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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | B. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Foreign Currency Translation For our non-U.S. operations where the functional currency is the local currency, we translate assets and liabilities at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and record translation adjustments in stockholders’ equity. For our non-U.S. operations where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, we remeasure monetary assets and liabilities using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and nonmonetary assets and liabilities at historical rates and record resulting exchange gains or losses in foreign currency net losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We translate income statement amounts at average rates for the period. Transaction gains and losses are recorded in foreign currency net losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Revenue Recognition Our sources of revenue include: (1) subscription, (2) support, (3) perpetual license and (4) professional services. We record revenues for software related deliverables in accordance with the guidance provided by ASC 985-605, Software-Revenue Recognition and revenues for non-software deliverables in accordance with ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition, Multiple-Element Arrangements when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) delivery has occurred (generally, FOB shipping point or electronic distribution), (3) the fee is fixed or determinable, and (4) collection is probable. We exercise judgment and use estimates in connection with determining the amounts of software license and services revenues to be recognized in each accounting period. Our primary judgments involve the following:
• | determining whether collection is probable;
• | assessing whether the fee is fixed or determinable;
• | determining whether service arrangements, including modifications and customization of the underlying software, are not essential to the functionality of the licensed software and thus would result in the revenue for license and service elements of an agreement being recorded separately; and
• | determining the fair value of services and support elements included in multiple-element arrangements, which is the basis for allocating and deferring revenue for such services and support.
Our software is distributed primarily through our direct sales force. In addition, we have an indirect distribution channel through alliances with resellers. Revenue arrangements with resellers are generally recognized on a sell-through basis; that is, when we deliver the product to the end-user customer. We record consideration given to a reseller as a reduction of revenue to the extent we have recorded revenue from the reseller. We do not offer contractual rights of return, stock balancing, or price protection to our resellers, and actual product returns from them have been insignificant to date. As a result, we do not maintain reserves for reseller product returns. At the time of each sale transaction, we must make an assessment of the collectability of the amount due from the customer. Revenue is only recognized at that time if management deems that collection is probable. In making this assessment, we consider customer credit-worthiness and historical payment experience. At that same time, we assess whether fees are fixed or determinable and free of contingencies or significant uncertainties. In assessing whether the fee is fixed or determinable, we consider the payment terms of the transaction, including transactions with payment terms that extend beyond our customary payment terms, and our collection experience in similar transactions without making concessions, among other factors. We have periodically provided financing to credit-worthy customers with payment terms up to 24 months. If the fee is determined not to be fixed or determinable, revenue is recognized only as payments become due from the customer, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Our software license arrangements generally do not include customer acceptance provisions. However, if an arrangement includes an acceptance provision, we record revenue only upon the earlier of (1) receipt of written acceptance from the customer or (2) expiration of the acceptance period. Generally, our contracts are accounted for individually. However, when contracts are closely interrelated and dependent on each other, it may be necessary to account for two or more contracts as one to reflect the substance of the group of contracts. Subscription Subscription revenue includes revenue from two primary sources: (1) subscription-based licenses, and (2) cloud services. Subscription-based licenses include the right for a customer to use our licenses and receive related support for a specified term and revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement since we do not have VSOE of fair value for our coterminous support. When sold in arrangements with other elements, VSOE of fair value is established for the subscription-based licenses through the use of a substantive renewal clause within the customer contract for a combined annual fee that includes the term-based license and related support. Cloud services revenue (which in 2017, 2016 and 2015 represented less than 5% of our total revenue) includes fees for hosting and application management of customers’ perpetual or subscription-based licenses (hosting services) and fees for Software as a Service (SaaS) arrangements. Generally, customers have the right to terminate a hosting services contract and take possession of the licenses without a significant penalty. When hosting services are sold as part of a multi-element transaction, revenue is allocated to hosting services based on VSOE, and recognized ratably over the contractual term beginning on the commencement dates of each contract, which is the date the services are made available to the customer. VSOE is established for hosting services either through a substantive stated renewal option or stated contractual overage rates, as these rates represent the value the customer is willing to pay on a standalone basis. We also offer cloud services under SaaS arrangements whereby customers access our software in the cloud. Under SaaS arrangements, customers are not entitled to terminate the cloud services and cannot take possession of the software. Cloud services include set-up fees, which are recognized ratably over the contract term or the expected customer life, whichever is longer. Support Support contracts generally include rights to unspecified upgrades (when and if available), telephone and internet-based support, updates and bug fixes. Support revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the support contract on a straight-line basis. Perpetual License Under perpetual license arrangements, we generally recognize license revenue up front upon shipment to the customer. We use the residual method to recognize revenue from perpetual license software arrangements that include one or more elements to be delivered at a future date when evidence of the fair value of all undelivered elements exists, and the elements of the arrangement qualify for separate accounting as described below. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered elements (i.e., support and services) based on our vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value is deferred and the remaining portion of the total arrangement fee is allocated to the delivered elements (i.e., perpetual software license). If evidence of the fair value of one or more of the undelivered elements does not exist, all revenues are deferred and recognized when delivery of all of those elements has occurred or when fair values can be established. We determine VSOE of the fair value of services and support revenue based upon our recent pricing for those elements when sold separately. For certain transactions, VSOE is determined based on a substantive renewal clause within a customer contract. Our current pricing practices are influenced primarily by product type, purchase volume, sales channel and customer location. We review services and support sold separately on a periodic basis and update, when appropriate, our VSOE of fair value for such elements to ensure that it reflects our recent pricing experience. Professional Services Our software arrangements often include implementation, consulting and training services that are sold under consulting engagement contracts or as part of the software license arrangement. When we determine that such services are not essential to the functionality of the licensed software, we record revenue separately for the license and service elements of these arrangements, provided that appropriate evidence of fair value exists for the undelivered services (i.e. VSOE of fair value). We consider various factors in assessing whether a service is not essential to the functionality of the software, including if the services may be provided by independent third parties experienced in providing such services (i.e. consulting and implementation) in coordination with dedicated customer personnel, and whether the services result in significant modification or customization of the software’s functionality. When professional services qualify for separate accounting, professional services revenues under time and materials billing arrangements are recognized as the services are performed. Professional services revenues under fixed-priced contracts are generally recognized as the services are performed using a proportionate performance model with hours or costs as the input method of attribution. When we provide professional services that are considered essential to the functionality of the software, the arrangement does not qualify for separate accounting of the license and service elements, and the license revenue is recognized together with the consulting services using the percentage-of-completion method of contract accounting. Under such arrangements, consideration is recognized as the services are performed as measured by an observable input. In these circumstances, we separate license revenue from service revenue for income statement presentation by allocating VSOE of fair value of the consulting services as service revenue, and the residual portion as license revenue. Under the percentage-of-completion method, we estimate the stage of completion of contracts with fixed or “not to exceed” fees based on hours or costs incurred to date as compared with estimated total project hours or costs at completion. Adjustments to estimates to complete are made in the periods in which facts resulting in a change become known. When total cost estimates exceed revenues, we accrue for the estimated losses when identified. The use of the proportionate performance and percentage-of-completion methods of accounting require significant judgment relative to estimating total contract costs or hours (hours being a proxy for costs), including assumptions relative to the length of time to complete the project, the nature and complexity of the work to be performed and anticipated changes in salaries and other costs. Reimbursements of out-of-pocket expenditures incurred in connection with providing consulting services are included in professional services revenue, with the offsetting expense recorded in cost of professional services revenue. Training services include on-site and classroom training. Training revenues are recognized as the related training services are provided. Deferred Revenue Billed deferred revenue primarily relates to software subscription and support agreements billed to customers for which the services have not yet been provided. The liability associated with performing these services is included in deferred revenue and, if not yet paid, the related customer receivable is included in other current assets. Billed but uncollected support and subscription-related amounts included in other current assets at September 30, 2017 and 2016 were $160.9 million and $126.3 million, respectively. Deferred revenue consisted of the following:
| September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| (in thousands)
Deferred subscription revenue | $ | 193,376 |  |  | $ | 102,847 |
Deferred support revenue | 256,999 |  |  | 297,684 |
Deferred perpetual license revenue | 1,773 |  |  | 4,151 |
Deferred professional services revenue | 6,759 |  |  | 8,975 |
Total deferred revenue | $ | 458,907 |  |  | $ | 413,657 |
Cash Equivalents Our cash equivalents are invested in money market accounts and time deposits of financial institutions. We have established guidelines relative to credit ratings, diversification and maturities that are intended to maintain safety and liquidity. Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with maturity periods of three months or less when purchased. Marketable Securities The amortized cost and fair value of marketable securities as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
| September 30, 2017
| Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
| (in thousands)
Certificates of deposit | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 240 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 47,811 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (140 | ) |  | 47,673 |
U.S. government agency securities | 2,407 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 2,402 |
| $ | 50,458 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | 50,315 |
| September 30, 2016
| Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
| (in thousands)
Certificates of deposit | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 681 |
Commercial paper | 11,945 |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | 11,925 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 34,701 |  |  | — |  |  | (100 | ) |  | 34,601 |
U.S. government agency securities | 2,411 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2,409 |
| $ | 49,738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (122 | ) |  | $ | 49,616 |
Our investment portfolio consists of certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes/bonds and government securities that have a maximum maturity of three years. The longer the duration of these securities, the more susceptible they are to changes in market interest rates and bond yields. All unrealized losses are due to changes in market interest rates, bond yields and/or credit ratings. We review our investments to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible impairment. We concluded that, at September 30, 2017, the unrealized losses were temporary. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses aggregated by category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2016, all securities were held for less than twelve months.
| September 30, 2017
| Less than twelve months |  | Greater than twelve months |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross unrealized loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross unrealized loss |  | Fair Value |  | Gross unrealized loss
| (in thousands)
Certificates of deposit | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate notes/bonds | 15,254 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 28,885 |  |  | (97 | ) |  | 44,139 |  |  | (140 | )
US government agency securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,402 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 2,402 |  |  | (5 | )
| $ | 15,494 |  |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | 31,287 |  |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | 46,781 |  |  | $ | (145 | )
The following table presents our available-for-sale marketable securities by contractual maturity date, as of September 30, 2017 and 2016.
| September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
| Amortized cost |  | Fair value |  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value
| (in thousands) |  | (in thousands)
Due in one year or less | $ | 18,274 |  |  | $ | 18,244 |  |  | $ | 18,585 |  |  | $ | 18,549 |
Due after one year through three years | 32,184 |  |  | 32,071 |  |  | 31,153 |  |  | 31,067 |
| $ | 50,458 |  |  | $ | 50,315 |  |  | $ | 49,738 |  |  | $ | 49,616 |
Cost Method Investments We generally account for non-marketable equity investments under the cost method. We monitor non-marketable equity investments for events that could indicate that the investments are impaired, such as deterioration in the investee's financial condition and business forecasts, and lower valuations in recent or proposed financings. For an other-than-temporary impairment in the investment, we record a charge to other expense for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value. The carrying value of our non-marketable equity investments are recorded in noncurrent assets and totaled $0.7 million and $11.6 million as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, we sold a cost method investment in a private company for $13.7 million for a gain of approximately $3.7 million. Concentration of Credit Risk and Fair Value of Financial Instruments The amounts reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of investments, trade accounts receivable and foreign currency derivative instruments. Our cash, cash equivalents, and foreign currency derivatives are placed with financial institutions with high credit standings. Our credit risk for derivatives is also mitigated due to the short-term nature of the contracts. Our customer base consists of large numbers of geographically diverse customers dispersed across many industries. No individual customer comprised more than 10% of our trade accounts receivable as of September 30, 2017 or 2016 or comprised more than 10% of our revenue for the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 or 2015. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact and consider assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and risk of nonperformance. Generally accepted accounting principles prescribe a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
• | Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
• | Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; or
• | Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Money market funds, time deposits and corporate notes/bonds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. Certificates of deposit, commercial paper and certain U.S. government agency securities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. These instruments are valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or based on other observable inputs consisting of market yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes. The principal market in which we execute our foreign currency contracts is the institutional market in an over-the-counter environment with a relatively high level of price transparency. The market participants are usually large financial institutions. Our foreign currency contracts’ valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and quoted pricing intervals from public data sources and do not involve management judgment. These contracts are typically classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of our contingent consideration arrangements is determined based on our evaluation as to the probability and amount of any earn-out that will be achieved based on expected future performances by the acquired entities. These arrangements are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Our significant financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
| September 30, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (1) | $ | 49,845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 49,845 |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 47,673 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,673 |
U.S. government agency securities | — |  |  | 2,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,402 |
Forward contracts | — |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,163 |
| $ | 97,518 |  |  | $ | 3,805 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 101,323 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration related to acquisitions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |
Forward contracts | — |  |  | 4,347 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,347 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,347 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  | $ | 12,747 |
| September 30, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (1) | $ | 60,139 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60,139 |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | — |  |  | 681 |  |  | — |  |  | 681 |
Commercial paper | — |  |  | 11,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,925 |
Corporate notes/bonds | 34,601 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,601 |
U.S. government agency securities | — |  |  | 2,409 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,409 |
Forward contracts | — |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
| $ | 94,740 |  |  | $ | 15,275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 110,015 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration related acquisitions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,570 |  |  | $ | 19,570 |
Forward contracts | — |  |  | 3,170 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,170 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,170 |  |  | $ | 19,570 |  |  | $ | 22,740 |
(1) Money market funds and time deposits. Since 2013, we have had three acquisitions resulting in contingent consideration: ThingWorx, ColdLight and Kepware. Changes in the fair value of Level 3 contingent consideration liability associated with these acquisitions were as follows:
| Contingent Consideration
| (in thousands)
| ThingWorx |  | ColdLight |  | Kepware |  | Total
Balance at October 1, 2015 | $ | 9,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,000 |
Contingent consideration at acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,900 |  |  | 16,900 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 1,170 |
Payment of contingent consideration | (9,000 | ) |  | (2,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,500 | )
Balance at October 1, 2016 | — |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 17,070 |  |  | 19,570 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | 930 |  |  | 930 |
Payment of contingent consideration | — |  |  | (2,500 | ) |  | (9,600 | ) |  | (12,100 | )
Balance at September 30, 2017 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |
As of September 30, 2017, all contingent consideration liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Contingent consideration is valued using a discounted cash flow method and a probability weighted estimate of achievement of the targets. Of the payments made in 2017, 2016 and 2015, $11.0 million, $10.6 million and $4.3 million, respectively, was included in financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows based on the fair value of the liabilities recorded at the acquisition dates with the balance recorded in operating activities. In connection with our acquisition of Kepware, the former shareholders were eligible to receive additional consideration of up to $18.0 million, which was contingent on the achievement of certain Financial Performance, Product Integration and Business Integration targets (as defined in the Stock Purchase Agreement) within 24 months from April 1, 2016. If such targets were achieved within the defined 12 month, 18 month and 24 month earn-out periods. The estimated undiscounted range of outcomes for the contingent consideration was $16.9 million to $18.0 million at the acquisition date. As of September 30, 2017, our estimate of the liability was $8.4 million, net of $9.6 million in payments made in 2017. In connection with our 2015 acquisition of ColdLight, the former shareholders were eligible to receive contingent consideration of up to $5.0 million. In connection with accounting for the business combination, we recorded a liability of $3.8 million, representing the fair value of the contingent consideration. In connection with our 2014 acquisition of ThingWorx, the former shareholders were eligible to receive contingent consideration of up to $18.0 million if certain profitability and bookings targets were achieved within two years of the acquisition. As of October 1, 2015, the contingent consideration had been fully earned and $9.0 million of the total contingent consideration was paid in July 2015, with the remainder paid in July 2016. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. In determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts, management specifically analyzes individual accounts receivable, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, current economic conditions, and accounts receivable aging trends. Our allowance for doubtful accounts on trade accounts receivable was $1.1 million as of September 30, 2017, $1.0 million as of September 30, 2016, $1.0 million as of September 30, 2015 and $1.6 million as of September 30, 2014. Uncollectible trade accounts receivable written-off, net of recoveries, were $1.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.8 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Bad debt expense was $1.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Derivatives Generally accepted accounting principles require all derivatives, whether designated in a hedging relationship or not, to be recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Our earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our most significant foreign currency exposures relate to Western European countries, Japan, China and Canada. Our foreign currency risk management strategy is principally designed to mitigate the future potential financial impact of changes in the U.S. dollar value of anticipated transactions and balances denominated in foreign currency, resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into derivative transactions, specifically foreign currency forward contracts, to manage the exposures to foreign currency exchange risk to reduce earnings volatility. We do not enter into derivatives transactions for trading or speculative purposes. For a description of our non-designated hedge and cash flow hedge activities see Note N Derivative Financial Instruments. Non-Designated Hedges We hedge our net foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities primarily resulting from foreign currency denominated receivables and payables with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that our earnings and cash flows will be adversely affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These contracts have maturities of up to approximately three months. Generally, we do not designate these foreign currency forward contracts as hedges for accounting purposes and changes in the fair value of these instruments are recognized immediately in earnings. Gains or losses on the underlying foreign-denominated balance are offset by the loss or gain on the forward contract and are included in foreign currency losses, net. Cash Flow Hedges Our foreign exchange risk management program objective is to identify foreign exchange exposures and implement appropriate hedging strategies to minimize earnings fluctuations resulting from foreign exchange rate movements. We designate certain foreign exchange forward contracts as cash flow hedges of Euro, Yen and SEK denominated intercompany forecast revenue transactions (supported by third party sales). All foreign exchange forward contracts are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the maximum duration of foreign exchange forward contracts is 15 months. Cash flow hedge relationships are designated at inception, and effectiveness is assessed prospectively and retrospectively using regression analysis on a monthly basis. As the forward contracts are highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on the hedged transactions, we record the effective portion of changes in these cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassify into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transactions are recognized in earnings. Changes in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts due to changes in time value are included in the assessment of effectiveness. Our derivatives are not subject to any credit contingent features. We manage credit risk with counter-parties by trading among several counter-parties and we review our counter-parties’ credit at least quarterly. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Computer hardware and software are typically amortized over three to five years, and furniture and fixtures over three to eight years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful lives or the remaining terms of the related leases. Property and equipment under capital leases are amortized over the lesser of the lease terms or their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred; additions and improvements are capitalized. When an item is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is relieved, and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recognized in income. Software Development Costs We incur costs to develop computer software to be licensed or otherwise marketed to customers. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except for costs of internally developed or externally purchased software that qualify for capitalization. Development costs for software to be sold externally incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility, but prior to the general release of the product, are capitalized and, upon general release, are amortized using the greater of either the straight-line method over the expected life of the related products or based upon the pattern in which economic benefits related to such assets are realized. The straight-line method is used if it approximates the same amount of expense as that calculated using the ratio that current period gross product revenues bear to total anticipated gross product revenues. No development costs for software to be sold externally were capitalized in 2017, 2016 or 2015. In connection with acquisitions of businesses described in Note E, we capitalized software of $6.0 million and $71.5 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. These assets are included in acquired intangible assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill, Acquired Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets Goodwill is the amount by which the purchase price in a business acquisition exceeds the fair values of net identifiable assets on the date of purchase. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually, as of the end of the third quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Factors we consider important, on an overall company basis and reportable-segment basis, when applicable, that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period and a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. Our annual goodwill impairment test is based on either a qualitative (Step 0) or quantitative (Step 1) assessment, and is designed to conclude whether we believe it is more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values. A Step 0 assessment includes a review of qualitative factors including company specific (financial performance and long-range plans), industry, and macroeconomic factors, and a consideration of the fair value of each reporting unit at the last valuation date. A Step 1 assessment is a quantitative analysis that compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying value of goodwill and its implied fair value. We estimate the fair values of our reporting units using discounted cash flow valuation models. Those models require estimates of future revenues, profits, capital expenditures, working capital, terminal values based on revenue multiples, and discount rates for each reporting unit. We estimate these amounts by evaluating historical trends, current budgets, operating plans and industry data. We completed our annual goodwill impairment review as of July 1, 2017 based on a Step 0 assessment and concluded that no impairment charge was required as of that date. Long-lived assets primarily include property and equipment and acquired intangible assets with finite lives (including purchased software, customer lists and trademarks). Purchased software is amortized over periods up to 11 years, customer lists are amortized over periods up to 12 years and trademarks are amortized over periods up to 12 years. We review long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of those assets are no longer appropriate. An impairment test is based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset or asset group. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow analysis. Advertising Expenses Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $2.5 million, $2.1 million and $1.1 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Income Taxes Our income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes. Certain items of income and expense are not reported in tax returns and financial statements in the same year. The tax effects of these differences are reported as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are recognized for the estimated future tax effects of deductible temporary differences and tax operating loss and credit carryforwards. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, we establish a valuation allowance. To the extent we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a period, we include an expense within the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss), which includes foreign currency translation adjustments, changes in unrecognized actuarial gains and losses (net of tax) related to pension benefits, unrealized gains and losses on hedging instruments and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities. For the purposes of comprehensive income disclosures, we do not record tax provisions or benefits for the net changes in the foreign currency translation adjustment, as we intend to reinvest permanently undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity and, as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, was comprised of cumulative translation adjustment losses of $54.6 million and $71.2 million, respectively, unrecognized actuarial losses related to pension benefits of $24.7 million ($17.6 million net of tax) and $38.7 million ($27.4 million net of tax), respectively, unrecognized loss on hedging instruments of $1.8 million ($1.5 million net of tax) and $1.4 million, respectively, and unrecognized losses on marketable securities of $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Earnings per Share (EPS) Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Unvested restricted shares, although legally issued and outstanding, are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating basic earnings per share. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect, if any, of outstanding stock options, restricted shares and restricted stock units using the treasury stock method. The calculation of the dilutive effect of outstanding equity awards under the treasury stock method includes consideration of proceeds from the assumed exercise of stock options, unrecognized compensation expense and any tax benefits as additional proceeds. Due to the net loss generated in the year ended September 30, 2016, approximately 1.7 million restricted stock units have been excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as the effect would have been anti-dilutive. The following table presents the calculation for both basic and diluted EPS:
| Year ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (in thousands, except per share data)
Net income (loss) | $ | 6,239 |  |  | $ | (54,465 | ) |  | $ | 47,557 |
Weighted average shares outstanding | 115,523 |  |  | 114,612 |  |  | 114,775 |
Dilutive effect of employee stock options, restricted shares and restricted stock units | 1,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,237 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 117,356 |  |  | 114,612 |  |  | 116,012 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 0.41 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 0.41 |
Stock-Based Compensation We measure the compensation cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. That cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. See Note K for a description of the types of stock-based awards granted, the compensation expense related to such awards and detail of equity-based awards outstanding. See Note G for detail of the tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Cash Flows In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 to clarify whether the following items should be categorized as operating, investing or financing in the statement of cash flows: (i) debt prepayments and extinguishment costs, (ii) settlement of zero-coupon debt, (iii) settlement of contingent consideration, (iv) insurance proceeds, (v) settlement of corporate-owned life insurance (COLI) and bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) policies, (vi) distributions from equity method investees, (vii) beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and (viii) receipts and payments with aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 (our fiscal 2019) and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We adopted this new guidance in our fourth quarter ended September 30, 2017 with no impact on the financial statements. Debt Issuance Costs In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), to simplify the required presentation of debt issuance costs. The amended guidance requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability rather than as an asset. It is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 (our fiscal 2017) with early adoption permitted. We adopted this new guidance in our first quarter ended December 31, 2016 and applied this guidance retrospectively. As a result, debt issuance costs of $6.5 million previously included in other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2016 have been reclassified. See Note H. Debt for our debt balances at September 30, 2017 and 2016 net of the debt issuance costs. Going Concern In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern," which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and, if so, provide certain footnote disclosures. This ASU is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods thereafter. We adopted this new guidance in our fourth quarter ended September 30, 2017 with no impact on the financial statements. Pending Accounting Pronouncements Derivative Financial Instruments In August 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities", which amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (our fiscal 2020) including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. Income Taxes In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”). The purpose of ASU 2016-16 is to simplify the income tax accounting of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory and to record its effect when the transfer occurs. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (our fiscal 2019) including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We expect to record a net deferred tax asset of approximately $77 million upon adoption, primarily relating to deductible amortization of intangible assets in Ireland. Post adoption, our effective tax rate will no longer include the benefit of this amortization which is reflected in our effective tax rate reconciliation under the current guidance. Stock Compensation In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The ASU includes multiple provisions intended to simplify various aspects of the accounting for share-based payments, including accounting for income taxes, earnings per share, and forfeitures. The ASU is effective for public companies in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 (our fiscal 2018) and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period, with all adjustments applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We will adopt the guidance in the first quarter of 2018. We do not expect adoption of the guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Previously unrecognized excess tax benefits will increase deferred tax assets, which will be substantially offset by an increase in the valuation allowance. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimate expected forfeitures, which will result in a cumulative effect adjustment of approximately $1 million to reduce retained earnings as of October 1, 2017. Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will replace the existing guidance in ASC 840, Leases. The updated standard aims to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose important information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (our fiscal 2020) and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted and modified retrospective application is required. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606 (ASU 2014-09). ASU 2014-09 supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The FASB has also issued additional standards to provide clarification and implementation guidance on ASU 2014-09. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. Under the new guidance, an entity is required to evaluate revenue recognition through a five-step process: (1) identifying a contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The standard also requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. In applying the principles of ASU 2014-09, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than is required under existing U.S. GAAP, including identifying performance obligations, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price, and estimating the value of each performance obligation to allocate the total transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 is effective for us in our first quarter of fiscal 2019. Companies may adopt ASU 2014-09 using either the retrospective method, under which each prior reporting period is presented under ASU 2014-09, with the option to elect certain permitted practical expedients, or the modified retrospective method, under which a company adopts ASU 2014-09 from the beginning of the year of initial application with no restatement of comparative periods, with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application, with certain additional required disclosures. We currently expect to adopt ASU 2014-09 using the modified retrospective method. While we are continuing to assess the impact of the new standard, we currently believe the most significant impact relates to accounting for our subscription arrangements that include term-based on-premise software licenses bundled with support. Under current GAAP, the revenue attributable to these subscription licenses is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement because VSOE does not exist for the undelivered support element as it is not sold separately. Under the new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered elements to enable the separation of revenue for the delivered software licenses is eliminated. Accordingly, under the new standard we will be required to recognize as revenue a portion of the subscription fee upon delivery of the software license. We currently expect revenue related to our perpetual license revenue and related support contracts, professional services and cloud offerings to remain substantially unchanged. Due to the complexity of certain of our contracts, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under the new standard may be dependent on contract-specific terms and, therefore, may vary in some instances. Upon implementation of the new standard in fiscal 2019, we expect to make revisions to contract terms with our customers that will result in shortening the initial, non-cancellable term of our multi-year subscriptions to one year. This change will result in annual contractual periods for the majority of our software subscriptions, the license portion of which will be recognized at the beginning of each annual contract period upon delivery of the licenses and the support portion of which will be recognized ratably over the one year contractual period. As a result, we anticipate one year of subscription revenue will be recognized for each contract each year; however, more of the revenue will be recognized in the quarter that the contract period begins and less will be recognized in the subsequent three quarters of the contract than under the current accounting rules. Under the modified retrospective method, we will evaluate each contract that is ongoing on the adoption date as if that contract had been accounted for under ASU 2014-09 from contract inception. Some license revenue related to subscription arrangements that would have been recognized in future periods under current GAAP will be recast under ASU 2014-09 as if the revenue had been recognized in prior periods. Under this transition method, we will not adjust historical reported revenue amounts. Instead, the revenue that would have been recognized under this method prior to the adoption date will be an adjustment to retained earnings and will not be recognized as revenue in future periods as previously planned. Because we expect that license revenue associated with subscription contracts will be recognized up front instead of over time under ASU 2014-09, we expect to have some portion of our deferred revenue to be adjusted to retained earnings upon adoption, which could be material. During the first year of adoption, we will disclose the amount of this retained earnings adjustment and intend to provide supplemental disclosure of how this revenue would have been recognized under the current rules. Another significant provision under ASU 2014-09 includes the capitalization and amortization of costs associated with obtaining a contract, such as sales commissions. Currently, we expense sales commissions in the period incurred. Under ASU 2014-09, direct and incremental costs to acquire a contract are capitalized and amortized using a systematic basis over the pattern of transfer of the goods and services to which the asset relates. While we are continuing to assess the impact of this provision of ASU 2014-09, we likely will be required to capitalize incremental costs such as commissions and amortize those costs over the period the capitalized assets are expected to contribute to future cash flows. Furthermore, we have made and will continue to make investments in systems and processes to enable timely and accurate reporting under the new standard. We currently expect that necessary operational and internal control structural changes will be implemented prior to the adoption date.

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