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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
FORM 10-Q
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2024
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission file number 1-1687
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
PPG INDUSTRIES INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
25-0730780
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Pennsylvania
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
One PPG Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
15272
(Zip Code)
(412) 434-3131
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Not Applicable
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.66 2/3 |  | PPG |  | New York Stock Exchange
0.875% Notes due 2025 |  | PPG 25 |  | New York Stock Exchange
1.875% Notes due 2025 |  | PPG 25A |  | New York Stock Exchange
1.400% Notes due 2027 |  | PPG 27 |  | New York Stock Exchange
2.750% Notes due 2029 |  | PPG 29A |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☑ | Accelerated Filer | ☐
Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐
|  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of March 31, 2024, 234.5 million shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $1.66 2/3 per share, were outstanding.

PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX

|  | PAGE
Part I. Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited): |
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 30
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 31
Part II. Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 32
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 32
Item 5. | Other Information | 32
Item 6. | Exhibits | 32
Signatures |  | 34

1

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions, except per share amounts) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net sales | $4,311 |  |  | $4,380 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization | 2,445 |  |  | 2,596 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 1,064 |  |  | 992 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 103 |  |  | 92 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization | 38 |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, net | 109 |  |  | 104 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 55 |  |  | 59 |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | (42) |  |  | (25) |  |  |  |  |
Pension settlement charge | — |  |  | 190 |  |  |  |  |
Other charges/(income), net | 1 |  |  | (22) |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | $538 |  |  | $353 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 129 |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests | $409 |  |  | $273 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (attributable to PPG) | $400 |  |  | $264 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share (attributable to PPG) | $1.70 |  |  | $1.12 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share (attributable to PPG) - assuming dilution | $1.69 |  |  | $1.11 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of this condensed consolidated statement.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests | $409 |  |  | $273 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits | — |  |  | 139 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments | (14) |  |  | 264 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax | ($14) |  |  | $403 |  |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive income | $395 |  |  | $676 |  |  |  |  |
Less: amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to PPG | $388 |  |  | $666 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of this condensed consolidated statement.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited)

($ in millions) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $1,181 |  |  | $1,514 |
Short-term investments | 54 |  |  | 75 |
Receivables, net | 3,581 |  |  | 3,279 |
Inventories | 2,331 |  |  | 2,127 |
Other current assets | 524 |  |  | 436 |
Total current assets | $7,671 |  |  | $7,431 |
Property, plant and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $4,995 and $4,963) | 3,633 |  |  | 3,644 |
Goodwill | 6,140 |  |  | 6,200 |
Identifiable intangible assets, net | 2,399 |  |  | 2,424 |
Deferred income taxes | 340 |  |  | 273 |
Investments | 275 |  |  | 259 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 808 |  |  | 832 |
Other assets | 601 |  |  | 584 |
Total | $21,867 |  |  | $21,647 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $4,351 |  |  | $4,467 |
Restructuring reserves | 89 |  |  | 87 |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | 311 |  |  | 306 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 192 |  |  | 194 |
Total current liabilities | $4,943 |  |  | $5,054 |
Long-term debt | 5,940 |  |  | 5,748 |
Operating lease liabilities | 600 |  |  | 622 |
Accrued pensions | 608 |  |  | 588 |
Other postretirement benefits | 448 |  |  | 450 |
Deferred income taxes | 554 |  |  | 508 |
Other liabilities | 648 |  |  | 654 |
Total liabilities | $13,741 |  |  | $13,624 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 13) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock | $969 |  |  | $969 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,222 |  |  | 1,202 |
Retained earnings | 21,747 |  |  | 21,500 |
Treasury stock, at cost | (13,746) |  |  | (13,600) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2,251) |  |  | (2,239) |
Total PPG shareholders’ equity | $7,941 |  |  | $7,832 |
Noncontrolling interests | 185 |  |  | 191 |
Total shareholders’ equity | $8,126 |  |  | $8,023 |
Total | $21,867 |  |  | $21,647 |

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of this condensed consolidated statement.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited)

($ in millions) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total PPG | Non-controlling Interests | Total
January 1, 2024 | $969 |  | $1,202 |  | $21,500 |  | ($13,600) |  | ($2,239) |  | $7,832 |  | $191 |  | $8,023 |
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | 400 |  | — |  | — |  | 400 |  | 9 |  | 409 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (12) |  | (12) |  | (2) |  | (14) |
Cash dividends | — |  | — |  | (153) |  | — |  | — |  | (153) |  | — |  | (153) |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  | — |  | — |  | (152) |  | — |  | (152) |  | — |  | (152) |
Issuance of treasury stock | — |  | 31 |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |  | 37 |  | — |  | 37 |
Stock-based compensation activity | — |  | (11) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11) |  | — |  | (11) |
Dividends paid on subsidiary common stock to noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2) |  | (2) |
Reductions in noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11) |  | (11) |
March 31, 2024 | $969 |  | $1,222 |  | $21,747 |  | ($13,746) |  | ($2,251) |  | $7,941 |  | $185 |  | $8,126 |

($ in millions) | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total PPG | Non-controlling Interests | Total
January 1, 2023 | $969 |  | $1,130 |  | $20,828 |  | ($13,525) |  | ($2,810) |  | $6,592 |  | $117 |  | $6,709 |
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | 264 |  | — |  | — |  | 264 |  | 9 |  | 273 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 402 |  | 402 |  | 1 |  | 403 |
Cash dividends | — |  | — |  | (146) |  | — |  | — |  | (146) |  | — |  | (146) |
Issuance of treasury stock | — |  | 21 |  | — |  | 10 |  | — |  | 31 |  | — |  | 31 |
Stock-based compensation activity | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | (1) |
Dividends paid on subsidiary common stock to noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1) |  | (1) |
Reductions in noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (15) |  | (15) |
March 31, 2023 | $969 |  | $1,150 |  | $20,946 |  | ($13,515) |  | ($2,408) |  | $7,142 |  | $111 |  | $7,253 |

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of this condensed consolidated statement.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests | $409 |  |  | $273 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash (used for)/from operations: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 141 |  |  | 133 |
Pension settlement charge | — |  |  | 190 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 12 |  |  | 17 |
Deferred income taxes | (45) |  |  | (131) |
Cash used for restructuring actions | (10) |  |  | (16) |
Change in certain asset and liability accounts (net of acquisitions): |  |  |
Receivables | (344) |  |  | (277) |
Inventories | (229) |  |  | (308) |
Other current assets | (66) |  |  | (88) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (10) |  |  | 175 |
Taxes and interest payable | 88 |  |  | 111 |
Noncurrent assets and liabilities, net | 7 |  |  | (39) |
Other | (13) |  |  | 45 |
Cash (used for)/from operating activities | ($60) |  |  | $85 |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | ($256) |  |  | ($120) |
Other | 17 |  |  | 56 |
Cash used for investing activities | ($239) |  |  | ($64) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Net proceeds from commercial paper and short-term debt | $— |  |  | $638 |
Net change in borrowing with maturities of three months or less | 4 |  |  | 190 |
Proceeds from Term Loan, net of fees | 274 |  |  | — |
Repayment of Term Loan Credit Agreement | — |  |  | (100) |
Repayment of long-term debt | — |  |  | (300) |
Purchase of treasury stock | (149) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid on PPG common stock | (153) |  |  | (146) |
Other | (11) |  |  | (5) |
Cash (used for)/from financing activities | ($35) |  |  | $277 |
Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 1 |  |  | 29 |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents | ($333) |  |  | $327 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 1,514 |  |  | 1,099 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $1,181 |  |  | $1,426 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid, net of amount capitalized | $66 |  |  | $73 |
Taxes paid, net of refunds | $94 |  |  | $107 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures accrued within Accounts payable and accrued liabilities at period-end | $49 |  |  | $48 |
Purchases of treasury stock transacted but not yet settled | $15 |  |  | $— |

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of this condensed consolidated statement.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
1.Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein are unaudited and have been prepared following the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for interim reporting. Under these rules, certain footnotes and other financial information that are normally required for annual financial statements can be condensed or omitted. These statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and shareholders' equity of PPG as of March 31, 2024 and the results of its operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Material subsequent events are evaluated through the report issuance date and disclosed where applicable. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in PPG's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "2023 Form 10-K").
Net sales, expenses, assets and liabilities can vary during each quarter of the year. Accordingly, the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the trends in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may not necessarily be indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on our previously reported Net income, total assets, cash flows or shareholders’ equity.
2.New Accounting Standards
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Effective January 1, 2024, PPG adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-02, "Investment - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method." This ASU permits reporting entities to elect to account for tax equity investments under the proportional amortization method, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, if certain conditions are met. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on PPG's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07 “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280)”. This ASU updates current reportable segment disclosure requirements to require disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU will be effective for the annual period ending December 31, 2024. Adoption of this ASU will result in additional disclosure, but it will not impact PPG’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)”. This ASU updates current income tax disclosure requirements to require disclosures of specific categories of information within the effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU will be effective for the annual period ending December 31, 2025. Adoption of this ASU will result in additional disclosure, but it will not impact PPG’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
3. Inventories

($ in millions) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Finished products | $1,337 |  |  | $1,197 |
Work in process | 254 |  |  | 236 |
Raw materials | 684 |  |  | 640 |
Supplies | 56 |  |  | 54 |
Total Inventories | $2,331 |  |  | $2,127 |

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Most U.S. inventories are valued using the last-in, first-out method. These inventories represented approximately 16% and 20% of total inventories at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. If the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method of inventory valuation had been used, inventories would have been $252 million and $249 million higher as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
4. Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets
The Company tests indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for impairment by performing either a qualitative evaluation or a quantitative test at least annually, or more frequently if an indication of impairment arises. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or asset is less than its carrying amount.
The Company did not identify an indication of goodwill impairment for any of its reporting units or an indication of impairment of any of its indefinite-lived intangible assets during the quarter ended March 31, 2024.
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was as follows:

($ in millions) | Performance Coatings |  | Industrial Coatings |  | Total
January 1, 2024 | $4,994 |  |  | $1,206 |  |  | $6,200 |
Acquisitions, including purchase accounting adjustments | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Foreign currency impact | (47) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (63) |
March 31, 2024 | $4,950 |  |  | $1,190 |  |  | $6,140 |

As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accumulated goodwill impairment losses totaled $158 million.
A summary of the carrying value of the Company's identifiable intangible assets is as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
($ in millions) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Indefinite-Lived Identifiable Intangible Assets
Trademarks | $1,453 |  |  | $— |  |  | $1,453 |  |  | $1,442 |  |  | $— |  |  | $1,442 |
Definite-Lived Identifiable Intangible Assets
Acquired technology | $842 |  |  | ($683) |  |  | $159 |  |  | $845 |  |  | ($678) |  |  | $167 |
Customer-related | 1,909 |  |  | (1,255) |  |  | 654 |  |  | 1,933 |  |  | (1,259) |  |  | 674 |
Trade names | 311 |  |  | (180) |  |  | 131 |  |  | 319 |  |  | (180) |  |  | 139 |
Other | 50 |  |  | (48) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 50 |  |  | (48) |  |  | 2 |
Total Definite-Lived Intangible Assets | $3,112 |  |  | ($2,166) |  |  | $946 |  |  | $3,147 |  |  | ($2,165) |  |  | $982 |
Total Identifiable Intangible Assets | $4,565 |  |  | ($2,166) |  |  | $2,399 |  |  | $4,589 |  |  | ($2,165) |  |  | $2,424 |

The Company’s identifiable intangible assets with definite lives are being amortized over their estimated useful lives.
As of March 31, 2024, estimated future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets is as follows:

($ in millions) | Future Amortization Expense
Remaining nine months of 2024 | $109 |
2025 | $128 |
2026 | $107 |
2027 | $96 |
2028 | $83 |
2029 | $78 |
Thereafter | $345 |

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5. Business Restructuring
The Company records restructuring liabilities that represent charges incurred in connection with consolidations of certain operations, including both operations from acquisitions and headcount reduction programs. These charges consist primarily of severance costs and certain other cash costs. As a result of these programs, the Company also incurs incremental non-cash accelerated depreciation expense for certain assets due to their reduced expected useful life. These charges are not allocated to the Company’s reportable business segments. Refer to Note 15, "Reportable Business Segment Information" for additional information.
The following table summarizes restructuring reserve activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Total Reserve
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
January 1 | $113 |  |  | $169 |
Release of prior reserves and other adjustments(a) | — |  |  | (3) |
Cash payments | (10) |  |  | (16) |
Foreign currency impact | (1) |  |  | 2 |
March 31 | $102 |  |  | $152 |

(a)Certain releases were recorded to reflect the current estimate of costs to complete planned business restructuring actions.
The majority of the approved business restructuring actions and associated cash outlays are expected to be completed in 2024.
6. Borrowings
Credit Agreements
In April 2023, PPG entered into a €500 million term loan credit agreement (the "Term Loan"). The Term Loan provides the Company with the ability to increase the size of the loan by an amount not to exceed €250 million. The Term Loan contains covenants that are consistent with those in the Credit Agreement discussed below and that are usual and customary restrictive covenants for facilities of its type, which include, with specified exceptions, limitations on the Company’s ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to enter into sale and leaseback transactions and to enter into consolidations, mergers or transfers of all or substantially all of its assets. The Term Loan terminates and all amounts outstanding are payable in April 2026. In April 2023, PPG borrowed €500 million under the Term Loan. In December 2023, PPG obtained lender commitments sufficient to increase the size of the Term Loan by €250 million. In January 2024, PPG borrowed the additional €250 million. The Term Loan is denominated in euro and has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in the Company’s European operations. For more information, refer to Note 11 “Financial Instruments, Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements.”
In March 2023, PPG amended its five-year credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) dated as of August 30, 2019. The amendments to the Credit Agreement replace the LIBOR-based reference interest rate option with a reference interest rate option based upon Term SOFR. The other terms of the Credit Agreement remained unchanged. In July 2023, PPG amended and restated the Credit Agreement, extending the term through July 27, 2028. The amended and restated Credit Agreement provides for a $2.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. The Company has the ability to increase the size of the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $750 million, subject to the receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. The Company has the right, subject to certain conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement, to designate certain subsidiaries of the Company as borrowers under the Credit Agreement. In connection with any such designation, the Company is required to guarantee the obligations of any such subsidiaries under the Credit Agreement. There were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be made in U.S. Dollars or in euros. The Credit Agreement provides that loans will bear interest at rates based, at the Company’s option, on one of two specified base rates plus a margin based on certain formulas defined in the Credit Agreement. Additionally, the Credit Agreement contains a Commitment Fee, as defined in the Credit Agreement, on the amount of unused commitments under the Credit Agreement ranging from 0.060% to 0.125% per annum.
The Credit Agreement also supports the Company’s commercial paper borrowings which are classified as long-term based on PPG’s intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis. There were no commercial paper borrowings outstanding as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
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The Credit Agreement contains usual and customary restrictive covenants for facilities of its type, which include, with specified exceptions, limitations on the Company’s ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to enter into sale and leaseback transactions and to enter into consolidations, mergers or transfers of all or substantially all of its assets. The Credit Agreement also requires the Company to maintain a ratio of Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization, as defined in the Credit Agreement, of 60% or less; provided, that for any fiscal quarter in which the Company has made an acquisition for consideration in excess of $1 billion and for the next five fiscal quarters thereafter, the ratio of Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization may not exceed 65% at any time. As of March 31, 2024, Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization as defined under the Credit Agreement was 43%.
The Credit Agreement contains, among other things, customary events of default that would permit the lenders to accelerate the loans, including the failure to make timely payments when due under the Credit Agreement or other material indebtedness, the failure to satisfy covenants contained in the Credit Agreement, a change in control of the Company and specified events of bankruptcy and insolvency.
Other Long-term Debt Activities
In March 2023, PPG's $300 million 3.2% notes matured, and the Company repaid this obligation using cash on hand.
In May 2022, PPG completed a public offering of €300 million 1.875% Notes due 2025 and €700 million 2.750% Notes due 2029. These notes were issued pursuant to PPG’s existing shelf registration statement and pursuant to an indenture between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, as supplemented (the "2022 Indenture"). The 2022 Indenture governing these notes contains covenants that limit the Company’s ability to, among other things, incur certain liens securing indebtedness, engage in certain sale-leaseback transactions, and enter into certain consolidations, mergers, conveyances, transfers or leases of all or substantially all the Company’s assets. The terms of these notes also require the Company to make an offer to repurchase Notes upon a Change of Control Triggering Event (as defined in the 2022 Indenture) at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Company may issue additional debt from time to time pursuant to the Indenture. The aggregate cash proceeds from the notes, net of discounts and fees, was $1,061 million. The notes are denominated in euro and have been designated as hedges of net investments in the Company’s European operations. Refer to Note 11 “Financial Instruments, Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements.” for additional information.
In March 2022, PPG privately placed a 15-year €50 million 1.95% fixed interest note. This note contains covenants materially consistent with the 1.875% notes discussed above. This debt arrangement is denominated in euros and has been designated as a net investment hedge of the Company's European operations. Refer to Note 11 "Financial Instruments, Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements" for additional information.
In February 2021, PPG entered into a $2.0 billion Term Loan Credit Agreement (the "Term Loan Credit Agreement") to finance the Company’s acquisition of Tikkurila, and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto. The Term Loan Credit Agreement provided the Company with the ability to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion on an unsecured basis. In addition to the amounts borrowed to finance the acquisition of Tikkurila, the Term Loan Credit Agreement allowed the Company to make up to eleven additional borrowings prior to December 31, 2021, to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains covenants that are consistent with those in the Credit Agreement discussed above and that are usual and customary restrictive covenants for facilities of its type, which include, with specified exceptions, limitations on the Company’s ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to enter into sale and leaseback transactions and to enter into consolidations, mergers or transfers of all or substantially all of its assets. The Term Loan Credit Agreement matures and all outstanding borrowings are due and payable on the third anniversary of the date of the initial borrowing under the Agreement. In June 2021, PPG borrowed $700 million under Term Loan Credit Agreement to finance the Company’s acquisition of Tikkurila, and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto. In December 2021, PPG borrowed an additional $700 million under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. In 2022 and 2023, PPG repaid $300 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, of the Term Loan Credit Agreement using cash on hand. The Term Loan Credit Agreement was fully repaid as of December 31, 2023.
Restrictive Covenants and Cross-Default Provisions
As of March 31, 2024, PPG was in full compliance with the restrictive covenants under its various credit agreements, loan agreements and indentures.
Additionally, the Company’s Credit Agreement contains customary cross-default provisions. These provisions provide that a default on a debt service payment of $100 million or more for longer than the grace period provided
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under another agreement may result in an event of default under this agreement. None of the Company’s primary debt obligations are secured or guaranteed by the Company’s affiliates.
Letters of Credit and Surety Bonds
The Company had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds of $229 million and $232 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
7. Earnings Per Common Share
The effect of dilutive securities on the weighted average common shares outstanding included in the calculation of earnings per diluted common share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
(number of shares in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 235.6 |  |  | 235.8 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | 0.6 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  |  |
Other stock compensation plans | 0.7 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  |  |
Potentially dilutive common shares | 1.3 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding | 236.9 |  |  | 236.9 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends per common share | $0.65 |  |  | $0.62 |  |  |  |  |

Excluded from the computation of earnings per diluted share due to their antidilutive effect were 0.4 million and 1.2 million outstanding stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
8. Income Taxes

| Three Months Ended March 31
| 2024 |  | 2023
Effective tax rate on pretax income | 24.0 | % |  | 22.7 | %

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is based on an estimated annual effective rate, which requires management to make its best estimate of annual pretax income or loss. During the year, PPG management regularly updates forecasted annual pretax results for the various countries in which PPG operates based on changes in factors such as prices, shipments, product mix, raw material inflation and manufacturing operations. To the extent that actual 2024 pretax results for U.S. and foreign income or loss vary from estimates, the actual Income tax expense recognized in 2024 could be different from the forecasted amount used to estimate Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
9. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
In March 2023, the Company purchased group annuity contracts that transferred to third-party insurance companies pension benefit obligations for certain of the Company’s retirees in the U.S. who were receiving their monthly retirement benefit payments from the U.S. pension plan. The amount of each affected retiree’s annuity payment is equal to the amount of such individual’s pension benefit. The purchase of group annuity contracts was funded directly by the assets of the U.S. plans. By transferring the obligations and assets to the insurance companies, the Company reduced its overall pension projected benefit obligation by $309 million and recognized a non-cash Pension settlement charge of $190 million.
The service cost component of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit cost is included in Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, Selling, general and administrative, and Research and development, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income. Except for the Pension settlement charge in the quarter ended March 31, 2023, all other components of net periodic benefit cost are recorded in Other income, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income.
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Net periodic pension benefit cost and other postretirement benefit cost for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

| Pension |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  |  |  |
| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Service cost | $2 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $1 |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 26 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | (27) |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial losses | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |
Settlement | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost | $7 |  |  | $199 |  |  | $5 |  |  | $6 |  |  |  |  |

Net periodic pension cost was lower for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due the Pension settlement charge recognized in the first quarter 2023.
PPG expects 2024 full year net periodic pension expense of approximately $26 million and net periodic other postretirement expense of approximately $22 million.
Contributions to Defined Benefit Pension Plans

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Non-U.S. defined benefit pension mandatory contributions | $1 |  |  | $1 |  |  |  |  |

PPG does not expect to be required to make significant mandatory contributions to its defined benefit pension plans during the remaining nine months of 2024. In addition to any mandatory contributions, PPG may elect to make voluntary contributions to its defined benefit pension plans in 2024 and beyond.
10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL)

($ in millions) | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (a) |  | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Adjustments, net of tax (b) |  | Unrealized Gain on Derivatives, net of tax |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
January 1, 2023 | ($2,254) |  |  | ($557) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($2,810) |
Current year deferrals to AOCL | 262 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | 253 |
Reclassifications from AOCL to net income | 1 |  |  | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
March 31, 2023 | ($1,991) |  |  | ($418) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($2,408) |
January 1, 2024 | ($1,746) |  |  | ($494) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($2,239) |
Current year deferrals to AOCL | (12) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |
Reclassifications from AOCL to net income | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
March 31, 2024 | ($1,758) |  |  | ($494) |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($2,251) |

(a)The tax cost related to unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments on net investment hedges was $68 million and $64 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(b)The tax benefit related to the adjustment for pension and other postretirement benefits was $1 million and $46 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Reclassifications from AOCL are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (See Note 9, "Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits").
11. Financial Instruments, Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements
Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, cash held in escrow, marketable equity securities, accounts receivable, company-owned life insurance, accounts payable, short-term and long-term debt instruments, and derivatives. The fair values of these financial instruments approximated their carrying values at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, in the aggregate, except for long-term debt instruments.
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Hedging Activities
The Company has exposure to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, financial instruments, including derivatives, have been used to hedge a portion of these underlying economic exposures. Certain of these instruments may qualify as fair value, cash flow, and net investment hedges upon meeting the requisite criteria, including effectiveness of offsetting hedged or underlying exposures. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in Income before income taxes in the period incurred.
PPG’s policies do not permit speculative use of derivative financial instruments. PPG enters into derivative financial instruments with high credit quality counterparties and diversifies its positions among such counterparties in order to reduce its exposure to credit losses. The Company did not realize a credit loss on derivatives during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
All of PPG's outstanding derivative instruments are subject to accelerated settlement in the event of PPG’s failure to meet its debt or payment obligations under the terms of the instruments’ contractual provisions. In addition, if the Company would be acquired and its payment obligations under its derivative instruments’ contractual arrangements are not assumed by the acquirer, or if PPG would enter into bankruptcy, receivership or reorganization proceedings, its outstanding derivative instruments would also be subject to accelerated settlement.
There were no derivative instruments de-designated or discontinued as hedging instruments during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and there were no gains or losses deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the condensed consolidated balance sheet that were reclassified to Income before income taxes in the condensed consolidated statement of income in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 related to hedges of anticipated transactions that were no longer expected to occur.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company uses interest rate swaps from time to time to manage its exposure to changing interest rates. When outstanding, the interest rate swaps are typically designated as fair value hedges of certain outstanding debt obligations of the Company and are recorded at fair value.
PPG has interest rate swaps which converte d $375 million o f fixed rate debt to variable rate debt as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These swaps are designated as fair value hedges and are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these swaps and changes in the fair value of the related debt are recorded in interest expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income. The fair value of these interest rate swaps were liabilities of $20 million and $14 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Cash Flow Hedges
At times, PPG designates certain foreign currency forward contracts as cash flow hedges of the Company’s exposure to variability in exchange rates on third party transactions denominated in foreign currencies. There were no outstanding cash flow hedges at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Net Investment Hedges
PPG uses cross currency swaps and foreign currency euro-denominated debt to hedge a significant portion of its net investment in its European operations, as follows:
PPG had U.S. dollar to euro cross currency swap contracts with total notional amounts of $475 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and designated these contracts as hedges of the Company's net investment in its European operations. During the term of these contracts, PPG will receive payments in U.S. dollars and make payments in euros to the counterparties. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the U.S. dollar to euro cross currency swap contracts were net asse ts of $41 million and $33 million, respectively.
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, PPG had designated €3.2 billion and €3.0 billion, respectively, of euro-denominated borrowings as hedges of a portion of its net investment in the Company's European operations. The carrying value of these instruments were $3.5 billion and $3.3 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Other Financial Instruments
PPG uses foreign currency forward contracts to manage certain net transaction exposures that either have not been elected, or do not qualify for hedge accounting; therefore, the change in the fair value of these instruments is recorded in Other charges/(income), net in the condensed consolidated statement of income in the period of change. Underlying notional amounts related to these foreign currency forward contracts were $2.6 billion and $2.5
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billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The fair values of these contracts were net assets of $53 million and $23 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Gains/Losses Deferred in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following table summarizes the amount of gains and losses deferred in Other comprehensive income ("OCI") and the amount and location of gains and losses recognized within the condensed consolidated statement of income related to derivative and debt financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. All amounts are shown on a pretax basis.

| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | Caption In Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income
($ in millions) | Gain Deferred in OCI |  | Gain/(Loss) Recognized |  | Loss Deferred in OCI |  | Gain/(Loss) Recognized |
Economic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | $— |  |  | $13 |  |  | $— |  |  | $13 |  |  | Other charges/(income), net
Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | Interest expense
Total forward contracts and interest rate swaps | $— |  |  | $10 |  |  | $— |  |  | $11 |  |  |
Net Investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps | $9 |  |  | $2 |  |  | ($3) |  |  | $5 |  |  | Interest expense
Foreign denominated debt | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  |
Total Net Investment | $83 |  |  | $2 |  |  | ($36) |  |  | $5 |  |  |

Fair Value Measurements
The Company follows a fair value measurement hierarchy to measure its assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were cash equivalents, equity securities and derivatives. In addition, the Company measures its pension plan assets at fair value (see Note 14, "Employee Benefit Plans" under Item 8 in the 2023 Form 10-K for further details). The Company's financial assets and liabilities are measured using inputs from the following three levels:
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 1 inputs are considered to be the most reliable evidence of fair value as they are based on unadjusted quoted market prices from various financial information service providers and securities exchanges.
Level 2 inputs are directly or indirectly observable prices that are not quoted on active exchanges, which include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. The fair values of the derivative instruments reflect the instruments' contractual terms, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including forward curves.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs employed for measuring the fair value of assets or liabilities. The Company did not have any recurring financial assets or liabilities recorded in its condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 that were measured using Level 3 inputs.
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Assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
($ in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | $9 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $9 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Foreign currency forward contracts (a) | $— |  |  | $56 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $28 |  |  | $— |
Cross currency swaps (b) | $— |  |  | $3 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $2 |  |  | $— |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | $83 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $74 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps (b) | $— |  |  | $38 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $31 |  |  | $— |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts (a) | $— |  |  | $3 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $5 |  |  | $— |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (c) | $— |  |  | $20 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $14 |  |  | $— |

(a)Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
(b)Net investment hedges
(c)Fair value hedges
Long-Term Debt

($ in millions) | March 31, 2024 (a) |  | December 31, 2023 (b)
Long-term debt - carrying value | $6,234 |  |  | $6,042 |
Long-term debt - fair value | $5,977 |  |  | $5,781 |

(a)Excludes finance lease obligations of $8 million and short-term borrowings of $9 million as of March 31, 2024.
(b)Excludes finance lease obligations of $8 million and short-term borrowings of $4 million as of December 31, 2023.
The fair values of the debt instruments were measured using Level 2 inputs, including discounted cash flows and interest rates then currently available to the Company for instruments of the same remaining maturities.
12. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company’s stock-based compensation includes stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and grants of contingent shares that are earned based on achieving targeted levels of total shareholder return ("TSR"). All current grants of stock options, RSUs and contingent shares are made under the PPG Industries, Inc. Amended and Restated Omnibus Incentive Plan (“PPG Amended Omnibus Plan”), which was amended and restated effective April 21, 2016.

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | $12 |  |  | $17 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit recognized | $2 |  |  | $4 |  |  |  |  |

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Grants of stock-based compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31
| 2024 |  | 2023
| Shares |  | Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Fair Value
Stock options | 426,939 |  |  | $43.83 |  |  | 410,001 |  |  | $38.55 |
Restricted stock units | 207,370 |  |  | $137.83 |  |  | 248,949 |  |  | $124.44 |
Contingent shares (a) | 51,543 |  |  | $142.65 |  |  | 52,389 |  |  | $129.03 |

(a)The number of contingent shares represents the target value of the award.
Stock options are generally exercisable 36 months after being granted and have a maximum term of 10 years. Compensation expense for stock options is recorded over the vesting period based on the fair value on the date of grant. The fair value of the stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was calculated with the following weighted average assumptions:

Weighted average exercise price | $142.65
Risk-free interest rate | 4.3 | %
Expected life of option in years | 6.5
Expected dividend yield | 1.7 | %
Expected volatility | 28.4 | %

The risk-free interest rate is determined by using the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the date of the grant and using a maturity equal to the expected life of the option. The expected life of options is calculated using the average of the vesting term and the maximum term, as prescribed by accounting guidance on the use of the simplified method for determining the expected term of an employee share option. The expected dividend yield and volatility are based on historical stock prices and dividend amounts over past time periods equal in length to the expected life of the options.
Time-based RSUs generally vest over the three-year period following the date of grant, unless forfeited, and will be paid out in the form of stock, cash or a combination of both at the Company’s discretion at the end of the vesting period. Performance-based RSUs vest based on achieving specific annual performance targets for adjusted earnings per share growth and cash flow return on capital over the three calendar year-end periods following the date of grant. Unless forfeited, the performance-based RSUs will be paid out in the form of stock, cash or a combination of both at the Company’s discretion at the end of the three-year performance period if PPG meets the performance targets.
The amount paid upon vesting of performance-based RSUs may range from 0% to 200% of the original grant, based upon the level of adjusted earnings per share growth achieved and frequency with which the annual cash flow return on capital performance target is met over the three calendar year periods comprising the vesting period. Performance against the earnings per share growth and the cash flow return on capital target is calculated annually, and the annual payout for each goal is weighted equally over the three-year period.
The Company also provides grants of contingent shares to selected key executives that may be earned based on PPG's TSR over the three-year period following the date of grant. Contingent share grants (referred to as “TSR awards”) are made annually and are paid out at the end of each three-year period based on the Company’s stock performance. Performance is measured by determining the percentile rank of the total shareholder return of PPG common stock in relation to the TSR of the S&P 500 Index for the three-year period following the date of grant. This comparison group represents the entire S&P 500 Index as it existed at the beginning of the performance period, excluding any companies that were removed from the index because they ceased to be publicly traded. The payment of awards following the three-year award period is based on performance achieved in accordance with the scale set forth in the plan agreement and may range from 0% to 200% of the initial grant. A payout of 100% is earned if target performance is achieved. Contingent share awards earn dividend equivalents for the award period, which are paid to participants or credited to the participants’ deferred compensation plan accounts with the award payout at the end of the period based on the actual number of contingent shares that are earned. Any payments made at the end of the award period may be in the form of stock, cash or a combination of both. The TSR awards are classified as liability awards, and compensation expense is recognized over the three-year award period based on the fair value of the awards (giving consideration to the Company’s percentile rank of TSR) remeasured in each reporting period until settlement of the awards.
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13. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
PPG is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims, both actual and potential, including some that it has asserted against others, in which substantial monetary damages are sought. These lawsuits and claims may relate to contract, patent, environmental, product liability, antitrust, employment and other matters arising out of the conduct of PPG’s current and past business activities. To the extent that these lawsuits and claims involve personal injury, property damage and certain other claims, PPG believes it has adequate insurance; however, certain of PPG’s insurers are contesting coverage with respect to some of these claims, and certain insurers may contest coverage with respect to claims in the future. PPG’s lawsuits and claims against others include claims against insurers and other third parties with respect to actual and contingent losses related to environmental, asbestos and other matters.
The results of any current or future litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable. However, management believes that, in the aggregate, the outcome of all lawsuits and claims involving PPG will not have a material effect on PPG’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, such outcome may be material to the results of operations of any particular period in which costs, if any, are recognized.
Asbestos Matters
As of March 31, 2024, the Company was aware of certain asbestos-related claims pending against the Company and certain of its subsidiaries. The Company is defending these asbestos-related claims vigorously. The asbestos-related claims consist of claims against the Company alleging:
•exposure to asbestos or asbestos-containing products manufactured, sold or distributed by the Company or its subsidiaries (“Products Claims”);
•personal injury caused by asbestos on premises presently or formerly owned, leased or occupied by the Company (“Premises Claims”); and
•asbestos-related claims against a subsidiary the Company acquired in 2013 (“Subsidiary Claims”).
The Company monitors and reviews the activity associated with its asbestos claims and evaluates, on a periodic basis, its estimated liability for such claims and all underlying assumptions to determine whether any adjustment to the reserves for these claims is required. Additionally, as a supplement to its periodic monitoring and review, the Company conducts discussions with counsel and engages valuation consultants to analyze its claims history and estimate the amount of the Company’s potential liability for asbestos-related claims. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's asbestos-related reserves totaled $48 million.
The Company believes that, based on presently available information, the total reserves of $48 million for asbestos-related claims will be sufficient to encompass all of the Company’s current and estimable potential future asbestos liabilities. These reserves, which are included within Other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, involve significant management judgment and represent the Company’s current best estimate of its liability for these claims.
The amount reserved for asbestos-related claims by its nature is subject to many uncertainties that may change over time, including (i) the ultimate number of claims filed; (ii) whether closed, dismissed or dormant claims are reinstituted, reinstated or revived; (iii) the amounts required to resolve both currently known and future unknown claims; (iv) the amount of insurance, if any, available to cover such claims; (v) the unpredictable aspects of the tort system, including a changing trial docket and the jurisdictions in which trials are scheduled; (vi) the outcome of any trials, including potential judgments or jury verdicts; (vii) the lack of specific information in many cases concerning exposure for which the Company is allegedly responsible, and the claimants’ alleged diseases resulting from such exposure; and (viii) potential changes in applicable federal and/or state tort liability law. All of these factors may have a material effect upon future asbestos-related liability estimates. While the ultimate outcome of the Company’s asbestos litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that any financial exposure resulting from its asbestos-related claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.
Environmental Matters
In management’s opinion, the Company operates in an environmentally sound manner and the outcome of the Company’s environmental contingencies will not have a material effect on PPG’s financial position or liquidity; however, any such outcome may be material to the results of operations of any particular period in which costs, if any, are recognized. Management anticipates that the resolution of the Company’s environmental contingencies will occur over an extended period of time.
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As remediation at certain environmental sites progresses, PPG continues to refine its assumptions underlying the estimates of the expected future costs of its remediation programs. PPG’s ongoing evaluation may result in additional charges against income to adjust the reserves for these sites. In 2024 and 2023, certain charges have been recorded based on updated estimates to increase existing reserves for these sites. Certain other charges related to environmental remediation actions are expensed as incurred.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, PPG had reserves for environmental contingencies associated with PPG’s former chromium manufacturing plant in Jersey City, New Jersey (“New Jersey Chrome”), glass and chemical manufacturing sites, and for other environmental contingencies, including current manufacturing locations and National Priority List sites. These reserves are reported as Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Environmental Reserves
($ in millions) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
New Jersey Chrome | $50 |  |  | $53 |
Glass and chemical | 53 |  |  | 54 |
Other | 117 |  |  | 120 |
Total environmental reserves | $220 |  |  | $227 |
Current portion | $45 |  |  | $52 |

Pretax charges against income for environmental remediation costs are included in Other charges/(income), net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income. The pretax charges and cash outlays related to such environmental remediation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Environmental remediation pretax charges | $3 |  |  | $3 |  |  |  |  |
Cash outlays for environmental remediation activities | $8 |  |  | $9 |  |  |  |  |

Remediation: New Jersey Chrome
In June 2009, PPG entered into a settlement agreement with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (“NJDEP”) and Jersey City, New Jersey (which had asserted claims against PPG for lost tax revenue) which was in the form of a Partial Consent Judgment (the "Consent"). Under the Consent, PPG accepted sole responsibility for the remediation activities at its former chromium manufacturing location in Jersey City and a number of additional surrounding sites. Remediation of the New Jersey Chrome sites requires PPG to remediate soil and groundwater contaminated by hexavalent chromium, as well as perform certain other environmental remediation activities. The most significant assumptions underlying the estimate of remediation costs for all New Jersey Chrome sites relate to the extent and concentration of chromium in the soil.
PPG regularly evaluates the assessments of costs incurred to date versus current progress and the potential cost impacts of the most recent information, including the extent of impacted soils and groundwater, and engineering, administrative and other associated costs. Based on these assessments, the reserve is adjusted accordingly. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, PPG's reserve for remediation of all New Jersey Chrome sites was $50 million and $53 million, respectively. The major cost components of this liability are related to excavation of impacted soil, as well as groundwater remediation. These components each account for approximately 65% and 10% of the amount accrued at March 31, 2024, respectively.
There are multiple, future events yet to occur, including further remedy selection and design, remedy implementation and execution and applicable governmental agency or community organization approvals. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding the timing of these future events for the New Jersey Chrome sites. Further resolution of these events is expected to occur over the next several years. As these events occur and to the extent that the cost estimates of the environmental remediation remedies change, the existing reserve for this environmental remediation matter will continue to be adjusted.
Remediation: Glass, Chemicals and Other Sites
Among other sites at which PPG is managing environmental liabilities, remedial actions are occurring at a chemical manufacturing site in Barberton, Ohio where PPG has completed a Facility Investigation and Corrective Measure Study under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
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Corrective Action Program. PPG has also been addressing the impacts from a legacy plate glass manufacturing site in Kokomo, Indiana under the Voluntary Remediation Program of the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and a site associated with a legacy plate glass manufacturing site near Ford City, Pennsylvania under the Pennsylvania Land Recycling Program under the oversight of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. PPG is currently performing additional investigation and remedial activities at these locations.
With respect to certain other waste sites, the financial condition of other potentially responsible parties also contributes to the uncertainty of estimating PPG’s final costs. Although contributors of waste to sites involving other potentially responsible parties may face governmental agency assertions of joint and several liability, in general, final allocations of costs are made based on the relative contributions of wastes to such sites. PPG is generally not a major contributor to such sites.
Remediation: Reasonably Possible Matters
In addition to the amounts currently reserved for environmental remediation, the Company may be subject to loss contingencies related to environmental matters estimated to be as much as $100 million to $200 million. Such unreserved losses are reasonably possible but are not currently considered to be probable of occurrence. These reasonably possible unreserved losses relate to environmental matters at a number of sites, none of which are individually significant. The loss contingencies related to these sites include significant unresolved issues such as the nature and extent of contamination at these sites and the methods that may have to be employed to remediate them.
The impact of evolving programs, such as natural resource damage claims, industrial site re-use initiatives and domestic and international remediation programs, also adds to the present uncertainties with regard to the ultimate resolution of this unreserved exposure to future loss. The Company’s assessment of the potential impact of these environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments.
14. Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer and in amounts that the Company expects to collect. The timing of revenue recognition takes into consideration the various shipping terms applicable to the Company’s sales. For most transactions, control passes in accordance with agreed upon delivery terms.
The Company delivers products to company-owned stores, home centers and other regional or national consumer retail outlets, paint dealers, concessionaires and independent distributors, company-owned distribution networks, and directly to manufacturing companies and retail customers. Each product delivered to a third-party customer is considered to satisfy a performance obligation. Performance obligations generally occur at a point in time and are satisfied when control of the goods passes to the customer. The Company is entitled to collection of the sales price under normal credit terms in the regions in which it operates. Accounts receivable are recognized when there is an unconditional right to consideration. Payment terms vary from customer to customer, depending on creditworthiness, prior payment history and other considerations.
The Company also provides services by applying coatings to customers' manufactured parts and assembled products and by providing technical support to certain customers. Performance obligations are satisfied over time as critical milestones are met and as services are provided. PPG is entitled to payment as the services are rendered. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, service revenue constituted less than 5% of total revenue.
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Net sales by segment and region for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Performance Coatings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States and Canada | $1,121 |  |  | $1,123 |  |  |  |  |
Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") | 884 |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific | 241 |  |  | 256 |  |  |  |  |
Latin America | 368 |  |  | 349 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $2,614 |  |  | $2,628 |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Coatings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States and Canada | $621 |  |  | $653 |  |  |  |  |
EMEA | 475 |  |  | 528 |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific | 415 |  |  | 391 |  |  |  |  |
Latin America | 186 |  |  | 180 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $1,697 |  |  | $1,752 |  |  |  |  |
Total Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States and Canada | $1,742 |  |  | $1,776 |  |  |  |  |
EMEA | 1,359 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific | 656 |  |  | 647 |  |  |  |  |
Latin America | 554 |  |  | 529 |  |  |  |  |
Total PPG | $4,311 |  |  | $4,380 |  |  |  |  |

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
All trade receivables are reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheet at the outstanding principal amount adjusted for any allowance for doubtful accounts and any charge-offs. PPG provides an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce trade receivables to their estimated net realizable value equal to the amount that is expected to be collected. This allowance is estimated based on historical collection experience, current regional economic and market conditions, the aging of accounts receivable, assessments of current creditworthiness of customers and forward-looking information. The use of forward-looking information is based on certain macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators, including, but not limited to, regional business environment risk, political risk, and commercial and financing risks.
PPG reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts on a quarterly basis to ensure the estimate reflects regional risk trends as well as current and future global operating conditions.
The following table summarizes the activity for the allowance for doubtful accounts for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Trade Receivables Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
January 1 | $25 |  |  | $31 |
Bad debt expense | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Write-offs and recoveries of previously reserved trade receivables | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Other | (1) |  |  | (1) |
March 31 | $24 |  |  | $30 |

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15. Reportable Business Segment Information
PPG is a multinational manufacturer with 10 operating segments (which the Company refers to as “strategic business units”) that are organized based on the Company’s major products lines. The Company’s reportable business segments include the following two segments: Performance Coatings and Industrial Coatings. The operating segments have been aggregated based on economic similarities, the nature of their products, production processes, end-use markets and methods of distribution.
The Performance Coatings reportable business segment is comprised of the automotive refinish coatings, aerospace coatings, architectural coatings – Americas and Asia Pacific, architectural coatings – EMEA, protective and marine coatings and traffic solutions operating segments. This reportable business segment primarily supplies a variety of protective and decorative coatings, adhesives, sealants and finishes, along with paint strippers, stains and related chemicals, pavement marking products, transparencies and transparent armor and paint films.
The Industrial Coatings reportable business segment is comprised of the automotive original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") coatings, industrial coatings, packaging coatings and specialty coatings and materials operating segments. This reportable business segment primarily supplies a variety of protective and decorative coatings and finishes along with adhesives, sealants, metal pretreatment products, optical monomers and coatings, low-friction coatings, paint films, precipitated silicas and other specialty materials.
Reportable business segment net sales and segment income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance Coatings | $2,614 |  |  | $2,628 |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Coatings | 1,697 |  |  | 1,752 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $4,311 |  |  | $4,380 |  |  |  |  |
Segment income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance Coatings | $402 |  |  | $395 |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Coatings | 249 |  |  | 240 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $651 |  |  | $635 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate unallocated | (83) |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net of interest income | (13) |  |  | (34) |  |  |  |  |
Business restructuring-related costs, net (a) | (11) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Portfolio optimization (b) | (6) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Pension settlement charge (c) | — |  |  | (190) |  |  |  |  |
Insurance recovery (d) | — |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | $538 |  |  | $353 |  |  |  |  |

(a)Business restructuring-related costs, net include business restructuring charges, offset by releases related to previously approved programs, which are included in Other charges/(income), net on the condensed consolidated statement of income, accelerated depreciation of certain assets, which is included in Depreciation on the condensed consolidated statement of income and other restructuring-related costs, which are included in Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and Selling, general and administrative on the condensed consolidated statement of income.
(b)Portfolio optimization includes advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, other professional or consulting fees and certain internal costs directly incurred to effect acquisitions, as well as similar fees and other costs to effect divestitures and other portfolio optimization exit actions. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense on the condensed consolidated statement of income.
(c)In the first quarter 2023, PPG purchased group annuity contracts that transferred pension benefit obligations for certain of the Company’s retirees in the U.S. to third-party insurance companies, resulting in a non-cash pension settlement charge.
(d)In the first quarter 2023, the Company received reimbursement under its insurance policies for damages incurred at a southern U.S. factory from a winter storm in 2020.
16. Supplier Finance Programs
PPG has certain voluntary supply chain finance programs with financial intermediaries which provide participating suppliers the option to be paid by the intermediary earlier than the original invoice due date. PPG’s responsibility is limited to making payments on the terms originally negotiated with the suppliers, regardless of whether the
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intermediary pays the supplier in advance of the original due date. The range of payment terms PPG negotiates with suppliers are consistent, regardless of whether a supplier participates in a supply chain finance program. These amounts are included within Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.
The rollforward of outstanding obligations confirmed as valid under the supplier finance programs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:

($ in millions) | 2024
January 1 | $301 |
Invoices confirmed | 183 |
Confirmed invoices paid | (207) |
Currency impact | (6) |
March 31 | $271 |

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and the notes thereto included in the condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements,” of this report and in conjunction with the 2023 Form 10-K.
Highlights
Net sales were approximately $4.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of 1.6% compared to the prior year, driven by lower sales volumes.
Income before income taxes was $538 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $185 million compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily due to the absence of a $190 million Pension settlement charge recorded in the first quarter 2023.
Results of Operations

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Percent Change |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $4,311 |  |  | $4,380 |  |  | (1.6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization | $2,445 |  |  | $2,596 |  |  | (5.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | $1,064 |  |  | $992 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | $103 |  |  | $92 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization | $38 |  |  | $41 |  |  | (7.3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, net | $109 |  |  | $104 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | $55 |  |  | $59 |  |  | (6.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | ($42) |  |  | ($25) |  |  | 68.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension settlement charge | $— |  |  | $190 |  |  | (100.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other charges/(income), net | $1 |  |  | ($22) |  |  | (104.5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

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Net Sales by Region

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Percent Change |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
United States and Canada | $1,742 |  |  | $1,776 |  |  | (1.9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
EMEA | 1,359 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | (4.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific | 656 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Latin America | 554 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $4,311 |  |  | $4,380 |  |  | (1.6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Net sales decreased $69 million due to the following:
● Lower sales volumes (-2%)
For specific business results, see the Performance of Reportable Business Segments section within Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, decreased $151 million primarily due to lower sales volumes and moderating input costs.
Selling, general and administrative expense increased $72 million primarily due to wage inflation and growth-related investments.
Depreciation expense increased $11 million primarily due to higher accelerated depreciation related to previously approved restructuring actions.
Other charges/(income), net increased by $23 million primarily due to the absence of a first quarter 2023 insurance recovery related to hurricane damage at a southern U.S. factory.
Interest expense decreased $4 million primarily due to lower debt balances. Interest income increased $17 million primarily due to higher levels of cash and cash equivalents and higher interest rates.
A pension settlement charge of $190 million was recorded in the first quarter 2023 associated with the Company's purchase of group annuity contracts that transferred pension benefit obligations for certain of the Company’s retirees in the U.S. to third-party insurance companies. Refer to Note 9, "Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits" in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information.
Effective Tax Rate and Earnings Per Diluted Share

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Percent Change |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except percentages and amounts per share) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | $129 |  |  | $80 |  |  | 61.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Effective tax rate | 24.0 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted effective tax rate, continuing operations* | 24.1 | % |  | 23.3 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per diluted share, continuing operations | $1.69 |  |  | $1.11 |  |  | 52.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted earnings per diluted share* | $1.86 |  |  | $1.82 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
*See Regulation G Reconciliation below |  |  |  |  |  |

Adjusted earnings per diluted share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased year-over-year primarily due to moderating raw material costs, partially offset by lower sales volumes.
Regulation G Reconciliations - Results from Operations
PPG believes investors’ understanding of the Company’s performance is enhanced by the disclosure of net income from continuing operations, earnings per diluted share from continuing operations, PPG’s effective tax rate and segment income adjusted for certain items. PPG’s management considers this information useful in providing insight into the Company’s ongoing performance because it excludes the impact of items that cannot reasonably be expected to recur on a quarterly basis or that are not attributable to our primary operations. Net income from
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continuing operations, earnings per diluted share from continuing operations, the effective tax rate and segment income adjusted for these items are not recognized financial measures determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and should not be considered a substitute for net income from continuing operations, earnings per diluted share from continuing operations, the effective tax rate, segment income or other financial measures as computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per diluted share and the adjusted effective tax rate may not be comparable to similarly titled measures as reported by other companies.
Income before income taxes from continuing operations is reconciled to adjusted income before income taxes from continuing operations, the effective tax rate from continuing operations is reconciled to the adjusted effective tax rate from continuing operations and net income from continuing operations (attributable to PPG) and earnings per share – assuming dilution (attributable to PPG) are reconciled to adjusted net income from continuing operations (attributable to PPG) and adjusted earnings per share – assuming dilution below.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
($ in millions, except percentages and per share amounts) | Income Before Income Taxes |  | Income Tax Expense |  | Effective Tax Rate |  | Net Income (attributable to PPG) |  | Earnings Per Diluted Share(a)
As reported, continuing operations | $538 |  |  | $129 |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | $400 |  |  | $1.69 |
Adjusted for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition-related amortization expense | 38 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 24.6 | % |  | 29 |  |  | 0.12 |
Business restructuring-related costs, net(b) | 11 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 27.4 | % |  | 8 |  |  | 0.03 |
Portfolio optimization(c) | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 0.02 |
Adjusted, continuing operations, excluding certain items | $593 |  |  | $143 |  |  | 24.1 | % |  | $441 |  |  | $1.86 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
($ in millions, except percentages and per share amounts) | Income Before Income Taxes |  | Income Tax Expense |  | Effective Tax Rate |  | Net Income (attributable to PPG) |  | Earnings Per Diluted Share(a)
As reported, continuing operations | $353 |  |  | $80 |  |  | 22.7 | % |  | $264 |  |  | $1.11 |
Adjusted for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition-related amortization expense | 41 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 24.5 | % |  | 31 |  |  | 0.13 |
Pension settlement charge(d) | 190 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 24.3 | % |  | 144 |  |  | 0.61 |
Insurance recovery(e) | (9) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 24.3 | % |  | (7) |  |  | (0.03) |
Adjusted, continuing operations, excluding certain items | $575 |  |  | $134 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | $432 |  |  | $1.82 |

(a)Earnings per diluted share is calculated based on unrounded numbers. Figures in the table may not recalculate due to rounding.
(b)Business restructuring-related costs, net include business restructuring charges, offset by releases related to previously approved programs, which are included in Other charges/(income), net on the condensed consolidated statement of income, accelerated depreciation of certain assets, which is included in Depreciation on the condensed consolidated statement of income and other restructuring-related costs, which are included in Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and Selling, general and administrative on the condensed consolidated statement of income.
(c)Portfolio optimization includes advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, other professional or consulting fees, and certain internal costs directly incurred to effect acquisitions, as well as similar fees and other costs to effect divestitures and other portfolio optimization exit actions. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense on the condensed consolidated statement of income.
(d)In the first quarter 2023, PPG purchased group annuity contracts that transferred pension benefit obligations for certain of the Company’s retirees in the U.S. to third-party insurance companies, resulting in a non-cash pension settlement charge.
(e)In the first quarter 2023, the Company received reimbursement under its insurance policies for damages incurred at a southern U.S. factory from a winter storm in 2020.
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Performance of Reportable Business Segments
Performance Coatings

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $2,614 |  |  | $2,628 |  |  | ($14) |  |  | (0.5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income | $402 |  |  | $395 |  |  | $7 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization expense | $27 |  |  | $30 |  |  | ($3) |  |  | (10.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income, excluding amortization expense | $429 |  |  | $425 |  |  | $4 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Performance Coatings net sales decreased due to the following:
● Lower sales volumes (-3%)
Partially offset by:
● Higher selling prices (+1%)
● Favorable foreign currency translation (+1%)
Architectural coatings – EMEA net sales, excluding the impact of currency, acquisitions and divestitures ("organic sales") decreased by a mid-single-digit percentage year over year driven by lower sales volumes. Consumer confidence remained weak during the quarter, and the timing of the Easter holiday negatively impacted results by deferring sales into the second quarter 2024. Regional demand remained uneven by country, with challenging sales volumes in western Europe partially offset by positive sales trends in central and eastern Europe.
Architectural coatings - Americas and Asia Pacific organic sales decreased by a mid-single-digit percentage compared to the prior year driven by the timing of the Easter holiday and lower sales volume compared to an elevated first quarter 2023, which included a $40 million customer load-in. In Mexico, the business continued to benefit from our strong concessionaire network.
Automotive refinish coatings organic sales were relatively flat versus prior year as higher prices were offset by lower sales volumes. In the U.S., sales volumes declined reflecting a strong prior year comparable period and as body shop activity moderated. In Europe, weaker market demand drove a small decline in sales volumes. In China, demand for refinish products is recovering and expected to continue to improve in the coming quarters.
Aerospace coatings organic sales increased by a mid-single-digit percentage, led by higher prices and sales volumes as demand was strong in all regions. Global air travel remains below pre-pandemic levels for both domestic and international flights.
Protective and marine coatings organic sales increased by a low single-digit percentage year over year primarily due to higher sales volumes, which were driven by global energy and marine demand for our sustainably advantaged products.
Traffic solutions organic sales decreased by a mid-single-digit percentage year over year due to lower sales volumes and prices. The U.S. delivered mid-single-digit percentage volume growth which was offset by a challenging environment in Argentina.
Segment income was $402 million, an increase of 2% versus the prior year, primarily due to higher selling prices and moderating raw material costs partially offset by lower sales volume, higher selling, general and administrative costs and wage inflation.
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Looking Ahead
In the second quarter, demand in Mexico is expected to remain robust, and we expect to experience continued strength in the aerospace and protective and marine coatings businesses. In the second quarter, automotive refinish coatings is expected to decline compared to record results last year due the timing of orders, and we expect to see the benefit of summer seasonal sales in traffic solutions. In architectural coatings, comparisons to the second quarter 2023 will be positively impacted by the timing of Easter. We expect to realize continued benefits from moderating input costs, and several businesses have implemented targeted, incremental price increases. Aggregate organic sales are anticipated to increase by a low single-digit percentage compared to the second quarter 2023.
Industrial Coatings

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except percentages) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $1,697 |  |  | $1,752 |  |  | ($55) |  |  | (3.1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income | $249 |  |  | $240 |  |  | $9 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization expense | $9 |  |  | $11 |  |  | ($2) |  |  | (18.2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment income, excluding amortization expense | $258 |  |  | $251 |  |  | $7 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Industrial Coatings segment net sales decreased due to the following:
● Lower selling prices (-2%)
● Lower sales volumes (-1%)
Automotive OEM coatings organic sales decreased by a low single-digit percentage year over year as uneven regional industry volumes and lower index-based pricing were partly offset by PPG share gains in China. PPG sales volumes increased in the Asia Pacific and Latin America regions offset by declines in the U.S. and Europe. In Western Europe, automotive industry build rates were lower than prior year in the first quarter. In China, automotive retail sales activity continued to be solid, along with exports.
In the industrial coatings business, organic sales decreased by a mid-single-digit percentage year over year due to lower sales volumes and prices. Overall, global industrial production remained sluggish resulting in lower sales volumes in all regions except Asia Pacific, where volumes increased a high single-digit percentage.
Packaging coatings organic sales were flat year over year with solidly higher volumes stemming from PPG share gains offset by lower index-based pricing.
Specialty coatings and materials organic sales increased by a mid-single-digit percentage due to strong sales volumes partially offset by the absence of European energy-related surcharge pricing in the prior year period.
Segment income increased $9 million year over year primarily due to moderating input costs and other wage deflation, which more than offset lower selling prices and lower sales volumes.
Looking Ahead
In the second quarter, global industrial production is expected to remain at a low level with improvement in the Asia Pacific region offset by sluggishness in Europe. Aggregate organic sales are anticipated to be similar to the second quarter 2023. Automotive industry build rates are expected to increase modestly in the second quarter with growth in China and Latin America offsetting anticipated declining builds in Europe. Additionally, packaging coatings is expected to have positive sales volume growth in all regions compared to the prior-year second quarter. For the segment, lower prices are anticipated in 2024 due to index pricing and the absence of European energy-related surcharge pricing.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
PPG had cash and short-term investments totaling $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The Company continues to believe that cash on hand and short-term investments, cash from operations and the Company's access to capital markets will be sufficient to fund our operating activities, capital spending, acquisitions, dividend payments, debt service, share repurchases, contributions to pension plans and contractual obligations.
Cash (used for)/from operating activities
Cash used for operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $60 million and cash from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $85 million. The $145 million increase in cash used for operating activities was primarily due to unfavorable changes in working capital in the first quarter 2024 compared to the prior year.
Operating Working Capital
Operating working capital is a subset of total working capital and represents (1) trade receivables – net of the allowance for doubtful accounts (2) FIFO inventories and (3) trade liabilities. We believe operating working capital represents the key components of working capital under the operating control of our businesses. A key metric we use to measure our working capital management is operating working capital as a percentage of sales (current quarter sales annualized).

($ in millions, except percentages) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Trade receivables, net | $3,156 |  |  | $2,881 |  |  | $3,142 |
Inventories, FIFO | 2,583 |  |  | 2,376 |  |  | 2,880 |
Trade creditors’ liabilities | 2,672 |  |  | 2,612 |  |  | 2,805 |
Operating working capital | $3,067 |  |  | $2,645 |  |  | $3,217 |
Operating working capital as a % of sales | 17.8 | % |  | 15.2 | % |  | 18.4 | %
Days sales outstanding | 60 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 58 |

Environmental

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
($ in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Cash outlays for environmental remediation activities | $8 |  |  | $9 |  |  |  |  |

($ in millions) | Remainder of 2024 |  | Annually 2025 - 2028
Projected future cash outlays for environmental remediation activities | $30 - $50 |  | $20 - $75

Cash used for investing activities
Cash used for investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $239 million and $64 million, respectively. The $175 million increase in cash used for investing activities was primarily due to higher capital expenditures compared to the prior year.
Total capital spending is expected to be approximately $600 million in 2024 in support of future organic growth opportunities.
Cash (used for)/from financing activities
Cash used for financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $35 million and cash from financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $277 million. The $312 million increase in cash used for financing activities was primarily due to share repurchases and the absence of net proceeds from commercial paper and short-term debt.
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Credit Agreements
In April 2023, PPG entered into a €500 million term loan credit agreement (the "Term Loan"). The Term Loan provides the Company with the ability to increase the size of the loan by an amount not to exceed €250 million. The Term Loan contains covenants that are consistent with those in the Credit Agreement discussed below and that are usual and customary restrictive covenants for facilities of its type, which include, with specified exceptions, limitations on the Company’s ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to enter into sale and leaseback transactions and to enter into consolidations, mergers or transfers of all or substantially all of its assets. The Term Loan terminates and all amounts outstanding are payable in April 2026. In April 2023, PPG borrowed €500 million under the Term Loan. In December 2023, PPG obtained lender commitments sufficient to increase the size of the Term Loan by €250 million. In January 2024, PPG borrowed the additional €250 million.
In February 2021, PPG entered into a $2.0 billion Term Loan Credit Agreement (the "Term Loan Credit Agreement") to finance the Company’s acquisition of Tikkurila, and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto. The Term Loan Credit Agreement provided the Company with the ability to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion on an unsecured basis. In addition to the amounts borrowed to finance the acquisition of Tikkurila, the Term Loan Credit Agreement allowed the Company to make up to eleven additional borrowings prior to December 31, 2021, to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains covenants that are consistent with those in the Credit Agreement discussed above and that are usual and customary restrictive covenants for facilities of its type, which include, with specified exceptions, limitations on the Company’s ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to enter into sale and leaseback transactions and to enter into consolidations, mergers or transfers of all or substantially all of its assets. The Term Loan Credit Agreement matures and all outstanding borrowings are due and payable on the third anniversary of the date of the initial borrowing under the Agreement. In June 2021, PPG borrowed $700 million under Term Loan Credit Agreement to finance the Company’s acquisition of Tikkurila, and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto. In December 2021, PPG borrowed an additional $700 million under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. In 2022 and 2023, PPG repaid $300 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, of the Term Loan Credit Agreement using cash on hand. The Term Loan Credit Agreement was fully repaid as of December 31, 2023.
In March 2023, PPG amended its five-year credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) dated as of August 30, 2019. The amendments to the Credit Agreement replace the LIBOR-based reference interest rate option with a reference interest rate option based upon Term SOFR. The other terms of the Credit Agreement remained unchanged. In July 2023, PPG amended and restated the Credit Agreement, extending the term through July 27, 2028. The amended and restated Credit Agreement provides for a $2.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. The Company has the ability to increase the size of the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $750 million, subject to the receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. The Company has the right, subject to certain conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement, to designate certain subsidiaries of the Company as borrowers under the Credit Agreement. In connection with any such designation, the Company is required to guarantee the obligations of any such subsidiaries under the Credit Agreement. There were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
The Term Loan and the Credit Agreement require the Company to maintain a ratio of Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization, as defined in the Term Loan and the Credit Agreement, of 60% or less; provided, that for any fiscal quarter in which the Company has made an acquisition for consideration in excess of $1 billion and for the next five fiscal quarters thereafter, the ratio of Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization may not exceed 65% at any time. As of March 31, 2024, Total Indebtedness to Total Capitalization as defined under the Credit Agreement was 43%.
The Credit Agreement also supports the Company’s commercial paper borrowings which are classified as long-term based on PPG’s intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis. There were no commercial paper borrowings outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Other Debt Issued and Repaid
In March 2023, PPG's $300 million 3.2% notes matured, and the Company repaid this obligation using cash on hand.
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Other Liquidity Information
Restructuring
Aggregate restructuring savings were approximately $8 million in the first quarter 2024. Total restructuring savings are expected to be at least $35 million in 2024. In addition, the Company continues to review its cost structure to identify additional cost savings opportunities. Refer to Note 5, “Business Restructuring” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further details on the Company's business restructuring programs. We expect cash outlays related to these actions of approximately $80 million in 2024.
Strategic Reviews
During the first quarter 2024, PPG announced that it would review strategic alternatives for its architectural coatings U.S. and Canada business and its global silicas products business. Through these strategic reviews, PPG will assess whether some or all of these businesses are better suited to grow faster with a partner or different owner, or may be better suited to operate as a core business within another company, as a standalone entity, or in a joint venture. PPG is executing on the strategic reviews and will communicate the path forward once determined.
Currency
Comparing spot exchange rates at March 31, 2024 and at December 31, 2023, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the currencies of many countries within Europe and Asia where PPG operates, partially offset by weakening against the Mexican peso. As a result, consolidated net assets at March 31, 2024 decreased by $12 million compared to December 31, 2023.
Comparing average exchange rates during the first three months of 2024 to those of the first three months of 2023, the U.S. dollar weakened against the currencies of many countries where PPG operates, including the Mexican Peso, partially offset by strengthening against the Chinese Yuan. This had a favorable impact on Income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024 of $10 million from the translation of these foreign earnings into U.S. dollars.
New Accounting Standards
Refer to Note 2, “New Accounting Standards” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further details on recently issued accounting guidance.
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, including Environmental Matters
PPG is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims, both actual and potential, including some that it has asserted against others, in which substantial monetary damages are sought. See Part II, Item 1, “Legal Proceedings” of this Form 10-Q and Note 13, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a description of certain of these lawsuits.
As discussed in Part II, Item 1 and Note 13, although the result of any future litigation of such lawsuits and claims is inherently unpredictable, management believes that, in the aggregate, the outcome of all lawsuits and claims involving PPG, including asbestos-related claims, will not have a material effect on PPG’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, any such outcome may be material to the results of operations of any particular period in which costs, if any, are recognized.
As also discussed in Note 13, PPG has significant reserves for environmental contingencies. Refer to the Environmental Matters section of Note 13 for details of these reserves. It is PPG’s policy to accrue expenses for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Reserves for environmental contingencies are exclusive of claims against third parties and are generally not discounted. In management’s opinion, the Company operates in an environmentally sound manner and the outcome of the Company’s environmental contingencies will not have a material effect on PPG’s financial position or liquidity; however, any such outcome may be material to the results of operations of any particular period in which costs, if any, are recognized. Management anticipates that the resolution of the Company’s environmental contingencies will occur over an extended period of time.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Management has evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the financial statements and related notes presented in this Form 10-Q and believes those policies to be reasonable and appropriate. We believe that the most critical accounting estimates made in the preparation of our financial statements are those related to accounting for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, and to accounting for pensions, other postretirement benefits, business
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combinations, goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives because of the importance of management judgment in making the estimates necessary to apply these policies.
For a comprehensive discussion of the Company’s critical accounting estimates, see Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2023 Form 10-K. There were no material changes in the Company’s critical accounting estimates from the 2023 Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements
Management’s Discussion and Analysis and other sections of this Quarterly Report contain forward-looking statements that reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. You can identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to current or historic facts. Forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the words “aim,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “outlook,” “forecast,” "looking ahead" and other expressions that indicate future events and trends. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Also, note the following cautionary statements.
Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s forward-looking statements. Such factors include statements related to the expected effects on our business of COVID-19, global economic conditions, geopolitical issues in Europe, increasing price and product competition by our competitors, fluctuations in cost and availability of raw materials, energy, labor and logistics, the ability to achieve selling price increases, the ability to recover margins, customer inventory levels, PPG inventory levels, our ability to maintain favorable supplier relationships and arrangements, the timing of and the realization of anticipated cost savings from restructuring initiatives, the ability to identify additional cost savings opportunities, the timing and expected benefits of our acquisitions, difficulties in integrating acquired businesses and achieving expected synergies therefrom, the amount of future share repurchases, economic and political conditions in the markets we serve, the ability to penetrate existing, developing and emerging foreign and domestic markets, foreign exchange rates and fluctuations in such rates, fluctuations in tax rates, the impact of future legislation, the impact of environmental regulations, unexpected business disruptions, the unpredictability of existing and possible future litigation, including asbestos litigation, and government investigations. However, it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors.
Consequently, while the list of factors presented here and in the 2023 Form 10-K under Item 1A is considered representative, no such list should be considered to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. Unlisted factors may present significant additional obstacles to the realization of forward-looking statements.
Consequences of material differences in the results compared with those anticipated in the forward-looking statements could include, among other things, lower sales or income, business disruption, operational problems, financial loss, legal liability to third parties, other factors set forth in Item 1A of the 2023 Form 10-K and similar risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Foreign Currency Risk
We conduct operations in many countries around the world. Our results of operations are subject to both currency transaction risk and currency translation risk. Certain foreign currency forward contracts outstanding during 2024 and 2023 served as a hedge of a portion of PPG’s exposure to foreign currency transaction risk. The fair value of these contracts was a net asset of $53 million and $23 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The potential reduction in PPG's Income before income taxes resulting from the impact of adverse changes in exchange rates on the fair value of its outstanding foreign currency hedge contracts of 10% for European and Canadian currencies and 20% for Asian and Latin American currencies was $409 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $402 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
PPG had U.S. dollar to euro cross currency swap contracts with a total notional amount of $475 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair value of these contracts were net assets of $41 million and $33 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. A 10% increase in the value of the euro to the U.S. dollar would have had an unfavorable effect on the fair value of these swap contracts by reducing the value of these instruments by $44 million and $46 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, PPG had non-U.S. dollar denominated borrowings outstanding of $3.5 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. A weakening of the U.S. dollar by 10% against European currencies and by 20% against Asian and South American currencies would have resulted in unrealized translation losses on these borrowings of $385 million at March 31, 2024 and $363 million at December 31, 2023.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company manages its interest rate risk by balancing its exposure to fixed and variable rates while attempting to minimize its interest costs. PPG has interest rate swaps which converte d $375 million o f fixed rate debt to variable rate debt as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair values of these contracts was a liability of $20 million and $14 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. An increase in variable interest rates of 10% would have lowered the fair values of these swaps and increased annual interest expense by $6 million and $5 million for the periods ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Considering the debt balance outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a 10% increase in interest rates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Europe and a 20% increase in interest rates in Asia and South America would have increased annual interest expense associated with PPG's variable rate debt obligations by $3 million and by $2 million, respectively. Further a 10% reduction in interest rates would have increased the fair value of the Company's fixed rate debt by approximately $94 million and $96 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; however, such changes would not have had an effect on PPG's Income before income taxes or cash flows.
There were no other material changes in the Company’s exposure to market risk from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. Refer to Note 11, “Financial Instruments, Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a description of our instruments subject to market risk.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
a. Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
b. Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
PPG is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims, both actual and potential, including some that it has asserted against others, in which substantial monetary damages are sought. These lawsuits and claims may relate to contract, patent, environmental, product liability, asbestos exposure, antitrust, employment, securities and other matters arising out of the conduct of PPG’s current and past business activities. To the extent these lawsuits and claims involve personal injury, property damage and certain other claims, PPG believes it has adequate insurance; however, certain of PPG’s insurers are contesting coverage with respect to some of these claims, and certain insurers may contest coverage with respect to claims in the future. PPG’s lawsuits and claims against others include claims against insurers and other third parties with respect to actual and contingent losses related to environmental, asbestos and other matters.
From the late 1880’s until the early 1970’s, PPG owned property located in Cadogan and North Buffalo Townships, Pennsylvania which was used for the disposal of solid waste from PPG’s former glass manufacturing facility in Ford City, Pennsylvania. In October 2018, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (the “DEP”) approved PPG’s cleanup plan for the Cadogan Property. In April 2019, PPG and the DEP entered into a consent order and agreement (“CO&A”) which incorporated PPG’s approved cleanup plan and a draft final permit for the collection and discharge of seeps emanating from the former disposal area. The CO&A includes a civil penalty of $1.2 million for alleged past unauthorized discharges. PPG’s former disposal area is also the subject of a citizens’ suit filed by the Sierra Club and PennEnvironment seeking remedial measures beyond the measures specified in PPG’s approved cleanup plan, a civil penalty in addition to the penalty included in the CO&A and plaintiffs’ attorneys
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fees. PPG and the plaintiffs settled plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief and PPG agreed to enhancements to the DEP approved cleanup plan and a $250,000 donation to a Pennsylvania nonprofit organization. This settlement has been memorialized by an amendment to the CO&A which was appended to a Consent Agreement between PPG and the plaintiffs which has been entered by the federal court. The remaining claims in the case for attorneys’ fees and a civil penalty are not affected by this settlement. A trial on the issue of a civil penalty under the Clean Water Act has been scheduled for June 3, 2024. PPG believes that the remaining claims are without merit and intends to defend itself against these claims vigorously.
For many years, PPG has been a defendant in lawsuits involving claims alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos. For a description of asbestos litigation affecting the Company, see Note 13, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There were no material changes in the Company’s risk factors from the risks disclosed in the 2023 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes the Company's stock repurchase activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Month | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs (1)
January 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase program | — |  |  | $— |  |  | — |  |  | 7,162,444 |
February 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase program | — |  |  | $— |  |  | — |  |  | 7,134,117 |
March 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase program | 1,061,901 |  |  | $141.29 |  |  | 1,061,901 |  |  | 5,936,211 |
Total quarter ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase program | 1,061,901 |  |  | $141.29 |  |  | 1,061,901 |  |  | 5,936,211 |

(1)In December 2017, PPG's board of directors approved a $2.5 billion share repurchase program. The remaining shares yet to be purchased under the program have been calculated using PPG’s closing stock price on the last business day of the respective month. This repurchase program has no expiration date.
In addition to the Company’s share repurchase program authorized in December 2017, PPG’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $2.5 billion of outstanding common stock on April 18, 2024.
Item 5. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of the Company's directors or officers, as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Item 6. Exhibits
See the Index to Exhibits on page 33.
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PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Index to Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-Q.

†31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
†31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
††32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
††32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set.

† Filed herewith.
†† Furnished herewith.
*The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
**Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and (iv) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | PPG INDUSTRIES, INC.
|  |  |  | (Registrant)
Date: | April 19, 2024 | By: |  | /s/ Vincent J. Morales
|  |  |  | Vincent J. Morales
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)
|  | By: |  | /s/ Brian R. Williams
|  |  |  | Brian R. Williams
|  |  |  | Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

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