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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of income (loss) before provision of taxes The income (loss) before provision for income taxes consists of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
2024
2023
2022
(Dollars in millions)
U.S. domestic income (loss)
$1,163.5
$(857.6)
$1,402.9
Foreign income
230.2
256.7
169.6
Total income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$1,393.7
$(600.9)
$1,572.5
Schedule of provision for income taxes The provision for income taxes consists of the following:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2024
2023
2022
 
(Dollars in millions)
Current
Federal income tax
$132.2
$186.0
$263.6
State and local income tax
27.0
29.1
30.4
Foreign income tax
55.5
46.2
55.6
Total current
214.7
261.3
349.6
Deferred
Federal income tax
102.5
(333.4)
(25.1)
State and local income tax
(0.8)
(26.0)
(3.3)
Foreign income tax
(13.8)
(6.1)
(33.4)
Total deferred
87.9
(365.5)
(61.8)
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes
$302.6
$(104.2)
$287.8
Schedule of effective income tax rate The following table summarizes the effective income tax rate:
Year Ended December 31,
2024
2023
2022
(Dollars in millions)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$1,393.7
$(600.9)
$1,572.5
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
$302.6
$(104.2)
$287.8
Effective income tax rate
21.71%
17.34%
18.30%
Schedule of reconciliation of provision for income taxes to U.S Federal statutory tax rate The following
table reconciles the effective income tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2024
2023
2022
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate
21.00%
21.00%
21.00%
State and local income taxes
1.80%
1.55%
0.83%
Foreign income taxes(1)
(0.42)%
(1.19)%
(1.75)%
Income passed through to common unitholders and non-controlling interest
holders(2)
(0.84)%
3.17%
(0.67)%
Equity-based compensation(3)
0.20%
(2.76)%
(0.67)%
Valuation allowance(4)
%
(1.02)%
0.30%
Unrecognized tax benefits
(0.13)%
(1.13)%
0.01%
Other adjustments(4)
0.10%
(2.28)%
(0.75)%
Effective income tax rate
21.71%
17.34%
18.30%
(1)All periods are net of foreign tax credits. 2022 includes a tax benefit due to restructuring the ownership of its foreign Global Investment Solutions
business and the impact of amending the Company’s 2020 tax return to claim a foreign tax credit rather than the original filing position claiming a
foreign tax deduction.
(2)Includes income that is not taxable to the Company and its subsidiaries.
(3)Includes the net impact of nondeductible officer compensation expense offset by tax benefits from windfall deductions in each year.
(4)In 2024, the nondeductible officer compensation expense increased the effective tax rate by 1.56% and the tax benefit from windfall deductions
decreased the effective tax rate by 1.37%. 2023 includes updates to the current and/or deferred tax balances related to the filing of the Company’s
2022 tax returns. The gross impact of these changes in estimates to Valuation allowance and Other adjustments was 1.36% and (0.86)%, respectively.
Schedule of tax effects of temporary differences The following table summarizes the tax effects of the
temporary differences:
 
As of December 31,
 
2024
2023
 
(Dollars in millions)
Deferred tax assets
Federal foreign tax credit carryforward
$47.9
$46.8
State net operating loss carryforwards
5.1
5.7
Tax basis goodwill and intangibles
218.3
240.3
Depreciation and amortization
76.3
61.7
Deferred restricted common unit compensation
83.1
36.5
Lease liabilities
114.7
116.1
Accrued compensation
1,045.8
926.2
Other
106.6
109.8
Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance
1,697.8
1,543.1
Valuation allowance
(62.7)
(62.8)
Total deferred tax assets
$1,635.1
$1,480.3
Deferred tax liabilities(1)
Unrealized appreciation on investments
$1,517.3
$1,333.8
Lease right-of-use assets
87.4
87.7
Basis difference in investments
100.2
48.8
Other
39.6
38.8
Total deferred tax liabilities
$1,744.5
$1,509.1
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
$(109.4)
$(28.8)
(1)As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $1,607.5 million and $1,463.8 million of deferred tax assets were offset and presented as a single deferred tax
liability amount on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as these deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to the same jurisdiction.
Schedule of reconciliation on the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, exclusive of penalties and interest,
is as follows:
 
As of December 31,
 
2024
2023
2022
 
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at January 1
$24.5
$26.2
$20.6
Additions based on tax positions related to current year
1.3
1.5
2.4
Additions for tax positions of prior years
1.6
5.3
Reductions for tax position of prior years
(1.2)
(0.2)
(1.6)
Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations
(0.4)
(4.6)
(0.5)
Reductions due to settlements
(2.9)
Balance at December 31
$21.3
$24.5
$26.2