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employee future benefits (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
employee future benefits |
Schedule of defined benefit pension plan expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Years ended December 31 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Defined benefit | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Defined benefit | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | obligations | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | obligations | ​ |  | ​
(millions) |  | Note |  | Plan assets |  | accrued 1 |  | Net |  | Plan assets |  | accrued 1 |  | Net
Employee benefits expense | ​ | 8 | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Benefits earned for current service | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | — |  | $ | (78) |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (75) |  | ​ | —
Benefits earned for past service | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (10) | ​ | ​ | —
Employees’ contributions | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
Administrative fees | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (5) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | (84) | ​ | $ | (73) | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ |  | (85) | ​ | $ | (72)
Financing costs | ​ | 9 | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Notional income on plan assets 2 and interest on defined benefit obligations accrued | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 421 | ​ |  | (387) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 439 | ​ |  | (399) | ​ | ​ | —
Interest effect on asset ceiling limit | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (43) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (47) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 378 | ​ |  | (387) | ​ |  | (9) | ​ | ​ | 392 | ​ |  | (399) | ​ | ​ | (7)
DEFINED BENEFIT (COST) INCLUDED IN NET INCOME 3 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (82) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (79)
Other comprehensive income | ​ | 11 | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Difference between actual results and estimated plan assumptions 4 | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 279 | ​ |  | (13) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 377 | ​ |  | (46) | ​ | ​ | —
Changes in plan financial assumptions | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | — |  |  | 11 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  |  | (383) |  | ​ | —
Changes in the effect of limiting net defined benefit plan assets to the asset ceiling | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (270) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 7 | ​ | ​ | 428 | ​ |  | (429) | ​ | ​ | (1)
DEFINED BENEFIT (COST) INCLUDED IN COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 3 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (75) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (80)
AMOUNTS INCLUDED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH FLOWS | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Employer contributions | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 22 | ​ | ​ | 28 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 28
BENEFITS PAID BY PLANS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (510) | ​ | ​ | 510 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (499) | ​ | ​ | 499 | ​ | ​ | —
PLAN ACCOUNT BALANCES 5 | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Change in period | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (90) |  | ​ | 37 |  | ​ | (53) |  | ​ | 362 |  | ​ | (414) |  | ​ | (52)
Balance, beginning of period | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 8,352 |  |  | (8,489) |  |  | (137) |  | ​ | 7,990 |  |  | (8,075) |  | ​ | (85)
Balance, end of period | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 8,262 | ​ | $ | (8,452) | ​ | $ | (190) | ​ | $ | 8,352 | ​ | $ | (8,489) | ​ | $ | (137)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FUNDED STATUS – PLAN SURPLUS (DEFICIT) | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Pension plans that have plan assets in excess of defined benefit obligations accrued 6 | ​ | 20 | ​ | $ | 7,409 | ​ | $ | (7,152) | ​ | $ | 257 | ​ | $ | 7,519 | ​ | $ | (7,203) | ​ | $ | 316
Pension plans that have defined benefit obligations accrued in excess of plan assets 7 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Funded | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 853 | ​ | ​ | (1,076) | ​ | ​ | (223) | ​ | ​ | 833 | ​ | ​ | (1,068) | ​ | ​ | (235)
Unfunded | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (224) | ​ | ​ | (224) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (218) | ​ | ​ | (218)
​ |  | 27 | ​ | ​ | 853 |  | ​ | (1,300) |  | ​ | (447) |  |  | 833 |  |  | (1,286) |  | ​ | (453)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 8,262 | ​ | $ | (8,452) | ​ | $ | (190) | ​ | $ | 8,352 | ​ | $ | (8,489) | ​ | $ | (137)
PBSR SOLVENCY POSITION 8 |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Pension plans that have plan assets in excess of defined benefit obligations accrued | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | $ | 2,304 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | $ | 1,856
Funded pension plans that have defined benefit obligations accrued in excess of plan assets |  | ​ | ​ |  | — |  |  | — |  | ​ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 2,304 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 1,856
DEFINED BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS ACCRUED OWED TO: | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Active members | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | (1,622) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | (1,815) | ​ | ​ | —
Deferred members | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (403) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (382) | ​ | ​ | —
Pensioners | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6,427) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (6,292) | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | (8,452) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | (8,489) | ​ | ​ | —
​
1 | Defined benefit obligations accrued are the actuarial present values of benefits attributed to employee services rendered to a particular date.
2 | The interest income on the plan assets portion of the employee defined benefit plans net interest amount included in Financing costs reflects a rate of return on plan assets equal to the discount rate used in determining the defined benefit obligations accrued at the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year.
3 | Excluding income taxes.
4 | Financial assumptions in respect of plan assets (interest income on plan assets included in Financing costs reflects a rate of return on plan assets equal to the discount rate used in determining the defined benefit obligations accrued) and demographic assumptions in respect of the actuarial present values of the defined benefit obligations accrued, as at the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year for both.
5 | The measurement date used to determine the plan assets and defined benefit obligations accrued was December 31.
6 | Presented in the Consolidated statements of financial position as Other long-term assets.
7 | Presented in the Consolidated statements of financial position as Other long-term liabilities.
8 | The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, by way of the Pension Benefits Standards Regulations, 1985 (PBSR) (see (e)), requires that a solvency valuation be performed on a periodic basis. The actual PBSR solvency positions are determined in conjunction with mid-year annual funding reports prepared by actuaries (see (e)); as a result, the PBSR solvency positions in this table as at December 31, 2024 and 2023, are interim estimates and updated estimates, respectively. The interim estimate as at December 31, 2023, was a net surplus of $1,910.
Summary of fair value measurements of our defined benefit pension plan assets | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair value measurements at reporting date using
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted prices in active | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | markets for identical items | ​ | Other
As at December 31 ($ in millions) |  | 2025 | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | Target | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percentage of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Percentage of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | allocation of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | plan assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | plan assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | plan assets |  | Total |  | at end of year |  | Total |  | at end of year | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Asset class |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Equity securities |  | 25-55 | % | ​ | — | ​ | 37 | % | ​ | — |  | 38 | % | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Canadian | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 804 | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 832 | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 717 | ​ | $ | 634 | ​ | $ | 87 | ​ | $ | 198
Foreign | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,751 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,671 | ​ | — | ​ |  | 658 | ​ |  | 582 | ​ |  | 2,093 | ​ |  | 2,089
Debt securities | ​ | 40-75 | % | ​ | — | ​ | 49 | % | ​ | — | ​ | 49 | % |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Issued by national, provincial or local governments | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,645 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,649 | ​ | — | ​ |  | 2,505 | ​ |  | 2,484 | ​ |  | 140 | ​ |  | 165
Corporate debt securities | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,159 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,060 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,159 | ​ |  | 1,060
Asset-backed securities | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 3
Commercial mortgages | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 911 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 878 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 911 | ​ |  | 878
Cash, cash equivalents and other | ​ | 0-15 | % | ​ | 393 | ​ | 5 | % | ​ | 269 | ​ | 3 | % |  | 8 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 385 | ​ |  | 257
Real estate | ​ | 10-30 | % | ​ | 823 | ​ | 9 | % | ​ | 904 | ​ | 10 | % |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 823 | ​ |  | 904
​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,489 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,266 | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 3,888 | ​ | $ | 3,712 | ​ | $ | 5,601 | ​ | $ | 5,554
Effect of asset ceiling limit | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Beginning of year | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (914) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (918) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Interest effect on asset ceiling limit | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (43) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (47) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Change in the effect of limiting net defined benefit assets to the asset ceiling | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (270) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
End of year | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,227) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (914) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 8,262 | ​ | — | ​ | $ | 8,352 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Summary of significant weighted average actuarial assumptions to determine defined benefit obligations and the sensitivity of key assumptions | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023 | ​
Mortality assumptions used to determine defined benefit obligations accrued as at December 31 | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Life expectancy at 65 for a member currently at age 65 (years) | ​ | 24.3 | ​ | 24.2 | ​
Discount rate 1 used to determine: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net benefit costs for the year ended December 31 | ​ | 4.65 | % | 5.05 | %
Defined benefit obligations accrued as at December 31 | ​ | 4.65 | % | 4.65 | %
Current service cost in subsequent fiscal year | ​ | 4.80 | % | 4.65 | %
Rate of future increases in compensation used to determine: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net benefit costs for the year ended December 31 | ​ | 3.00 | % | 3.00 | %
Defined benefit obligations accrued as at December 31 | ​ | 3.00 | % | 3.00 | %
​
1 | The discount rate disclosed in this table reflects the computation of an average discount rate that replicates the estimated timing of the obligation cash flows.
Sensitivity of key assumptions The sensitivity of our key assumptions for our defined benefit pension plans was as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Years ended, or as at, December 31 | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023
​ |  | Change in |  | Change in |  | Change in |  | Change in
Increase (decrease) (millions) | ​ | obligations | ​ | expenses | ​ | obligations | ​ | expenses
Sensitivity of key demographic assumptions to an increase of one year 1 in life expectancy | ​ | $ | 242 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 238 | ​ | $ | 8
Sensitivity of key financial assumptions to a decrease of 25 basis points 1 in: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Discount rate | ​ | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 4 | ​ | $ | 256 | ​ | $ | 10
Rate of future increases in compensation | ​ | $ | (20) | ​ | $ | (1) | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | (2)
​
1 | These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution. Favourable hypothetical changes in the assumptions result in decreased amounts, and unfavourable hypothetical changes in the assumptions result in increased amounts, of obligations and expenses (both employee benefit expense and financing cost). Changes in amounts based on a variation in assumptions of one year or 25 basis points generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in an assumption to the change in amounts may not be linear. Also, in this table, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the change in obligations or change in expenses is calculated without changing any other assumption; in reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another (for example, an increase in the discount rate may result in changes in expectations about the rate of future increases in compensation), which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities.
Schedule of estimated future benefit payments from our defined benefit pension plans | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Years ending December 31 (millions) |  | Funded |  | Unfunded |  | Total
2025 | ​ | $ | 478 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 499
2026 | ​ |  | 484 |  | ​ | 26 |  | ​ | 510
2027 | ​ |  | 488 |  | ​ | 27 |  | ​ | 515
2028 | ​ |  | 493 |  | ​ | 28 |  | ​ | 521
2029 | ​ |  | 498 |  | ​ | 29 |  | ​ | 527
2030 - 2034 | ​ |  | 2,555 |  | ​ | 153 |  | ​ | 2,708
Schedule of defined contribution pension plan expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Years ended December 31 (millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Union pension plan contributions | ​ | $ | 13 | ​ | $ | 17
Other defined contribution pension plans | ​ |  | 109 | ​ |  | 113
​ | ​ | $ | 122 | ​ | $ | 130

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