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Financial Instruments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Text block [abstract] |
Financial Instruments |
34. | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
| a. | Fair value of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value
| 1) | Fair value of financial instruments not measured at fair value but for which fair value is disclosed
Except bonds payable measured at amortized cost, the management considered that the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts and fair value of bonds payable as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 were as follows:
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 52,267,337 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 52,429,758 |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  | 47,850,324 |  |  | $ | 1,557,121 |  |  |  | 47,027,018 |  |  | $ | 1,530,329 |
| 2) | Fair value hierarchy
The aforementioned fair value hierarchy of bonds payable was Level 3 which was determined based on discounted cash flow analysis with the applicable yield curve for the duration. The significant unobservable inputs is discount rates that reflected the credit risk.
| b. | Fair value of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis
| 1) | Fair value hierarchy
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 85,629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 85,629 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,373 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,373 |
Call option and put option of convertible bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,463 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,463 |
Target redemption forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |
Non-derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 2,683,193 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,683,193 |
Private-placement funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,322,686 |  |  |  | 1,322,686 |
Contingent considerations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 394,943 |  |  |  | 394,943 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 583,270 |  |  |  | 583,270 |
Open-end mutual funds |  |  | 334,223 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 334,223 |
|  | $ | 3,017,416 |  |  | $ | 117,965 |  |  | $ | 2,300,899 |  |  | $ | 5,436,280 |
Financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unquoted ordinary shares |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 820,779 |  |  | $ | 820,779 |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 102,124 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 102,124 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,245 |  |  |  | 11,245 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Limited partnership |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,206 |  |  | $ | 9,206 |
Investments in debt instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured subordinate corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,076,458 |  |  |  | 1,076,458 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,092,462 |  |  |  | 6,092,462 |
|  | $ | 102,124 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,010,150 |  |  | $ | 8,112,274 |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 360,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 360,797 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,863 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,863 |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 417,660 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 417,660 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,205,828 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,205,828 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 246,710 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 246,710 |
Non-derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 2,521,964 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,521,964 |
Private-placement funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,599,932 |  |  |  | 1,599,932 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 628,156 |  |  |  | 628,156 |
Contingent considerations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 438,176 |  |  |  | 438,176 |
Open-end mutual funds |  |  | 293,385 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 293,385 |
|  | $ | 2,815,349 |  |  | $ | 3,452,538 |  |  | $ | 2,666,264 |  |  | $ | 8,934,151 |
Financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unquoted ordinary shares |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 419,491 |  |  | $ | 419,491 |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 45,683 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,683 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,883 |  |  |  | 13,883 |
Limited partnership |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,502 |  |  |  | 3,502 |
Investments in debt instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured subordinate corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,059,712 |  |  |  | 1,059,712 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,402,714 |  |  |  | 5,402,714 |
|  | $ | 45,683 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,899,302 |  |  | $ | 6,944,985 |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 543,547 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 543,547 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83,213 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83,213 |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 626,760 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 626,760 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,323 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,028 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,028 |
Non-derivative financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 82,069 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 82,069 |
Private-placement funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,064 |  |  |  | 52,064 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,441 |  |  |  | 20,441 |
Contingent considerations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,259 |  |  |  | 14,259 |
Open-end mutual funds |  |  | 9,547 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,547 |
|  | $ | 91,616 |  |  | $ | 112,351 |  |  | $ | 86,764 |  |  | $ | 290,731 |
Financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unquoted ordinary shares |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,651 |  |  | $ | 13,651 |
Quoted ordinary shares |  |  | 1,486 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,486 |
Unquoted preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 452 |
Limited partnership |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 114 |
Investments in debt instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured subordinate corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,485 |  |  |  | 34,485 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 175,812 |  |  |  | 175,812 |
|  | $ | 1,486 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 224,514 |  |  | $ | 226,000 |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,688 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,688 |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,708 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,708 |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,396 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,396 |
For the financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.
| 2) | Reconciliation of Level 3 fair value measurements of financial assets
For the year ended December 31, 2020
|  | Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  | Financial Assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Total |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 1,005,714 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 755,903 |  |  | $ | 3,044,562 |  |  | $ | 4,806,179 |
Recognized in profit or loss |  |  | (17,941 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,941 | )
Recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (149,856 | ) |  |  | (2,136 | ) |  |  | (151,992 | )
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (15,455 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,562 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31,017 | )
Net increase in trade receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | 370,110 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,635,706 |  |  |  | 6,005,816 |
Trade receivables factoring |  |  | — |  |  |  | (370,110 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,038,983 | ) |  |  | (7,409,093 | )
Purchases |  |  | 893,234 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 259,168 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,152,402 |
Disposals |  |  | (329,370 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (121,255 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (450,625 | )
Acquisition through business combinations |  |  | 387,790 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 387,790 |
Exercise of call option |  |  | (25,988 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,988 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 1,897,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 728,398 |  |  | $ | 1,639,149 |  |  | $ | 4,265,531 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021
|  | Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  | Financial Assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Total |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 1,897,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 728,398 |  |  | $ | 1,639,149 |  |  | $ | 4,265,531 |
Recognized in profit or loss |  |  | 131,276 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131,276 |
Recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in unrealized gains on financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 129,726 |  |  |  | 63,722 |  |  |  | 193,448 |
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (79,614 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,508 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (84,122 | )
Net increase in trade receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,269,782 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,940,539 |  |  |  | 18,210,321 |
Trade receivables factoring |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,269,782 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,474,490 | ) |  |  | (12,744,272 | )
Purchases |  |  | 459,046 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,246 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 491,292 |
Disposals |  |  | (107,793 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,873 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (122,666 | )
Reclassify |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,758 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,758 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 2,300,899 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 841,231 |  |  | $ | 7,168,920 |  |  | $ | 10,311,050 |
For the year ended December 31, 2022 |
|  | Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  | Financial Assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Total |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 2,300,899 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 841,231 |  |  | $ | 7,168,920 |  |  | $ | 10,311,050 |
Recognized in profit or loss |  |  | 100,134 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100,739 |
Recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (366,862 | ) |  |  | (16,746 | ) |  |  | (383,608 | )
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | 195,415 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,558 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,973 |
Net increase (decrease) in trade receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,330,075 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (674,112 | ) |  |  | 3,655,963 |
Trade receivables factoring |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,330,075 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,636 | ) |  |  | (4,345,711 | )
Purchases |  |  | 338,016 |  |  |  | 14,325 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 372,341 |
Disposals |  |  | (268,200 | ) |  |  | (14,930 | ) |  |  | (63,051 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (346,181 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 2,666,264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 436,876 |  |  | $ | 6,462,426 |  |  | $ | 9,565,566 |
|  | Financial Assets at FVTPL |  |  | Financial Assets at FVTOCI |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Equity Instruments |  |  | Debt Instruments |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 74,875 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,375 |  |  | $ | 233,287 |  |  | $ | 335,537 |
Recognized in profit or loss |  |  | 3,258 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,278 |
Recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in unrealized losses on financial assets at FVTOCI |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,938 | ) |  |  | (545 | ) |  |  | (12,483 | )
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | 6,359 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,540 |
Net increase (decrease) in trade receivables |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140,907 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (21,936 | ) |  |  | 118,971 |
Trade receivables factoring |  |  | — |  |  |  | (140,907 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (509 | ) |  |  | (141,416 | )
Purchases |  |  | 11,000 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 651 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,117 |
Disposals |  |  | (8,728 | ) |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | (2,052 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,266 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 86,764 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,217 |  |  | $ | 210,297 |  |  | $ | 311,278 |
| 3) | Valuation techniques and assumptions applied for the purpose of measuring fair value
| a) | Valuation techniques and inputs applied for the purpose of measuring Level 2 fair value measurement
Financial Instruments |  | Valuation Techniques and Inputs
Derivatives - swap contracts and forward exchange contracts |  | Discounted cash flows - Future cash flows are estimated based on observable forward exchange rates at balance sheet dates and contract forward exchange rates, discounted at rates that reflected the credit risk of various counterparties.
Derivatives - redemption option and put option of convertible bonds |  | Option pricing models - Use of present value techniques and reflect the time value and intrinsic value of redemption option and put option.
Target redemption forward contracts |  | Valuation based on the spot exchange rate on the valuation date, the exercise price, the volatility in exchange rate, the contract period and the quoted risk free interest rate during the contract period.
| b) | Valuation techniques and inputs applied for the purpose of measuring Level 3 fair value measurement
The fair value of unquoted ordinary shares, unquoted preferred shares, limited partnership and private-placement funds were determined by using market approach and asset-based approach. The significant unobservable inputs were the discount rates for lack of marketability of 10% to 20%. If the discount rates for lack of marketability to the valuation model increased by 1% to reflect reasonably possible alternative assumptions while all other variables held constant, the fair value of the abovementioned investments would have decreased approximately by NT$19,300 thousand and NT$6,600 thousand (US$215 thousand) as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The fair values of the unsecured subordinate corporate bonds were determined using income approach based on a discounted cash flow analysis. The significant unobservable input was the discount rate that reflects the credit risk of the counterparty. If the discount rate increased by 0.1% while all other variables held constant, the fair value of the bonds would have decreased approximately by NT$4,000 thousand and NT$3,000 thousand (US$98 thousand) as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of accounts receivables measured at FVTOCI are determined based on the present value of future cash flows that reflect the credit risk of counterparties. Since the discount effect was not significant, the Group measured its fair value by using the nominal values. The fair value of the contingent considerations were determined by using the Monte Carlo Simulation method. If the estimated net profit margin fails to reach the performance specified in the agreement, the Group could receive the contingent considerations according to the agreement, refer to Note 29 for business combinations .
| c. | Categories of financial instruments
|  | December 31 |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mandatorily at FVTPL |  | $ | 5,436,280 |  |  | $ | 8,934,151 |  |  | $ | 290,731 |
Measured at amortized cost (Note 1) |  |  | 200,732,680 |  |  |  | 188,733,772 |  |  |  | 6,141,678 |
FVTOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity instruments |  |  | 943,354 |  |  |  | 482,559 |  |  |  | 15,703 |
Debt instruments |  |  | 1,076,458 |  |  |  | 1,059,712 |  |  |  | 34,485 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | 6,092,462 |  |  |  | 5,402,714 |  |  |  | 175,812 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held for trading |  |  | 417,660 |  |  |  | 626,760 |  |  |  | 20,396 |
Financial liabilities for hedging |  |  | 11,497,896 |  |  |  | 12,204,620 |  |  |  | 397,157 |
Measured at amortized cost (Note 2) |  |  | 339,445,544 |  |  |  | 318,478,685 |  |  |  | 10,363,771 |
Note 1: |  | The balances included financial assets measured at amortized cost which comprised cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables and other financial assets.
Note 2: |  | The balances included financial liabilities measured at amortized cost which comprised short-term borrowings, trade and other payables, bonds payable and long-term borrowings.
| d. | Financial risk management objectives and policies
The derivative instruments used by the Group were to mitigate risks arising from ordinary business operations. All derivative transactions entered into by the Group were designated as either hedging or trading. Derivative transactions entered into for hedging purposes must hedge risk against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates arising from operating activities. The currencies and the amount of derivative instruments held by the Group must match its hedged assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The Group’s risk management department monitored risks to mitigate risk exposures, reported unsettled position, transaction balances and related gains or losses to the Group’s chief financial officer on monthly basis.
| 1) | Market risk
The Group’s activities exposed it primarily to the financial risks of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Gains or losses arising from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates of a variety of derivative financial instruments were approximately offset by those of hedged items. Interest rate risk was not significant due to the cost of capital was expected to be fixed. There had been no change to the Group’s exposure to market risks or the manner in which these risks were managed and measured.
| a) | Foreign currency exchange rate risk
The Group had sales and purchases as well as financing activities denominated in foreign currency which exposed the Group to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Group entered into a variety of derivative financial instruments to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk to minimize the fluctuations of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The carrying amounts of the Group’s foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities (including those eliminated upon consolidation) as well as derivative instruments which exposed the Group to foreign currency exchange rate risk at each balance sheet date are presented in Note 40 . The Group was mainly subject to the impact from the exchange rate fluctuation in US$ and JPY against NT$, RMB or EUR. 1% fluctuation is used when reporting foreign currency exchange rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign currency exchange rates. The sensitivity analysis included financial assets and liabilities and inter-company receivables and payables within the Group. The changes in profit before income tax due to a 1% change in US$ and JPY against NT$, RMB and EUR would be NT$35,000 thousand, NT$38,000 thousand and NT$60,000 thousand (US$1,952 thousand) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Hedging contracts and hedged items have been taken into account while measuring the changes in profit before income tax. The abovementioned sensitivity analysis mainly focused on the foreign currency monetary items at each balance sheet date. As the period-end exposure did not reflect the exposure for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the abovementioned sensitivity analysis was unrepresentative of those respective years. Hedge accounting The Group’s hedging strategy was to lift borrowings denominated in foreign currencies to avoid exchange rate exposure from its investments in equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies (recognized under the line item of financial assets at FVTPL) and net investment in foreign subsidiary, USIFR, which has EUR as its functional currency. Those transactions were designated as fair value hedges and a hedge of net investment in foreign operation, respectively. Hedge adjustments were made to totally offset the foreign exchange gains or losses from those equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies and foreign operations when they were evaluated based on the exchange rates on each balance sheet date. The source of hedge ineffectiveness in these hedging relationships arose from the material difference between the notional amounts of borrowings denominated in foreign currencies and the fair value of investments in equity instruments denominated in foreign currencies and net investment in foreign operations. No other sources of ineffectiveness is expected to emerge from these hedging relationships. December 31, 2021
Hedging Instrument/ |  | Line item in |  | Carrying Amount |
Hedged Items |  | Balance sheet |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |
|  |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL |  | Financial liabilities for hedging - current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,954,921 |
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  | Financial liabilities for hedging - current |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,762,044 |
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  | Financial liabilities for hedging - non-current |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,780,931 |
|  | Change in Value Used for Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness |  |  | Accumulated Gains or Losses in Other Equity |  |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge |  |  | Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item |
Hedging Instrument/ Hedged Item |  | Hedging Instrument |  |  | Hedged Item |  |  | Continuing Hedges |  |  | Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied |  |  | Asset |  |  | Asset |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL |  | $ | 94,145 |  |  | $ | (94,145 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,318,517 |  |  | $ | (236,362 | )
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  |  | (738,600 | ) |  |  | 738,600 |  |  |  | 163,776 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022
Hedging Instrument/ |  | Line item in |  | Carrying Amount |
Hedged Items |  | Balance sheet |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |
|  |  |  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL |  | Financial liabilities for hedging - current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,278,805 |  |  | $ | 106,697 |
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  | Financial liabilities for hedging - current |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,925,815 |  |  |  | 290,460 |
|  | Change in Value Used for Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness |  |  | Accumulated Gains or Losses in Other Equity |  |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge |  |  | Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item |
Hedging Instrument/ Hedged Item |  | Hedging Instrument |  |  | Hedged Item |  |  | Continuing Hedges |  |  | Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied |  |  | Asset |  |  | Asset |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL |  | $ | (323,884 | ) |  | $ | 323,884 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,282,243 |  |  | $ | 87,522 |
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  |  | (509,229 | ) |  |  | 509,229 |  |  |  | 673,005 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | Change in Value Used for Calculating Hedge Ineffectiveness |  |  | Accumulated Gains or Losses in Other Equity |  |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge |  |  | Accumulated Amount of Fair Value Hedge Adjustments on Hedged Item |
Hedging Instrument/ Hedged Item |  | Hedging Instrument |  |  | Hedged Item |  |  | Continuing Hedges |  |  | Hedge Accounting No Longer Applied |  |  | Asset |  |  | Asset |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings denominated in foreign currencies/ Financial assets at FVTPL |  | $ | (10,540 | ) |  | $ | 10,540 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,568 |  |  | $ | 2,848 |
Hedge of net investment in foreign operation |  |  | (16,571 | ) |  |  | 16,571 |  |  |  | 21,901 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| b) | Interest rate risk
Except a portion of long-term borrowings and bonds payable at fixed interest rates, the Group was exposed to interest rate risk because group entities borrowed funds at floating interest rates. Changes in market interest rates led to variances in effective interest rates of borrowings from which the future cash flow fluctuations arise. The Group utilized financing instruments with low interest rates and favorable terms to maintain low financing cost, adequate banking facilities, as well as to hedge interest rate risk. The carrying amounts of the Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities with exposure to interest rates at each balance sheet date were as follows:
|  | December 31 |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Fair value interest rate risk |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  | $ | 5,474,105 |  |  | $ | 16,434,562 |  |  | $ | 534,805 |
Financial liabilities |  |  | 76,206,394 |  |  |  | 91,152,265 |  |  |  | 2,966,231 |
Cash flow interest rate risk |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  | 69,654,969 |  |  |  | 41,964,775 |  |  |  | 1,365,596 |
Financial liabilities |  |  | 158,557,225 |  |  |  | 121,370,564 |  |  |  | 3,949,579 |
For assets and liabilities with floating interest rates, a 100 basis point increase or decrease was used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel. If interest rates had been 100 basis points (1%) higher or lower and all other variables held constant, the Group’s profit before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 would have decreased or increased approximately by NT$862,000 thousand, NT$959,000 thousand and NT$794,000 thousand (US$25,838 thousand), respectively.
| c) | Other price risk
The Group was exposed to equity price risk through its investments in financial assets at FVTPL and financial assets at FVTOCI. If equity price was 1% higher or lower, profit before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 would have increased or decreased approximately by NT$59,000 thousand, NT$49,000 thousand and NT$50,000 thousand (US$1,627 thousand), respectively, and other comprehensive income before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 would have increased or decreased approximately by NT$7,000 thousand, NT$9,000 thousand and NT$5,000 thousand (US$163 thousand), respectively.
| 2) | Credit risk
Credit risk refers to the risk that counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Group. The Group’s credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, contract assets, trade and other receivables and other financial assets. The Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk was the carrying amounts of financial assets in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Group’s five largest customers accounted for 33% and 30% of trade receivables, respectively. The Group transacts with a large number of unrelated customers and, thus, no concentration of credit risk was observed.
| 3) | Liquidity risk
The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate working capital and banking facilities to fulfill the demand for cash flow used in the Group’s operation and capital expenditure. The Group also monitors its compliance with all the loan covenants. Liquidity risk is not considered to be significant. In the table below, financial liabilities with a repayment on demand clause were included in the earliest time band regardless of the probability of counter-parties choosing to exercise their rights. The maturity dates for other non-derivative financial liabilities were based on the agreed repayment dates. To the extent that interest flows are floating rate, the undiscounted amounts were derived from the interest rates at each balance sheet date. December 31, 2021
|  | On Demand or Less than 1 Month |  |  | 1 to 3 Months |  |  | 3 Months to 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | More than 5 Years |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest bearing |  | $ | 52,353,176 |  |  | $ | 48,140,652 |  |  | $ | 10,216,253 |  |  | $ | 291,480 |  |  | $ | 114,201 |
Obligation under leases |  |  | 84,978 |  |  |  | 157,710 |  |  |  | 687,144 |  |  |  | 2,585,624 |  |  |  | 4,929,602 |
Floating interest rate liabilities |  |  | 12,565,548 |  |  |  | 5,180,527 |  |  |  | 13,416,893 |  |  |  | 112,493,242 |  |  |  | 7,494,670 |
Fixed interest rate liabilities |  |  | 10,262,781 |  |  |  | 3,093,668 |  |  |  | 12,978,593 |  |  |  | 43,555,458 |  |  |  | 5,479,867 |
|  | $ | 75,266,483 |  |  | $ | 56,572,557 |  |  | $ | 37,298,883 |  |  | $ | 158,925,804 |  |  | $ | 18,018,340 |
Further information for maturity analysis of obligation under leases was as follows:
|  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | 5 to 10 Years |  |  | 10 to 15 Years |  |  | 15 to 20 Years |  |  | More than 20 Years |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Obligation under leases |  | $ | 929,832 |  |  | $ | 2,585,624 |  |  | $ | 1,731,995 |  |  | $ | 883,335 |  |  | $ | 802,765 |  |  | $ | 1,511,507 |
December 31, 2022
|  | On Demand or Less than 1 Month |  |  | 1 to 3 Months |  |  | 3 Months to 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | More than 5 Years |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest bearing |  | $ | 65,356,106 |  |  | $ | 33,887,460 |  |  | $ | 11,145,612 |  |  | $ | 20,498 |  |  | $ | 74,643 |
Obligation under leases |  |  | 120,733 |  |  |  | 201,686 |  |  |  | 790,427 |  |  |  | 2,685,977 |  |  |  | 5,147,266 |
Floating interest rate liabilities |  |  | 9,251,237 |  |  |  | 10,982,036 |  |  |  | 9,652,804 |  |  |  | 93,837,521 |  |  |  | 5,648,699 |
Fixed interest rate liabilities |  |  | 12,530,681 |  |  |  | 9,209,134 |  |  |  | 9,055,918 |  |  |  | 44,756,570 |  |  |  | 29,280 |
|  | $ | 87,258,757 |  |  | $ | 54,280,316 |  |  | $ | 30,644,761 |  |  | $ | 141,300,566 |  |  | $ | 10,899,888 |
|  | On Demand or Less than 1 Month |  |  | 1 to 3 Months |  |  | 3 Months to 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | More than 5 Years |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest bearing |  | $ | 2,126,785 |  |  | $ | 1,102,748 |  |  | $ | 362,695 |  |  | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | 2,429 |
Obligation under leases |  |  | 3,929 |  |  |  | 6,563 |  |  |  | 25,722 |  |  |  | 87,406 |  |  |  | 167,500 |
Floating interest rate liabilities |  |  | 301,049 |  |  |  | 357,372 |  |  |  | 314,117 |  |  |  | 3,053,613 |  |  |  | 183,817 |
Fixed interest rate liabilities |  |  | 407,767 |  |  |  | 299,679 |  |  |  | 294,693 |  |  |  | 1,456,445 |  |  |  | 953 |
|  | $ | 2,839,530 |  |  | $ | 1,766,362 |  |  | $ | 997,227 |  |  | $ | 4,598,131 |  |  | $ | 354,699 |
Further information for maturity analysis of obligation under leases was as follows:
|  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | 5 to 10 Years |  |  | 10 to 15 Years |  |  | 15 to 20 Years |  |  | More than 20 Years |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
Obligation under leases |  | $ | 1,112,846 |  |  | $ | 2,685,977 |  |  | $ | 1,536,779 |  |  | $ | 939,751 |  |  | $ | 881,803 |  |  | $ | 1,788,933 |
|  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1 to 5 Years |  |  | 5 to 10 Years |  |  | 10 to 15 Years |  |  | 15 to 20 Years |  |  | More than 20 Years |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
Obligation under leases |  | $ | 36,214 |  |  | $ | 87,406 |  |  | $ | 50,009 |  |  | $ | 30,581 |  |  | $ | 28,695 |  |  | $ | 58,215 |
The amounts included above for floating interest rate instruments for non-derivative financial liabilities were subject to change if changes in floating interest rates differ from those estimates of interest rates determined at each balance sheet date. The following table detailed the Group’s liquidity analysis for its derivative financial instruments. The table was based on the undiscounted contractual net cash inflows and outflows on derivative instruments settled on a net basis, and the undiscounted gross cash inflows and outflows on those derivatives that require gross settlement. When the amounts payable or receivable are not fixed, the amounts disclosed have been determined by reference to the projected interest rates as illustrated by the yield curves at each balance sheet date.
|  | On Demand or Less than 1 Month |  |  | 1 to 3 Months |  |  | 3 Months to 1 Year |
|  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |  |  | NT$ |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  | $ | (21,379 | ) |  | $ | (1,410 | ) |  | $ | — |
Gross settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  | $ | 2,382,315 |  |  | $ | 6,817,411 |  |  | $ | 531,596 |
Outflows |  |  | (2,380,359 | ) |  |  | (6,784,689 | ) |  |  | (525,920 | )
|  |  | 1,956 |  |  |  | 32,722 |  |  |  | 5,676 |
Swap contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  |  | 23,759,435 |  |  |  | 21,272,450 |  |  |  | 37,841,805 |
Outflows |  |  | (23,814,701 | ) |  |  | (21,314,442 | ) |  |  | (37,965,438 | )
|  |  | (55,266 | ) |  |  | (41,992 | ) |  |  | (123,633 | )
Target redemption forward contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  |  | 19,376 |  |  |  | 43,596 |  |  |  | 33,216 |
Outflows |  |  | (18,845 | ) |  |  | (42,401 | ) |  |  | (32,243 | )
|  |  | 531 |  |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  | 973 |
|  | $ | (52,779 | ) |  | $ | (8,075 | ) |  | $ | (116,984 | )
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  | $ | (11,136 | ) |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | — |
Gross settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  | $ | 13,398,921 |  |  | $ | 4,688,786 |  |  | $ | 599,796 |
Outflows |  |  | (13,310,433 | ) |  |  | (4,687,958 | ) |  |  | (534,354 | )
|  |  | 88,488 |  |  |  | 828 |  |  |  | 65,442 |
Swap contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  |  | 32,274,691 |  |  |  | 16,429,850 |  |  |  | 62,187,750 |
Outflows |  |  | (31,891,439 | ) |  |  | (15,016,775 | ) |  |  | (59,838,031 | )
|  |  | 383,252 |  |  |  | 1,413,075 |  |  |  | 2,349,719 |
|  | $ | 471,740 |  |  | $ | 1,413,903 |  |  | $ | 2,415,161 |
|  | On Demand or Less than 1 Month |  |  | 1 to 3 Months |  |  | 3 Months to 1 Year |
|  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |  |  | US$ (Note 4) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  | $ | (362 | ) |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | — |
Gross settled |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  | $ | 436,021 |  |  | $ | 152,580 |  |  | $ | 19,518 |
Outflows |  |  | (433,141 | ) |  |  | (152,553 | ) |  |  | (17,389 | )
|  |  | 2,880 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 2,129 |
Swap contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inflows |  |  | 1,050,266 |  |  |  | 534,652 |  |  |  | 2,023,682 |
Outflows |  |  | (1,037,795 | ) |  |  | (488,668 | ) |  |  | (1,947,219 | )
|  |  | 12,471 |  |  |  | 45,984 |  |  |  | 76,463 |
|  | $ | 15,351 |  |  | $ | 46,011 |  |  | $ | 78,592 |

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