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Financial Instruments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Text block [abstract]  
Financial Instruments
34.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
 
a.
Fair value of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value
 
 
1)
Fair value of financial instruments not measured at fair value but for which fair value is disclosed
 
Except bonds payable measured at amortized cost, the management considered that the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts and fair value of bonds payable as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 were as follows:
 
 
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
 
 
NT$
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
NT$
 
US$ (Note 4)
         
December 31, 2019 $36,522,155      $36,766,117     
December 31, 2020  56,253,554  $2,003,332   56,448,769  $2,010,284 
 
 
2)
Fair value hierarchy
 
The aforementioned fair value hierarchy of bonds payable was Level 3 which was determined based on discounted cash flow analysis with the applicable yield curve for the duration. The significant unobservable inputs is discount rates that reflected the credit risk.
 
 
 
b.
Fair value of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis
 
 
1)
Fair value hierarchy
 
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
         
December 31, 2019        
         
Financial assets at FVTPL        
Derivative financial assets        
Forward exchange contracts $-    $104,308  $-    $104,308 
Swap contracts  -     56,561   -     56,561 
Call option  -     -     24,556   24,556 
Non-derivative financial assets                
Quoted ordinary shares  3,460,123   -     -     3,460,123 
Open-end mutual funds  662,290   -     -     662,290 
Private-placement funds  -     -     603,718   603,718 
Unquoted preferred shares  -     -     377,440   377,440 
                 
  $4,122,413  $160,869  $1,005,714  $5,288,996 
                 
Financial assets at FVTOCI                
Investments in equity instruments                
Unquoted ordinary shares $-    $-    $565,028  $565,028 
Unquoted preferred shares  -     -     158,718   158,718 
Limited partnership  -     -     32,157   32,157 
Investments in debt instruments                
Unsecured subordinate corporate bonds  -     -     1,014,872   1,014,872 
Trade receivables, net  -     -     2,029,690   2,029,690 
                 
  $-    $-    $3,800,465  $3,800,465 
                 
Financial liabilities at FVTPL                
Derivative financial liabilities                
Swap contracts $-    $862,581  $-    $862,581 
Forward exchange contracts  -     110,990   -     110,990 
                 
  $-    $973,571  $-    $973,571 
 
 
  
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
NT$
 
US$
(Note 4)
 
NT$
 
US$
(Note 4)
 
NT$
 
US$
(Note 4)
 
NT$
 
US$
(Note 4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forward exchange contracts
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
122,511
 
 
$
4,363
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
122,511
 
 
$
4,363
 
Swap contracts
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
99,312
 
 
 
3,537
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
99,312
 
 
 
3,537
 
Non-derivative financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quoted ordinary shares
 
 
4,064,438
 
 
 
144,745
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
4,064,438
 
 
 
144,745
 
Private-placement funds
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
1,124,754
 
 
 
40,055
 
 
 
1,124,754
 
 
 
40,055
 
Unquoted preferred shares
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
385,440
 
 
 
13,726
 
 
 
385,440
 
 
 
13,726
 
Open-end mutual funds
 
 
339,338
 
 
 
12,085
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
339,338
 
 
 
12,085
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
4,403,776
 
 
$
156,830
 
 
$
221,823
 
 
$
7,900
 
 
$
1,510,194
 
 
$
53,781
 
 
$
6,135,793
 
 
$
218,511
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments in equity instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unquoted ordinary shares
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
567,377
 
 
$
20,206
 
 
$
567,377
 
 
$
20,206
 
Unquoted preferred shares
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
151,329
 
 
 
5,389
 
 
 
151,329
 
 
 
5,389
 
Limited partnership
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
9,692
 
 
 
345
 
 
 
9,692
 
 
 
345
 
Investments in debt instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unsecured subordinate corporate bonds
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
1,012,736
 
 
 
36,066
 
 
 
1,012,736
 
 
 
36,066
 
Trade receivables, net
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
626,413
 
 
 
22,308
 
 
 
626,413
 
 
 
22,308
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
2,367,547
 
 
$
84,314
 
 
$
2,367,547
 
 
$
84,314
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative financial liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swap contracts
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
1,448,972
 
 
$
51,602
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
1,448,972
 
 
$
51,602
 
Target redemption forward contracts
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
79,216
 
 
 
2,821
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
79,216
 
 
 
2,821
 
Forward exchange contracts
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
9,020
 
 
 
321
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
-  
 
 
 
9,020
 
 
 
321
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
1,537,208
 
 
$
54,744
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
-  
 
 
$
1,537,208
 
 
$
54,744
 
 
For the financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
 
 
2)
Reconciliation of Level 3 fair value measurements of financial assets
For the year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Financial Assets at FVTPL
 
Financial Assets at FVTOCI
 
 
Financial Assets
 
Equity Instruments
 
Equity Instruments
 
Debt Instruments
 
Total
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
         
Balance at January 1 $475,123  $580,399  $1,016,924  $2,072,446 
Recognized in profit or loss  3,431   -     -     3,431 
Recognized in other comprehensive income                
 Included in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI  -     (216,121)  (2,052)  (218,173)
 Effects of foreign currency exchange  (14,368)  (5,695)  -     (20,063)
Net increase in trade receivables  -     -     3,171,205   3,171,205 
Trade receivables factoring  -     -     (1,141,515)  (1,141,515)
Purchases  541,528   409,985   -     951,513 
Disposals  -     (12,665)  -     (12,665)
                 
Balance at December 31 $1,005,714  $755,903  $3,044,562  $4,806,179 
 
For the year ended December 31, 2020
 
 
 
Financial Assets at FVTPL
 
Financial Assets at FVTOCI
  
Financial Assets
 
Equity Instruments
 
Debt Instruments
 
Equity Instruments
 
Debt Instruments
 
Total
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
           
Balance at January 1 $1,005,714  $-    $755,903  $3,044,562  $4,806,179 
Recognized in profit or loss  (17,941)  -     -     -     (17,941)
Recognized in other comprehensive income                    
Includevd in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI  -     -     (149,856)  (2,136)  (151,992)
Effects of foreign currency exchange  (15,455)  -     (15,562)  -     (31,017)
Net increase in trade receivables  -     370,110   -     5,635,706   6,005,816 
Trade receivables factoring  -     (370,110)  -     (7,038,983)  (7,409,093)
Purchases  893,234   -     259,168   -     1,152,402 
Disposals  (329,370)  -     (121,255)  -     (450,625)
Exercise of call option  (25,988)  -     -     -     (25,988)
                     
Balance at December 31 $1,510,194  $-    $728,398  $1,639,149  $3,877,741 
 
 
 
Financial Assets at FVTPL
 
Financial Assets at FVTOCI
  
Financial Assets
 
Equity Instruments
 
Debt Instruments
 
Equity Instruments
 
Debt Instruments
 
Total
  
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
 
US$
(Note 4)
 
 
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
 
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
 
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
           
Balance at January 1 $35,816  $-    $26,920  $108,424  $171,160 
Recognized in profit or loss  (639)  -     -     -     (639)
Recognized in other comprehensive income                    
  Included in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI  -     -     (5,337)  (76)  (5,413)
Effects of foreign currency exchange  (550)  -     (555)  -     (1,105)
Net increase in trade receivables  -     13,181   -     200,702   213,883 
Trade receivables factoring  -     (13,181)  -     (250,676)  (263,857)
Purchases  31,810   -     9,230   -     41,040 
Disposals  (11,730)  -     (4,318)  -     (16,048)
Exercise of call option  (926)  -     -     -     (926)
                     
Balance at December 31 $53,781  $-    $25,940  $58,374  $138,095 
 
 
3)
Valuation techniques and assumptions applied for the purpose of measuring fair value
 
 
a)
Valuation
techniques
and inputs applied for the purpose of measuring Level 2 fair value measurement
 
Financial Instruments
 
Valuation Techniques and Inputs
 
 
 
Derivatives - swap contracts and forward exchange contracts
 
Discounted cash flows - Future cash flows are estimated based on observable forward exchange rates at balance sheet dates and contract forward exchange rates, discounted at rates that reflected the credit risk of various counterparties.
Target redemption forward contracts
 
Valuation based on the spot exchange rate on the valuation date, the exercise price, the volatility in exchange rate, the contract period and the quoted risk free interest rate during the contract period.
 
 
b)
Valuation techniques and inputs applied for the purpose of measuring Level 3 fair value measurement
 
The fair value of unquoted ordinary shares, unquoted preferred shares, limited partnership and private-placement funds were determined by using market approach and asset-based approach. The significant unobservable inputs were the discount rates for lack of marketability of 10% to 30%. If the discount rates for lack of marketability to the valuation model increased by 1% to reflect reasonably possible alternative assumptions while all other variables held constant, the fair value of the abovementioned investments would have decreased approximately by NT$7,200 thousand and NT$9,700 thousand (US$345 thousand) as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

The fair values of the unsecured subordinate corporate bonds were determined using income approach based on a discounted cash flow analysis. The significant unobservable input was the discount rate that reflects the credit risk of the counterparty. If the discount rate increased by 0.1% while all other variables held constant, the fair value of the bonds would have decreased approximately by NT$6,000 thousand and NT$5,000 thousand (US$178 thousand) as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
 
The fair value of accounts receivables measured at FVTOCI are determined based on the present value of future cash flows that reflect the credit risk of counterparties. Since the discount effect was not significant, the Group measured its fair value by using the nominal values.
 
The fair value of the call option was determined using Black-Scholes Options Pricing Model, of which the significant unobservable input was the discount rate for lack of marketability of 20%. If the discount rate increased by 1% while all other variables held constant, the fair value of the call option would have decreased approximately by NT$855 thousand as of December 31, 2019.

 
c.
Categories of financial instruments
 
 
 
December 31
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FVTPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mandatorily at FVTPL
 
$
5,288,996
 
 
$
6,135,793
 
 
$
218,511
 
Measured at amortized cost (Note 1)
 
 
139,668,804
 
 
 
147,521,583
 
 
 
5,253,618
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FVTOCI
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity instruments
 
 
755,903
 
 
 
728,398
 
 
 
25,940
 
Debt instruments
 
 
1,014,872
 
 
 
1,012,736
 
 
 
36,066
 
Trade receivables, net
 
 
2,029,690
 
 
 
626,413
 
 
 
22,308
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FVTPL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held for trading
 
 
973,571
 
 
 
1,537,208
 
 
 
54,744
 
Financial liabilities for hedging
 
 
3,233,301
 
 
 
11,188,244
 
 
 
398,442
 
Measured at amortized cost (Note 2)
 
 
310,187,110
 
 
 
304,737,749
 
 
 
10,852,485
 
 
 
Note 1:     The balances included financial assets measured at amortized cost which comprised cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables and other financial assets.
 
Note 2:     The balances included financial liabilities measured at amortized cost which comprised short-term borrowings, trade and other payables, bonds payable and long-term borrowings.

 
 
d.
Financial risk management objectives and policies
 
The derivative instruments used by the Group were to mitigate risks arising from ordinary business operations. All derivative transactions entered into by the Group were designated as either hedging or trading. Derivative transactions entered into for hedging purposes must hedge risk against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates arising from operating activities. The currencies and the amount of derivative instruments held by the Group must match its hedged assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.
 
The Group’s risk management department monitored risks to mitigate risk exposures, reported unsettled position, transaction balances and related gains or losses to the Group’s chief financial officer on monthly basis.
 
 
1)
Market risk
 
The Group’s activities exposed it primarily to the financial risks of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Gains or losses arising from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates of a variety of derivative financial instruments were approximately offset by those of hedged items. Interest rate risk was not significant due to the cost of capital was expected to be fixed.
 
There had been no change to the Group’s exposure to market risks or the manner in which these risks were managed and measured.
 
 
a)
Foreign currency exchange rate risk
 
The Group had sales and purchases as well as financing activities denominated in foreign currency which exposed the Group to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Group entered into a variety of derivative financial instruments to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk to minimize the fluctuations of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.
 
The carrying amounts of the Group’s foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities (including those eliminated upon consolidation) as well as derivative instruments which exposed the Group to foreign currency exchange rate risk at each balance sheet date are presented in Note 39.
 
The Group was mainly subject to the impact from the exchange rate fluctuation in US$, JPY and HKD against NT$ or RMB. 1% fluctuation is used when reporting foreign currency exchange rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign currency exchange rates. The sensitivity analysis included financial assets and liabilities and inter-company receivables and payables within the Group. The changes in profit before income tax due to a 1% change in US$, JPY, and HKD against NT$ and RMB would be NT$129,000 thousand, NT$82,000 thousand and NT$35,000 thousand (US$1,246 thousand) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Hedging contracts and hedged items have been taken into account while measuring the changes in profit before income tax. The abovementioned sensitivity analysis mainly focused on the foreign currency monetary items at each balance sheet date. As the period-end exposure did not reflect the exposure for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the abovementioned sensitivity analysis was unrepresentative of those respective years.
 
Hedge accounting
 
The Group’s hedging strategy was to lift borrowings denominated in foreign currencies to avoid exchange rate exposure from its investments in equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies (recognized under the line item of financial assets at FVTPL) and net investment in foreign subsidiary, USIFR, which has EUR as its functional currency. Those transactions were designated as fair value hedges and a hedge of net investment in foreign operation, respectively. Hedge adjustments were made to totally offset the foreign exchange gains or losses from those equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies and foreign operations when they were evaluated based on the exchange rates on each balance sheet date.
The hedge ineffectiveness in these hedging relationships arose from the material difference between the notional amounts of borrowings denominated in foreign currencies and the original investments in equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies and net investment in foreign operations. No other sources of ineffectiveness is expected to emerge from these hedging relationships.
 
December 31, 2019
 
Hedging Instrument/
 
Line item in
 
Carrying Amount
Hedged Items 
 
Balance sheet
 
Asset
 
Liability
 
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
Fair value hedge
 
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL
 
Financial liabilities for hedging - current
 
$
-  
 
 
$
3,233,301
 
 
  
Change in Value Used for
 
Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness
 
 
Accumulated Gains or
 
Losses in Other Equity
 
 
Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge
 
Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item
Hedging Instrument/
 
Hedged Item
 
 
Hedging Instrument
 
Hedged Item
 
Continuing Hedges
 
Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied
 
Asset
 
Asset
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
             
Fair value hedge            
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL $71,743  $(71,743) $-    $-    $2,791,574  $15,625 
  
December 31, 2020
 
Hedging Instrument/
 
Line item in
 
Carrying Amount
Hedged Items
 
Balance sheet
 
Asset
 
Liability
   
 
NT$
 
 
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
 
NT$
 
 
US$
 
(Note 4)
 
           
Fair value hedge          
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL Financial liabilities for hedging - current  $-    $-    $3,307,018  $117,771 
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation Financial liabilities for hedging - current   -     -     1,970,307   70,168 
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation Financial liabilities for hedging - non-current   -     -     5,910,919   210,503 
 
  
Change in Value Used for
 
Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness
 
 
Accumulated Gains or
 
Losses in Other Equity
 
 
Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge
 
Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item
Hedging Instrument/
 
Hedged Item
 
 
Hedging Instrument
 
Hedged Item
 
Continuing Hedges
 
Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied
 
Asset
 
Asset
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
             
Fair value hedge            
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL $157,842  $(157,842) $-    $-    $2,859,132  $(142,217)
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation  574,824   (574,824)  (574,824)  -     -     -   
 
 
  
Change in Value Used for
 
Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness
 
 
Accumulated Gains or
 
Losses in Other Equity
 
 
Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge
 
Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item
Hedging Instrument/
 
Hedged Ite
m
 
 
Hedging Instrument
 
Hedged Item
 
Continuing Hedges
 
Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied
 
Asset
 
Asset
 
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
             
Fair value hedge            
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL $5,621  $(5,621) $-    $-    $101,821  $(5,065)
Hedge of net investment in foreign operatio
n
  20,471   (20,471)  (20,471)  -     -     -   
 
 
 
b)
Interest rate risk
Except a portion of long-term borrowings and bonds payable at fixed interest rates, the Group was exposed to interest rate risk because group entities borrowed funds at floating interest rates. Changes in market interest rates led to variances in effective interest rates of borrowings from which the future cash flow fluctuations arise. The Group utilized financing instruments with low interest rates and favorable terms to maintain low financing cost, adequate banking facilities, as well as to hedge interest rate risk.
 
The carrying amounts of th
e
 Group’s fi
n
ancial assets and financial liabilities with exposure to interest rates at each balance sheet date were as follows:
 
 
 
 
December 31
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
US$ (Note 4)
Fair value interest rate risk      
Financial liabilities $41,952,056  $56,599,417  $2,015,649 
             
Cash flow interest rate risk            
Financial assets  46,467,663   45,489,788   1,620,007 
Financial liabilities  169,709,237   131,715,366   4,690,718 
 
For assets and liabilities with floating interest rates, a 100 basis point increase or decrease was used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel. If interest rates had been 100 basis points (1%) higher or lower and all other variables held constant, the Group’s profit before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 would have decreased or increased approximately by NT$1,398,000 thousand, NT$1,232,000 thousand and NT$862,000 thousand (US$30,698 thousand), respectively. Hedging contracts and hedged items have been taken into account while measuring the changes in profit before income tax. The abovementioned sensitivity analysis mainly focused on the interest rate items at the end of each year. As the year-end exposure did not reflect the exposure for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the abovementioned sensitivity analysis was unrepresentative of those respective periods.
 
 
c)
Other price risk
 
The Group was exposed to equity price risk through its investments in financial assets at FVTPL and financial assets at FVTOCI. If equity price was 1% higher or lower, profit before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 would have increased or decreased approximately by NT$64,000 thousand, NT$51,000 thousand and NT$59,000 thousand (US$2,101 thousand), respectively, and other comprehensive income before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 would have increased or decreased approximately by NT$16,000 thousand, NT$8,000 thousand and NT$7,000 thousand (US$249 thousand), respectively.
 
2)
Credit risk
 
Credit risk refers to the risk that counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Group. The Group’s credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables and other financial assets. The Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk was the carrying amounts of financial assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
 
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Group’s five largest customers accounted for 37% and 27% of trade receivables, respectively. The Group transacts with a large number of unrelated customers and, thus, no concentration of credit risk was observed.
 
 
3)
Liquidity risk
 
The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate working capital and banking facilities to fulfill the demand for cash flow used in the Group’s operation and capital expenditure. The Group also monitors its compliance with all the loan covenants. Liquidity risk is not considered to be significant.
 
In the table below, financial liabilities with a repayment on demand clause were included in the earliest time band regardless of the probability of counter-parties choosing to exercise their rights. The maturity dates for other non-derivative financial liabilities were based on the agreed repayment dates.
To the extent that interest flows are floating rate, the undiscounted amounts were derived from the interest rates at each balance sheet date.
 
December 31, 2019
 
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
More than
 
5 Years
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
           
Non-derivative financial liabilities          
           
Non-interest bearing $35,283,757  $38,803,904  $7,989,256  $33,797  $184,338 
Obligation under leases  75,388   115,297   532,747   1,536,600   4,412,859 
Floating interest rate liabilities  10,740,844   6,708,303   18,868,999   133,341,087   7,190,891 
Fixed interest rate liabilities  6,819,585   3,712,979   2,281,375   34,405,594   3,689,219 
                     
  $52,919,574  $49,340,483  $29,672,377  $169,317,078  $15,477,307 
 
Further information for maturity analysis of obligation under leases was as follows:
 
  
Less than
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
5 to 10 Years
 
10 to 15 Years
 
15 to 20 Years
 
More than
 
20 Years
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
           
Obligation under leases $723,432  $1,536,600  $1,454,128  $856,825  $712,696  $1,389,210 
December 31, 2020
 
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
More than
 
5 Years
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
           
Non-derivative financial liabilities          
           
Non-interest bearing $43,111,390  $44,122,659  $8,223,684  $319,510  $176,536 
Obligation under leases  103,734   151,921   619,908   1,779,041   4,088,301 
Floating interest rate liabilities  13,792,596   8,190,076   10,214,154   102,253,481   7,999,130 
Fixed interest rate liabilities  11,895,281   528,290   3,349,614   46,900,450   5,631,522 
                     
  $68,903,001  $52,992,946  $22,407,360  $151,252,482  $17,895,489 
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
More than
 
5 Years
 
 
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
           
Non-derivative financial liabilities          
           
Non-interest bearing $1,535,306  $1,571,320  $292,866  $11,379  $6,287 
Obligation under leases  3,694   5,410   22,077   63,356   145,595 
Floating interest rate liabilities  491,189   291,669   363,752   3,641,506   284,869 
Fixed interest rate liabilities  423,621   18,814   119,288   1,670,244   200,553 
                     
  $2,453,810  $1,887,213  $797,983  $5,386,485  $637,304 
Further information for maturity analysis of obligation under leases was as follows:
 
 
 
Less than
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
5 to 10 Years
 
10 to 15 Years
 
15 to 20 Years
 
More than
 
20 Years
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Obligation under leases
 
$
875,563
 
 
$
1,779,041
 
 
$
1,422,331
 
 
$
776,735
 
 
$
674,446
 
 
$
1,214,789
 
 
 
 
Less than
 
1 Year
 
 
1 to 5 Years
 
5 to 10 Years
 
10 to 15 Years
 
15 to 20 Years
 
More than
 
20 Years
 
 
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Obligation under leases
 
$
31,181
 
 
$
63,356
 
 
$
50,653
 
 
$
27,661
 
 
$
24,019
 
 
$
43,262
 
The amounts included above for floating interest rate instruments for non-derivative financial liabilities were subject to change if changes in floating interest rates differ from those estimates of interest rates determined at each balance sheet date.
The following table detailed the Group’s liquidity analysis for its derivative financial instruments. The table was based on the undiscounted contractual net cash inflows and outflows on derivative instruments settled on a net basis, and the undiscounted gross cash inflows and outflows on those derivatives that require gross settlement. When the amounts payable or receivable are not fixed, the amounts disclosed have been determined by reference to the projected interest rates as illustrated by the yield curves at each balance sheet date
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
       
December 31, 2019      
       
Net settled      
Forward exchange contracts $(74,864) $(13,246) $-   
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
       
Gross settled            
Forward exchange contracts            
Inflows $9,296,123  $4,420,233  $230,354 
Outflows  (9,248,333)  (4,392,070)  (227,848)
   47,790   28,163   2,506 
             
Swap contracts            
Inflows  10,187,215   15,025,154   34,327,100 
Outflows  (10,163,964)  (15,032,603)  (34,773,848)
   23,251   (7,449)  (446,748)
             
  $71,041  $20,714  $(444,242)
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
Over 1 Year
 
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
 
NT$
         
December 31, 2020        
         
Net settled        
Forward exchange contracts $30,514  $18,429  $-    $-   
                 
Gross settled                
Forward exchange contracts                
Inflows $8,862,682  $5,565,137  $531,336  $-   
Outflows  (8,798,238)  (5,518,153)  (526,880)  -   
   64,444   46,984   4,456   -   
Swap contracts                
Inflows  19,311,999   17,179,871   36,739,200  $-   
Outflows  (19,524,820)  (17,486,997)  (37,495,172)  -   
   (212,821)  (307,124)  (755,972)  -   
                 
Target redemption forward contracts                
Inflows  42,720   96,120   416,520   227,128 
Outflows  (44,471)  (100,060)  (433,595)  (236,081)
   (1,751)  (3,940)  (17,075)  (8,953)
                 
  $(150,128) $(264,080) $(768,591) $(8,953)
  
On Demand or Less than
 
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
 
1 Year
 
 
Over 1 Year
 
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
December 31, 2020        
         
Net settled        
Forward exchange contracts $1,087  $656  $-    $-   
                 
Gross settled                
Forward exchange contracts                
Inflows $315,623  $198,189  $18,922  $-   
Outflows  (313,328)  (196,516)  (18,763)  -   
   2,295   1,673   159   -   
  
On Demand or Less than
1 Month
 
 
1 to 3 Months
 
3 Months to
1 Year
 
 
Over 1 Year
 
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
 
US$ (Note 4)
Swap contracts                
Inflows  687,749   611,819   1,308,376  $-   
Outflows  (695,328)  (622,756)  (1,335,298)  -   
   (7,579)  (10,937)  (26,922)  -   
                 
Target redemption forward contracts                
Inflows  1,522   3,423   14,833   8,089 
Outflows  (1,584)  (3,563)  (15,441)  (8,408)
   (62)  (140)  (608)  (319)
                 
  $(5,346) $(9,404) $(27,371) $(319)