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Investments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments | Investments a) The following tables summarize the Company's available-for-sale investments. Commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities include securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and U.S. government agencies. The net unrealized holding gains (losses) in the tables below are presented before taxes.
| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  |  |  | Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 3,811,293 |  |  | $ | 35,824 |  |  | $ | (62,404) |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,784,713 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises | 1,225,426 |  |  | 7,292 |  |  | (89,904) |  |  |  |  | 1,142,814 |
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 4,196,096 |  |  | 14,787 |  |  | (181,578) |  |  |  |  | 4,029,305 |
Foreign governments | 1,858,845 |  |  | 21,450 |  |  | (96,874) |  |  |  |  | 1,783,421 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,371,406 |  |  | 8,605 |  |  | (136,353) |  |  |  |  | 2,243,658 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 491,949 |  |  | 334 |  |  | (21,861) |  |  |  |  | 470,422 |
Corporate bonds | 977,271 |  |  | 13,043 |  |  | (71,915) |  |  |  |  | 918,399 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 14,932,286 |  |  | 101,335 |  |  | (660,889) |  |  |  |  | 14,372,732 |
Short-term investments | 2,564,620 |  |  | 7,155 |  |  | (393) |  |  |  |  | 2,571,382 |
Investments, available-for-sale | $ | 17,496,906 |  |  | $ | 108,490 |  |  | $ | (661,282) |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,944,114 |
| December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 3,050,089 |  |  | $ | 2,363 |  |  | $ | (138,493) |  |  | $ | 2,913,959 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises | 871,463 |  |  | 154 |  |  | (106,079) |  |  | 765,538 |
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 3,973,911 |  |  | 6,503 |  |  | (247,231) |  |  | 3,733,183 |
Foreign governments | 1,473,658 |  |  | 2,843 |  |  | (169,723) |  |  | 1,306,778 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,109,721 |  |  | 395 |  |  | (169,668) |  |  | 1,940,448 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 553,591 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (26,804) |  |  | 526,793 |
Corporate bonds | 773,454 |  |  | 836 |  |  | (104,154) |  |  | 670,136 |
Total fixed maturity securities | 12,805,887 |  |  | 13,100 |  |  | (962,152) |  |  | 11,856,835 |
Short-term investments | 2,663,560 |  |  | 5,760 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 2,669,262 |
Investments, available-for-sale | $ | 15,469,447 |  |  | $ | 18,860 |  |  | $ | (962,210) |  |  | $ | 14,526,097 |
b) The following tables summarize gross unrealized investment losses on available-for-sale investments by the length of time that securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position.
| December 31, 2023
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 317,027 |  |  | $ | (2,147) |  |  | $ | 1,507,784 |  |  | $ | (60,257) |  |  | $ | 1,824,811 |  |  | $ | (62,404) |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises | 145,143 |  |  | (2,134) |  |  | 723,537 |  |  | (87,770) |  |  | 868,680 |  |  | (89,904) |
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 679,124 |  |  | (3,881) |  |  | 2,332,281 |  |  | (177,697) |  |  | 3,011,405 |  |  | (181,578) |
Foreign governments | 49,056 |  |  | (128) |  |  | 1,113,616 |  |  | (96,746) |  |  | 1,162,672 |  |  | (96,874) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 169,557 |  |  | (1,792) |  |  | 1,790,637 |  |  | (134,561) |  |  | 1,960,194 |  |  | (136,353) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 20,420 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 431,705 |  |  | (21,781) |  |  | 452,125 |  |  | (21,861) |
Corporate bonds | 34,340 |  |  | (266) |  |  | 615,501 |  |  | (71,649) |  |  | 649,841 |  |  | (71,915) |
Total fixed maturity securities | 1,414,667 |  |  | (10,428) |  |  | 8,515,061 |  |  | (650,461) |  |  | 9,929,728 |  |  | (660,889) |
Short-term investments | 52,601 |  |  | (393) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,601 |  |  | (393) |
Total | $ | 1,467,268 |  |  | $ | (10,821) |  |  | $ | 8,515,061 |  |  | $ | (650,461) |  |  | $ | 9,982,329 |  |  | $ | (661,282) |
At December 31, 2023, the Company held 1,386 available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $10.0 billion and gross unrealized losses of $661.3 million. Of these 1,386 securities, 1,131 securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $8.5 billion and gross unrealized losses of $650.5 million.
| December 31, 2022
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 735,605 |  |  | $ | (30,583) |  |  | $ | 1,907,922 |  |  | $ | (107,910) |  |  | $ | 2,643,527 |  |  | $ | (138,493) |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises | 413,495 |  |  | (40,488) |  |  | 331,391 |  |  | (65,591) |  |  | 744,886 |  |  | (106,079) |
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 2,474,289 |  |  | (164,537) |  |  | 348,943 |  |  | (82,694) |  |  | 2,823,232 |  |  | (247,231) |
Foreign governments | 900,322 |  |  | (115,324) |  |  | 300,423 |  |  | (54,399) |  |  | 1,200,745 |  |  | (169,723) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,611,603 |  |  | (117,482) |  |  | 305,217 |  |  | (52,186) |  |  | 1,916,820 |  |  | (169,668) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 516,423 |  |  | (25,232) |  |  | 9,342 |  |  | (1,572) |  |  | 525,765 |  |  | (26,804) |
Corporate bonds | 498,406 |  |  | (74,595) |  |  | 153,035 |  |  | (29,559) |  |  | 651,441 |  |  | (104,154) |
Total fixed maturity securities | 7,150,143 |  |  | (568,241) |  |  | 3,356,273 |  |  | (393,911) |  |  | 10,506,416 |  |  | (962,152) |
Short-term investments | 774,480 |  |  | (58) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 774,480 |  |  | (58) |
Total | $ | 7,924,623 |  |  | $ | (568,299) |  |  | $ | 3,356,273 |  |  | $ | (393,911) |  |  | $ | 11,280,896 |  |  | $ | (962,210) |
At December 31, 2022, the Company held 1,400 available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $11.3 billion and gross unrealized losses of $962.2 million. Of these 1,400 securities, 246 securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $3.4 billion and gross unrealized losses of $393.9 million. The Company completes a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is the result of a credit loss. All available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses are reviewed. The Company considers many factors in completing its quarterly review of securities with unrealized losses for credit-related impairment to determine whether a credit loss exists, including the extent to which fair value is below cost, the implied yield to maturity, rating downgrades of the security and whether or not the issuer has failed to make scheduled principal or interest payments. The Company also takes into consideration information about the financial condition of the issuer and industry factors that could negatively impact the issuer. If the decline in fair value of an available-for-sale security below its amortized cost is considered to be the result of a credit loss, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit loss, which is recorded as an allowance and recognized in net income. The allowance is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the security. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the non-credit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company did not have an allowance for credit losses for any available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Quarterly, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell an available-for-sale security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost. In these instances, a decline in fair value is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. c) The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2023 are shown below by contractual maturity.
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 1,192,021 |  |  | $ | 1,179,344 |
Due after one year through five years | 5,033,324 |  |  | 4,917,770 |
Due after five years through ten years | 4,320,467 |  |  | 4,159,846 |
Due after ten years | 1,523,119 |  |  | 1,401,692 |
| 12,068,931 |  |  | 11,658,652 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,371,406 |  |  | 2,243,658 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 491,949 |  |  | 470,422 |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 14,932,286 |  |  | $ | 14,372,732 |
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties, and the holders may have the right to put the securities back to the issuer. Based on expected maturities, the estimated average duration of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2023 was 4.1 years. d) The following table presents the components of net investment income.
| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest: |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 383,022 |  |  | $ | 294,417 |  |  | $ | 283,366 |
Short-term investments | 106,747 |  |  | 33,493 |  |  | 2,475 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 145,074 |  |  | 28,890 |  |  | 479 |
Dividends on equity securities | 116,911 |  |  | 107,213 |  |  | 98,099 |
| 751,754 |  |  | 464,013 |  |  | 384,419 |
Investment expenses | (17,222) |  |  | (17,258) |  |  | (17,002) |
Net investment income | $ | 734,532 |  |  | $ | 446,755 |  |  | $ | 367,417 |
e) The following table presents the components of net investment gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and the pre-tax change in net unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss). Gross realized investment gains and losses on fixed maturity securities, short-term investments and other investments were not material to the consolidated financial statements and are presented on a net basis in the following table.
| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed maturity securities, short-term investments and other investments: |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | (42,177) |  |  | $ | (40,983) |  |  | $ | 37,908 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of securities sold during the period | 34,684 |  |  | (14,884) |  |  | 25,902 |
Change in fair value of securities held at the end of the period | 1,531,547 |  |  | (1,539,866) |  |  | 1,914,724 |
Total change in fair value | 1,566,231 |  |  | (1,554,750) |  |  | 1,940,626 |
Net investment gains (losses) | $ | 1,524,054 |  |  | $ | (1,595,733) |  |  | $ | 1,978,534 |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 389,498 |  |  | $ | (1,474,890) |  |  | $ | (504,133) |
Short-term investments | 1,060 |  |  | 11,014 |  |  | (8,951) |
Net increase (decrease) | $ | 390,558 |  |  | $ | (1,463,876) |  |  | $ | (513,084) |
f) Total restricted assets are included on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as follows.
| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 3,102,899 |  |  | $ | 2,773,386 |
Equity securities | 1,004,347 |  |  | 843,719 |
Short-term investments | 807,138 |  |  | 543,737 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 584,974 |  |  | 1,084,081 |
Total | $ | 5,499,358 |  |  | $ | 5,244,923 |
The following table presents the components of restricted assets.
| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets held in trust or on deposit to support underwriting activities | $ | 5,048,857 |  |  | $ | 4,807,135 |
Assets pledged as security for letters of credit | 450,501 |  |  | 437,788 |
Total | $ | 5,499,358 |  |  | $ | 5,244,923 |
g) At December 31, 2023 and 2022, investments in securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises were the only investments in any one issuer that exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity.

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