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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy) | 12 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation For our non-U.S. operations where the functional currency is the local currency, we translate assets and liabilities at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and record translation adjustments in stockholders’ equity. For our non-U.S. operations where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, we remeasure monetary assets and liabilities using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and non-monetary assets and liabilities at historical rates and record resulting exchange gains or losses in foreign currency net losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We translate income statement amounts at average rates for the period. Transaction gains and losses are recorded in foreign currency net losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition Nature of Products and Services Our sources of revenue include: (1) subscription, (2) perpetual license, (3) support for perpetual licenses and (4) professional services. Revenue is derived from the licensing of computer software products and from related support and/or professional services contracts. Effective October 1, 2018, we record revenues in accordance with the guidance provided by ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products or services. To achieve the core principle of this standard, we apply the following five steps: (1) Identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocation the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract, (5) recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation. We enter into contracts that include combinations of products, support and professional services, which are accounted for as separate performance obligations with differing revenue recognition patterns referenced below.
Performance Obligation | When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied
Term-based subscriptions |
On-premise software licenses | Point in Time: Upon the later of when the software is made available or the subscription term commences
Support and cloud-based offerings | Over Time: Ratably over the contractual term; commencing upon the later of when the software is made available or the subscription term commences
Perpetual software licenses | Point in Time: when the software is made available
Support for perpetual software licenses | Over Time: Ratably over the contractual term
Professional services | Over time: As services are provided
Through 2018, we recorded revenues for software related deliverables in accordance with the guidance provided by ASC 985-605, Software-Revenue Recognition and revenues for non-software deliverables in accordance with ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition, Multiple-Element Arrangements. Under those standards, revenue is recorded when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) delivery has occurred (generally, FOB shipping point or electronic distribution), (3) the fee is fixed or determinable, and (4) collection is probable. We exercise judgment and use estimates in connection with determining the amounts of software license and services revenues to be recognized in each accounting period. Judgments and Estimates Our contracts with customers for subscriptions typically include commitments to transfer term-based, on-premise software licenses bundled with support and/or cloud services. On-premise software is determined to be a distinct performance obligation from support which is sold for the same term of the subscription. For subscription arrangements which include cloud services, we assess whether the cloud component is highly interrelated with on-premise term-based software licenses. Other than a limited population of subscriptions, the cloud component is not currently deemed to be interrelated with the on-premise term software and, as a result, cloud services are accounted for as a distinct performance obligation from the software and support components of the subscription. Judgment is required to allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation. We use the estimated standalone selling price method to allocate the transaction price for items that are not sold separately. The estimated standalone selling price is determined using all information reasonably available to us, including market conditions and other observable inputs. The corresponding revenues are recognized as the related performance obligations are satisfied. We determined that 50% to 55% of the estimated standalone selling price for subscriptions that contain distinct license and support performance obligations are attributable to software licenses and 45% to 50%, depending upon the product offering, is attributable to support for those licenses. Our multi-year, non-cancellable on-premise subscription contracts provide customers with an annual right to exchange software within the original subscription with other software. Although the exchange right is limited to software products within a similar product grouping, the exchange right is not limited to products with substantially similar features and functionality as those originally delivered. We determined that this right to exchange previously delivered software for different software represents variable consideration to be accounted for as a liability. We have identified a standard portfolio of contracts with common characteristics and applied the expected value method of determining variable consideration associated with this right. Additionally, where there are isolated situations that are outside of the standard portfolio of contracts due to contract size, longer contract duration, or other unique contractual terms, we use the most likely amount method to determine the amount of variable consideration. In both circumstances, the variable consideration included in the transaction price is constrained to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. As of September 30, 2019, the total refund liability was $22.9 million, primarily associated with the annual right to exchange on-premise subscription software. Practical Expedients We elected certain practical expedients with the adoption of the new revenue standard. We do not account for significant financing components if the period between revenue recognition and when the customer pays for the products or services is one year or less. Additionally, we recognize revenue equal to the amount we have a right to invoice, when the amount corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance date.
Cash Equivalents | Cash Equivalents Our cash equivalents are invested in money market accounts and time deposits of financial institutions. We have established guidelines relative to credit ratings, diversification and maturities that are intended to maintain safety and liquidity. Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with maturity periods of three months or less when purchased.
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities Our investment portfolio consists of certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes/bonds and government securities that have a maximum maturity of three years. The longer the duration of these securities, the more susceptible they are to changes in market interest rates and bond yields. All unrealized losses are due to changes in market interest rates, bond yields and/or credit ratings. We review our investments to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible impairment. We concluded that, at September 30, 2019, the unrealized losses were temporary.
Non-Marketable Equity Investments | Non-Marketable Equity Investments We account for non-marketable equity investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. We monitor non-marketable equity investments for events that could indicate that the investments are impaired, such as deterioration in the investee's financial condition and business forecasts, and lower valuations in recent or proposed financings. Changes in fair value of non-marketable equity investments are recorded in Other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The carrying value of our non-marketable equity investments is recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $9.4 million and $1.7 million as of September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In 2017, we sold a cost method investment in a private company for $13.7 million for a gain of approximately $3.7 million
Concentration of Credit Risk and Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Concentration of Credit Risk and Fair Value of Financial Instruments The amounts reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of investments, trade accounts receivable and foreign currency derivative instruments. Our cash, cash equivalents, and foreign currency derivatives are placed with financial institutions with high credit standings. Our credit risk for derivatives is also mitigated due to the short-term nature of the contracts. Our customer base consists of large numbers of geographically diverse customers dispersed across many industries. No individual customer comprised more than 10% of our trade accounts receivable as of September 30, 2019 or 2018 or comprised more than 10% of our revenue for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018 or 2017.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact and consider assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and risk of nonperformance. Generally accepted accounting principles prescribe a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
• | Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
• | Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; or
• | Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. In determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts, management specifically analyzes individual accounts receivable, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, current economic conditions, and accounts receivable aging trends. Our allowance for doubtful accounts on trade accounts receivable was $0.7 million as of September 30, 2019, $0.6 million as of September 30, 2018, $1.1 million as of September 30, 2017 and $1.0 million as of September 30, 2016. Uncollectible trade accounts receivable written-off, net of recoveries, were $0.2 million, $1.0 million and $1.5 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Bad debt expense was $0.3 million, $0.5 million and $1.5 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Derivatives | Derivatives Generally accepted accounting principles require all derivatives, whether designated in a hedging relationship or not, to be recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Our earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our most significant foreign currency exposures relate to Western European countries, Japan, China and Canada. Our foreign currency risk management strategy is principally designed to mitigate the future potential financial impact of changes in the U.S. dollar value of anticipated transactions and balances denominated in foreign currency, resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into derivative transactions, specifically foreign currency forward contracts, to manage the exposures to foreign currency exchange risk to reduce earnings volatility. We do not enter into derivatives transactions for trading or speculative purposes. For a description of our non-designated hedge and cash flow hedge activities see Note 17. Derivative Financial Instruments. Non-Designated Hedges We hedge our net foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities primarily resulting from foreign currency denominated receivables and payables with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that our earnings and cash flows will be adversely affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These contracts have maturities of up to approximately three months. Generally, we do not designate these foreign currency forward contracts as hedges for accounting purposes and changes in the fair value of these instruments are recognized immediately in earnings. Gains or losses on the underlying foreign-denominated balance are offset by the loss or gain on the forward contract and are included in foreign currency losses, net. Cash Flow Hedges Our foreign exchange risk management program objective is to identify foreign exchange exposures and implement appropriate hedging strategies to minimize earnings fluctuations resulting from foreign exchange rate movements. In 2017, 2018 and the first quarter of 2019 we designated certain foreign exchange forward contracts as cash flow hedges of Euro, Yen and SEK denominated intercompany forecast revenue transactions (supported by third party sales). No cash flow hedges were entered after the first quarter of 2019. All foreign exchange forward contracts were carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and had maximum duration of up to 15 months. Cash flow hedge relationships were designated at inception, and effectiveness was assessed prospectively and retrospectively using monthly regression analysis. As the forward contracts were highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on the hedged transactions, we record the effective portion of changes in these cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transactions were recognized in earnings. Changes in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts due to changes in time value were included in the assessment of effectiveness. Our derivatives were not subject to any credit contingent features. We managed credit risk with counter-parties by trading among several counter-parties and we reviewed our counter-parties’ credit at least quarterly. Net Investment Hedges We translate balance sheet accounts of subsidiaries with foreign functional currencies into the U.S. Dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date. Resulting translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. We designate certain foreign exchange forward contracts as net investment hedges against exposure on translation of balance sheet accounts of Euro functional subsidiaries. Net investment hedges partially offset the impact of foreign currency translation adjustment recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. All foreign exchange forward contracts are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and the maximum duration of foreign exchange forward contracts is approximately three months. Net investment hedge relationships are designated at inception, and effectiveness is assessed retrospectively on a quarterly basis using the net equity position of Euro functional subsidiaries. As the forward contracts are highly effective in offsetting exchange rate exposure, we record changes in these net investment hedges in accumulated other comprehensive loss and subsequently reclassify them to foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive loss at the time of forward contract maturity. Changes in the fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts due to changes in time value are excluded from the assessment of effectiveness. Our derivatives are not subject to any credit contingent features. We manage credit risk with counter-parties by trading among several counter-parties, and we review our counter-parties’ credit at least quarterl y.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Computer hardware and software are typically amortized over three to five years, and furniture and fixtures over three to eight years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful lives or the remaining terms of the related leases. Property and equipment under capital leases are amortized over the lesser of the lease terms or their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred; additions and improvements are capitalized. When an item is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is relieved, and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recognized in income.
Software Development Costs | Software Development Costs We incur costs to develop computer software to be licensed or otherwise marketed to customers. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except for costs of internally developed or externally purchased software that qualify for capitalization. Development costs for software to be sold externally incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility, but prior to the general release of the product, are capitalized and, upon general release, are amortized using the greater of either the straight-line method over the expected life of the related products or based upon the pattern in which economic benefits related to such assets are realized. The straight-line method is used if it approximates the same amount of expense as that calculated using the ratio that current period gross product revenues bear to total anticipated gross product revenues. No development costs for software to be sold externally were capitalized in 2019, 2018 or 2017. In 2018, we acquired capitalized software of $0.8 million. These assets are included in acquired intangible assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Goodwill, Acquired Intangible Assets And Long-lived Assets | Goodwill, Acquired Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets Goodwill is the amount by which the purchase price in a business acquisition exceeds the fair values of net identifiable assets on the date of purchase. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually, as of the end of the third quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Factors we consider important, on an overall company basis and reportable-segment basis, when applicable, that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period and a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. Our annual goodwill impairment test is based on either a qualitative (Step 0) or quantitative (Step 1) assessment and is designed to determine whether we believe it is more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values. A Step 0 assessment includes a review of qualitative factors including company specific (financial performance and long-range plans), industry, and macroeconomic factors, and a consideration of the fair value of each reporting unit at the last valuation date. A Step 1 assessment is a quantitative analysis that compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying value of goodwill and its implied fair value. We estimate the fair values of our reporting units using discounted cash flow valuation models. Those models require estimates of future revenues, profits, capital expenditures, working capital, terminal values based on revenue multiples, and discount rates for each reporting unit. We estimate these amounts by evaluating historical trends, current budgets, operating plans and industry data. We completed our annual goodwill impairment review as of June 29,2019 based on a Step 0 assessment and concluded that no impairment charge was required as of that date. Long-lived assets primarily include property and equipment and acquired intangible assets with finite lives (including purchased software, customer lists and trademarks). Purchased software is amortized over periods up to 11 years, customer lists are amortized over periods up to 12 years and trademarks are amortized over periods up to 12 years. We review long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of those assets are no longer appropriate. An impairment test is based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset or asset group. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow analysis.
Advertising Expenses | Advertising Expenses Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $3.6 million, $2.9 million and $2.5 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively and are included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Our income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes. Certain items of income and expense are not reported in tax returns and financial statements in the same year. The tax effects of these differences are reported as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are recognized for the estimated future tax effects of deductible temporary differences and tax operating loss and credit carryforwards. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, we establish a valuation allowance. To the extent we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a period, we include an expense within the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss), which includes foreign currency translation adjustments, changes in unrecognized actuarial gains and losses (net of tax) related to pension benefits, unrealized gains and losses on hedging instruments and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities. For the purposes of comprehensive income disclosures, we do not record tax provisions or benefits for the net changes in the foreign currency translation adjustment, as we intend to reinvest permanently undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity and, as of September 30, 2019 and 2018, was comprised of cumulative translation adjustment losses of $91.2 million and $66.4 million, respectively, unrecognized actuarial losses related to pension benefits of $34.9 million ($24.8 million net of tax) and $27.0 million ($19.2 million net of tax), respectively, unrecognized gain on marketable securities of $0.1 million and unrecognized loss of $0.4 million, respectively. Cash flow hedges were discontinued in 2019 and in 2018 unrecognized gain on cash flow hedging instruments was $0.4 million ($0.4 million net of tax). In 2019 we started a net investment hedge program and had accumulated net gain of $6.8 million ($5.1 million net of tax).
Earnings (Loss) per Share (EPS) | Earnings (loss) per Share (EPS) Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Unvested restricted shares, although legally issued and outstanding, are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating basic earnings per share. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect, if any, of outstanding stock options, restricted shares and restricted stock units using the treasury stock method. The calculation of the dilutive effect of outstanding equity awards under the treasury stock method includes consideration of proceeds from the assumed exercise of stock options, unrecognized compensation expense and any tax benefits as additional proceeds. Due to the net loss generated in the year ended September 30, 2019, approximately 1.0 million restricted stock units have been excluded from the computation of diluted EPS in that year as the effect would have been anti-dilutive. The following table presents the calculation for both basic and diluted EPS:
(in thousands, except per share data) | Year ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income (loss) | $ | (27,460 | ) |  | $ | 51,987 |  |  | $ | 6,239 |
Weighted average shares outstanding | 117,724 |  |  | 116,390 |  |  | 115,523 |
Dilutive effect of employee stock options, restricted shares and restricted stock units | — |  |  | 1,768 |  |  | 1,833 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 117,724 |  |  | 118,158 |  |  | 117,356 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation We measure the compensation cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. That cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. See Note 12. Equity Incentive Plan for a description of the types of stock-based awards granted, the compensation expense related to such awards and detail of equity-based awards outstanding. See Note 8. Income Taxes for detail of the tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
New Accounting Pronouncements | Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Revenue Recognition On October 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, which supersedes substantially all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. We adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method, under which the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 was recorded as a reduction to accumulated deficit with no restatement of comparative periods. The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. Under the new guidance, an entity is required to evaluate revenue recognition through a five-step process: (1) identifying a contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The standard also requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. In applying the principles of ASC 606, more judgment and estimates are required within the revenue recognition process than is required under previous U.S. GAAP, including identifying performance obligations, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price, and estimating the value of each performance obligation to allocate the total transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The most significant impact of ASC 606 relates to accounting for our subscription arrangements that include term-based on-premise software licenses bundled with support. Under previous GAAP (ASC 605, through September 30, 2018), revenue attributable to these subscription licenses was recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement because VSOE does not exist for the undelivered support element as it is not sold separately. Under the new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered elements to enable the separation of revenue for the delivered software licenses is eliminated. Accordingly, under the new standard we recognize as revenue a portion of the subscription fee upon delivery of the software license. Revenue recognition related to our perpetual licenses and related support contracts, professional services and cloud offerings is substantially unchanged, with support and cloud revenue being recorded ratably over the contract term. Due to the complexity of certain of our contracts, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under the new standard may be dependent on contract-specific terms and, therefore, may vary in some instances. Certain of our multi-year subscription contracts with start dates on or after October 1, 2018 contain a limited annual cancellation right. For such cancellable subscription contracts, we consider each annual period a discrete contract. We recognize the license portion at the beginning of each one-year contract period and the support portion ratably over each one-year contractual period. Early in the fourth quarter of 2019, we discontinued offering the cancellation right for substantially all new contracts. Under the modified retrospective method, we evaluated each contract that was ongoing on October 1, 2018 as if that contract had been accounted for under ASC 606 from contract inception. Some license revenue related to subscription arrangements that would have been recognized in future periods under current GAAP was recast under ASC 606 as if the revenue had been recognized in prior periods. Under this transition method, we did not adjust historical reported revenue amounts. Instead, the revenue that would have been recognized under this method prior to the adoption date was recorded as an adjustment to accumulated deficit and will not be recognized as revenue in future periods as previously expected. Because license revenue associated with subscription contracts is recognized up front instead of over time under ASC 606, a material portion of our deferred revenue was adjusted to accumulated deficit upon adoption. Another significant provision under ASC 606 includes the capitalization and amortization of costs associated with obtaining a contract, such as sales commissions. Prior to October 1, 2018, we expensed commissions in the period incurred. Under ASC 606, direct and incremental costs to acquire a contract are capitalized and amortized using a systematic basis over the pattern of transfer of the goods and services to which the asset relates. Refer to Note 3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for further detail about the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 and further disclosures. Income Taxes In October 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The purpose of ASU 2016-16 is to simplify the income tax accounting of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory and to record its effect when the transfer occurs. We adopted this standard beginning in the first quarter of 2019 using the modified retrospective method with a cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated deficit of $72.3 million, with a corresponding increase of $75.3 million to deferred tax assets, a $6.0 million decrease to income tax assets and a $3.0 million decrease to income tax liabilities. The adjustment primarily relates to deductible amortization of intangible assets in Ireland. Post adoption, our effective tax rate no longer includes the benefit of this amortization. Pension Accounting In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which provides guidance on the capitalization, presentation and disclosure of net benefit costs related to post-retirement benefit plans. We adopted the new guidance in the first quarter of 2019 on a full retrospective basis, which resulted in the retrospective reclassification of $0.6 million and $0.9 million of non-service net periodic pension cost for the years ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, from line items within cost of revenue and operating expenses into Other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Equity Investments In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which provides guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial assets and liabilities and requires equity securities to be measured at fair value, unless the measurement alternative method has been elected for equity investments without readily determinable fair values. Adoption of this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Restricted Cash In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The new guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the Statement of Cash Flows. Adoption of this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Pending Accounting Pronouncements Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will replace the existing guidance in ASC 840, Leases. The updated standard aims to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose important information about leasing arrangements. We will adopt ASU 2016-02 effective October 1, 2019 (the effective date). Financial information for the comparative periods will not be recast. We intend to elect the available practical expedients, including carrying forward the classification of our existing leases and our assessment of their remaining lease terms. Our operating lease commitments will be subject to the new standard and recognized as operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets upon our adoption of the standard. ASU 2016-02 will materially increase our total assets and total liabilities that we report relative to such amounts prior to adoption. We expect to recognize operating lease liabilities between $233 million to $238 million and right-of-use assets between $162 million to $167 million. The expected operating lease liabilities are calculated based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments for existing operating leases as of September 30, 2019. The expected right-of-use assets reflect adjustments for derecognition of deferred leasing incentives. Derivative Financial Instruments In August 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities", which amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (our fiscal 2020) including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

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