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Segment Reporting Disclosures
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting, Disclosure of Entity's Reportable Segments [Abstract]  
Segment Reporting Disclosures
2. Segment Reporting Disclosures

The Company has four reportable segments: Insurance, Reinsurance, Investing and Markel Ventures. The Company's chief operating decision maker is the chief executive officer.

The chief operating decision maker reviews the Company's ongoing underwriting operations on a global basis in the following two segments: Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to allocate resources and assess the performance of the Company's underwriting results, the chief operating decision maker considers many factors, including the nature of the insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served. The Insurance segment includes all direct business written on a risk-bearing basis within the Company's underwriting operations. The Reinsurance segment includes all treaty reinsurance written on a risk-bearing basis within the Company's underwriting operations.

The Company's other insurance operations primarily consist of the results of the Company's program services and insurance-linked securities businesses. Other insurance operations also include results for lines of business discontinued prior to, or in conjunction with, acquisitions, including development on asbestos and environmental loss reserves and results attributable to the run-off of life and annuity reinsurance business, which are monitored separately from the Company's ongoing underwriting operations. For purposes of segment reporting, none of these other insurance operations are considered to be reportable segments.

The Company's Investing segment includes all investing activities related to the Company's insurance operations, as well as investing activities at Markel Group. Invested assets managed through the Company's Investing segment include the Company's portfolio of publicly traded fixed maturity and equity securities, as well as cash and short-term investments.

The Markel Ventures segment primarily consists of controlling interests in a diverse portfolio of businesses that operate in various industries. The Company's chief operating decision maker reviews and assesses Markel Ventures' performance in the aggregate, as a single operating segment.

Segment profit for all of the Company's segments is measured by operating income. Segment operating income excludes amortization of intangible assets and impairment of goodwill, both of which arise from purchase accounting for acquisitions. The chief operating decision maker does not consider these expenses in assessing the financial performance of, or allocating resources to, operating segments. These expenses are considered corporate expenses because they are not a cost of operating the underlying businesses. For the Company's Insurance and Reinsurance segments, segment operating income is typically consistent with underwriting profit, which the property and casualty insurance industry commonly defines as earned premiums net of losses and loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses. Segment operating income for these two segments may also include other revenues and expenses that are not captured in underwriting profit.

Prior to 2024, the segment profitability metric for the Markel Ventures segment included amortization of acquired intangible assets and impairment of goodwill. The new metric, as previously described, better aligns with how the chief operating decision maker reviews and assesses the performance of the Markel Ventures segment. Prior periods have been recast to
conform to the current presentation. Management continues to evaluate the Company's segments as its business evolves and may further refine its segments and segment profitability metric.

The chief operating decision maker uses segment operating income to assess the performance of each segment and determine how to allocate capital. The chief operating decision maker allocates capital where he believes it will earn an appropriate return.

For management reporting purposes, the Company allocates assets to its underwriting operations and to its Investing and Markel Ventures segments and certain of its other operations, including its program services and insurance-linked securities businesses. Underwriting assets include assets attributed to the Company's Insurance and Reinsurance segments, discontinued underwriting lines of business, as well as assets that are not specifically allocated to the Company's other insurance operations. Generally, the Company manages its underwriting assets in the aggregate and therefore does not allocate assets to individual underwriting segments.

a) The following tables summarize the Company's segment disclosures.
Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)InsuranceReinsuranceInvestingMarkel Ventures
Other insurance operations
Corporate
Consolidated
Earned premiums$7,407,643 $1,028,201 $— $— $(3,432)$— $8,432,412 
Net investment income— — 913,478 7,018 — — 920,496 
Net investment gains— — 1,807,219 — — — 1,807,219 
Products revenues— — — 2,635,659 — — 2,635,659 
Services and other revenues— — 52,253 2,477,419 295,305 — 2,824,977 
Total operating revenues7,407,643 1,028,201 2,772,950 5,120,096 291,873 — 16,620,763 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year - attritional
(4,704,219)(733,191)— — — — (5,437,410)
Current accident year - catastrophe
(67,169)(3,480)— — — — (70,649)
Prior accident years451,016 12,344 — — (8,050)— 455,310 
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses:
Amortization of policy acquisition costs(1,501,829)(252,312)— — — — (1,754,141)
Other underwriting expenses(1,163,557)(56,925)— — (2,766)— (1,223,248)
Products expenses— — — (2,272,219)— — (2,272,219)
Services and other expenses— — — (2,327,795)(96,577)— (2,424,372)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
(181,472)(181,472)
Operating income (loss)$421,885 $(5,363)$2,772,950 $520,082 $184,480 $(181,472)$3,712,562 
Interest expense(204,300)
Net foreign exchange gains129,438 
Income before income taxes$3,637,700 
Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)InsuranceReinsuranceInvestingMarkel Ventures
Other insurance operations
Corporate
Consolidated
Earned premiums$7,282,705 $1,014,294 $— $— $(1,520)$— $8,295,479 
Net investment income— — 729,219 5,313 — — 734,532 
Net investment gains— — 1,524,054 — — — 1,524,054 
Products revenues— — — 2,545,053 — — 2,545,053 
Services and other revenues— — (11,854)2,434,715 281,651 — 2,704,512 
Total operating revenues7,282,705 1,014,294 2,241,419 4,985,081 280,131 — 15,803,630 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year - attritional
(4,651,173)(669,314)— — — — (5,320,487)
Current accident year - catastrophe
(39,572)(500)— — — — (40,072)
Prior accident years104,743 (57,081)— — (9,112)— 38,550 
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses:
Amortization of policy acquisition costs(1,508,169)(255,501)— — — — (1,763,670)
Other underwriting expenses(1,026,358)(51,163)— — 457 — (1,077,064)
Products expenses— — — (2,220,676)— — (2,220,676)
Services and other expenses— — — (2,244,527)(66,242)— (2,310,769)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
(180,614)(180,614)
Operating income (loss)$162,176 $(19,265)$2,241,419 $519,878 $205,234 $(180,614)$2,928,828 
Interest expense(185,077)
Net foreign exchange losses(90,045)
Income before income taxes$2,653,706 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)InsuranceReinsuranceInvestingMarkel Ventures
Other insurance operations
Corporate
Consolidated
Earned premiums$6,528,263 $1,063,347 $— $— $(3,818)$— $7,587,792 
Net investment income— — 445,846 909 — — 446,755 
Net investment losses— — (1,595,733)— — — (1,595,733)
Products revenues— — — 2,427,096 — — 2,427,096 
Services and other revenues— — (17,661)2,329,522 497,564 — 2,809,425 
Total operating revenues6,528,263 1,063,347 (1,167,548)4,757,527 493,746 — 11,675,335 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year - attritional
(3,867,195)(663,903)— — — — (4,531,098)
Current accident year - events (1)
(69,230)(12,707)— — — — (81,937)
Prior accident years142,924 26,052 — — (1,530)— 167,446 
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses:
Amortization of policy acquisition costs(1,375,539)(279,567)— — — — (1,655,106)
Other underwriting expenses(809,352)(49,363)— — (1,762)— (860,477)
Products expenses— — — (2,241,736)— — (2,241,736)
Services and other expenses— — — (2,111,510)(195,475)— (2,306,985)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
(178,778)(178,778)
Impairment of goodwill
(80,000)(80,000)
Operating income (loss)$549,871 $83,859 $(1,167,548)$404,281 $294,979 $(258,778)$(93,336)
Interest expense(196,062)
Net foreign exchange gains137,832 
Loss before income taxes$(151,566)
(1)     Includes losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to catastrophes and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
b) The following amounts attributable to the Markel Ventures segment are also reviewed, or included in measures reviewed, by the Company's chief operating decision maker.

Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202420232022
Depreciation expense$122,125 $108,605 $102,055 
Capital expenditures$177,075 $221,036 $225,230 

c) The following table reconciles segment assets to the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20242023
Segment assets:
Investing$34,272,049 $30,542,282 
Underwriting10,784,528 9,897,689 
Markel Ventures5,824,229 5,519,542 
Total segment assets 50,880,806 45,959,513 
Other insurance operations
11,017,176 9,086,197 
Total assets$61,897,982 $55,045,710 

d) The following table summarizes earned premiums by major product grouping within each underwriting segment.

Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202420232022
Insurance segment:
General liability$2,063,827 $2,128,317 $1,927,721 
Professional liability1,655,848 1,798,882 1,739,983 
Marine and energy747,004 688,591 585,885 
Personal lines625,542 538,816 489,648 
Property609,453 532,337 428,563 
Programs576,444 509,866 384,952 
Workers' compensation374,371 393,011 385,054 
Credit and surety248,001 219,542 193,701 
Other products507,153 473,343 392,756 
Total Insurance7,407,643 7,282,705 6,528,263 
Reinsurance segment:
General liability382,151 368,376 382,482 
Professional liability371,198 388,610 398,839 
Specialty269,021 245,126 275,033 
Property5,831 12,182 6,993 
Total Reinsurance1,028,201 1,014,294 1,063,347 
Other(3,432)(1,520)(3,818)
Total earned premiums$8,432,412 $8,295,479 $7,587,792 

The Company does not manage products at this level of aggregation as it offers a diverse portfolio of products and manages these products in more disaggregated groupings within each underwriting segment.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, 75% of gross premiums written in the Company's underwriting segments were attributed to risks or cedents located in the United States. Substantially all of the gross premiums written in the Company's program services and ILS fronting operations during 2024, 2023 and 2022 were attributed to risks located in the United States.

Most of the gross written premiums in the Company's underwriting operations are placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers. The following table summarizes the percentage of gross written premiums placed by the top five independent brokers within the Company's underwriting operations, Insurance segment and Reinsurance segment. The top five independent brokers may vary among the segments and from year to year.

Years Ended December 31,
202420232022
Insurance segment
32 %33 %34 %
Reinsurance segment
90 %95 %99 %
Total underwriting
38 %37 %40 %

e) The following table summarizes gross and net written premiums by segment, including a reconciliation to total underwriting and consolidated amounts.

Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202420232022
Gross written premium:
Insurance segment$9,400,316 $9,217,150 $8,606,700 
Reinsurance segment1,150,780 1,046,539 1,229,851 
Other underwriting777 13,943 10,987 
Total underwriting10,551,873 10,277,632 9,847,538 
Program services and ILS fronting
4,942,758 3,724,605 3,354,144 
Total$15,494,631 $14,002,237 $13,201,682 
Net written premium:
Insurance segment$7,260,089 $7,432,062 $7,040,176 
Reinsurance segment1,039,372 967,799 1,167,312 
Other underwriting290 (1,073)(115)
Total underwriting8,299,751 8,398,788 8,207,373 
Program services and ILS fronting
(3,576)(1,213)(3,983)
Total$8,296,175 $8,397,575 $8,203,390 
f) The following table summarizes deferred policy acquisition costs, unearned premiums and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment, including a reconciliation to total underwriting and consolidated amounts.

(dollars in thousands)Deferred Policy
Acquisition Costs		Unearned
Premiums		Unpaid Losses and
Loss Adjustment Expenses
December 31, 2024
Insurance segment$648,969 $4,283,879 $16,073,355 
Reinsurance segment226,741 933,329 3,870,059 
Other underwriting— 1,558 149,522 
Total underwriting875,710 5,218,766 20,092,936 
Program services and ILS fronting
— 1,845,190 6,515,153 
Markel CATCo Re (see note 17)
— — 25,005 
Total$875,710 $7,063,956 $26,633,094 
December 31, 2023
Insurance segment$708,128 $4,307,704 $14,221,258 
Reinsurance segment223,216 901,138 3,726,472 
Other underwriting— 7,488 165,071 
Total underwriting931,344 5,216,330 18,112,801 
Program services and ILS fronting
— 1,426,096 5,185,553 
Markel CATCo Re (see note 17)
— — 184,967 
Total$931,344 $6,642,426 $23,483,321 

g) The following table summarizes total products revenues and services and other revenues by major product and service grouping within the Company's Markel Ventures segment.

Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202420232022
Products:
Consumer and building$1,606,353 $1,474,499 $1,510,130 
Transportation-related584,200 667,040 612,467 
Equipment manufacturing445,106 403,514 304,499 
Total products revenues2,635,659 2,545,053 2,427,096 
Services and other:
Construction2,089,280 2,042,326 1,910,403 
Consulting283,343 297,115 326,549 
Other104,796 95,274 92,570 
Total services and other revenues2,477,419 2,434,715 2,329,522 
Total products revenues and services and other revenues$5,113,078 $4,979,768 $4,756,618 

The Company does not manage the Markel Ventures portfolio of businesses at this level of aggregation due to the distinct characteristics of each business and the autonomy with which each business operates. The Company's chief operating decision maker reviews and assesses the performance of the Markel Ventures businesses in the aggregate at the Markel Ventures segment level, while individual management teams are responsible for developing strategic initiatives, managing day-to-day operations and making investment and capital allocation decisions for their respective companies.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, 94%, 95%, and 96%, respectively, of Markel Ventures segment revenues were attributable to U.S. operations.