the “Annual Report”). Other sections of this Form 10-Q may include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive, heavily regulated and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks that we may face, nor can we assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause our actual results to differ from those contained in, or implied by, any forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this Report, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, achievements, events, outcomes, timing of results or circumstances. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Report or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. You should read this Form 10-Q and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance, outcomes, achievements and timing of results or outcomes may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
Investors and others should note that we may announce material business and financial information to our investors using our investor relations website (investors.affirm.com), our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), webcasts, press releases, conference calls, and social media. We use these mediums, including our website, to communicate with investors and the general public about our company, our products, and other issues. It is possible that the information that we make available on our website may be deemed to be material information. We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our Company to review the information that we make available on our website. The contents of our website are not incorporated into this filing. We have included our investor relations website address only as an inactive textual reference for convenience and do not intend it to be an active link to our website.
4

Table of Contents
Part I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,200,381 |  |  | $ | 1,013,106 |
Restricted cash |  | 536,776 |  |  | 282,293 |
Securities available for sale at fair value |  | 666,684 |  |  | 1,131,628 |
Loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Loans held for investment |  | 6,796,167 |  |  | 5,670,056 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (363,831) |  |  | (309,097) |
Loans held for investment, net |  | 6,432,336 |  |  | 5,360,959 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 203,626 |  |  | 353,028 |
Property, equipment and software, net |  | 506,334 |  |  | 427,686 |
Goodwill |  | 521,699 |  |  | 533,439 |
Intangible assets |  | 12,193 |  |  | 13,502 |
Commercial agreement assets |  | 76,091 |  |  | 104,602 |
Other assets |  | 324,957 |  |  | 299,340 |
Total assets |  | $ | 10,481,077 |  |  | $ | 9,519,619 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 50,626 |  |  | $ | 41,019 |
Payable to third-party loan owners |  | 157,245 |  |  | 159,643 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 25,357 |  |  | 24,327 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 155,568 |  |  | 147,429 |
Convertible senior notes, net |  | 1,151,048 |  |  | 1,341,430 |
Notes issued by securitization trusts |  | 3,988,887 |  |  | 3,236,873 |
Funding debt |  | 2,166,806 |  |  | 1,836,909 |
Total liabilities |  | 7,695,537 |  |  | 6,787,630 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share: 3,030,000,000 shares authorized, 274,933,492 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 3,030,000,000 shares authorized, 267,305,456 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Class B common stock, par value $0.00001 per share: 140,000,000 shares authorized, 40,801,782 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 140,000,000 authorized, 43,747,575 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid in capital |  | 5,961,956 |  |  | 5,862,555 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (3,128,866) |  |  | (3,109,004) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (47,553) |  |  | (21,565) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 2,785,540 |  |  | 2,731,989 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 10,481,077 |  |  | $ | 9,519,619 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS, CONT.
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)
The following table presents the assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”), which are included in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets above. The assets in the table below may only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs and are in excess of those obligations. The liabilities in the table below include liabilities for which creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. Additionally, the assets and liabilities in the table below include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs only and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate upon consolidation.

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Assets of consolidated VIEs, included in total assets above |  |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | $ | 223,798 |  |  | $ | 145,829 |
Loans held for investment |  | 6,628,228 |  |  | 5,461,660 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (294,202) |  |  | (242,991) |
Loans held for investment, net |  | 6,334,026 |  |  | 5,218,669 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 2,969 |  |  | 2,961 |
Other assets |  | 6,349 |  |  | 10,676 |
Total assets of consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 6,567,142 |  |  | $ | 5,378,135 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs, included in total liabilities above |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 2,695 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 24,963 |  |  | 24,220 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 6,818 |  |  | 11,115 |
Notes issued by securitization trusts |  | 3,988,887 |  |  | 3,236,873 |
Funding debt |  | 2,115,772 |  |  | 1,794,984 |
Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs |  | 6,139,135 |  |  | 5,070,022 |
Total net assets of consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 428,007 |  |  | $ | 308,113 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Merchant network revenue |  | $ | 244,895 |  |  | $ | 188,357 |  |  | $ | 429,234 |  |  | $ | 334,307 |
Card network revenue |  | 58,142 |  |  | 39,269 |  |  | 105,622 |  |  | 72,745 |
Total network revenue |  | 303,037 |  |  | 227,626 |  |  | 534,856 |  |  | 407,052 |
Interest income |  | 409,367 |  |  | 288,346 |  |  | 786,431 |  |  | 551,025 |
Gain on sales of loans |  | 125,287 |  |  | 52,702 |  |  | 188,900 |  |  | 86,987 |
Servicing income |  | 28,690 |  |  | 22,436 |  |  | 54,674 |  |  | 42,593 |
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 866,381 |  |  | $ | 591,110 |  |  | $ | 1,564,861 |  |  | $ | 1,087,657 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on loan purchase commitment |  | $ | 70,278 |  |  | $ | 53,630 |  |  | $ | 124,515 |  |  | $ | 88,496 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 152,980 |  |  | 120,880 |  |  | 312,804 |  |  | 220,576 |
Funding costs |  | 107,762 |  |  | 84,617 |  |  | 211,907 |  |  | 158,548 |
Processing and servicing |  | 115,960 |  |  | 90,203 |  |  | 211,106 |  |  | 165,874 |
Technology and data analytics |  | 148,213 |  |  | 119,833 |  |  | 282,503 |  |  | 252,798 |
Sales and marketing |  | 136,038 |  |  | 161,265 |  |  | 281,271 |  |  | 308,131 |
General and administrative |  | 139,412 |  |  | 132,777 |  |  | 277,894 |  |  | 273,111 |
Restructuring and other |  | 60 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (195) |  |  | 1,721 |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 870,703 |  |  | $ | 763,261 |  |  | $ | 1,701,805 |  |  | $ | 1,469,255 |
Operating loss |  | $ | (4,322) |  |  | $ | (172,151) |  |  | $ | (136,944) |  |  | $ | (381,598) |
Other income, net |  | 87,181 |  |  | 4,549 |  |  | 121,483 |  |  | 43,256 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 82,859 |  |  | $ | (167,602) |  |  | $ | (15,461) |  |  | $ | (338,342) |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 2,499 |  |  | (700) |  |  | 4,401 |  |  | 343 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 80,360 |  |  | $ | (166,902) |  |  | $ | (19,862) |  |  | $ | (338,685) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | $ | (35,469) |  |  | $ | 13,824 |  |  | $ | (27,123) |  |  | $ | 1,926 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale, net |  | (2,873) |  |  | 4,853 |  |  | 2,716 |  |  | 6,206 |
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedges |  | (89) |  |  | (614) |  |  | (1,581) |  |  | 149 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (38,431) |  |  | $ | 18,063 |  |  | $ | (25,988) |  |  | $ | 8,281 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 41,929 |  |  | $ | (148,839) |  |  | $ | (45,850) |  |  | $ | (330,404) |
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders for Class A and Class B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.06) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.06) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 322,282,334 |  |  | 307,571,602 |  |  | 320,258,445 |  |  | 305,705,637 |
Diluted |  | 345,196,568 |  |  | 307,571,602 |  |  | 320,258,445 |  |  | 305,705,637 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares (1) |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | 311,053,031 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5,862,555 |  |  | $ | (3,109,004) |  |  | $ | (21,565) |  |  | $ | 2,731,989 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 432,277 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,596 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,596 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 2,492,095 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of warrants for common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,263 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,263 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 143,711 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 143,711 |
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63,208) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63,208) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,346 |  |  | 8,346 |
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,589 |  |  | 5,589 |
Loss on cash flow hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,492) |  |  | (1,492) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,222) |  |  | — |  |  | (100,222) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 313,977,403 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 6,053,917 |  |  | $ | (3,209,226) |  |  | $ | (9,122) |  |  | $ | 2,835,572 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 2,762,075 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,700 |
Issuance of common stock, employee share purchase plan |  | 204,650 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,092 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,092 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | (3,526,590) |  |  | — |  |  | (250,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (250,000) |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 2,317,736 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of warrants for common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,776 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,776 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,806 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,806 |
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,335) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,335) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,469) |  |  | (35,469) |
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,873) |  |  | (2,873) |
Loss on cash flow hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (89) |  |  | (89) |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,360 |  |  | — |  |  | 80,360 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 315,735,274 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5,961,956 |  |  | $ | (3,128,866) |  |  | $ | (47,553) |  |  | $ | 2,785,540 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares (1) |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  | 296,846,217 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5,140,850 |  |  | $ | (2,591,247) |  |  | $ | (15,423) |  |  | $ | 2,534,183 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 495,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,625 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 3,740,320 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of warrants for common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,910 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,910 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151,162 |
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,515) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,515) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,898) |  |  | (11,898) |
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 1,353 |
Gain on cash flow hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 763 |  |  | 763 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (171,783) |  |  | — |  |  | (171,783) |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  | 301,081,887 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5,355,032 |  |  | $ | (2,763,030) |  |  | $ | (25,205) |  |  | $ | 2,566,800 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 1,922,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,419 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,419 |
Issuance of common stock, employee share purchase plan |  | 333,847 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,137 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 2,195,991 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of warrants for common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,705 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,705 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,821 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,821 |
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39,159) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39,159) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,824 |  |  | 13,824 |
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,853 |  |  | 4,853 |
Loss on cash flow hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (614) |  |  | (614) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (166,902) |  |  | — |  |  | (166,902) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 305,534,346 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5,571,955 |  |  | $ | (2,929,932) |  |  | $ | (7,142) |  |  | $ | 2,634,884 |

(1)The share amounts listed above combine Class A and Class B stock.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (19,862) |  |  | $ | (338,685) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Provision for losses |  | 312,804 |  |  | 220,576 |
Amortization of premiums and discounts on loans |  | (111,297) |  |  | (87,979) |
Gain on sales of loans |  | (188,900) |  |  | (86,987) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  | (82,418) |  |  | — |
Changes in fair value of assets and liabilities |  | 4,622 |  |  | (4,912) |
Amortization of commercial agreement assets |  | 28,511 |  |  | 43,114 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 12,990 |  |  | 12,758 |
Amortization of discount on securities available for sale |  | (26,618) |  |  | (23,122) |
Commercial agreement warrant expense |  | 194,039 |  |  | 210,615 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 180,331 |  |  | 202,523 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 101,614 |  |  | 66,643 |
Other |  | (2,151) |  |  | 15,660 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Purchases and origination of loans held for sale |  | (2,262,419) |  |  | (2,244,895) |
Proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale |  | 2,262,441 |  |  | 2,262,184 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 143,781 |  |  | (116,487) |
Other assets |  | (27,421) |  |  | (41,669) |
Accounts payable |  | 9,607 |  |  | 31,203 |
Payable to third-party loan buyers |  | (2,398) |  |  | 80,715 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 1,894 |  |  | 8,963 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | (20,266) |  |  | (36,995) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 508,884 |  |  | 173,223 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |
Purchases and origination of loans held for investment |  | (15,051,906) |  |  | (10,333,489) |
Proceeds from the sale of loans held for investment |  | 5,264,335 |  |  | 2,976,941 |
Principal repayments and other loan servicing activity |  | 8,661,493 |  |  | 6,536,313 |
Additions to property, equipment and software |  | (88,057) |  |  | (74,564) |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  | (184,885) |  |  | (193,322) |
Proceeds from maturities and repayments of securities available for sale |  | 720,570 |  |  | 482,029 |
Other investing cash inflows |  | 14,383 |  |  | (34,669) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (664,067) |  |  | (640,761) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes |  | 920,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the issuance of funding debt |  | 7,893,354 |  |  | 6,439,713 |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | (23,070) |  |  | (16,280) |
Principal repayments of funding debt |  | (7,548,552) |  |  | (6,291,324) |
Extinguishment of convertible debt |  | (1,012,856) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of notes and certificates by securitization trust |  | 750,000 |  |  | 1,101,828 |
Principal repayments of notes issued by securitization trust |  | — |  |  | (528,279) |
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options and warrants and contributions to ESPP |  | 39,388 |  |  | 25,167 |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (250,000) |  |  | — |
Payments of tax withholding for stock-based compensation |  | (158,543) |  |  | (75,674) |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 609,721 |  |  | 655,151 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (12,780) |  |  | 421 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 441,758 |  |  | 188,034 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  | 1,295,399 |  |  | 1,259,944 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  | $ | 1,737,157 |  |  | $ | 1,447,978 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS, CONT.
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Reconciliation to amounts on consolidated balance sheets (as of period end) |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,200,381 |  |  | 1,036,719 |
Restricted cash |  | 536,776 |  |  | 411,259 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 1,737,157 |  |  | $ | 1,447,978 |

|  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |
Cash payments for interest expense |  | $ | 201,129 |  |  | $ | 142,449 |
Cash paid for operating leases |  | 8,322 |  |  | 8,251 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | 1,110 |  |  | 571 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation included in capitalized internal-use software |  | 94,186 |  |  | 68,460 |
Securities retained under unconsolidated securitization transactions |  | 41,940 |  |  | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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1. Business Description
Affirm Holdings, Inc. (“Affirm,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), headquartered in San Francisco, California, provides consumers with a simpler, more transparent, and flexible alternative to traditional payment options. Our mission is to deliver honest financial products that improve lives. Through our next-generation commerce platform, agreements with originating banks, and capital markets partners, we enable consumers to confidently pay for a purchase over time. When a consumer applies for a loan through our platform, the loan is underwritten using our proprietary risk model, and once approved, the consumer selects their preferred repayment option. Loans are directly originated or funded and issued by our originating bank partners.
Merchants partner with us to transform the consumer shopping experience and to acquire and convert consumers more effectively through our frictionless point-of-sale payment solutions. Consumers get the flexibility to buy now and make simple regular payments for their purchases and merchants see increased average order value, repeat purchase rates, and an overall more satisfied consumer base. Unlike legacy payment options and our competitors’ product offerings, which charge deferred or compounding interest and unexpected costs, we disclose up-front to consumers exactly what they will owe — no hidden fees, no deferred interest, no penalties.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), disclosure requirements for interim financial information, and the requirements of Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date. Management believes these interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including those of a normal and recurring nature, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year or any other interim period.
Our interim condensed financial statements have been prepared on a consolidated basis. Under this basis of presentation, our financial statements consolidate all wholly owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”), in which we have a controlling financial interest. These include various business trust entities and limited partnerships established to enter into warehouse credit agreements with certain lenders for funding debt facilities and certain asset-backed securitization transactions. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Our variable interest arises from contractual, ownership, or other monetary interests in the entity, which changes with fluctuations in the fair value of the entity’s net assets. We consolidate a VIE when we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. We assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to determination of the allowance for credit losses, capitalized internal-use software development costs, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, loss on loan purchase commitment, discount on directly originated loans, the evaluation for impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, the fair value of available
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for sale debt securities including retained interests in our securitization trusts, the fair value of risk sharing arrangements, and stock-based compensation, including the fair value of warrants issued to nonemployees. We base our estimates on historical experience, current events, and other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or operating results will be materially affected.
These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
There were no material changes to our significant accounting policies as disclosed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on August 28, 2024.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Segment Reporting
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”. The new guidance modifies the existing annual and interim segment reporting disclosures. The purpose of the update is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows, primarily through enhanced disclosure requirements on significant segment expenses. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Income Taxes
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. The new guidance is expected to increase transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures through improvements to the rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, and other disclosure requirements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Reporting Comprehensive Income
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses”. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2024-03, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024-03. The new guidance requires disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, specified information about certain income statement costs and expenses for each interim and annual reporting period. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
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Debt with Conversion and Other Options
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, “Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments”. The new guidance clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt should be accounted for as an induced conversion. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods, and should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting standard update on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
3. Revenue
The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Merchant network revenue |  | $ | 244,895 |  |  | $ | 188,357 |  |  | $ | 429,234 |  |  | $ | 334,307 |
Card network revenue |  | 58,142 |  |  | 39,269 |  |  | 105,622 |  |  | 72,745 |
Interest income |  | 409,367 |  |  | 288,346 |  |  | 786,431 |  |  | 551,025 |
Gain on sales of loans |  | 125,287 |  |  | 52,702 |  |  | 188,900 |  |  | 86,987 |
Servicing income |  | 28,690 |  |  | 22,436 |  |  | 54,674 |  |  | 42,593 |
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 866,381 |  |  | $ | 591,110 |  |  | $ | 1,564,861 |  |  | $ | 1,087,657 |

Merchant Network Revenue — Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Merchant network revenue primarily consists of merchant fees. Merchant partners (or integrated merchants) are generally charged a fee based on gross merchandise volume (“GMV”) processed through the Affirm platform. The fees vary depending on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and on the terms of the product offering. The fee is recognized at the point in time the merchant successfully confirms the transaction, which is when the terms of the executed merchant agreement are fulfilled.
Our contracts with merchants are defined at the transaction level and do not extend beyond the service already provided (i.e., each transaction represents a separate contract). The fees collected from merchants for each transaction are determined as a percentage of the value of the goods purchased by the consumer from merchants and consider a number of factors including the end consumer’s credit risk and financing term. We do not have any capitalized contract costs, and do not carry any material contract balances.
Our service comprises a single performance obligation to merchants to facilitate transactions with consumers. From time to time, we offer merchants incentives to promote our platform to their customers, such as fee reductions or rebates. These amounts are recorded as a reduction to merchant network revenue.
We may originate certain loans via our wholly-owned subsidiaries, with zero or below market interest rates. In these instances, the par value of the loans originated is in excess of the fair market value of such loans, resulting in a loss on loan origination, which we record as a reduction to merchant network revenue. In certain cases, the losses incurred on loans originated for a merchant may exceed the total merchant network revenue earned on those loans. We record the excess loss amounts as a sales and marketing expense.
A portion of merchant network revenue relates to affiliate network revenue, which is generated when a user makes a purchase on a merchant’s website after being directed from an advertisement on Affirm’s website or mobile application. We earn a fixed placement fee and/or commission as a percentage of the associated sale. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the performance obligation has been fulfilled, which is when the sale occurs.
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For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no merchants that individually exceeded 10% of total revenue.
Card Network Revenue — Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We have agreements with card-issuing partners to facilitate the issuance of physical and virtual cards to be used by consumers at checkout. Prior to purchase, consumers can apply at Affirm.com or via the Affirm app and, upon approval, use a physical or virtual card to complete their purchase online or in-store. The card is funded at the time a transaction is authorized using cash held by the card-issuing partner in a reserve fund. Eligible consumers can also use the Affirm Card, a card issued by a card-issuing partner to pay in full, via their linked bank account, or pay later, by using a unique post-purchase feature that allows them to instantly convert any eligible transaction into an installment loan. Where applicable, our originating bank partner, or wholly-owned subsidiaries, then originates a loan to the consumer after the transaction is confirmed by the merchant. The merchant is charged interchange fees for each successful card transaction, and a portion of this revenue is shared with us by our card-issuing partners.
Merchants may also elect to utilize our agreement with card-issuing partners as a means of integrating Affirm services. Similarly, for these arrangements with integrated merchants, the merchant is charged interchange fees for each successful card transaction and a portion of this revenue is shared with us. From time to time, we offer certain integrated merchants promotional incentives to promote our platform to their customers, such as rebates of interchange fees incurred by the merchant. These amounts are recorded as a reduction of card network revenue.
Our contracts with our card-issuing partners are defined at the transaction level and do not extend beyond the service already provided. The revenue collected from card-issuing partners for each transaction are determined as a percentage of the interchange fees charged on transactions facilitated on the payment processor network, and revenue is recognized at the point in time the transaction is completed successfully. The amounts collected are presented in revenue, net of associated transaction-related processing fees paid to our card-issuing partners. We have concluded that the revenue collected does not give rise to a future material right because the pricing of each transaction does not depend on the volume of prior successful transactions. We do not have any capitalized contract costs, and do not carry any material contract balances.
Our service comprises a single performance obligation to the card-issuing partner to facilitate transactions with consumers.
A portion of card network revenue relates to incentive payments from card network partners, which we are eligible to receive for reaching certain cumulative volume targets on program cards issued by our card-issuing partners. We earn incentive revenue as a percentage of each associated transaction and estimate the applicable percentage based on observed cumulative volume on program cards. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the performance obligation has been fulfilled, which is when the transaction is completed successfully.
Interest Income
Interest income consisted of the following components (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Contractual interest income on unpaid principal balance |  | $ | 375,906 |  |  | $ | 248,083 |  |  | $ | 713,070 |  |  | $ | 474,374 |
Amortization of discount on loans |  | 64,115 |  |  | 51,024 |  |  | 120,812 |  |  | 96,142 |
Amortization of premiums on loans |  | (4,882) |  |  | (4,183) |  |  | (9,515) |  |  | (8,163) |
Interest receivable charged-off, net of recoveries |  | (25,772) |  |  | (6,578) |  |  | (37,936) |  |  | (11,328) |
Total interest income |  | $ | 409,367 |  |  | $ | 288,346 |  |  | $ | 786,431 |  |  | $ | 551,025 |

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We accrue interest income using the effective interest method, which includes the amortization of any discounts or premiums on loan receivables created upon the purchase of a loan from our originating bank partners or upon the origination of a loan. Interest income on a loan is accrued daily, based on the finance charge disclosed to the consumer, over the term of the loan based upon the principal outstanding. The accrual of interest on a loan is suspended if a formal dispute with the consumer involving either Affirm or the merchant of record is opened, or a loan is 120 days past due. Upon the resolution of a dispute with the consumer, the accrual of interest is resumed, and any interest that would have been earned during the disputed period is retroactively accrued. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, the balance of loans held for investment on non-accrual status was $6.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
The account is charged-off in the period if the account becomes 120 days past due or meets other charge-off policy requirements. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loans. Previously recognized interest receivable from charged-off loans that is accrued but not collected from the consumer is charged-off.
Gain on Sales of Loans
We sell certain loans we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners directly to third-party investors or to securitizations. We recognize a gain or loss on sale of loans sold to third parties or to unconsolidated securitizations by calculating the difference between the proceeds received and the carrying value of the loan. This amount is adjusted for the initial recognition of any assets or liabilities incurred upon sale. These generally include a net servicing asset or liability in connection with our ongoing obligation to continue to service the loans and a liability in connection with our loan repurchase obligation for loans that do not meet certain contractual requirements and such information about the loan was unknown at the time of sale.
Additionally, we recognize a risk sharing asset or liability in certain arrangements where payments are made or received based on the actual versus expected loan performance, as contractually agreed upon with the third party. Refer to Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities for further discussion of risk sharing arrangements.
Servicing Income
Servicing income includes contractual fees specified in our servicing agreements with third-party loan owners and unconsolidated securitizations that are earned from providing professional services to manage loan portfolios on their behalf. The servicing fee is calculated on a daily basis by multiplying a set fee percentage (as outlined in the executed agreements with third-party loan owners) by the outstanding loan principal balance. Servicing income also includes fair value adjustments for servicing assets and servicing liabilities.
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4. Loans Held for Investment and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans held for investment consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Unpaid principal balance |  | $ | 6,814,032 |  |  | $ | 5,697,965 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 76,096 |  |  | 62,796 |
Premiums on loans held for investment |  | 9,472 |  |  | 7,822 |
Less: Discount due to loss on loan purchase commitment |  | (74,099) |  |  | (63,682) |
Less: Discount due to loss on directly originated loans |  | (29,326) |  |  | (34,829) |
Less: Fair value adjustment on loans acquired through business combination |  | (8) |  |  | (16) |
Total loans held for investment |  | $ | 6,796,167 |  |  | $ | 5,670,056 |

Loans held for investment includes loans originated through our originating bank partners and directly originated loans. The majority of the loans that are underwritten using our technology platform and originated by our originating bank partners are later purchased by us. We purchased loans from our originating bank partners in the amount of $8.1 billion and $14.5 billion during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $5.9 billion and $10.5 billion during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively. We directly originated $1.7 billion and $3.0 billion of loans during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $1.3 billion and $2.2 billion of loans during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
Our portfolio consists of interest bearing and non-interest bearing consumer loans with original term lengths of up to sixty months originated in markets including the U.S., U.K, and Canada, with the majority of loans originated within the U.S. Given that our loan portfolio focuses on one product segment, unsecured consumer installment loans, we generally evaluate the entire portfolio as a single homogeneous loan portfolio to predict future losses, considering factors such as country of origin, loan product, origination channel, merchant and various borrower characteristics.
We closely monitor credit quality for our loan receivables to manage and evaluate our related exposure to credit risk. Credit risk management begins with initial underwriting, where loan applications are assessed against the credit underwriting policy and procedures for our directly originated loans and originating bank partner loans, and continues through to full repayment of a loan. To assess a consumer who requests a loan, we use, among other indicators, internally developed risk models using detailed information from external sources, such as credit bureaus where available, and internal historical experience, including the consumer’s prior repayment history on our platform as well as other measures. We combine these factors to establish a proprietary score as a credit quality indicator.
Our proprietary score (“ITACs”) is assigned to most loans facilitated through our technology platform, ranging from zero to 100, with 100 representing the highest credit quality and therefore the lowest likelihood of loss. The ITACs model analyzes the characteristics of a consumer's attributes that are shown to be predictive of both willingness and ability to repay including, but not limited to: basic features of a consumer's credit profile, a consumer's prior repayment performance with other creditors, current credit utilization, and legal and policy changes. When a consumer passes both fraud and credit policy checks, the application is assigned an ITACs score. ITACs is also used for portfolio performance monitoring. Our credit risk team closely tracks the distribution of ITACs at the portfolio level, as well as ITACs at the individual loan level to monitor for signs of a changing credit profile within the portfolio. Repayment performance within each ITACs band is also monitored to support both the integrity of the risk scoring models and to measure possible changes in consumer behavior amongst various credit tiers.
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The following tables present an analysis of the credit quality, by ITACs score, of the amortized cost basis excluding accrued interest receivable, by fiscal year of origination on loans held for investment and loans held for sale as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Amortized Costs Basis by Fiscal Year of Origination |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Total
96+ |  | $ | 3,468,048 |  |  | $ | 907,243 |  |  | $ | 85,925 |  |  | $ | 6,645 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 4,468,075 |
94 – 96 |  | 1,381,171 |  |  | 366,485 |  |  | 5,615 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,753,758 |
90 – 94 |  | 329,415 |  |  | 59,203 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 389,803 |
<90 |  | 65,999 |  |  | 8,168 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 74,293 |
No score (1) |  | 2,114 |  |  | 5,707 |  |  | 22,509 |  |  | 3,675 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 34,142 |
Total amortized cost basis |  | $ | 5,246,747 |  |  | $ | 1,346,806 |  |  | $ | 114,951 |  |  | $ | 11,196 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 6,720,071 |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Amortized Costs Basis by Fiscal Year of Origination |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
96+ |  | $ | 3,438,135 |  |  | $ | 183,210 |  |  | $ | 10,026 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3,631,572 |
94 – 96 |  | 1,509,125 |  |  | 29,227 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,538,829 |
90 – 94 |  | 287,499 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 291,342 |
<90 |  | 45,009 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,367 |
No score (1) |  | 20,680 |  |  | 66,680 |  |  | 12,391 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 100,186 |
Total amortized cost basis |  | $ | 5,300,448 |  |  | $ | 282,738 |  |  | $ | 23,452 |  |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 5,607,296 |

(1)This balance represents loan receivables without sufficient data available for use by the Affirm scoring methodology including new markets and certain developing products.
The following table presents net charge-offs by fiscal year of origination as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Net Charge-offs by Fiscal Year of Origination |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Total
Current period charge-offs |  | (14,524) |  |  | (231,104) |  |  | (17,470) |  |  | (951) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (140) |  |  | (264,360) |
Current period recoveries |  | 199 |  |  | 7,829 |  |  | 6,300 |  |  | 2,289 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 17,220 |
Current period net charge-offs |  | (14,325) |  |  | (223,275) |  |  | (11,170) |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 295 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (247,140) |

Loan receivables are defined as past due if either the principal or interest have not been received within four calendars days of when they are due in accordance with the agreed upon contractual terms. The following table presents an aging analysis of the amortized cost basis excluding accrued interest receivable of loans held for investment and loans held for sale by delinquency status (in thousands):
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|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Non-delinquent loans |  | $ | 6,361,896 |  |  | $ | 5,331,462 |
4 – 29 calendar days past due |  | 175,272 |  |  | 134,434 |
30 – 59 calendar days past due |  | 73,513 |  |  | 55,021 |
60 – 89 calendar days past due |  | 56,471 |  |  | 47,764 |
90 – 119 calendar days past due(1) |  | 52,919 |  |  | 38,615 |
Total amortized cost basis |  | $ | 6,720,071 |  |  | $ | 5,607,296 |

(1)Includes $52.7 million and $38.6 million of loan receivables as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, that are 90 days or more past due, but are not on non-accrual status.
We maintain an allowance for credit losses at a level sufficient to absorb expected credit losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in our loan portfolio. The allowance for credit losses reflects our estimate of expected lifetime credit losses, which consider the remaining contractual term, historical credit losses, consumer payment trends, estimated recoveries, and future payment expectations as of each balance sheet date. Adjustments to the allowance for changes in our estimate of lifetime expected credit losses are recognized in earnings through the provision for credit losses presented on our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Loans are charged off in accordance with our charge-off policy, as the contractual principal becomes 120 days past due. Subsequent recoveries of the unpaid principal balance, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses.
The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses, including charge-offs, recoveries and provision for loan losses (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 350,606 |  |  | $ | 232,068 |  |  | $ | 309,097 |  |  | $ | 204,531 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 147,069 |  |  | 116,160 |  |  | 301,874 |  |  | 208,988 |
Charge-offs |  | (142,912) |  |  | (91,633) |  |  | (264,360) |  |  | (162,476) |
Recoveries of charged-off receivables |  | 9,068 |  |  | 5,609 |  |  | 17,220 |  |  | 11,161 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 363,831 |  |  | $ | 262,204 |  |  | $ | 363,831 |  |  | $ | 262,204 |

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
We have a loan modification program for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty if certain eligibility criteria are met. A loan is evaluated for modification program eligibility when a borrower self-reports financial hardship, either when a borrower contacts us directly or upon making contact with the borrower to determine eligibility when a loan payment is past due. The objectives of the loan modification program are to offer borrowers assistance during times of financial stress, increase collections, and minimize losses.
We have two primary loan modification strategies: payment deferrals and loan re-amortization. A payment deferral provides the borrower relief by extending the due date for the next payment due. While a borrower may obtain more than one deferral, the total deferral period may not exceed three months. A loan re-amortization provides the borrower relief by lowering monthly payments through extending the term length of the loan; however, the total remaining term may not exceed twenty-four months. In addition, the total interest due from the consumer will not exceed the initial total interest due prior to modification, and a loan may not be re-amortized more than once.
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The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans excluding accrued interest receivable that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, by type of modification (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023(1)
Payment deferral |  | $ | 10,189 |  |  | $ | 20,899 |
Loan re-amortization |  | 170 |  |  | 663 |
Total |  | $ | 10,359 |  |  | $ | 21,561 |
% of total loan receivables outstanding |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.42 | %

|  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023(1)
Payment deferral |  | $ | 16,096 |  |  | $ | 28,960 |
Loan re-amortization |  | 274 |  |  | 1,132 |
Total |  | $ | 16,370 |  |  | $ | 30,092 |
% of total loan receivables outstanding |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.58 | %

(1)Amounts previously disclosed excluded modifications made to borrowers where the loan was less than 30 days delinquent at the time of modification.
With respect to borrowers who received payment deferrals during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the length of each deferral period was one month.
With respect to borrowers who received a loan re-amortization during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the payment amount was reduced by half and the term of the loan was extended between one month and twelve months.
During the modification process, the loans are made current, and payment schedules for these loans are updated according to the modified terms. We closely monitor the performance of loans that are modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of our modification efforts. We hold an allowance for credit losses for modified loans classified as held for investment. Our allowance estimate considers whether a loan has been modified, the delinquency status of the loan on the date of modification, and the increased likelihood that such loan may become delinquent or charge-off in the future.
The following tables present the delinquency status as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by amortized cost basis excluding accrued interest receivable, of loan receivables that have been modified within the last 12 months where the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of modification (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Payment Deferral |  | Loan Re-amortization |  | Total
Non-delinquent loans |  | $ | 11,021 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 11,238 |
4 – 29 calendar days past due |  | 3,085 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 3,152 |
30 – 59 calendar days past due |  | 1,878 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 1,913 |
60 – 89 calendar days past due |  | 1,632 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 1,664 |
90 – 119 calendar days past due |  | 1,789 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1,820 |
Total amortized cost basis |  | $ | 19,405 |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 19,787 |

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|  | December 31, 2023 (1)
|  | Payment Deferral |  | Loan Re-amortization |  | Total
Non-delinquent loans |  | $ | 17,879 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 18,385 |
4 – 29 calendar days past due |  | 5,549 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 5,798 |
30 – 59 calendar days past due |  | 2,775 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 2,933 |
60 – 89 calendar days past due |  | 1,972 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 2,097 |
90 – 119 calendar days past due |  | 1,639 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 1,751 |
Total amortized cost basis |  | $ | 29,814 |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 30,964 |

(1)Amounts previously disclosed excluded modifications made to borrowers where the loan was less than 30 days delinquent at the time of modification
With respect to modifications during the 12 months preceding December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, where the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of modification, the amortized cost basis of loans which have been charged off was $17.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively.
5. Balance Sheet Components
Accounts Receivable, net
Our accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from payment processors, merchant partners, affiliate network partners and servicing fees due from third-party loan owners. For each of these groups, we evaluate accounts receivable to determine management’s current estimate of expected credit losses based on historical experience and future expectations and record an allowance for credit losses. Our allowance for credit losses with respect to accounts receivable was $17.8 million and $14.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively.
Property, Equipment and Software, net
Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Internally developed software |  |  |  | $ | 804,651 |  |  | $ | 630,129 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  |  | 21,085 |  |  | 21,023 |
Computer equipment |  |  |  | 10,373 |  |  | 9,827 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  |  | 9,001 |  |  | 8,913 |
Total property, equipment and software, at cost |  |  |  | $ | 845,111 |  |  | $ | 669,892 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | (338,777) |  |  | (242,206) |
Total property, equipment and software, net |  |  |  | $ | 506,334 |  |  | $ | 427,686 |

Depreciation and amortization expense on property, equipment and software was $54.3 million and $100.4 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $36.5 million and $62.5 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
No impairment losses related to property, equipment and software were recorded during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the six months ended December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 533,439 |
Adjustments (1) |  | (11,740) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 521,699 |

(1)Adjustments to goodwill during the six months ended December 31, 2024 primarily pertained to foreign currency translation adjustments.
No impairment losses related to goodwill were recorded during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, we recognized goodwill disposal losses of $1.0 million included in general and administrative expenses within the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life (in years)
Merchant relationships |  | $ | 37,417 |  |  | $ | (37,417) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.0
Developed technology |  | 39,167 |  |  | (39,064) |  |  | 103 |  |  | 0.1
Assembled workforce |  | 12,490 |  |  | (12,490) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0
Trademarks and domains, definite |  | 1,404 |  |  | (1,223) |  |  | 181 |  |  | 0.7
Trademarks, licenses and domains, indefinite |  | 11,559 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,559 |  |  | Indefinite
Other intangibles |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | Indefinite
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 102,387 |  |  | $ | (90,194) |  |  | $ | 12,193 |  |  |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life (in years)
Merchant relationships |  | $ | 37,847 |  |  | $ | (36,741) |  |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | 0.1
Developed technology |  | 39,444 |  |  | (39,311) |  |  | 133 |  |  | 0.0
Assembled workforce |  | 12,490 |  |  | (12,490) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0
Trademarks and domains, definite |  | 1,450 |  |  | (1,165) |  |  | 285 |  |  | 1.0
Trademarks, licenses and domains, indefinite |  | 11,628 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,628 |  |  | Indefinite
Other intangibles |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | Indefinite
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 103,209 |  |  | $ | (89,707) |  |  | $ | 13,502 |  |  |

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $0.6 million and $1.2 million for t he three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $2.9 million and $17.1 million for the three and six months ended
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December 31, 2023, respectively. No impairment losses related to intangible assets were recorded during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
The expected future amortization expense of these intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is as follows, by fiscal year (in thousands):

2025 (remaining six months) |  | $ | 120 |
2026 |  | 149 |
2027 |  | 15 |
2028 |  | — |
2029 and thereafter |  | — |
Total amortization expense |  | $ | 284 |

Commercial Agreement Assets
In November 2021, we granted warrants in connection with our commercial agreements with certain subsidiaries of Amazon.com, Inc. (“Amazon”). The warrants were granted in exchange for certain performance provisions and the benefit of acquiring new users. We recognized an asset of $133.5 million associated with the portion of the warrants that were fully vested upon grant. The asset was valued based on the fair value of the warrants and represents the probable future economic benefit to be realized over the expected benefit period of four years. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we recognized amortization expense of $5.2 million and $10.4 million, respectively, and $10.4 million and $20.9 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively, in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as a component of sales and marketing expense. Refer to Note 13. Stockholders’ Equity for further discussion of the warrants.
In July 2020, we recognized an asset in connection with a commercial agreement with Shopify Inc. (“Shopify”), in which we granted warrants in exchange for the opportunity to acquire new merchant partners. This asset represents the probable future economic benefit to be realized over the expected benefit period and is valued based on the fair value of the warrants on the grant date. We recognized an asset of $270.6 million associated with the fair value of the warrants, which were fully vested as of December 31, 2024. During fiscal year 2022, the expected benefit period was extended from four to six years upon the execution of the commercial agreement term. The benefit period is reevaluated each reporting period. For both the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 , we recorded amortization expense related to the commercial agreement asset of $9.0 million and $18.1 million, in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as a component of sales and marketing expense.
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Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |
Processing reserves |  | $ | 92,550 |  |  | $ | 55,754 |  |  |
Risk sharing asset |  | 44,969 |  |  | 33,884 |  |  |
Equity securities, at cost |  | 41,927 |  |  | 37,806 |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | 33,381 |  |  | 28,799 |  |  |
Prepaid payroll taxes for stock-based compensation |  | 23,219 |  |  | 21,395 |  |  |
Fixed term deposit |  | 22,028 |  |  | 35,203 |  |  |
Foreign deferred tax asset |  | 17,881 |  |  | 21,206 |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 17,472 |  |  | 21,863 |  |  |
Other receivables |  | 13,164 |  |  | 18,263 |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | 7,676 |  |  | 17,207 |  |  |
Other assets |  | 10,690 |  |  | 7,960 |  |  |
Total other assets |  | $ | 324,957 |  |  | $ | 299,340 |  |  |

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Accrued expenses |  | $ | 74,200 |  |  | $ | 59,613 |
Operating lease liability |  | 32,033 |  |  | 39,493 |
Collateral held for derivative instruments |  | 8,174 |  |  | 17,643 |
Other liabilities |  | 41,161 |  |  | 30,680 |
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | $ | 155,568 |  |  | $ | 147,429 |

6. Leases
We lease facilities under operating leases with various expiration dates through 2030. We have the option to renew or extend our leases. Certain lease agreements include the option to terminate the lease with prior written notice ranging from nine months to one year. As of December 31, 2024, we have not considered such provisions in the determination of the lease term, as it is not reasonably certain these options will be exercised. Leases have remaining terms that range from less than one year to six years.
Several leases require us to obtain standby letters of credit, naming the lessor as a beneficiary. These letters of credit act as security for the faithful performance by us of all terms, covenants and conditions of the lease agreement. We are required to post collateral for the letters of credit in the form of cash or eligible securities. As of December 31, 2024, the collateral totaled $5.9 million, which was in the form of securities that have been classified as securities available for sale at fair value in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2024, the collateral totaled $8.8 million, of which $2.0 million was in the form of cash that was classified as restricted cash, and $6.8 million was in the form of securities which was classified as securities available for sale at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets.
No impairment charge was incurred related to leases during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024. No impairment charge was incurred related to leases during the three months ended December 31, 2023. During the six months ended December 31, 2023, we subleased a portion of our leased office space in San Francisco, resulting in an impairment charge of $0.8 million, included in general and administrative expense on our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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Operating lease expense is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating lease expense (1) |  | $2,865 |  | $2,946 |  | $5,718 |  | $5,932

(1)Lease expenses for our short-term leases were immaterial for the periods presented.
We have subleased a portion of our leased facilities. Sublease income totaled $1.2 million and $2.5 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $1.2 million and $2.1 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
Lease term and discount rate information are summarized as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) |  | 2.9
Weighted average discount rate |  | 5.1%

As of December 31, 2024, future minimum lease payments are as follows, by fiscal year (in thousands):

2025 (remaining six months) |  | $ | 8,399 |
2026 |  | 15,811 |
2027 |  | 3,046 |
2028 |  | 2,185 |
2029 |  | 2,240 |
Thereafter |  | 3,273 |
Total lease payments |  | 34,954 |
Less imputed interest |  | (2,921) |
Present value of total lease liabilities |  | $ | 32,033 |

7. Commitments and Contingencies
Loan Repurchase Obligations
Under the normal terms of our whole loan sales to third-party investors, we may become obligated to repurchase loans from investors in certain instances where a breach in representations and warranties is identified. Generally, a breach in representations and warranties could occur where a loan has been identified as subject to verified or suspected fraud, or in cases where a loan was serviced or originated in violation of Affirm’s guidelines. We would only experience a loss if the contractual repurchase price of the loan exceeds the fair value on the repurchase date. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate outstanding balance of loans held by third-party investors or unconsolidated VIEs was $6.9 billion, of which we have recorded a repurchase liability of $4.0 million within accrued expenses and other liabilities in our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The results of such matters often cannot be predicted with certainty. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish an accrued liability for legal proceedings and claims when those matters present loss contingencies which are both probable and reasonably estimable.
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Kusnier v. Affirm Holdings, Inc.
On December 8, 2022, plaintiff Mark Kusnier filed a putative class action lawsuit against Affirm, Max Levchin, and Michael Linford in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Kusnier action”). On May 5, 2023, plaintiffs Kusnier and Chris Meinsen filed their first amended complaint alleging that the defendants (i) caused Affirm to make materially false and/or misleading statements and/or failed to disclose that Affirm’s BNPL service facilitated excessive consumer debt (including with respect to certain for-profit educational institutions), regulatory arbitrage, and data harvesting; (ii) made false and/or misleading statements about certain public regulatory actions; and (iii) made false and/or misleading statements about whether Affirm’s business model was vulnerable to interest rate changes. On December 20, 2023, the Court granted Affirm’s motion to dismiss the first amended complaint with leave to amend. On January 19, 2024, plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint, which contains only the allegations from the first amended complaint relating to false and/or misleading statements about whether Affirm’s business model was vulnerable to interest rate changes. In light of the above, plaintiffs assert that Affirm violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and that Levchin and Linford violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Plaintiffs seek class certification, unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, and costs and expenses. Affirm filed its motion to dismiss the second amended complaint on February 2, 2024. On August 26, 2024, the Court granted Affirm’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend. On September 23, 2024, plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file a motion for reconsideration of the Court's Order granting Affirm's motion to dismiss.
Quiroga v. Levchin, et al.
On March 29, 2023, plaintiff John Quiroga filed a shareholder derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Quiroga action”) against Affirm, as a nominal defendant, and certain of Affirm’s current officers and directors as defendants based on allegations substantially similar to those in the Kusnier action at the time of filing. The Quiroga complaint purports to assert claims on Affirm’s behalf for contribution under the federal securities laws, breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets, and seeks corporate reforms, unspecified damages and restitution, and fees and costs. On May 1, 2023, the action was stayed by agreement of the parties. The stay can be lifted at the request of either party or upon certain conditions relating to the resolution of the Kusnier action.
Jeffries v. Levchin, et al.
On May 24, 2023, plaintiff Sabrina Jeffries filed a shareholder derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Jeffries action”) against Affirm, as a nominal defendant, and certain of Affirm's current officers and directors as defendants based on allegations substantially similar to those in the Kusnier and Quiroga actions at the time of filing. The Jeffries complaint purports to assert claims on Affirm's behalf for breach of fiduciary duties, making false statements under federal securities law, unjust enrichment, waste of corporate assets, and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duties, and seeks unspecified damages, equitable relief, and fees and costs. On August 15, 2023, the action was stayed by agreement of the parties. The stay can be lifted at the request of either party or upon certain conditions relating to the resolution of the Kusnier action.
Vallieres v. Levchin, et al.
On September 14, 2023, plaintiff Michael Vallieres filed a shareholder derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Affirm, as a nominal defendant, and certain of Affirm’s current officers and directors as defendants based on allegations substantially similar to those in the Kusnier, Quiroga, and Jeffries actions at the time of filing. The Vallieres complaint purports to assert claims on Affirm's behalf for breach of fiduciary duties, gross management, abuse of control, unjust enrichment, and contribution, and seeks unspecified damages, equitable relief, and fees and costs. On November 30, 2023, the case was stayed by agreement of the parties.
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We have determined, based on current knowledge, that the aggregate amount or range of losses that are estimable with respect to our legal proceedings, including the matters described above, would not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Amounts accrued as of December 31, 2024 were not material. The ultimate outcome of legal proceedings involves judgments, estimates and inherent uncertainties, and cannot be predicted with certainty.
8. Debt
Debt outstanding as of December 31, 2024 includes amounts classified on our consolidated balance sheets as funding debt, notes issued by securitization trusts, and convertible senior notes. Secured debt includes borrowings from our warehouse facilities, variable funding notes, notes issued by securitization trusts and sale and repurchase agreements, Unsecured debt includes outstanding convertible senior notes. Our unsecured revolving credit facility did not have any borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2024.
The following table summarizes the components and terms of our secured and unsecured debt as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

| Total Capital Capacity |  | Interest Rate Spread (2) |  | Unused Commitment Fees |  | Maturity by Fiscal Year |  | Pledged Collateral (3) |  | Total Outstanding
| Min - Max |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
Funding debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US warehouse facilities | 4,731,418 |  |  | 1.65% - 2.05% |  | 1.87% |  | 0.00% - 0.75% |  | 2025 - 2027 |  | 1,976,582 |  |  | 1,696,273 |
International warehouse facilities (1) | 598,718 |  |  | 1.25% - 4.25% |  | 1.70% |  | 0.30% - 0.45% |  | 2028 - 2030 |  | 453,846 |  |  | 372,147 |
Variable funding notes | 350,000 |  |  | 1.50% |  |  |  | 0.30% |  | 2032 |  | 66,954 |  |  | 61,336 |
Sales and repurchase agreements |  |  | 5.79% - 6.66% |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 -2029 |  | 66,933 |  |  | 48,751 |
Notes issued by securitization trusts | 4,000,000 |  |  | 4.62% - 11.32% |  | 6.28% |  |  |  | 2028 - 2030 |  | 4,217,842 |  |  | 4,000,000 |
Convertible senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2026 Notes |  |  | —% |  |  |  |  |  | 2027 |  |  |  | 248,704 |
2029 Notes |  |  | 0.75% |  |  |  |  |  | 2030 |  |  |  | 920,000 |
Revolving credit facility (4) | 330,000 |  |  | 0.75% - 1.75% |  |  |  | 0.20% |  | 2027 |  |  |  | — |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts |  |  |  | $ | 7,347,212 |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts (5) |  |  |  | (40,471) |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 7,306,741 |

(1)As of December 31, 2024, international facilities finance the origination of loan receivables in Canada and are denominated in CAD.
(2)Reference rates as of December 31, 2024 under our U.S. facilities bear interest at an annual benchmark rate of Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or an alternative commercial paper rate plus an applicable spread. Reference rates as of December 31, 2024 under our international facilities bear interest at an annual benchmark rate of the Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (“CORRA”), Government of Canadian benchmark bond yields, or an alternative commercial paper rate plus an applicable spread. As debt arrangements are renewed, the reference rate and/or spread are subject to change.
(3)As of December 31, 2024, represents the unpaid principal balance of loans, pledged as collateral for borrowings in our facilities, except for our sales and repurchase agreements which are collateralized by the retained securitization notes receivables and certificates.
(4)This facility bears interest at a rate equal to, either (a) for SOFR borrowing, a SOFR rate determined by reference to the forward-looking term SOFR rate for the interest period, plus an applicable margin of 1.75% per annum or (b) for alternative base rate borrowings, a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% per annum, (ii) the rate last quoted by the Wall Street Journal as the U.S. prime rate and (iii) the one-month forward-looking term SOFR rate plus 1.00% per annum, in each case, plus an applicable margin of 0.75% per annum.
(5)As of December 31, 2024, includes convertible senior notes debt issuance costs for the 2026 and 2029 Notes of $1.1 million and $16.5 million, respectively.
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Funding Debt
Warehouse Credit Facilities
Through certain consolidated subsidiaries, which are typically trusts, we enter into secured borrowing arrangements with banks and other financial institutions. Through each of these subsidiaries we enter into a loan or credit and security agreement where we borrow against loans pledged as collateral. Financing terms, including the advance rate and financing spread, vary across these revolving facilities and generally depend on the types of collateral that may be pledged and respective concentration limits. The revolving period for each facility generally ends 4 - 12 months prior to the final maturity date, after which additional borrowings are not permitted. Advance rates range from 70% to 86% of the collateralized balance with respect to U.S. borrowing facilities and 67% to 88% of the collateralized balance with respect to facilities used to finance loans originated outside of the U.S., including Canada.
Borrowings under these agreements are classified as funding debt within our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and proceeds from the borrowings can only be used for the purposes of facilitating loan funding and origination. These borrowing facilities are bankruptcy-remote special-purpose vehicles in which creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of Affirm.
Our funding debt agreements contain certain customary negative covenants and financial covenants including maintaining certain levels of minimum liquidity, maximum leverage, and minimum tangible net worth. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements.
Variable Funding Note
On October 29, 2024, we entered into a syndicated revolving loan agreement through a securitization master trust which will be utilized to fund the purchase and origination of loans. In connection with the loan agreement, the master trust issued a variable funding note (“VFN”), where borrowings will be secured by loan collateral sold to the master trust. Throughout the reinvestment period of the VFN, the master trust will periodically issue asset-backed securitization notes, where securitization note proceeds will affect the level of utilization of the VFN. Outstanding borrowings under the VFN are classified as funding debt within our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Sale and Repurchase Agreements
We entered into certain sale and repurchase agreements pursuant to our retained interests in our off-balance sheet securitizations where we have sold these securities to a counterparty with an obligation to repurchase at a future date and price. These repurchase agreements can have an initial term of either three months or a term equaling the contractual life of the securitization notes pledged. When applicable, we may enter into one or more repurchase date extensions, each for an additional three-month term or as mutually agreed upon with the counterparty at market interest rates on such extension date. We record the debt outstanding under our sale and repurchase agreements within our funding debt in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Notes Issued by Securitization Trusts
We issue asset-backed notes through securitization trusts using a combination of term, amortizing and revolving structures. Each trust may issue one or more classes of notes, which will be repaid through collections on the loans in accordance with the trust priority of payments. For consolidated securitization trusts, asset-backed notes held by third-party investors are classified as notes issued by securitization trusts in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 9 Securitization and Variable Interest Entities for additional information.
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Convertible Senior Notes
2029 Notes
On December 20, 2024, we issued approximately $920 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.75% convertible senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting debt issuance costs, were approximately $903 million. The 2029 Notes represent senior unsecured obligations of the Company. The 2029 Notes will bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.75% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2025. The 2029 Notes mature on December 15, 2029, unless such Notes are earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.
Each $1,000 of principal of the 2029 Notes will initially be convertible into 9.8992 shares of our common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $101.02 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events set forth in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes (the “2029 Indenture”). Holders of the 2029 Notes may convert their 2029 Notes at their option at any time on or after September 15, 2029 until close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of December 15, 2029. Further, holders of the 2029 Notes may convert all or any portion of their 2029 Notes at their option prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 15, 2029, only under the following circumstances:
1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2025 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of the 2029 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
3) if the Company calls any or all of the notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or
4) upon the occurrence of certain specified corporate events.
Upon conversion of the 2029 Notes, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be converted and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of the conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the notes being converted. If we satisfy our conversion obligation solely in cash or through payment and delivery, as the case may be, of a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, the amount of cash and shares of common stock, if any, due upon conversion will be based on a daily conversion value (as set forth in the “2029 Indenture”) calculated on a proportionate basis for each trading day in a 40 trading day observation period.
No sinking fund is provided for the 2029 Notes. We may redeem for cash all or part of the 2029 Notes on or after December 20, 2027 if the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day
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immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.
If a fundamental change (as defined in the 2029 Indenture) occurs prior to the maturity date, holders of the 2029 Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of their notes for cash at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the maturity date of the 2029 Notes, we will be required to increase the conversion rate for holders who elect to convert their 2029 Notes in connection with such corporate events.
2026 Notes
On November 23, 2021, we issued $1,725 million in aggregate principal amount of 0% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting debt issuance costs, were approximately $1,704 million. The 2026 Notes represent senior unsecured obligations of the Company. The 2026 Notes do not bear interest except in special circumstances described below, and the principal amount of the 2026 Notes does not accrete. The 2026 Notes mature on November 15, 2026.
Each $1,000 of principal of the 2026 Notes will initially be convertible into 4.6371 shares of our common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $215.65 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events set forth in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes (the “2026 Indenture”). Holders of the 2026 Notes may convert their 2026 Notes at their option at any time on or after August 15, 2026 until close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of November 15, 2026. Further, holders of the 2026 Notes may convert all or any portion of their 2026 Notes at their option prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding August 15, 2026, only under the following circumstances:
1) during any calendar quarter commencing after March 31, 2022 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
3) if the Company calls any or all of the notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or
4) upon the occurrence of certain specified corporate events.
Upon conversion of the 2026 Notes, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be converted and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of the conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the notes being converted. If we satisfy our conversion obligation solely in cash or through payment and delivery, as the case may be, of a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, the amount of cash and shares of common stock, if any, due upon conversion will be based on a daily conversion value (as set forth in the “2026 Indenture”) calculated on a proportionate basis for each trading day in a 40 trading day observation period.
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No sinking fund is provided for the 2026 Notes. We may not redeem the notes prior to November 20, 2024. We may redeem for cash all or part of the notes on or after November 20, 2024 if the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any.
If a fundamental change (as defined in the 2026 Indenture) occurs prior to the maturity date, holders of the 2026 Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of their notes for cash at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the maturity date of the 2026 Notes, we will be required to increase the conversion rate for holders who elect to convert their 2026 Notes in connection with such corporate events.
Repurchase of a Portion of the 2026 Notes
On December 6, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $800 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes through open market purchases, privately negotiated purchases, purchase plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Rule 10b5-1”), or through a combination thereof, through December 31, 2024. On December 13, 2024, the Board of Directors replaced the December 2023 authorization with an authorization to repurchase up to $960 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes through December 31, 2024. In connection with these authorizations, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we paid $892.8 million and $1,012.9 million, respectively, in cash for the repurchase of $960.0 million and $1,100.5 million, respectively, aggregate principal amount of our 2026 Notes. The carrying amount of the extinguished 2026 Notes was approximately $955.6 million and $1,095.3 million resulting in a $62.8 million and $82.4 million gain on early extinguishment of debt for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, which is reported as a component of other income, net within our interim consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The repurchased 2026 Notes were received and canceled. We utilized a combination of cash on hand and the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Notes for these repurchases. There were no repurchases of 2026 Notes during the three and six month periods ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
On November 5, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes. Note repurchases under the November 2024 authorization may be made from time to time during the period commencing January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025 through open market purchases, privately negotiated purchases, purchase plans under Rule 10b5-1, or through a combination thereof. Repurchases are subject to available liquidity, general market and economic conditions, alternate uses for the capital, and other factors, and there is no minimum principal amount of 2026 Notes that the Company is obligated to repurchase. As of December 31, 2024, $248.7 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes remains outstanding.
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The following table summarizes the interest expense recognized related to the convertible senior notes (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Amortization of debt issuance costs (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2026 Notes |  | $ | 658 |  |  | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | 1,745 |
2029 Notes |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |
Total amortization of debt issuance costs |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | 1,537 |  |  | $ | 1,745 |
Coupon interest expense (1) (2) |  | 227 |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |  |  | — |
Total interest expenses related to the convertible notes |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | 1,764 |  |  | $ | 1,745 |

(1)Included in our interim condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within other income, net.
(2)The coupon interest expense is related to the 2029 Notes.
As of December 31, 2024, the remaining life of the 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes is approximately 23 months and 59 months, respectively.
Revolving Credit Facility
On December 16, 2024, we entered into an amendment to our Revolving Credit Agreement in order to permit the incurrence of indebtedness pursuant to the 2029 Senior Convertible Notes. The facility contains certain financial covenants which may result in an acceleration of the maturity if not maintained, and requires payment of a monthly unused commitment fee of 0.20% per annum on the undrawn balance available. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements.
The aggregate future maturities of our funding debt, notes issued by securitization trusts and convertible notes consists of the following (in thousands):

Maturity Fiscal Year |  | December 31, 2024
2025 |  | $ | 340,152 |
2026 |  | 809,118 |
2027 (1) |  | 502,373 |
2028 |  | 1,445,282 |
2029 |  | 2,409,177 |
Thereafter (1) |  | 1,841,110 |
Total |  | $ | 7,347,212 |
Deferred debt issuance costs |  | (40,471) |
Total funding debt, net of deferred debt issuance costs |  | $ | 7,306,741 |

(1)As of December 31, 2024, includes convertible senior notes due 2026 and 2029 with a carrying amounts of $248.7 million and $920.0 million, respectively.
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9. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs
Warehouse Credit Facilities
We established certain entities, deemed to be VIEs, to enter into warehouse credit facilities for the purpose of purchasing loans from our originating bank partners and funding directly originated loans. Refer to Note 8. Debt for additional information. The creditors of the VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of Affirm and the liabilities of the VIEs can only be settled by the respective VIEs’ assets; however, as the servicer of the loans pledged to our funding facilities, we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. In addition, we retain significant economic exposure to the pledged loans and therefore, we are the primary beneficiary.
Securitizations
We finance the origination and purchase of loans though our asset-backed securitization program using a combination of amortizing, revolving and variable funding structures. In connection with our program, we sponsor and establish trusts (deemed to be VIEs) which issue securities collateralized by the loans we sell to the trust. Securities issued from our asset-backed securitizations are senior or subordinated, based on the waterfall criteria of loan payments to each security class. The subordinated residual interests issued from these transactions are first to absorb credit losses in accordance with the waterfall criteria. For these VIEs, the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of Affirm and the liabilities of the VIEs can only be settled by the respective VIEs’ assets. Additionally, the assets of the VIEs can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs.
We consolidate securitization VIEs when we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary and therefore have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIEs’ economic performance and a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Through our role as the servicer, we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIEs’ economic performance. In evaluating whether we have a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider our retained interests. We also earn a servicing fee which has a senior distribution priority in the payment waterfall.
In evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary, management considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of our involvement with the VIEs. Management assesses whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs on an ongoing basis.
Where we consolidate the securitization trusts, the loans held in the securitization trusts are included in loans held for investment, and the notes sold to third-party investors are recorded in notes issued by securitization trusts in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
For each securitization, the residual trust certificates represent the right to receive excess cash on the loans each collection period after all fees and required distributions have been made to the note holders on the related payment date. In addition to the retained residual trust certificates, our continued involvement includes loan servicing responsibilities over the life of the underlying loans.
We defer and amortize debt issuance costs for consolidated securitization trusts on a straight-line basis over the expected life of the notes.
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The following tables present the aggregate carrying value of financial assets and liabilities from our involvement with consolidated VIEs (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Net Assets
Warehouse credit facilities |  | $ | 2,399,906 |  |  | $ | 2,078,553 |  |  | $ | 321,353 |
Securitizations (1) |  | 4,167,236 |  |  | 4,060,582 |  |  | 106,654 |
Total consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 6,567,142 |  |  | $ | 6,139,135 |  |  | $ | 428,007 |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Net Assets
Warehouse credit facilities |  | $ | 2,052,881 |  |  | $ | 1,823,794 |  |  | $ | 229,087 |
Securitizations |  | 3,325,254 |  |  | 3,246,228 |  |  | 79,026 |
Total consolidated VIEs |  | $ | 5,378,135 |  |  | $ | 5,070,022 |  |  | $ | 308,113 |

(1)As of December 31, 2024, liabilities include $60.3 million of VFN classified as funding debt and $4.0 billion of asset-backed notes classified as notes issued from securitization trusts.
Unconsolidated VIEs
Our transactions with unconsolidated VIEs include securitization trusts where we did not retain significant economic exposure through our variable interests and therefore we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary as of December 31, 2024.
The following information pertains to unconsolidated VIEs where we hold a variable interest but are not the primary beneficiary (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Net Assets |  | Maximum Exposure to Losses
Securitizations |  | $ | 1,300,463 |  |  | $ | 1,236,637 |  |  | $ | 63,826 |  |  | $ | 69,735 |
Total unconsolidated VIEs |  | $ | 1,300,463 |  |  | $ | 1,236,637 |  |  | $ | 63,826 |  |  | $ | 69,735 |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Net Assets |  | Maximum Exposure to Losses
Securitizations |  | $ | 967,256 |  |  | $ | 920,004 |  |  | $ | 47,252 |  |  | $ | 51,861 |
Total unconsolidated VIEs |  | $ | 967,256 |  |  | $ | 920,004 |  |  | $ | 47,252 |  |  | $ | 51,861 |

Maximum exposure to losses represents our ex posure through our continuing involvement as servicer and through our retained interests. For unconsolidated VIEs, this includes $69.1 million in retained notes and residual trust certificates disclosed within securities available for sale at fair value in our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and $0.7 million related to our net servicing assets disclosed within our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024.
Additionally, we may experience a loss due to future repurchase obligations resulting from breaches in representations and warranties in our securitization and third-party sale agreements. This amount was not material as of December 31, 2024.
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Retained Beneficial Interests in Unconsolidated VIEs
The investors of the securitizations have no direct recourse to the assets of Affirm, and the timing and amount of beneficial interest payments is dependent on the performance of the underlying loan assets held within each trust. We have classified our retained beneficial interests in unconsolidated securitization trusts as “available for sale” and as such they are disclosed at fair value in our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities for additional information on the fair value sensitivity of the notes receivable and residual trust certificates. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, we have pledged certain of our retained beneficial interests as collateral in a sale and repurchase agreement as described in Note 8. Debt.
10. Investments
Marketable Securities
Marketable securities include certain investments classified as cash and cash equivalents and securities available for sale, at fair value, and consist of the following as of each date presented within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 115,063 |  |  | $ | 63,389 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 57,964 |
Government bonds - US |  | — |  |  | 3,492 |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | 17,347 |  |  | 34,473 |
Corporate bonds |  | 204,294 |  |  | 242,660 |
Commercial paper |  | 51,293 |  |  | 239,882 |
Agency bonds |  | 13,319 |  |  | 15,159 |
Municipal bonds |  | 5,195 |  |  | 3,953 |
Government bonds |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 3,156 |  |  | 5,275 |
US (1) |  | 303,029 |  |  | 538,556 |
Securitization notes receivable and certificates (2) |  | 69,051 |  |  | 51,670 |
Total marketable securities: |  | $ | 781,747 |  |  | $ | 1,256,473 |

(1)As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, these securities include $73.8 million and $54.1 million, respectively, pledged as collateral in connection with our standby letters of credit for office leases and certain commercial agreements.
(2)These securities include $66.9 million and $46.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, pledged as collateral in connection with sale and repurchase agreements as discussed within Note 8. Debt.
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Securities Available for Sale, at Fair Value
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses, and fair value of securities available for sale as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 17,327 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,347 |
Corporate bonds |  | 203,942 |  |  | 613 |  |  | (261) |  |  | — |  |  | 204,294 |
Commercial paper |  | 51,248 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,293 |
Agency bonds |  | 13,324 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | 13,319 |
Municipal bonds |  | 5,184 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,195 |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 3,161 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |
US (2) |  | 302,799 |  |  | 517 |  |  | (287) |  |  | — |  |  | 303,029 |
Securitization notes receivable and certificates (3) |  | 70,273 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (1,243) |  |  | 69,051 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 667,258 |  |  | $ | 1,289 |  |  | $ | (620) |  |  | $ | (1,243) |  |  | $ | 666,684 |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 34,468 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,473 |
Corporate bonds |  | 243,639 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (1,074) |  |  | — |  |  | 242,660 |
Commercial paper (1) |  | 298,005 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (166) |  |  | — |  |  | 297,846 |
Agency bonds |  | 15,283 |  |  | — |  |  | (124) |  |  | — |  |  | 15,159 |
Municipal bonds |  | 3,943 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,953 |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 5,310 |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,275 |
US (1) (2) |  | 543,421 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (1,406) |  |  | — |  |  | 542,048 |
Securitization notes receivable and certificates (3) |  | 51,726 |  |  | 699 |  |  | (91) |  |  | (664) |  |  | 51,670 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 1,195,795 |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | (2,900) |  |  | $ | (664) |  |  | $ | 1,193,084 |

(1)A s of June 30, 2024, Commercial paper and US government bonds include $61.5 million classified as cash and cash equivalents within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, these securities include $73.8 million and $54.1 million, respectively, pledged as collateral in connection with our standby letters of credit for office leases and certain commercial agreements.
(3)Approximately $66.9 million and $46.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, of these securities have been pledged as collateral in connection with sale and repurchase agreements discussed within Note 8. Debt.
As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, there were no material reversals of prior period allowance for credit losses recognized for available for sale securities.
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A summary of securities available for sale with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Less than or equal to 1 year |  | Greater than 1 year |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds |  | $ | 15,319 |  |  | $ | (98) |  |  | $ | 44,094 |  |  | $ | (163) |  |  | $ | 59,413 |  |  | $ | (261) |
Agency bonds |  | 4,881 |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,881 |  |  | (18) |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 3,156 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |  |  | (5) |
US |  | 36,301 |  |  | (151) |  |  | 49,344 |  |  | (136) |  |  | 85,645 |  |  | (287) |
Total securities available for sale (1) |  | $ | 59,657 |  |  | $ | (272) |  |  | $ | 93,438 |  |  | $ | (299) |  |  | $ | 153,095 |  |  | $ | (571) |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Less than or equal to 1 year |  | Greater than 1 year |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | $ | (4) |
Corporate bonds |  | 119,353 |  |  | (252) |  |  | 57,846 |  |  | (822) |  |  | 177,199 |  |  | (1,074) |
Commercial paper |  | 245,536 |  |  | (166) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 245,536 |  |  | (166) |
Agency bonds |  | 10,417 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 4,743 |  |  | (83) |  |  | 15,160 |  |  | (124) |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,275 |  |  | (35) |  |  | 5,275 |  |  | (35) |
US |  | 251,113 |  |  | (185) |  |  | 123,633 |  |  | (1,221) |  |  | 374,746 |  |  | (1,406) |
Total securities available for sale (1) |  | $ | 636,066 |  |  | $ | (648) |  |  | $ | 191,497 |  |  | $ | (2,161) |  |  | $ | 827,563 |  |  | $ | (2,809) |

(1)The number of positions with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded totaled 22 and 137 as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively.
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The length of time to contractual maturities of securities available for sale as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Within 1 year |  | Greater than 1 year, less than or equal to 5 years |  | Total
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 17,327 |  |  | $ | 17,347 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,327 |  |  | $ | 17,347 |
Corporate bonds |  | 114,636 |  |  | 114,625 |  |  | 89,306 |  |  | 89,669 |  |  | 203,942 |  |  | 204,294 |
Commercial paper |  | 51,248 |  |  | 51,293 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,248 |  |  | 51,293 |
Agency bonds |  | 8,425 |  |  | 8,438 |  |  | 4,899 |  |  | 4,881 |  |  | 13,324 |  |  | 13,319 |
Municipal bonds |  | 674 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 4,510 |  |  | 4,516 |  |  | 5,184 |  |  | 5,195 |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 3,161 |  |  | 3,156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,161 |  |  | 3,156 |
US |  | 218,711 |  |  | 218,753 |  |  | 84,088 |  |  | 84,276 |  |  | 302,799 |  |  | 303,029 |
Securitization notes receivable and certificates (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,273 |  |  | 69,051 |  |  | 70,273 |  |  | 69,051 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 414,182 |  |  | $ | 414,291 |  |  | $ | 253,076 |  |  | $ | 252,393 |  |  | $ | 667,258 |  |  | $ | 666,684 |

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Within 1 year |  | Greater than 1 year, less than or equal to 5 years |  | Total
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 34,468 |  |  | $ | 34,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,468 |  |  | $ | 34,473 |
Corporate bonds |  | 118,547 |  |  | 118,039 |  |  | 125,092 |  |  | 124,621 |  |  | 243,639 |  |  | 242,660 |
Commercial paper (1) |  | 298,005 |  |  | 297,846 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 298,005 |  |  | 297,846 |
Agency bonds |  | 10,457 |  |  | 10,416 |  |  | 4,826 |  |  | 4,743 |  |  | 15,283 |  |  | 15,159 |
Municipal bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,943 |  |  | 3,953 |  |  | 3,943 |  |  | 3,953 |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | 2,150 |  |  | 2,150 |  |  | 3,160 |  |  | 3,125 |  |  | 5,310 |  |  | 5,275 |
US (1) |  | 465,338 |  |  | 464,298 |  |  | 78,083 |  |  | 77,750 |  |  | 543,421 |  |  | 542,048 |
Securitization notes receivable and certificates (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,726 |  |  | 51,670 |  |  | 51,726 |  |  | 51,670 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 928,965 |  |  | $ | 927,222 |  |  | $ | 266,830 |  |  | $ | 265,862 |  |  | $ | 1,195,795 |  |  | $ | 1,193,084 |

(1)A s of June 30, 2024, Commercial paper and US government bonds include $61.5 million classified as cash and cash equivalents within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Based on weighted average life of expected cash flows as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024.
Gross proceeds from matured or redeemed securities were $403.1 million and $706.5 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $344.2 million and $726.0 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
For available for sale securities had realized gains of $0.3 million for both the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 and immaterial realized gains and losses for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023.
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Non-marketable Equity Securities
Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value held at cost were $41.9 million and $37.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, and are included in other assets within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
We did not record any impairment during the three months ended December 31, 2024. We recognized an impairment of $3.0 million for the six months ended December 31, 2024 within other income, net in the interim consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in connection with one of our non-marketable equity security investments. The fair value of the investment was determined utilizing a methodology based on significant unobservable inputs, including management estimates and assumptions, and thus represent Level 3 measurements. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, we recognized an impairment of $14.1 million within other income, net in the interim consolidated statements of operations in connection with one of our non-marketable equity security investments.
For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we recognized an upward adjustment of $2.4 million within other income, net in the interim consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, there have been no upward or downward adjustments due to observable changes in orderly transactions.
Fixed Term Deposits
Fixed term deposits were $22.0 million and $35.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, consist of interest bearing deposits held at financial institutions with original maturities greater than three months but no more than twelve months. These deposits are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, and are included in other assets within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
11. Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the total fair value, including interest accruals, and outstanding notional amounts of derivative instruments as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
| Notional Amount |  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities |  | Notional Amount |  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Interest rate contracts - cash flow hedges | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedges
Interest rate contracts | 572,441 |  |  | 7,676 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 854,589 |  |  | 17,203 |  |  | 38 |
Total gross derivative assets/liabilities | $ | 572,441 |  |  | $ | 7,676 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 1,004,589 |  |  | $ | 17,207 |  |  | $ | 38 |

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The following table summarizes the impact of the cash flow hedges on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance at beginning of period |  | (85) |  |  | 1,514 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | 751 |
Changes in fair value |  | (5) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (1,273) |  |  | 911 |
Amounts reclassified into earnings (1) |  | (84) |  |  | (511) |  |  | (308) |  |  | (762) |
Balance at end of period (2) |  | $ | (174) |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  | $ | (174) |  |  | $ | 900 |

(1)The amounts reclassified into earnings are presented in the interim consolidated statements of income within funding costs.
(2)As of December 31, 2024, we estimated that $0.2 million of net derivative gains included in AOCI are expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.
The following table summarizes the impact of the derivative instruments on income and indicates where within the interim consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) such impact is reported (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
The effects of cash flow hedging
Funding costs |  | 84 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 762 |
The effects of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net |  | 2,705 |  |  | (5,708) |  |  | (1,248) |  |  | (1,729) |

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12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
Financial Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value
The following tables present information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 115,063 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 115,063 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities, available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | — |  |  | 17,347 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,347 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 204,294 |  |  | — |  |  | 204,294 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 51,293 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,293 |
Agency bonds |  | — |  |  | 13,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,319 |
Municipal bonds |  | — |  |  | 5,195 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,195 |
Government bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |
US |  | — |  |  | 303,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 303,029 |
Securitization notes receivable and residual trust certificates |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,051 |  |  | 69,051 |
Servicing assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 806 |  |  | 806 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 7,676 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,676 |
Risk sharing asset |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,969 |  |  | 44,969 |
Total assets |  | $ | 115,063 |  |  | $ | 605,309 |  |  | $ | 114,826 |  |  | $ | 835,198 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 237 |
Performance fee liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,773 |  |  | 1,773 |
Profit share liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,111 |  |  | 6,111 |
Risk sharing liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 1,498 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 186 |  |  | — |  |  | 186 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 9,619 |  |  | $ | 9,805 |

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|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 63,389 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,389 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 57,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,964 |
Government bonds- US |  | — |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,492 |
Securities, available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | — |  |  | 34,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,473 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 242,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 242,660 |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 239,882 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,882 |
Agency bonds |  | — |  |  | 15,159 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,159 |
Municipal bonds |  | — |  |  | 3,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,953 |
Government bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US |  | — |  |  | 5,275 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,275 |
US |  | — |  |  | 538,556 |  |  | — |  |  | 538,556 |
Securitization notes receivable and residual trust certificates |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,670 |  |  | 51,670 |
Servicing assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 574 |  |  | 574 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 17,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,207 |
Risk sharing asset |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,884 |  |  | 33,884 |
Total assets |  | $ | 63,389 |  |  | $ | 1,158,621 |  |  | $ | 86,128 |  |  | $ | 1,308,138 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 743 |  |  | $ | 743 |
Performance fee liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,503 |  |  | 1,503 |
Profit share liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 1,974 |
Risk sharing liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |  |  | 918 |
Derivative Instruments |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 5,138 |  |  | $ | 5,176 |

As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, there were no transfers between levels.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Level 2)
Marketable Securities
As of December 31, 2024, we held marketable securities classified as cash and cash equivalents and securities available for sale. Management obtains pricing from one or more third-party pricing services for the purpose of determining fair value. Whenever available, the fair value is based on quoted bid prices as of the end of the trading day. When quoted prices are not available, other methods may be utilized including evaluated prices provided by third-party pricing services.
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Derivative Instruments
As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we used a combination of interest rate cap agreements and interest rate swaps to manage interest costs and the risks associated with variable interest rates. These derivative instruments are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, and the fair value is estimated by using third-party pricing models, which contain certain assumptions based on readily observable market-based inputs. We validate the valuation output on a monthly basis. Refer to Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on our derivative instruments.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
We evaluate our assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them each reporting period. Since our servicing assets and liabilities, performance fee liability, securitization notes and residual trust certificates, profit share liability, and risk sharing arrangements do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices, we use significant unobservable inputs to measure fair value and have classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. This determination requires significant judgments to be made.
Servicing Assets and Liabilities
We sold loans with an unpaid principal balance of $4.6 billion and $7.4 billion for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, $3.1 billion and $5.2 billion for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively, for which we retained servicing rights.
As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we serviced loans which we sold with a remaining unpaid principal balance of $6.9 billion and $5.1 billion, respectively.
We use discounted cash flow models to arrive at an estimate of fair value. Significant assumptions used in the valuation of our servicing rights are as follows:
Adequate Compensation
We estimate adequate compensation as the rate a willing market participant would require for servicing loans with similar characteristics as those in the serviced portfolio.
Discount Rate
Estimated future payments to be received under servicing agreements are discounted as a part of determining the fair value of the servicing rights. For servicing rights on loans, the discount rate reflects the time value of money and a risk premium intended to reflect the amount of compensation market participants would require.
Gross Default Rate
We estimate the timing and probability of early loan payoffs, loan defaults and write-offs, thus affecting the projected unpaid principal balance and expected term of the loan, which are used to project future servicing revenue and expenses.
We earned $28.7 million and $54.7 million of servicing income for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $22.4 million and $42.6 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
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As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, the aggregate fair value of the servicing assets was measured at $0.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively, and presented within other assets in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, the aggregate fair value of the servicing liabilities was measured at $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the aggregate fair value of our servicing assets (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | 880 |
Initial transfers of financial assets |  | 230 |  |  | — |  |  | 230 |  |  | — |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | 141 |  |  | (204) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (515) |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 365 |

The following table summarizes the activity related to the aggregate fair value of our servicing liabilities (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |  |  | $ | 743 |  |  | $ | 1,392 |
Initial transfers of financial liabilities |  | — |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,091 |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | (201) |  |  | (1,022) |  |  | (506) |  |  | (1,952) |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 2,531 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 2,531 |

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of servicing assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024:

|  |  |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (3)
Servicing assets |  | Discount rate |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | %
|  | Adequate compensation (1) |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | %
|  | Gross default rate (2) |  | 9.20 | % |  | 15.20 | % |  | 11.32 | %
Servicing liabilities |  | Discount rate |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | %
|  | Adequate compensation (1) |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | %
|  | Gross default rate (2) |  | 3.22 | % |  | 4.65 | % |  | 3.89 | %

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|  |  |  | June 30, 2024
|  | Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (3)
Servicing assets |  | Discount rate |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | %
|  | Adequate compensation (1) |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | %
|  | Gross default rate (2) |  | 9.89 | % |  | 22.72 | % |  | 10.84 | %
Servicing liabilities |  | Discount rate |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | % |  | 30.00 | %
|  | Adequate compensation (1) |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.00 | %
|  | Gross default rate (2) |  | 2.58 | % |  | 4.12 | % |  | 3.00 | %

(1)Estimated annual cost of servicing a loan as a percentage of unpaid principal balance.
(2)Annualized estimated gross charge-offs as a percentage of unpaid principal balance.
(3)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value.
The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the servicing assets and liabilities given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Servicing assets |  |  |  |
Gross default rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Gross default rate increase of 25% |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Gross default rate increase of 50% |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Adequate compensation assumption: |  |  |  |
Adequate compensation increase of 10% |  | $ | (1,367) |  |  | $ | (980) |
Adequate compensation increase of 20% |  | $ | (2,734) |  |  | $ | (1,961) |
Discount rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Discount rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | (23) |
Discount rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (62) |  |  | $ | (44) |
Servicing liabilities |  |  |  |
Gross default rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Gross default rate increase of 25% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |
Gross default rate increase of 50% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |
Adequate compensation assumption: |  |  |  |
Adequate compensation increase of 10% |  | $ | 3,820 |  |  | $ | 3,153 |
Adequate compensation increase of 20% |  | $ | 7,639 |  |  | $ | 6,305 |
Discount rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Discount rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (19) |
Discount rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (37) |

Performance Fee Liability
In accordance with our agreements with our originating bank partners, we pay a fee for each loan that is fully repaid by the consumer, due at the end of the period in which the loan is fully repaid. We recognize a liability upon the purchase of a loan for the expected future payment of the performance fee. This liability is measured using a discounted cash flow model and recorded at fair value and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Any changes in the fair value of the liability are reflected in other income, net, in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the performance fee liability (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | 1,503 |  |  | $ | 1,581 |
Purchases of loans |  | 566 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | 869 |
Settlements paid |  | (501) |  |  | (508) |  |  | (978) |  |  | (992) |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | 167 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 136 |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | 1,594 |  |  | $ | 1,773 |  |  | $ | 1,594 |

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the performance fee liability are the discount rate, refund rate, and default rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the performance fee liability as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024:

|  | December 31, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 7.75% |  | 10.00% |  | 9.53%
Refund rate |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50%
Default rate |  | 1.18% |  | 4.65% |  | 3.02%

|  | June 30, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 8.50% |  | 10.00% |  | 9.81%
Refund rate |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50%
Default rate |  | 1.38% |  | 4.65% |  | 2.94%

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by remaining principal balances.
Retained Beneficial Interests in Unconsolidated VIEs
As of December 31, 2024, we held notes receivable and residual trust certificates with an aggregate fair value of $69.1 million in connection with unconsolidated securitizations. The balances correspond to the 5% economic risk retention we are required to maintain as the securitization sponsor.
These assets are measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model, and presented within securities available for sale at fair value in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value, other than declines in fair value due to credit recognized as an allowance, are reflected in other comprehensive income in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Declines in fair value due to credit are reflected in other income, net in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the notes and residual trust certificates (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 38,926 |  |  | $ | 13,983 |  |  | $ | 51,670 |  |  | $ | 18,913 |
Additions |  | 41,943 |  |  | 22,187 |  |  | 41,943 |  |  | 22,187 |
Cash received (due to payments) |  | (12,036) |  |  | (4,094) |  |  | (26,419) |  |  | (9,355) |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) |  | (510) |  |  | 80 |  |  | (541) |  |  | 265 |
Accrued interest |  | 931 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 2,976 |  |  | 611 |
Reversal of (impairment on) securities available for sale |  | (203) |  |  | (184) |  |  | (578) |  |  | (210) |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 69,051 |  |  | $ | 32,411 |  |  | $ | 69,051 |  |  | $ | 32,411 |

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the notes and residual trust certificates are the discount rate, loss rate, and prepayment rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the notes receivable and residual trust certificates as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024:

|  | December 31, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 4.73% |  | 30.29% |  | 6.84%
Loss rate |  | 1.17% |  | 9.47% |  | 7.53%
Prepayment rate |  | 13.58% |  | 23.00% |  | 20.94%

|  | June 30, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 5.73% |  | 41.41% |  | 8.93%
Loss rate |  | 0.95% |  | 6.98% |  | 6.17%
Prepayment rate |  | 12.40% |  | 27.70% |  | 23.33%

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value
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The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the notes receivable and residual trust certificates given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Discount rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Discount rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (723) |  |  | $ | (623) |
Discount rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (1,421) |  |  | $ | (1,223) |
Loss rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Loss rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (1,761) |  |  | $ | (705) |
Loss rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (2,665) |  |  | $ | (1,321) |
Prepayment rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Prepayment rate decrease of 25% |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 58 |
Prepayment rate decrease of 50% |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 116 |

Profit Share Liability
On January 1, 2021, we entered into a commercial agreement with an enterprise partner, in which we are obligated to share in the profitability of transactions facilitated by our platform. Upon capture of a loan under this program, we record a liability associated with the estimated future profit to be shared over the life of the loan based on estimated program profitability levels. This liability is measured using a discounted cash flow model and recorded at fair value and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the profit share liability (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,015 |  |  | $ | 1,079 |  |  | $ | 1,974 |  |  | $ | 1,832 |
Facilitation of loans |  | 4,238 |  |  | 1,160 |  |  | 5,465 |  |  | 2,088 |
Actual performance |  | (3,271) |  |  | (1,166) |  |  | (6,299) |  |  | 506 |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | 3,129 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 4,971 |  |  | (2,882) |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 6,111 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 6,111 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the profit share liability are the discount rate and estimated program profitability. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
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The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the profit sharing liability as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024:

|  | December 31, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 30.00% |  | 30.00% |  | 30.00%
Program profitability |  | 0.97% |  | 2.02% |  | 1.94%

|  | June 30, 2024
Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Discount rate |  | 30.00% |  | 30.00% |  | 30.00%
Program profitability |  | 0.32% |  | 1.01% |  | 0.96%

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value.
Risk Sharing Arrangements
In connection with certain capital funding arrangements with third party loan buyers, we have entered into risk sharing agreements where we may be required to make a payment to the loan buyer or are entitled to receive a payment from the loan buyer, depending on the actual versus expected loan performance as contractually agreed to with the counterparty, and subject to a cap based on a percentage of the principal balance of loans sold. Loan performance is evaluated at a cohort level based on the month loans were sold. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we have sold $6.8 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, unpaid principal balance of loans under these risk sharing arrangements, of which our maximum exposure to losses is $85.1 million and $81.2 million, respectively. This amount includes our maximum potential loss with respect to risk sharing liabilities of $40.1 million and the fair value of risk sharing assets of $45.0 million, as of December 31, 2024.
We account for these arrangements as derivatives measured at fair value with gains and losses recognized in gain on sales of loans in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For each counterparty, we have recognized a net asset or net liability based on the estimated fair value of future payments we expect to receive from or make to the counterparty. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we held assets related to these arrangements of $45.0 million and $33.9 million, respectively, and liabilities of $1.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, we estimated the fair value of future settlements using a discounted cash flow model. Significant assumptions used in the valuation of our risk sharing assets and liabilities are as follows:
Discount Rate
We estimate future cash flows to be received or paid under the agreements are discounted as a part of determining the fair value of the risk sharing arrangements. The discount rate reflects the time value of money and a risk premium intended to reflect the amount of compensation market participants would require.
Loss Rate
We estimate the loss rate as the probability of loan defaults and write-offs, which are used to project future risk-sharing cash flows.
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Prepayment Rate
We estimate the annualized prepayment rate as the expected excess loan payment received in a given month as a percentage of the outstanding principal balance at the beginning of the month minus the scheduled principal payment.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the risk sharing assets (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 45,330 |  |  | $ | 3,814 |  |  | $ | 33,884 |  |  | $ | — |
Initial transfers of financial assets |  | 5,191 |  |  | 10,749 |  |  | 15,568 |  |  | 14,563 |
Cash settlements |  | (5,824) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,824) |  |  | — |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | 272 |  |  | 2,127 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  | 2,127 |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 44,969 |  |  | $ | 16,690 |  |  | $ | 44,969 |  |  | $ | 16,690 |

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the risk sharing liabilities (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value at beginning of period |  | $ | 1,801 |  |  | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | 918 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash settlements |  | (445) |  |  | — |  |  | (445) |  |  | — |
Subsequent changes in fair value |  | 142 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | 512 |
Fair value at end of period |  | $ | 1,498 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 1,498 |  |  | $ | 512 |

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the risk sharing arrangements as of December 31, 2024:

|  |  |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Risk sharing assets |  | Discount rate |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00%
|  | Loss rate |  | 3.28% |  | 4.87% |  | 4.01%
|  | Prepayment rate |  | 20.81% |  | 27.21% |  | 24.73%
Risk sharing liabilities |  | Discount rate |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00%
|  | Loss rate |  | 3.39% |  | 5.17% |  | 4.37%

|  |  |  | June 30, 2024
|  | Unobservable Input |  | Minimum |  | Maximum |  | Weighted Average (1)
Risk sharing assets |  | Discount rate |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00%
|  | Loss rate |  | 3.00% |  | 4.69% |  | 3.66%
|  | Prepayment rate |  | 23.36% |  | 33.29% |  | 28.48%
Risk sharing liabilities |  | Discount rate |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00% |  | 20.00%
|  | Loss rate |  | 3.25% |  | 5.29% |  | 4.28%

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by principal balance of loans sold under each cohort.
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The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the risk sharing assets and liabilities given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Risk sharing assets (1) |  |  |  |
Prepayment rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Prepayment rate increase of 25% |  | $ | 1,235 |  |  | $ | 572 |
Prepayment rate increase of 50% |  | $ | 2,364 |  |  | $ | 1,131 |
Loss rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Loss rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (11,331) |  |  | $ | (7,315) |
Loss rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (22,585) |  |  | $ | (14,528) |
Discount rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Discount rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (1,120) |  |  | $ | (1,211) |
Discount rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (2,156) |  |  | $ | (2,323) |
Risk sharing liabilities (1) |  |  |  |
Loss rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Loss rate increase of 25% |  | $ | 28,276 |  |  | $ | 22,333 |
Loss rate increase of 50% |  | $ | 40,334 |  |  | $ | 41,677 |
Discount rate assumption: |  |  |  |
Discount rate increase of 25% |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (19) |
Discount rate increase of 50% |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (37) |

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Recorded at Fair Value
The following table presents the fair value and our assessment of the classification of this measurement within the fair value hierarchy for financial assets and liabilities held at amortized cost as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance at Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, net |  | 6,432,336 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,828,132 |  |  | 6,828,132 |
Other assets (1) |  | 29,582 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,582 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,582 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,461,918 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,582 |  |  | $ | 6,828,132 |  |  | $ | 6,857,714 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible senior notes, net (2) |  | $ | 1,151,048 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,116,902 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,116,902 |
Notes issued by securitization trusts |  | 3,988,887 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,014,587 |  |  | 4,014,587 |
Funding debt (3) |  | 2,178,508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,178,655 |  |  | 2,178,655 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 7,318,443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,116,902 |  |  | $ | 6,193,242 |  |  | $ | 7,310,144 |

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|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance at Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale (1) |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |
Loans held for investment, net |  | 5,360,959 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,616,973 |  |  | 5,616,973 |
Other assets (1) |  | 43,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,212 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,404,207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,248 |  |  | $ | 5,616,973 |  |  | $ | 5,660,221 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible senior notes, net (2) |  | $ | 1,341,430 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,124,773 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,124,773 |
Notes issued by securitization trusts |  | 3,236,873 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,506,929 |  |  | 2,506,929 |
Funding debt (3) |  | 1,851,699 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,851,685 |  |  | 1,851,685 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6,430,002 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,124,773 |  |  | $ | 4,358,614 |  |  | $ | 5,483,387 |

(1)Amortized cost approximates fair value for loans held for sale and other assets.
(2)As of December 31, 2024, includes convertible senior notes due 2026 with a carrying amount and fair value of $247.6 million and $224.6 million, respectively, and convertible senior notes due 2029 with a carrying amount and fair value of $903.5 million and $892.3 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, includes convertible senior notes due 2026 with a carrying amount and fair value of $1.3 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of the convertible senior notes is determined based on a market approach, using the estimated or actual bids and offers of the notes in an over-the-counter market on the last business day of the period.
(3)As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, debt issuance costs in the amount of $11.7 million and $14.8 million, respectively, was included within funding debt.
13. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
We had shares of common stock reserved for issuance as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Available outstanding under equity compensation plans |  | 47,446,210 |  |  | 47,622,117 |
Available for future grant under equity compensation plans |  | 51,199,581 |  |  | 43,492,755 |
Total |  | 98,645,791 |  |  | 91,114,872 |

The common stock is not redeemable. We have two classes of common stock: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Each holder of Class A common stock has the right to one vote per share of common stock. Each holder of Class B common stock has the right to 15 votes and can be converted at any time into one share of Class A common stock. Holders of Class A and Class B common stock are entitled to notice of any stockholders’ meeting in accordance with the bylaws of the corporation, and are entitled to vote upon such matters and in such manner as may be provided by law. Subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends, the holders of the common stock are entitled to receive, when and as declared by the Board of Directors, out of any assets of the corporation legally available therefore, such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors.
Common Stock Warrants
Common stock warrants are included as a component of additional paid in capital within the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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In November 2021, we granted warrants to purchase 22,000,000 shares of common stock in connection with our commercial agreements with Amazon. 7,000,000 of the warrant shares have an exercise price of $0.01 per share and a term of 3.5 years. A portion of these warrants were fully vested at the grant date and the remainder have fully vested as of December 31, 2024. The remaining 15,000,000 warrant shares have an exercise price of $100 per share and a term of 7.5 years. We valued the warrants at the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Refer to Note 5. Balance Sheet Components for more information on the asset and related amortization during the period. The remaining grant-date fair value of the warrants will be recognized within our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as a component of sales and marketing expense as the warrants vest, based upon Amazon’s satisfaction of the vesting conditions. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, a total of $92.0 million and $204.4 million, respectively, was recognized within sales and marketing expense, which included $5.2 million and $10.4 million, respectively, in amortization expense of the commercial agreement asset and $86.8 million and $194.0 million, respectively, in expense based upon the grant-date fair value of the warrant shares that vested. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, a total of $125.1 million and $231.5 million, respectively, was recognized within sales and marketing expense, which included $10.4 million and $20.9 million, respectively, in amortization expense of the commercial agreement asset and $114.7 million and $210.6 million, respectively, in expense based upon the grant-date fair value of the warrant shares that vested.
Share Repurchases
In connection with the offering of the 2029 Notes, in December 2024, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $350.0 million of common stock through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or through a combination thereof. The authorization terminated on December 31, 2024 and did not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of its common stock.
Pursuant to the authorization, we utilized net proceeds from the offering, as well as cash on hand, to complete the repurchase of 3.5 million shares of Class A common stock from certain holders of the 2026 notes in privately negotiated transactions for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $250.0 million. Refer to Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for more information on the 2029 Notes.
We record share repurchases on the settlement date. Repurchased shares are subsequently retired and returned to the status of authorized but unissued. Our policy for share retirements is to deduct the par value from common stock and to reflect any excess of cost over par value as a deduction from additional paid-in capital.
There were no share repurchases during the three or six month periods ended December 31, 2023.
14. Equity Incentive Plans
2012 Stock Plan
Under our Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Plan (the “Plan”), we may grant incentive and nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees, officers, directors, and consultants. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum number of shares of common stock which may be issued under the Plan is 176,604,160 Class A shares. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, there were 51,199,581 and 43,492,755 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, available for future grants under the Plan.
Stock Options
For stock options granted before our IPO in January 2021, the minimum expiration period is seven years after termination of employment or 10 years from the date of grant. For stock options granted after our IPO, the minimum expiration period is three months after termination of employment or 10 years from the date of grant. Stock options generally vest over a period of four years or with 25% vesting on the 12 month anniversary of the vesting commencement date, and the remainder vesting on a pro-rata basis each month over the next three years.
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The following table summarizes our stock option activity for the six months ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | 16,794,697 |  |  | $ | 15.84 |  |  | 5.63 |  |
Granted |  | 677,433 |  |  | 44.66 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (3,211,902) |  |  | 10.73 |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 14,260,228 |  |  | 18.36 |  |  | 5.48 |  |
Vested and exercisable, December 31, 2024 |  | 11,263,423 |  |  | $ | 15.29 |  |  | 4.68 |  | $ | 516,017 |
Vested and exercisable, and expected to vest thereafter(1) December 31, 2024 |  | 14,142,936 |  |  | $ | 18.16 |  |  | 5.45 |  | $ | 607,187 |

(1)Options expected to vest reflect the application of an estimated forfeiture rate.
The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the six months ended December 31, 2024 was $31.74. As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was approximately $49.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.5 years.
Value Creation Award
In November 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a long-term, multi-year performance-based stock option grant providing Mr. Levchin with the opportunity to earn the right to purchase up to 12,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Value Creation Award”). We recognize stock-based compensation on these awards based on the grant date fair value using an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period, and only if performance-based conditions are considered probable of being satisfied. We incurred stock-based compensation expense of $12.4 million and $24.7 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, and $19.5 million and $39.1 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively, associated with the Value Creation Award as a component of general and administrative expense within the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation expense related to the Value Creation Award was approximately $23.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.0 year.
Restricted Stock Units
RSUs granted prior to the IPO were subject to two vesting conditions: a service-based vesting condition (i.e., employment over a period of time) and a performance-based vesting condition (i.e., a liquidity event in the form of either a change of control or an initial public offering, each as defined in the Plan), both of which must be met in order to vest. The performance-based condition was met upon the IPO. We record stock-based compensation expense for those RSUs on an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period, which is generally four years. RSUs granted after IPO are subject to a service-based vesting condition. We record stock-based compensation expense for service-based RSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally one to four years.
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The following table summarizes our RSU activity during the six months ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at June 30, 2024 |  | 18,327,420 |  |  | $ | 27.68 |
Granted |  | 11,171,205 |  |  | 32.95 |
Vested |  | (7,622,286) |  |  | 30.09 |
Forfeited, expired or cancelled |  | (1,190,357) |  |  | 27.39 |
Non-vested at December 31, 2024 |  | 20,685,982 |  |  | $ | 29.65 |

As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was approximately $573.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On November 18, 2020, our Board of Directors adopted and approved the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The purpose of the ESPP is to secure the services of new employees, to retain the services of existing employees and to provide incentives for such individuals to exert maximum effort towards the success of the Company and that of its affiliates. A total of 16.1 million shares of Class A common stock are reserved and available for issuance under the ESPP and 1.9 million shares have been issued as of December 31, 2024. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods beginning December 1 and June 1 of each year. At the end of each offering period, shares of our Class A common stock are purchased on behalf of each ESPP participant at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (1) the fair market value of the Class A common stock on first day of the offering period (the grant date) or (2) the fair market value of the Class A common stock on the last day of the offering period (the purchase date). We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to measure the fair value of the purchase rights issued under the ESPP at the first day of the offering period, which represents the grant date. We record stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over each six-month offering period, the requisite service period of the award.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following table presents the components and classification of stock-based compensation (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
General and administrative |  | $ | 57,719 |  |  | $ | 61,939 |  |  | $ | 120,524 |  |  | $ | 132,123 |
Technology and data analytics |  | 23,677 |  |  | 22,567 |  |  | 49,648 |  |  | 57,703 |
Sales and marketing |  | 4,482 |  |  | 4,305 |  |  | 9,677 |  |  | 9,770 |
Processing and servicing |  | 220 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 482 |  |  | 2,927 |
Total stock-based compensation in operating expenses |  | 86,098 |  |  | 90,164 |  |  | 180,331 |  |  | 202,523 |
Capitalized into property, equipment and software, net |  | 44,708 |  |  | 29,657 |  |  | 94,186 |  |  | 68,460 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 130,806 |  |  | $ | 119,821 |  |  | $ | 274,517 |  |  | $ | 270,983 |

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15. Restructuring and other
In February 2023, we committed to a restructuring plan (the “February 2023 Plan”) that included reducing our workforce and vacating a portion of our San Francisco office. The February 2023 Plan was completed during fiscal 2024, and we do not expect future costs or payments related to the plan.
As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding liability related to previously accrued exit and disposal costs. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, exit and disposal costs were $0.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively.
16. Income Taxes
The quarterly provision for income taxes is based on the current estimate of the annual effective income tax rate and the tax effect of discrete items occurring during the quarter. Our quarterly provision and the estimate of the annual effective tax rate are subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in the pre-tax jurisdictional mix of earnings and the impact of discrete items.
For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we recorded income tax expense (benefit) of $2.5 million and $4.4 million, respectively, which was primarily attributable to various U.S state and foreign income taxes. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, we recorded income tax expense (benefit) of $(0.7) million and $0.3 million, respectively, which was primarily attributable to deferred taxes recognized by certain foreign subsidiaries, various U.S state and other foreign income taxes, and the tax amortization of certain intangibles.
As of December 31, 2024, we continue to recognize a full valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state and certain foreign net deferred tax assets. This determination was based on the assessment of the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred by us for the prior three fiscal years. The presence of a three-year cumulative loss limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our expectations of future taxable income and projections for growth.
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17. Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
The following table presents basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders for Class A and Class B common stock (in thousands, except share and per share data):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2024
|  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - basic |  | $ | 69,983 |  |  | $ | 10,377 |  |  | $ | (17,227) |  |  | $ | (2,635) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - diluted |  | $ | 70,672 |  |  | $ | 9,688 |  |  | $ | (17,227) |  |  | $ | (2,635) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of common stock - basic |  | 280,666,562 |  |  | 41,615,772 |  |  | 277,776,478 |  |  | 42,481,967 |
Dilutive effect of stock equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units |  | 11,983,390 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock options, including early exercise of options |  | 10,241,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Value creation award vested shares |  | 473,889 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock warrants |  | 215,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted average shares of common stock - diluted |  | 303,580,796 |  |  | 41,615,772 |  |  | 277,776,478 |  |  | 42,481,967 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | (0.06) |  |  | $ | (0.06) |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | (0.06) |  |  | $ | (0.06) |

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2023
|  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders - basic |  | $ | (135,588) |  |  | $ | (31,314) |  |  | $ | (273,697) |  |  | $ | (64,988) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - diluted |  | $ | (135,588) |  |  | $ | (31,314) |  |  | $ | (273,697) |  |  | $ | (64,988) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of common stock - basic |  | 249,866,191 |  |  | 57,705,411 |  |  | 247,045,485 |  |  | 58,660,152 |
Weighted average shares of common stock - diluted |  | 249,866,191 |  |  | 57,705,411 |  |  | 247,045,485 |  |  | 58,660,152 |
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |
Diluted |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |

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The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Common stock warrants |  | 6,278,501 |  |  | 5,875,592 |  |  | 6,278,501 |  |  | 5,875,592 |
Restricted stock units |  | 773,998 |  |  | 19,397,022 |  |  | 20,685,982 |  |  | 19,397,022 |
Stock options, including early exercise of options |  | 906,767 |  |  | 17,173,007 |  |  | 14,260,228 |  |  | 17,173,007 |
Employee stock purchase plan shares |  | 189,621 |  |  | 221,266 |  |  | 189,621 |  |  | 221,266 |
Value creation award |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | — |
Total |  | 8,148,887 |  |  | 42,666,887 |  |  | 45,414,332 |  |  | 42,666,887 |

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the discussion under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our planned investments to drive future growth, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-Q and our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
We are building the next generation payment network. We believe that by using modern technology, strong engineering talent, and a mission-driven approach, we can reinvent payments and commerce. Our solutions, which are built on trust and transparency, are designed to make it easier for consumers to spend responsibly and with confidence, easier for merchants and commerce platforms to convert sales and grow, and easier for commerce to thrive.
Our point-of-sale solutions allow consumers to pay for purchases in fixed amounts without deferred interest, late fees, or penalties. We empower consumers to pay over time rather than paying for a purchase entirely upfront. This increases consumers’ purchasing power and gives them more control and flexibility. Our platform facilitates both true 0% APR payment options and interest-bearing loans. On the merchant side, we offer commerce enablement, demand generation, and consumer acquisition tools. Our solutions empower merchants to more efficiently promote and sell their products, optimize their consumer acquisition strategies, and drive incremental sales. We also provide valuable product-level data and insights — information that merchants cannot easily get elsewhere — to better inform their strategies. Finally, for consumers, our app unlocks the full suite of Affirm products for a delightful end-to-end consumer experience. Consumers can use our app to apply for installment loans, and upon approval, they can use the Affirm Card digitally online or in-stores to complete a purchase. Additionally, consumers can manage the pre and post purchase split of Affirm Card transactions into loan, manage payments, open a high-yield savings account, and access a personalized marketplace.
Our Company is predicated on the principles of simplicity, transparency, and putting people first. By adhering to these principles, we have built enduring, trust-based relationships with consumers and merchants that we believe will set us up for long-term, sustainable success. We believe our innovative approach uniquely positions us to define the future of commerce and payments.
Technology and data are at the core of everything we do. Our expertise in sourcing, aggregating, and analyzing data has been what we believe to be the key competitive advantage of our platform since our founding. We believe our proprietary technology platform and data give us a unique advantage in pricing risk. We use data to inform our risk scoring in order to generate value for our consumers, merchants, and capital partners. We also prioritize building our own technology and investing in product and engineering talent as we believe these are enduring competitive advantages that are difficult to replicate. Our solutions use the latest in machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud-based technologies, and other modern tools to create differentiated and scalable products.
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| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Total revenue, net | $ | 866,381 |  |  | $ | 591,110 |  |  | $ | 275,271 |  |  | 47 | % |  | $ | 1,564,861 |  |  | $ | 1,087,657 |  |  | $ | 477,204 |  |  | 44 | %
Total operating expenses | 870,703 |  |  | 763,261 |  |  | 107,442 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 1,701,805 |  |  | 1,469,255 |  |  | 232,550 |  |  | 16 | %
Operating loss | $ | (4,322) |  |  | $ | (172,151) |  |  | $ | 167,829 |  |  | (97) | % |  | $ | (136,944) |  |  | $ | (381,598) |  |  | $ | 244,654 |  |  | (64) | %
Other income, net | 87,181 |  |  | 4,549 |  |  | 82,632 |  |  | 1816 | % |  | 121,483 |  |  | 43,256 |  |  | 78,227 |  |  | 181 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 82,859 |  |  | $ | (167,602) |  |  | $ | 250,461 |  |  | (149) | % |  | $ | (15,461) |  |  | $ | (338,342) |  |  | $ | 322,881 |  |  | (95) | %
Income tax expense (benefit) | 2,499 |  |  | (700) |  |  | 3,199 |  |  | (457) | % |  | 4,401 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 4,058 |  |  | 1183 | %
Net income (loss) | $ | 80,360 |  |  | $ | (166,902) |  |  | $ | 247,262 |  |  | (148) | % |  | $ | (19,862) |  |  | $ | (338,685) |  |  | $ | 318,823 |  |  | (94) | %

Our Financial Model
Our Revenue Model
We have three main loan product offerings: Pay-in-X, 0% annual percentage rate (“APR”) monthly installment loans and interest-bearing monthly installment loans. Pay-in-X consists of short-term payment plans with one to four 0% APR installments.
From merchants, we typically earn a fee when we help them convert a sale and facilitate a transaction. Merchant fees depend on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and vary based on the terms of the product offering; we generally earn larger merchant fees on 0% APR financing products. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, Pay-in-X represented 15% and 14%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform while 0% APR installment loans represented 13% and 12%, respectively. For both the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, Pay-in-X represented 16%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform while 0% APR installment loans represented 11%.
From consumers, we earn interest income on the simple interest loans that we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners. Interest rates charged to our consumers vary depending on the transaction risk, creditworthiness of the consumer, the repayment term selected by the consumer, the amount of the loan, and the individual arrangement with a merchant. Because our consumers are never charged deferred or compounding interest, late fees, or penalties on the loans, we are not incentivized to profit from our consumers’ hardships. In addition, interest income includes the amortization of any discounts or premiums on loan receivables created upon either the purchase of a loan from one of our originating bank partners or our direct origination of a loan. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, interest bearing loans represented 72% and 74%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, interest bearing loans represented 73% and 73%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform
In order to accelerate our ubiquity, we facilitate the issuance of virtual cards directly to consumers through our app, allowing them to shop with merchants that may not yet be fully integrated with Affirm. Similarly, we also facilitate the issuance of the Affirm Card, a card that can be used physically or virtually and which allows consumers to link a bank account to pay in full, or pay later by accessing credit through the Affirm App. When these cards are used over established card networks, we earn a portion of the interchange fee from the transaction.
Our Loan Origination and Servicing Model
When a consumer applies for a loan through our platform, the loan is underwritten using our proprietary risk model. Once approved for the loan, the consumer then selects their preferred repayment option. A portion of these loans are funded and issued by our originating bank partners, which include Cross River Bank, an FDIC-insured New Jersey state-chartered bank, Celtic Bank, an FDIC-insured Utah state-chartered industrial bank, and
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Lead Bank, an FDIC-insured Missouri state-chartered bank. These partnerships allow us to benefit from our partners’ ability to originate loans under their banking licenses while complying with various federal, state, and other laws. Under this arrangement, we must comply with our originating bank partners' credit policies and underwriting procedures, and our originating bank partners maintain ultimate authority to decide whether to originate a loan or not. When an originating bank partner originates a loan, it funds the loan through its own funding sources and may subsequently offer and sell the loan to us. Pursuant to our agreements with these partners, we are obligated to purchase the loans facilitated through our platform that such partner offers us and our obligation is secured by cash deposits. To date, we have purchased all of the loans facilitated through our platform and originated by our originating bank partners. When we purchase a loan from an originating bank partner, the purchase price is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the loan, plus a fee and any accrued interest. The originating bank partner also retains an interest in the loans purchased by us through a loan performance fee that is payable by us on the aggregate principal amount of a loan that is paid by a consumer. Refer to Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for more information on the performance fee liability.
We are also able to originate loans directly under our lending, servicing, and brokering licenses in Canada, U.K, and across several states in the U.S. through our consolidated subsidiaries. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we directly originated approximately $1.7 billion, or 17%, and $3.0 billion, or 17%, respectively, of loans compared to approximately $1.3 billion, or 17%, and $2.2 billion, or 17%, for the same period in 2023.
We act as the servicer on all loans that we originate directly or purchase from our originating bank partners and earn a servicing fee on loans held by third parties, including bank partners prior to loan purchase and third party loan buyers if subsequently sold as part of our funding strategy. In the normal course of business, we do not sell the servicing rights on any of the loans. To allow for flexible staffing to support overflow and seasonal traffic, we partner with several sub-servicers to manage consumer care, first priority collections, and third-party collections in accordance with our policies and procedures.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
Our performance has been and may continue to be affected by many factors, including those identified below, as well as the factors discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-Q and in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
Expanding our Network, Diversity, and Mix of Funding Relationships
Our capital efficient funding model is integral to the success of our platform. As we scale the number of transactions on our network and grow GMV, we maintain a variety of funding relationships in order to support our network. Our diversified funding relationships include warehouse facilities, securitization trusts, forward flow arrangements, and partnerships with banks. Given the short duration and strong performance of our assets, funding can be recycled quickly, resulting in a high-velocity, capital efficient funding model. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, our equity capital as a percentage of our total platform portfolio has remained relatively unchanged at 5%. The mix of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet funding is a function of how we choose to allocate loan volume, which is determined by the economic arrangements and supply of capital available to us, both of which may also impact our results in any given period.
Mix of Business on Our Platform
The shifts in merchant volumes and products offered in any period affect our operating results. These shifts impact GMV, revenue, our financial results, and our key operating metric performance for that period. Differences in loan product mix result in varying loan durations, APR, and mix of 0% APR and interest-bearing financings.
Product and economic terms of commercial agreements vary among our merchants, which may impact our results. For example, our low average order value (“AOV”) products generally benefit from shorter duration, but also have lower revenue as a percentage of GMV when compared to high AOV products. Merchant mix shifts are
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driven in part by the products offered by the merchant, the economic terms negotiated with the merchant, merchant-side activity relating to the marketing of their products, whether or not the merchant is fully integrated within our network, and general economic conditions affecting consumer demand. Our revenue as a percentage of GMV in any given period varies across products. As such, as we continue to expand our network to include more merchants and product offerings, revenue as a percentage of GMV may vary.
Additionally, our commercial agreements with our platform partners, the expansion of our consumer eligibility criteria, along with the growing repeat usage of our Affirm Card offerings, are driving an increase in low AOV transactions. As a result, while we expect that transactions per active consumer may increase, revenue as a percentage of GMV may decline in the medium term to the extent that a greater portion of our GMV comes from Affirm Card and other low-AOV offerings.
Seasonality
We experience seasonal fluctuations in our business as a result of consumer spending patterns, including Affirm Card, which we expect to mimic the seasonality of our general business in the near term. Historically, our GMV has been the strongest during our fiscal second quarter due to increases in retail commerce during the holiday season and our loan delinquencies are at their lowest during our fiscal third and fourth quarter, as consumer savings benefit from tax refunds. Adverse events that occur during our second fiscal quarter could have a disproportionate effect on our financial results for the fiscal year.
Macroeconomic Environment
We regularly monitor the direct and indirect impacts of the current macroeconomic conditions on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Starting in fiscal 2023, the macroeconomic environment began to present a number of challenges to our business. In response to continued inflationary pressure, the U.S. Federal Reserve rapidly raised the federal funds interest rate from March 2022 through July 2023. Despite the Federal Reserve’s decision to begin to decrease the federal funds interest rate in September 2024, uncertainty remains as to whether and to what extent the federal funds interest rate will remain at current levels, increase or decrease in future periods. Simultaneously, economic uncertainty and the prospect of economic recession has impacted consumer spending. These challenges have affected, and may continue to affect, our business and results of operations in the following ways:
•Shifts in consumer demand: Over the past two fiscal years, we have experienced varying levels of consumer demand across different categories of merchandise. While all merchandise categories except for Sporting Goods and Outdoors grew year-over-year, economic uncertainty, inflationary pressures and elevated interest rates remain. If macroeconomic conditions deteriorate in future periods, consumer demand may be negatively impacted.
•Increased borrowing costs: The Federal Reserve began decreasing the federal funds interest rate in late 2024, leading to a decline in our average funding costs. Despite this, the overall interest rate environment remains elevated compared to historical levels and, as a result, we may continue to experience higher transaction costs.
•Volatile capital markets: Since fiscal 2024, capital markets have shown improvement against recent periods, which has been evidenced by substantial additions across our funding channels due to our strong loan performance. However, despite these improvements, uncertainties remain in the macroeconomic environment, especially with regard to inflation and the potential for increased unemployment. To address these uncertainties, we leverage our diverse funding channels and counterparties, which contribute to our resilience across various macroeconomic conditions and economic cycles.
Consumer Credit Optimization and Loan Performance
We continue to optimize our underwriting and take other actions to manage consumer loan repayment, increase collections and minimize losses. For example, we offer loan modifications to borrowers experiencing
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financial difficulty to provide greater flexibility for consumers to repay their obligations, through payment deferrals or loan re-amortizations. A payment deferral extends the next payment due date, and while a consumer may receive more than one deferral, the total deferral period may not exceed three months. A loan re-amortization lowers the monthly payments by extending the term, which may not exceed twenty-four months.
These loan modification programs also impact our delinquency rates, and such impact can vary over time. As disclosed in Note 4. Loans Held for Investment and Allowance for Credit Losses in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements, in fiscal 2024, we expanded the eligibility of our loan modification programs, which resulted in a modest benefit to delinquency rates for loans held for investment during that period. The volume of loan modifications during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 decreased compared to the same periods in 2023. Loans modified during the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2024, represent 0.15% and 0.29%, respectively, of the outstanding principal balance of loans held on our balance sheet. Our reported delinquency and charge off rates include loans which have become past due or have charged off subsequent to modification. An unknown percentage of loans which have been modified and are current as of December 31, 2024 may become delinquent or charge off in the future. We continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs and may modify, expand, or contract their usage, which may affect the timing of reported delinquencies and charge offs in future periods.
Regulatory Developments
We are subject to the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) as a facilitator, servicer, acquirer or originator of consumer credit. As such, the CFPB has in the past requested reports concerning our organization, business conduct, markets, and activities, and we expect that the CFPB will continue to do so from time to time in the future. In addition, we are supervised by the CFPB, which enables it, among other things, to conduct comprehensive and rigorous examinations to assess our compliance with consumer financial protection laws, which in turn could result in matters requiring attention, enforcement investigations and actions, regulatory fines and mandated changes to our business products, policies and procedures.
Key Operating Metrics
We focus on several key operating metrics to measure the performance of our business and help determine our strategic direction. In addition to revenue, net loss, and other results under U.S. GAAP, the following tables set forth key operating metrics we use to evaluate our business.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
|  | (in billions)
GMV |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | 35 | % |  | $ | 17.7 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | 35 | %

GMV
We measure GMV to assess the volume of transactions that take place on our platform. We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions on the Affirm platform during the applicable period, net of refunds. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us; however, it is an indicator of the success of our merchants and the strength of our platform.
For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, GMV was $10.1 billion and $17.7 billion, respectively, which represented an increase of approximately 35%, as compared to the same periods in 2023. Overall, the increase in GMV was driven by an increase in volume at our top five merchants and platform partners, as well as overall increases in our active merchant base, active consumers and average transactions per consumer. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, growth was diversified across categories and products attributable to an increase in the general merchandise and electronics categories, which showed a growth of 40% and 43%, respectively. Additionally, consumer demand across our travel and ticketing, equipment and auto, fashion and beauty, and other categories grew more than 20% year over year.
For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, our top five merchants and platform partners represented approximately 51% and 49%, respectively, of total GMV, as compared to 48% and 46%, respectively,
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for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023. GMV attributable to Amazon during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 represented 25% and 24%, respectively, of total GMV. GMV attributable to Amazon during both the three and six months ended December 31, 2023 represented 21% of total GMV.

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except per consumer data)
Active consumers |  | 20,968 |  |  | 17,610 |  |  | 19 | %
Transactions per active consumer |  | 5.3 |  |  | 4.4 |  | 22 | %

Active Consumers
We assess consumer adoption and engagement by the number of active consumers across our platform. Active consumers are the primary measure of the size of our network. We define an active consumer as a consumer who completes at least one transaction on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 21.0 million active consumers, which represented an increase of 19% compared to approximately 17.6 million active consumers as of December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a high retention rate of existing consumers and the acquisition of new consumers through an expansion in active merchants and platform partnerships as well as continued adoption of the Affirm Card.
Transactions per Active Consumer
We believe the value of our network is amplified with greater consumer engagement and repeat usage, highlighted by increased transactions per active consumer. Transactions per active consumer is defined as the average number of transactions that an active consumer has conducted on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 5.3 transactions per active consumer, an increase of 22% compared to December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to platform growth, a higher frequency of repeat users driven by consumer engagement, and growth of Affirm Card active consumers. As of December 31, 2024, Affirm Card represented approximately 10% of the total number of transactions compared to approximately 4% as of December 31, 2023.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth selected interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) data for each of the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Merchant network revenue | $ | 244,895 |  |  | $ | 188,357 |  |  | $ | 56,538 |  |  | 30 | % |  | $ | 429,234 |  |  | $ | 334,307 |  |  | $ | 94,927 |  |  | 28 | %
Card network revenue | 58,142 |  |  | 39,269 |  |  | 18,873 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 105,622 |  |  | 72,745 |  |  | 32,877 |  |  | 45 | %
Total network revenue | 303,037 |  |  | 227,626 |  |  | 75,411 |  |  | 33 | % |  | 534,856 |  |  | 407,052 |  |  | 127,804 |  |  | 31 | %
Interest income (1) | 409,367 |  |  | 288,346 |  |  | 121,021 |  |  | 42 | % |  | 786,431 |  |  | 551,025 |  |  | 235,406 |  |  | 43 | %
Gain on sales of loans (1) | 125,287 |  |  | 52,702 |  |  | 72,585 |  |  | 138 | % |  | 188,900 |  |  | 86,987 |  |  | 101,913 |  |  | 117 | %
Servicing income | 28,690 |  |  | 22,436 |  |  | 6,254 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 54,674 |  |  | 42,593 |  |  | 12,081 |  |  | 28 | %
Total revenue, net | 866,381 |  |  | 591,110 |  |  | 275,271 |  |  | 47 | % |  | 1,564,861 |  |  | 1,087,657 |  |  | 477,204 |  |  | 44 | %
Operating expenses (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on loan purchase commitment | 70,278 |  |  | 53,630 |  |  | 16,648 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 124,515 |  |  | 88,496 |  |  | 36,019 |  |  | 41 | %
Provision for credit losses | 152,980 |  |  | 120,880 |  |  | 32,100 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 312,804 |  |  | 220,576 |  |  | 92,228 |  |  | 42 | %
Funding costs | 107,762 |  |  | 84,617 |  |  | 23,145 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 211,907 |  |  | 158,548 |  |  | 53,359 |  |  | 34 | %
Processing and servicing | 115,960 |  |  | 90,203 |  |  | 25,757 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 211,106 |  |  | 165,874 |  |  | 45,232 |  |  | 27 | %
Technology and data analytics | 148,213 |  |  | 119,833 |  |  | 28,380 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 282,503 |  |  | 252,798 |  |  | 29,705 |  |  | 12 | %
Sales and marketing | 136,038 |  |  | 161,265 |  |  | (25,227) |  |  | (16) | % |  | 281,271 |  |  | 308,131 |  |  | (26,860) |  |  | (9) | %
General and administrative | 139,412 |  |  | 132,777 |  |  | 6,635 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 277,894 |  |  | 273,111 |  |  | 4,783 |  |  | 2 | %
Restructuring and other | 60 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 | % |  | (195) |  |  | 1,721 |  |  | (1,916) |  |  | (111) | %
Total operating expenses | 870,703 |  |  | 763,261 |  |  | 107,442 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 1,701,805 |  |  | 1,469,255 |  |  | 232,550 |  |  | 16 | %
Operating loss | $ | (4,322) |  |  | $ | (172,151) |  |  | $ | 167,829 |  |  | (97) | % |  | $ | (136,944) |  |  | $ | (381,598) |  |  | $ | 244,654 |  |  | (64) | %
Other income, net | 87,181 |  |  | 4,549 |  |  | 82,632 |  |  | 1816 | % |  | 121,483 |  |  | 43,256 |  |  | 78,227 |  |  | 181 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 82,859 |  |  | $ | (167,602) |  |  | $ | 250,461 |  |  | (149) | % |  | $ | (15,461) |  |  | $ | (338,342) |  |  | $ | 322,881 |  |  | (95) | %
Income tax expense (benefit) | 2,499 |  |  | (700) |  |  | 3,199 |  |  | (457) | % |  | 4,401 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 4,058 |  |  | 1183 | %
Net income (loss) | $ | 80,360 |  |  | $ | (166,902) |  |  | $ | 247,262 |  |  | (148) | % |  | $ | (19,862) |  |  | $ | (338,685) |  |  | $ | 318,823 |  |  | (94) | %

(1)Upon purchase of a loan from our originating bank partners at a price above the fair market value of the loan or upon the origination of a loan with a par value in excess of the fair market value of the loan, a discount is included in the amortized cost basis of the loan. For loans held for investment, this discount is amortized over the life of the loan into interest income. When a loan is sold to a third-party loan buyer or off-balance sheet securitization trust, the unamortized discount is released in full at the time of sale and recognized as part of the gain or loss on sales of loans. However, the cumulative value of the loss on loan purchase commitment or loss on origination, the interest income recognized over time from the amortization of discount while retained, and the release of discount into gain on sales of loans, together net to zero over the life of the loan. The following table details activity for the discount, included in loans held for investment, for the periods indicated:
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| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period | $ | 100,203 |  |  | $ | 89,862 |  |  | $ | 98,527 |  |  | $ | 96,576 |
Additions from loans purchased or originated, net of refunds | 100,764 |  |  | 78,676 |  |  | 178,953 |  |  | 131,096 |
Amortization of discount | (64,115) |  |  | (51,024) |  |  | (120,812) |  |  | (96,142) |
Unamortized discount released on loans sold | (31,732) |  |  | (17,450) |  |  | (51,887) |  |  | (30,510) |
Impact of foreign currency translation | (1,687) |  |  | 836 |  |  | (1,348) |  |  | (120) |
Balance at the end of the period | $ | 103,433 |  |  | $ | 100,900 |  |  | $ | 103,433 |  |  | $ | 100,900 |

(2) Amounts include stock-based compensation as follows:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
General and administrative | $ | 57,719 |  |  | $ | 61,939 |  |  | $ | 120,524 |  |  | $ | 132,123 |
Technology and data analytics | 23,677 |  |  | 22,567 |  |  | 49,648 |  |  | 57,703 |
Sales and marketing | 4,482 |  |  | 4,305 |  |  | 9,677 |  |  | 9,770 |
Processing and servicing | 220 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 482 |  |  | 2,927 |
Total stock-based compensation in operating expenses | 86,098 |  |  | 90,164 |  |  | 180,331 |  |  | 202,523 |
Capitalized into property, equipment and software, net | 44,708 |  |  | 29,657 |  |  | 94,186 |  |  | 68,460 |
Total stock-based compensation | $ | 130,806 |  |  | $ | 119,821 |  |  | $ | 274,517 |  |  | $ | 270,983 |

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Merchant network revenue
Merchant network revenue is impacted by both GMV and the mix of loans originated on our platform as merchant fees vary based on loan characteristics. In particular, merchant network revenue as a percentage of GMV typically increases with longer-term, non interest-bearing loans with higher AOVs, and decreases with shorter-term, interest-bearing loans with lower AOVs.
Merchant network revenue increased by $56.5 million, or 30%, and $94.9 million, or 28%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is primarily attributed to an increase of $2.7 billion, or 35%, and $4.6 billion, or 35%, in GMV for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase in GMV is a result of continued growth at our top five merchants and platform partners representing approximately 51% and 49% for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to 48% and 46% for the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively. Our active merchant base and the number of active consumers also grew, reaching approximately 337 thousand and 21.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, up from approximately 279 thousand and 17.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.
With respect to the frequency and mix of transactions, the transactions per active consumer increased from 4.4 as of December 31, 2023 to 5.3 as of December 31, 2024. The increase in active consumers and transactions per active consumer is partially offset by a decrease in AOV. For the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, AOV was $267 and $270, respectively, down from $287 and $292 for the same period in 2023. The decrease in AOV is driven by the diversification of our merchant base, with accelerated growth in some of our largest interest
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bearing merchant programs, and our ongoing initiative to drive repeat usage of our platform beyond one-time high AOV purchases.
Card network revenue
Card network revenue increased by $18.9 million, or 48%, and $32.9 million, or 45%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. Card network revenue growth is correlated with the growth of GMV processed by our card-issuing partners. As such, the increase is primarily driven by $3.1 billion and $5.5 billion of GMV processed through our card-issuing partners, an increase of 43% and 41% for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2023. This was driven by increased card activity primarily through our single use virtual cards and Affirm Card, as well as growth in existing and new merchants utilizing our agreement with card-issuing partners as a means of integrating Affirm services, which grew from approximately 1,500 merchants as of December 31, 2023 to 19,900 merchants as of December 31, 2024. Card network revenue is also impacted by the mix of merchants as different merchants can have different interchange rates depending on their industry or size, among other factors.
Interest income
Interest income increased by $121.0 million, or 42%, and $235.4 million, or 43%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. Generally, interest income is correlated with the changes in the average balance of loans held for investment, which increased by 34% to $6.6 billion and 32% to $6.3 billion for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. As a result, interest income from interest-bearing loans increased by $127.8 million, or 52%, and $238.7 million, or 50%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023.
Gain on sales of loans
Gain on sales of loans increased by $72.6 million, or 138%, and $101.9 million, or 117%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is driven by factors including higher loan sale volume to third-party loan buyers and favorable transaction economics which are impacted by the composition of our loan portfolio sold and other market factors. We sold loans with an unpaid principal balance of $4.6 billion and $7.4 billion for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to $3.1 billion and $5.2 billion for the same period in 2023.
Servicing income
Servicing income includes net servicing fee revenue and fair value adjustments for servicing assets and liabilities, and is recognized for loan portfolios sold to third-party loan buyers and for loans held within our off-balance sheet securitizations. Servicing fee revenue varies by contractual servicing fee arrangement and is earned as a percentage of the average unpaid principal balance of loans held by each counterparty where we have a servicing agreement. We reduce servicing income for certain fees we are required to pay per our contractual servicing arrangement.
With respect to fair value adjustments, we remeasure the fair value of servicing assets and liabilities each period and recognize the change in fair value in servicing income. We utilize a discounted cash flow approach to remeasure the fair value of servicing rights. Because we earn servicing income based on the outstanding principal balance of the portfolio, fair value adjustments are impacted by the timing and amount of loan repayments. As such, over the term of each loan portfolio sold, fair value adjustments for servicing assets will decrease servicing income and fair value adjustments for servicing liabilities will increase servicing income. We discuss our valuation methodology and significant Level 3 inputs for servicing assets and liabilities within Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
Servicing income increased by $6.3 million, or 28%, and $12.1 million, or 28%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is primarily
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due to an increase in net servicing fee revenue which is calculated as a percentage of the unpaid principal balance of off-balance sheet loans. The average unpaid principal balance of off-balance sheet loans increased from $4.9 billion and $4.7 billion during the three and six months ended December 31, 2023, respectively, to $6.3 billion and $6.0 billion, respectively, during the same period in 2024, an increase of 29% and 28%, respectively.
Loss on loan purchase commitment
We purchase certain loans from our originating bank partners that are processed through our platform and put back to us by our originating bank partners. Under the terms of the agreements with our originating bank partners, we are generally required to pay the principal amount plus accrued interest for such loans and fees. In certain instances, our originating bank partners may originate loans with zero or below market interest rates that we are required to purchase. In these instances, we may be required to purchase the loan for a price in excess of the fair market value of such loans, which results in a loss. These losses are recognized as loss on loan purchase commitment in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). These costs are incurred on a per loan basis.
Loss on loan purchase commitment increased by $16.6 million, or 31%, and $36.0 million, or 41%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to an increase in total volume of loans purchased. During the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, we purchased $8.1 billion and $14.5 billion, respectively, of loans from our originating bank partners, compared to $5.9 billion and $10.5 billion, respectively, in the same period in 2023, representing an increase of 36% and 38%, respectively.
Provision for credit losses
Provision for credit losses generally represents the amount of expense required to maintain the allowance for credit losses on our interim condensed consolidated balance sheet, which represents management’s estimate of future losses. In the event that our loans outperform expectation and/or we reduce our expectation of credit losses in future periods, we may release reserves and thereby reduce the allowance for credit losses, yielding income in the provision for credit losses. The provision is determined based on our estimate of expected future losses on loans originated during the period and held for investment on our balance sheet, changes in our estimate of future losses on loans outstanding as of the end of the period and the net charge-offs incurred in the period.
Provision for credit losses increased by $32.1 million, or 27%, and $92.2 million, or 42%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily driven by growth in the volume of loans held for investment. Loans held for investment as of December 31, 2024 was $6.8 billion, an increase of $1.6 billion, or 30%, as compared to the same periods in 2023. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of loans held for investment increased from 5.0% as of December 31, 2023 to 5.4% as of December 31, 2024. The increase in the allowance rate from December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by adjustments in our credit criteria in light of increasing interest income generated by our loans and changes in the loan mix.
Funding costs
Funding costs consist of interest expense and the amortization of fees for certain borrowings collateralized by our loans including warehouse credit facilities and consolidated securitizations, sale and repurchase agreements collateralized by our retained securitization interests, and other costs incurred in connection with funding the purchases and originations of loans. Funding costs for a given period are driven by the average outstanding balance of funding debt and notes issued by securitization trusts as well as our contractual interest rate and distribution of loans across funding facilities, net of the impact of any designated cash flow hedges.
Funding costs increased by $23.1 million, or 27%, and $53.4 million, or 34%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is primarily due to an increase of funding debt and notes issued by securitization trusts during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024. The average total of funding debt from warehouses and securitizations for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 was $5.9 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively, compared to $4.4 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, during the same period in 2023, an increase of $1.6 billion, or 36%, and $1.4 billion, or 34%,
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respectively. The increase was also attributable to a larger volume of on-balance sheet loans being retained during the period. The average on-balance sheet loan balance was $6.6 billion and $6.3 billion for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, an increase of 34% and 32% compared to $4.9 billion and $4.7 billion during the same period in 2023, respectively.
Processing and servicing
Processing and servicing expense consists primarily of payment processing fees, third-party customer support and collection expense, salaries and personnel-related costs of our customer care team, platform fees, and allocated overhead.
Processing and servicing expense increased by $25.8 million, or 29%, and $45.2 million, or 27%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. This increase is driven primarily by an increase in payment processing fees of $17.0 million, or 36%, and $32.4 million, or 37%, related to increased payment volume for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively. Additionally, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, our platform fees increased by $8.9 million, or 38%, and $14.9 million, or 39%, respectively, due to an increase in volume with a large enterprise partner.
Technology and data analytics
Technology and data analytics expense consists primarily of the salaries, stock-based compensation, and personnel-related costs of our engineering, product, and credit and analytics employees, as well as the amortization of internally-developed software and technology intangible assets, and our infrastructure and hosting costs.
Technology and data analytics expense increased by $28.4 million, or 24%, and $29.7 million, or 12%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is primarily driven by amortization of internally-developed software which increased by $15.5 million, or 41%, and $29.0 million, or 42%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, as a result of an increase in the number of capitalized projects. Capitalized projects in service grew by 91% from approximately 640 projects as of December 31, 2023 to 1,230 projects as of December 31, 2024. Data infrastructure and hosting costs increased by $5.8 million, or 27%, and $6.8 million, or 15%, for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase in data infrastructure and hosting costs was primarily driven by the number of consumer transactions increasing over the same time periods. During the three months ended December 31, 2024 the number of consumer transactions increased by 46% from continued growth at our merchants and platform partners. Stock-based compensation and payroll and personnel-related costs increased by $4.9 million, or 10%, for the three months ended December 31, 2024 but decreased by $8.1 million, or 7%, for the six months ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to an increase in headcount, offset by higher capitalized compensation costs related to internally-developed software.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing costs consist of the expense related to warrants and other share-based payments granted to our enterprise partners, salaries and personnel-related costs, costs of marketing and promotional activities.
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Sales and marketing expense decreased by $25.2 million, or 16%, and $26.9 million, or 9%, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a $27.9 million, or 24%, and $16.6 million, or 8%, decrease in Amazon warrant expense during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to a portion of the warrants becoming fully vested in the current period. Additionally, amortization expense related to the Amazon commercial agreement decreased by $5.2 million, or 50%, and $10.4 million, or 50%, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to an amendment made in our partnership agreement, which extended the period of benefit over which we amortize the commercial agreement asset. The decrease was partially offset by a $6.2 million, or 144%, and $7.7 million, or 99%, increase in merchant and consumer marketing spend programs during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, associated with our expanded brand-activation, holiday shopping, lifestyle, and travel marketing. Partner profit-sharing expense increased by $3.4 million, or 348%, and $2.8 million, or 93%, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. Additionally, the amortization period related to one of our commercial agreements ended in the previous fiscal period, which resulted in a decrease in amortization expense of $2.1 million and $4.2 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses related to our finance, legal, risk operations, human resources, and administrative personnel. General and administrative expenses also include costs related to fees paid for professional services, including legal, tax and accounting services, allocated overhead, and certain discretionary expenses incurred from operating our technology platform.
General and administrative expense increased by $6.6 million, or 5%, and $4.8 million, or 2%, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is primarily due to increases in professional services, related to consulting and legal fees, as well as, employee benefit expenses and software and subscriptions.
Other income, net
Other income, net includes interest earned on our money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, interest earned on securities available for sale, impairment or other adjustments to the cost basis of non-marketable equity securities held as cost, gains and losses on derivative agreements not designated within a hedging relationship, amortization of convertible debt issuance cost as well as gains (losses) on extinguishment, revolving credit facility issuance costs, fair value adjustments related to contingent liabilities, and other income or expense arising from activities that are unrelated to our primary business.
Other income, net, increased by $82.6 million, or 1,816%, and $78.2 million, or 181%, during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily driven by a $62.8 million and $82.4 million gain recognized upon the repurchase of a portion of our 2026 Notes during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively. Additionally, impairment expense related to our non-marketable equity investments held at cost decreased by $14.1 million and $11.1 million during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023. The increase is partially offset by a decrease of $9.5 million in other non-operating income related to the wind-down of the Returnly business and our partnership with a third-party return provider during the six months ended December 31, 2023.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Funds
We maintain a capital-efficient model through a diverse set of funding sources. When we originate a loan directly or purchase a loan originated by our originating bank partners, we often utilize warehouse credit facilities with certain lenders to finance our lending activities or loan purchases. We sell the loans we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners to whole loan buyers and securitization investors through forward flow arrangements and securitization transactions, and earn servicing fees from continuing to act as the servicer on the loans. We proactively manage the allocation of loans on our platform across various funding channels based on several factors including, but not limited to, internal risk limits and policies, capital market conditions and channel economics. Our excess funding capacity and committed and long-term relationships with a diverse group of existing funding partners help provide flexibility as we optimize our funding to support the growth in loan volume.
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, available for sale securities, available capacity from warehouse and revolving credit facilities, securitization trusts, forward flow loan sale arrangements, and certain cash flows from our operations. As of December 31, 2024, we had $1.9 billion in cash and cash equivalents and available for sale securities, $3.6 billion in available funding debt capacity, excluding our purchase commitments from third party loan buyers, and $330.0 million in borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility. We believe our principal sources of liquidity are sufficient to meet both our existing operating, working capital, and capital expenditure requirements and our currently planned growth for at least the next 12 months.
The following table summarizes our cash, cash equivalents and investments in debt securities (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | June 30, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents (1) |  | $ | 1,200,381 |  |  | $ | 1,013,106 |
Investments in short-term debt securities (2) |  | 414,291 |  |  | 865,766 |
Investments in long-term debt securities (2) |  | 252,393 |  |  | 265,862 |
Cash, cash equivalent and investments in debt securities |  | $ | 1,867,065 |  |  | $ | 2,144,734 |

(1)Cash and cash equivalents consist of checking, money market and savings accounts held at financial institutions and short-term highly liquid marketable securities, including money market funds, government bonds, and other corporate securities purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.
(2)Securities available for sale at fair value primarily consist of certificates of deposits, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, commercial paper, agency bonds, and government bonds. Short-term securities have maturities less than or equal to one year, and long-term securities range from greater than one year to less than five years.
Debt
Debt as of December 31, 2024 primarily includes funding debt, notes issued by securitization trust, convertible senior notes and our revolving credit facilities. A detailed description of each of our borrowing arrangements is included in Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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The following table summarizes the future maturities of our warehouse credit facilities and notes issued by securitizations trusts as of December 31, 2024:

Maturity Fiscal Year |  | Borrowing Capacity |  | Principal Outstanding
|  | (in thousands)
2025 |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 340,153 |
2026 |  | 2,431,418 |  |  | 809,118 |
2027 |  | 1,150,000 |  |  | 253,669 |
2028 |  | 1,684,856 |  |  | 1,445,282 |
2029 |  | 2,372,575 |  |  | 2,409,177 |
Thereafter |  | 1,291,287 |  |  | 921,110 |
Total |  | $ | 9,680,136 |  |  | $ | 6,178,509 |

Warehouse Credit Facilities
Our warehouse credit facilities allow us to borrow up to an aggregate of $4.7 billion, mature between 2025 and 2028 and subject to covenant compliance, generally permit borrowings up to 4 -12 months prior to the final maturity date. As of December 31, 2024, we have drawn an aggregate of $1.7 billion on our warehouse credit facilities. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements.
We use various credit facilities to finance the origination of loan receivables in Canada. Similar to our U.S. warehouse credit facilities, borrowings under these agreements are referred to as funding debt, and proceeds from the borrowings may only be used for the purposes of facilitating loan funding and origination. These facilities are secured by Canadian loan receivables pledged to the respective facility as collateral, maturing between 2028 and 2030. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate commitment amount of these facilities was $598.7 million on a revolving basis, of which $372.1 million was drawn.
As we continue to expand in new geographies, we intend to add the necessary funding capacity to support our growth objectives.
Sale and Repurchase Agreements
We entered into various sale and repurchase agreements pursuant to our retained interests in our off-balance sheet securitizations where we have sold these securities to a counterparty with an obligation to repurchase at a future date and price. These repurchase agreements can have an initial term of either three months or a term equaling the contractual life of the securitization notes pledged. When applicable, we may enter into one or more repurchase date extensions, each for an additional three month term at market interest rates on such extension date. We had $48.8 million and $34.5 million in debt outstanding under our sale and repurchase agreements disclosed within funding debt in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively.
Securitizations
We finance the origination and purchase of loans though our asset-backed securitization program using a combination of amortizing, revolving and variable funding structures. In connection with our program, we sponsor and establish trusts (deemed to be VIEs) which issue securities collateralized by the loans we sell to the trust. Securities issued from our asset-backed securitizations are senior or subordinated, based on the waterfall criteria of loan payments to each security class. The subordinated residual interests issued from these transactions are first to absorb credit losses in accordance with the waterfall criteria. For these VIEs, the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of Affirm and the liabilities of the VIEs can only be settled by the respective VIEs’ assets. Additionally, the assets of the VIEs can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs. Refer to Note 9.
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Securitization and Variable Interest Entities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
Revolving Credit Facility
On December 16, 2024, we entered into an amendment to our revolving credit facility in order to permit the incurrence of indebtedness pursuant to the 2029 Senior Convertible Notes. Our revolving credit facility, has an aggregate commitment amount of $330.0 million, with a final maturity date of June 26, 2027. As of December 31, 2024, there are no borrowings outstanding under the facility. The facility contains certain covenants and restrictions, including certain financial maintenance covenants. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements. Refer to Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on our revolving credit facility.
Convertible Senior Notes
Our convertible senior notes have an aggregate principal balance of $1.2 billion, and bear no interest, in the case of the 2026 Notes, and 0.75% per year, in the case of the 2029 Notes, which is payable semiannually. The 2026 Notes mature on November 15, 2026, and the 2029 Notes mature on December 15, 2029, in each case unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased in accordance with their terms. Refer to Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
Other Funding Sources
Forward Flow Loan Sale Arrangements
We have forward flow loan sale arrangements that facilitate the sale of whole loans across a diverse third-party investor base. Forward flow arrangements are generally fixed term in nature, with term lengths ranging between one to three years, during which we periodically sell loans to each counterparty based on the terms of our negotiated agreement.
Cash Flow Analysis
The following table provides a summary of cash flow data during the periods indicated:

|  | Six Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 508,884 |  |  | 173,223 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (664,067) |  |  | (640,761) |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 609,721 |  |  | 655,151 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our largest sources of operating cash are fees charged to merchant partners on transactions processed through our platform and interest income from consumers’ loans. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for general and administrative, technology and data analytics, funding costs, processing and servicing, and sales and marketing expenses.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $508.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2024. Net loss of $19.9 million was adjusted for the add back of non-cash items and other adjustments increasing operating cash flows by $423.5 million, and changing operating assets net of operating liabilities resulting in a net increase in operating cash flows of $105.2 million. The non-cash item adjustments are primarily attributable to $312.8 million provision for credit losses, $194.0 million commercial agreement warrant expense, $180.3 million
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stock-based compensation expense, and $101.6 million depreciation and amortization expense, which were partially offset by $188.9 million gain on sale of loans, and $111.3 million amortization of premiums and discounts on loans. The net increase in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by a decrease in accounts receivable of $143.8 million, and an increase in accounts payable of $9.6 million, which were partially offset by net cash outflows from the origination or purchase and sale of loans held for sale of $— million and a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $20.3 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $173.2 million for the six months ended December 31, 2023. Net loss of $338.7 million was adjusted for the add back of net non-cash items and other adjustments increasing operating cash flows by $568.9 million, and changing operating assets net of operating liabilities resulting in a decrease in operating cash flows of $57.0 million. The non-cash item adjustments are primarily attributable to $220.6 million provision for credit losses, $210.6 million commercial agreement warrant expense, and $202.5 million stock-based compensation expense. The net decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by an increase in accounts receivable of $116.5 million, an increase in payables to third party loan owners of $37.0 million, and an increase in accounts payable of $31.2 million, which was partially offset by cash proceeds generated from the sale of loans held for sale of $2.3 billion which was offset by cash used for the purchase and origination of loans held for sale of $2.2 billion.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $664.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2024, which consisted of outflows related to $15.1 billion of purchases and origination of loans held for investment, including originated and purchased loans of $3.0 billion and $12.1 billion, respectively, during the period, $184.9 million of purchases of securities available for sale, and $88.1 million of property, equipment and software additions. Inflows related to $8.7 billion of principal repayments of loans, $5.3 billion of proceeds from sale of loans held for investment, and $720.6 million of proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale.
Net cash used in investing activities was $640.8 million for the six months ended December 31, 2023, which consisted of outflows related to $10.3 billion of purchases and origination of loans held for investment, including originated and purchased loans of $2.2 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively, during the period, $193.3 million of purchases of securities available for sale, and $74.6 million of property, equipment and software additions. Inflows related to $6.5 billion of principal repayments of loans, $3.0 billion of proceeds from sale of loans held for investment, and $482.0 million of proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $609.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2024, and primarily consisted of net cash inflows of $750.0 million from the new issuance and repayment of notes and residual trust certificates issued by securitization trusts, $920.0 million from proceeds, net of debt issuance costs, related to the issuance of the 2029 Notes, and $321.7 million related to borrowing and repayment of funding debt. This was partially offset by net cash outflows of $1,012.9 million related to the extinguishment and repurchase of a portion of our 2026 Notes, $250.0 million related to repurchase of common stock shares in connection with the issuance of the 2029 Notes, and net cash outflows of $158.5 million related to taxes paid on vested RSUs.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $655.2 million for the six months ended December 31, 2023, and primarily consisted of net cash inflows of $573.5 million from the new issuance and repayment of notes and residual trust certificates issued by securitization trusts, and $132.1 million related to borrowing and repayment of funding debt. This was partially offset by net cash outflows of $75.7 million related to taxes paid on vested RSUs.
Contractual Obligations
There were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business in our commitments and contractual obligations for the three and six months ended December 31, 2024 from the commitments and contractual obligations disclosed in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
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Condition and Results of Operations — Contractual Obligations,” set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on August 28, 2024.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, we engage in activities that are not reflected on our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, generally referred to as off-balance sheet arrangements. These activities involve transactions with unconsolidated VIEs, including our sponsored securitization transactions, which we contractually service.
For off-balance sheet loan sales where servicing is the only form of continuing involvement, we could experience a loss if we were required to repurchase a loan due to a breach in representations and warranties associated with our loan sale or servicing contracts.
For unconsolidated securitization transactions where Affirm is the sponsor and risk retention holder, Affirm could experience a loss of up to 5% of both the senior notes and residual trust certificates. In the unlikely event principal payments on the loans backing any off-balance sheet securitization are insufficient to pay holders of senior notes and residual trust certificates, including any retained interests held by Affirm, then any amounts we contributed to the securitization reserve accounts may be depleted. Refer to Note 9. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate outstanding balance of loans held by third-party investors and off-balance sheet securitizations was $6.9 billion.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because certain of these accounting policies require significant judgment, our actual results may differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future consolidated financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be affected. We evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates on an ongoing basis and update them as necessary based on changes in market conditions or factors specific to us. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates during the three and six months ended December 31, 2024.
For a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2024 within Note 2 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We have operations within the United States and Canada, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and interest rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates. Foreign currency exchange rates do not pose a material market risk exposure, as our current operations are primarily in the U.S.
Interest Rate Risk
Our securities available for sale at fair value as of December 31, 2024 included $666.7 million of marketable debt securities with maturities greater than three months. An increase in interest rates would have an adverse impact on the fair market value of our fixed rate securities while floating rate securities would produce less income than expected if interest rates were to decrease. Because our investment policy is to invest in conservative, liquid investments and because our business strategy does not rely on generating material returns from our investment portfolio, we do not expect our market risk exposure on marketable debt securities to be significant.
Continued volatility in interest rates and inflation, which may persist longer than previously expected, may adversely impact our consumers’ spending levels, and ability and willingness to pay outstanding amounts owed to us. Higher interest rates may lead to higher payment obligations on our future credit products but also for consumers’ other financial commitments, including their mortgages, credit cards, and other types of loans. Therefore, higher interest rates may lead to increased delinquencies, charge-offs, and allowances for loans and interest receivable, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results.
We rely on a variety of funding sources with varying degrees of interest rate sensitivities. Certain of our funding arrangements bear a variable interest rate, including borrowings from our warehouse facilities and our securitization variable funding note. Given the fixed interest rates charged on the loans that we purchase from our originating bank partners or originate ourselves, a rising variable interest rate would reduce our interest margin earned in these funding arrangements. Additionally, certain of our loan sale agreements are repriced on a recurring basis using a mechanism tied to interest rates as well as loan performance. Increases in interest rates could reduce our loan sale economics. We also rely on securitization transactions, which issue asset-backed securities typically bearing a fixed coupon. For future securitization issuances, higher interest rates could have several outcomes. For consolidated securitizations, higher interest rates may result in higher coupons paid and therefore higher funding costs. For transactions that are not consolidated, higher interest rates may impact overall deal economics which are a function of numerous transaction terms.
We maintain an interest rate risk management program which measures and manages the potential volatility of earnings that may arise from changes in interest rates. We use interest rate derivatives to mitigate the effects of changes in interest rates on our variable rate debt which eliminates some, but not all, of the interest rate risk. Some of these contracts are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. For those contracts designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivatives is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified into funding costs in the same period the hedged transaction affects earnings. Factoring in the interest rate risk management program and the repricing of investment securities, as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that a hypothetical instantaneous 100 basis point upward parallel shock to interest rates would have a less than $60.0 million adverse impact on our cash flows associated with our market risk sensitive instruments over the next 12 months. This measure projects the changes in cash flows associated with all assets and liabilities, including derivatives, based on contractual market rate-based repricing conditions over a twelve-month time horizon. It considers forecasted business growth and anticipated future funding mix.
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Credit Risk
We have credit risk primarily related to our consumer loans held for investment. We are exposed to default risk on both loan receivables purchased from our originating bank partners and loan receivables that are directly originated. The ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in economic and market conditions. To manage this risk, we utilize our proprietary underwriting models to make lending decisions, score, and price loans in a manner that we believe is reflective of the credit risk. Other credit levers, such as user limits and/or down payment requirements, are used to determine the likelihood of a consumer being able to pay.
To monitor portfolio performance, we utilize a wide range of internal and external metrics to review user and loan populations. Each week, management reviews performance for each consumer segment, typically split by ITACs model score, financial product originated, age of loan, and delinquency status. Internal performance trendlines are measured against external factors such as unemployment, CPI, and consumer sentiment to determine what changes, if any, in risk strategy is warranted.
As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we were exposed to credit risk on $6.8 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively, of loans held on our interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. Loan receivables are diversified geographically. As of both December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, approximately 11% of loan receivables related to customers residing in the state of California, and approximately 10% of loan receivables related to customers residing in the state of Texas as of December 31, 2024 and did not exceed 10% as of June 30, 2024. No other states or provinces exceeded 10%. In addition, we have credit risk exposure in relation to certain off-balance sheet loans sold to third parties where we have entered into risk sharing arrangements and through our retained interests in unconsolidated securitization trusts. As of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, we have sold $6.8 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, unpaid principal balance of loans which are subject to risk sharing arrangements, of which our maximum exposure to losses was $85.1 million and $81.2 million, respectively. This amount includes our maximum potential loss with respect to risk sharing liabilities of $40.1 million and the fair value of risk sharing assets of $45.0 million, as of December 31, 2024. The fair value of notes receivable and residual trust certificate retained interests in unconsolidated securitization trusts was $69.1 million and $32.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
We are also exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the financial institutions holding our cash and the issuers of our cash equivalents and available for sale securities. We maintain our cash deposits and cash equivalents in highly-rated, federally-insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. We manage this risk by conducting business with well-established financial institutions, diversifying our counterparties and having guidelines regarding credit rating and investment maturities to safeguard liquidity. Although, we are not substantially dependent on a single financing source and have not historically experienced any credit losses related to these financial institutions, if multiple financing sources were to be unable to fulfill their funding obligations to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Control
The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business but such improvements will be subject to the same inherent limitations outlined in this section.
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Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please refer to Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies of the accompanying notes to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
From time to time, we may be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not presently a party to any such other legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, future prospects, and the trading price of our Class A common stock. The risks and uncertainties described therein are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we currently deem immaterial may also become important factors that adversely affect our business.
You should carefully read and consider such risks, together with all of the other information in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (including the disclosures in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in our interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes), and in the other documents that we file with the SEC.
Except as may be reflected in the updated risk factors included below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including our 0% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) and our 0.75% convertible senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.
We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2029 Notes, to repay the 2026 Notes and/or the 2029 Notes at maturity or to repurchase the 2026 Notes and/or the 2029 Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2029 Notes.
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Holders will have the right to require us to repurchase their 2026 Notes or 2029 Notes, as applicable, upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest in the case of the 2026 Notes, or accrued and unpaid interest in the case of the 2029 Notes, in each case, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, we will be required to make cash payments for each $1,000 in principal amount of 2026 Notes or 2029 Notes, as applicable, converted of at least the lesser of $1,000 and the sum of the daily conversion values as described in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes or the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, as applicable. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefore or pay cash with respect to the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, or to pay cash upon conversions of the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, at a time when the repurchase is required or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, would constitute a default under the indenture governing the 2026 Notes or the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, as applicable. A default under the indenture governing the 2026 Notes or the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, as applicable, or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the 2026 Notes or the 2029 Notes, as applicable, or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s repurchases of shares of Class A common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2024.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - 31 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
November 1 - 30 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
December 1 - 31 |  | 3,526,590 |  |  | $ | 70.89 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 3,526,590 |  |  | $ | 70.89 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1)In December 2024, we repurchased shares of Class A common stock in privately negotiated transactions in connection with the offering of the 2029 Notes.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information
(a) Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
On February 5, 2025, the Company issued to Amazon.com Services LLC (“Amazon Services”) a replacement warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,839,130 shares (the “Unexercised Warrant Shares”) of Class A common stock, $0.00001 par value per share (“Class A common stock”), of the Company at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (the “Replacement First Warrant”). The Replacement First Warrant replaces and succeeds the unexercised portion of that certain warrant (the “First Warrant”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 7,000,000 shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, which was issued on November 10, 2021, pursuant to a Transaction Agreement between the Company and Amazon Services. As to the Unexercised Warrant Shares, the terms of the Replacement First Warrant are substantially the same as the terms of the First Warrant, which terms were described in a Form 8-K filed by the Company on November 10, 2021, except that the Replacement First Warrant extends the expiration date from May 9, 2025 to May 9, 2029 for 3,500,000 Unexercised Warrant Shares, with the expiration date as to the remaining 1,339,130 Unexercised Warrant Shares continuing to be May 9, 2025.
The foregoing includes only a brief description of the material terms of the Replacement First Warrant and does not purport to be a complete description of the rights and obligations of the parties thereunder, and such description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Replacement First Warrant, which is attached as Exhibit 4.3 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and incorporated by reference herein.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
The information provided under “Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement” above with respect to the issuance of the Replacement First Warrant is incorporated by reference herein.
(c) Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the following directors and officers of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, as follows:
On December 6, 2024, Katherine Adkins, our Chief Legal Officer and Chief Compliance Officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement providing for the sale of the Company's Class A common stock (a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan”) that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c). Ms. Adkins’ Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan provides for the exercise of up to 161,065 employee stock options and the sale of the underlying shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to one or more limit orders from March 7, 2025 until August 29, 2025, or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
On December 6, 2024, Rob O’Hare, our Chief Financial Officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan. Mr. O’Hare’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan provides for the exercise of up to 109,296 employee stock options and the sale of the underlying shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to one or more limit orders, plus a portion of any additional shares of our Class A common stock to be received upon the vesting of RSUs to occur on various dates within the duration of the trading arrangement, from March 7, 2025 until September 30, 2025, or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
On December 8, 2024, Libor Michalek, our President, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan. Mr. Michalek’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan provides for the exercise of up to 200,000 employee stock options and the sale of the underlying shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to one or more limit orders from March 9,
2025 until March 31, 2026, or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
On December 8, 2024, Siphelele Jiyane, our Chief Accounting Officer, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan. Ms. Jiyane’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan provides for the sale of up to 126,006 shares of our Class A common
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stock, including the sale of underlying shares upon the exercise of employee stock options, pursuant to one or more limit orders from March 9, 2025 until August 29, 2025, or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
No other directors or officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted and/or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, during the three months ended December 31, 2024.
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Item 6. Exhibits

|  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
4.1 |  | Indenture, dated December 20, 2024, between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. |  | 8-K |  | 001-39888 |  | 4.1 |  | December 20, 2024 |  |  |  |
4.2 |  | Form of 0.75% Convertible Senior Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.1). |  | 8-K |  | 001-39888 |  | 4.1 |  | December 20, 2024 |  |  |  |
4.3 |  | Replacement Warrant to Purchase Class A Common Stock of Affirm Holdings, Inc., by and between Affirm Holdings, Inc. and Amazon.com Services LLC, dated as of February 5, 202 5* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated December 16, 2024, between Affirm, Inc., Affirm Holdings, Inc., certain lenders identified therein, and Barclays Bank PLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.2 |  | Amendment 1 to Amended and Restated Customer Installment Program Agreement, dated October 10, 2024, by and between Shopify Inc. and Affirm, Inc.* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.3 |  | Amendment 2 to Amended and Restated Customer Installment Program Agreement, dated November 12, 2024, by and between Shopify Inc. and Affirm, Inc.* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.4 |  | Amendment 3 to Amended and Restated Customer Installment Program Agreement, dated December 18, 2024, by and between Shopify Inc. and Affirm, Inc.* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.5 |  | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Installment Financing Services Agreement, dated as of October 25, 2024, by and between Affirm, Inc., Amazon.com Services LLC and Amazon Payments, Inc.* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
* |  | Portions of the exhibit have been omitted as the Company has determined that: (i) the omitted information is not material; and (ii) the Company customarily and actually treats the omitted information as private or confidential.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized,

| AFFIRM HOLDINGS, INC.
Date: February 6, 2025 | By: | /s/ Max Levchin
|  | Max Levchin
|  | Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
| By: | /s/ Rob O’Hare
|  | Rob O’Hare
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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