10-Q 1 citizens10-qxq32018.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended
September 30, 2018
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period From
(Not Applicable)
Commission File Number 001-36636
(Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 05-0412693
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

One Citizens Plaza, Providence, RI 02903
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(401) 456-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
[ü] Yes [ ] No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
[ü] Yes [ ] No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | [ü] | Accelerated filer | [ ]
Non-accelerated filer | [ ] | Smaller reporting company | [ ]
|  | Emerging growth company | [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). [ ] Yes [ü] No
There were 467,912,054 shares of Registrant’s common stock ($0.01 par value) outstanding on November 1, 2018.

|  | Table of Contents |  |
| Glossary of Acronyms and Terms | 3 |
| Part I. Financial Information | 5 |
| Item 1. Financial Statements | 54 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017 (unaudited) | 55 |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 56 |
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 57 |
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 58 |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 59 |
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 60 |
| Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 5 |
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 109 |
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 109 |
| Part II. Other Information | 110 |
| Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 110 |
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 110 |
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 110 |
| Item 6. Exhibits | 110 |
| Signature | 112 |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
The following listing provides a comprehensive reference of common acronyms and terms we regularly use in our financial reporting:

ACL |  | Allowance for Credit Losses
AFS |  | Available for Sale
ALLL |  | Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
AOCI |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
ATM |  | Automated Teller Machine
Board of Directors |  | The Board of Directors of Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
bps |  | Basis Points
Capital Plan Rule |  | Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y Capital Plan Rule
CBNA |  | Citizens Bank, National Association
CBPA |  | Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania
CCAR |  | Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCB |  | Capital Conservation Buffer
CET1 |  | Common Equity Tier 1
Citizens or CFG or the Company |  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its Subsidiaries
CLTV |  | Combined Loan to Value
CMO |  | Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
DFAST |  | Dodd-Frank Act Stress Test
Dodd-Frank Act |  | The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
EPS |  | Earnings Per Share
Exchange Act |  | The Securities Exchange Act of 1934
FAMC |  | Franklin American Mortgage Company
FAMC acquisition |  | The August 1, 2018 acquisition of Franklin American Mortgage Company
Fannie Mae (FNMA) |  | Federal National Mortgage Association
FDIC |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB |  | Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO |  | Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)
FRB |  | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and, as applicable, Federal Reserve Bank(s)
Freddie Mac (FHLMC) |  | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FTP |  | Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP |  | Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America
Ginnie Mae (GNMA) |  | Government National Mortgage Association
HELOC |  | Home Equity Line of Credit
HTM |  | Held To Maturity
LCR |  | Liquidity Coverage Ratio
LIBOR |  | London Interbank Offered Rate
LIHTC |  | Low Income Housing Tax Credit
LTV |  | Loan to Value
MBS |  | Mortgage-Backed Securities
Mid-Atlantic |  | District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia
Midwest |  | Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio
MD&A |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
MSRs |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights
New England |  | Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.

NM |  | Not meaningful
NSFR |  | Net Stable Funding Ratio
OCC |  | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Parent Company |  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. (the Parent Company of Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, Citizens Bank, National Association and other subsidiaries)
ROTCE |  | Return on Average Tangible Common Equity
RPA |  | Risk Participation Agreement
SBO |  | Serviced by Others portfolio
SEC |  | United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SVaR |  | Stressed Value at Risk
TDR |  | Troubled Debt Restructuring
VaR |  | Value at Risk
VIE |  | Variable Interest Entities

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Page
Forward-Looking Statements |  | 6
Introduction |  | 7
Financial Performance |  | 9
Selected Consolidated Financial Data |  | 12
Results of Operations |  | 14
Net Income |  | 14
Net Interest Income |  | 14
Noninterest Income |  | 18
Provision for Credit Losses |  | 19
Noninterest Expense |  | 19
Income Tax Expense |  | 19
Business Operating Segments |  | 20
Analysis of Financial Condition |  | 27
Securities |  | 27
Loans and Leases |  | 28
Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets |  | 28
Deposits |  | 33
Borrowed Funds |  | 33
Capital and Regulatory Matters |  | 35
Liquidity |  | 39
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements |  | 43
Critical Accounting Estimates |  | 43
Risk Governance |  | 44
Market Risk |  | 44
Key Performance Metrics, Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations |  | 50

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This document contains forward-looking statements within the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements regarding potential future share repurchases and future dividends are forward-looking statements. Also, any statement that does not describe historical or current facts is a forward-looking statement. These statements often include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “targets,” “initiatives,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook” or similar expressions or future conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could.”
Forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of management, and on information currently available to management. Our statements speak as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update these statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements in light of new information or future events. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation:

• | Negative economic and political conditions that adversely affect the general economy, housing prices, the job market, consumer confidence and spending habits which may affect, among other things, the level of nonperforming assets, charge-offs and provision expense;

• | The rate of growth in the economy and employment levels, as well as general business and economic conditions, and changes in the competitive environment;

• | Our ability to implement our business strategy, including the cost savings and efficiency components, and achieve our financial performance goals;

• | Our ability to meet heightened supervisory requirements and expectations;

• | Liabilities and business restrictions resulting from litigation and regulatory investigations;

• | Our capital and liquidity requirements (including under regulatory capital standards, such as the U.S. Basel III capital rules) and our ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;

• | The effect of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, net interest margin and our mortgage originations, mortgage servicing rights and mortgages held for sale;

• | Changes in interest rates and market liquidity, as well as the magnitude of such changes, which may reduce interest margins, impact funding sources and affect the ability to originate and distribute financial products in the primary and secondary markets;

• | The effect of changes in the level of checking or savings account deposits on our funding costs and net interest margin;

• | Financial services reform and other current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and businesses, including the Dodd-Frank Act and other legislation and regulation relating to bank products and services;

• | A failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third party vendors or other service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks; and

• | Management’s ability to identify and manage these and other risks.

In addition to the above factors, we also caution that the amount and timing of any future common stock dividends or share repurchases will depend on our financial condition, earnings, cash needs, regulatory constraints, capital requirements (including requirements of our subsidiaries), and any other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant in making such a determination. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will repurchase shares or pay any dividends to holders of our common stock, or as to the amount of any such repurchases or dividends.
More information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the “Risk Factors” section in Part I, Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Citizens Financial Group, Inc. is one of the nation’s oldest and largest financial institutions with $158.6 billion in assets as of September 30, 2018. Our mission is to help our customers, colleagues and communities reach their potential. Headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, we offer a broad range of retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, small businesses, middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions. We help our customers reach their potential by listening to them and by understanding their needs in order to offer tailored advice, ideas and solutions. In Consumer Banking, we provide an integrated experience that includes mobile and online banking, a 24/7 customer contact center and the convenience of approximately 2,900 ATMs and approximately 1,150 branches in 11 states in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions. Consumer Banking products and services include a full range of banking, lending, savings, wealth management and small business offerings. In Commercial Banking, we offer corporate, institutional and not-for-profit clients a full range of wholesale banking products and services including lending and deposits, capital markets, treasury services, foreign exchange and interest rate products, and asset finance. More information is available at www.citizensbank.com.
The following MD&A is intended to assist readers in their analysis of the accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and supplemental financial information. It should be read in conjunction with the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, as well as other information contained in this document and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Key Performance Metrics Used by Management and Non-GAAP Financial Measures
As a banking institution, we manage and evaluate various aspects of our results of operations and our financial condition. We evaluate the levels and trends of the line items included in our balance sheet and statement of operations, as well as various financial ratios that are commonly used in our industry. We analyze these ratios and financial trends against our own historical performance, our budgeted performance and the financial condition and performance of comparable banking institutions in our region and nationally.
The primary line items we use in our key performance metrics to manage and evaluate our statement of operations include net interest income, noninterest income, total revenue, provision for credit losses, noninterest expense, net income and net income available to common stockholders. The primary line items we use in our key performance metrics to manage and evaluate our balance sheet data include loans and leases, securities, allowance for credit losses, deposits, borrowed funds and derivatives.
We consider various measures when evaluating our performance and making day-to-day operating decisions, as well as evaluating capital utilization and adequacy, including:

• | Return on average common equity, which we define as annualized net income available to common stockholders divided by average common equity;

• | Return on average tangible common equity, which we define as annualized net income available to common stockholders divided by average common equity excluding average goodwill (net of related deferred tax liability) and average other intangibles;

• | Return on average total assets, which we define as annualized net income divided by average total assets;

• | Return on average total tangible assets, which we define as annualized net income divided by average total assets excluding average goodwill (net of related deferred tax liability) and average other intangibles;

• | Efficiency ratio, which we define as the ratio of our total noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and total noninterest income. We measure our efficiency ratio to evaluate the efficiency of our operations as it helps us monitor how costs are changing compared to our income. A decrease in our efficiency ratio represents improvement;

• | Operating leverage, which we define as the percent change in total revenue, less the percent change in noninterest expense;

• | Net interest margin, which we calculate by dividing annualized net interest income for the period by average total interest-earning assets, is a key measure that we use to evaluate our net interest income; and

• | Common equity tier 1 capital ratio, which represents CET1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.

This document contains non-GAAP financial measures denoted as “Underlying” results. “Underlying” results for any given reporting period exclude certain items that may occur in that period which Management does not
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
consider indicative of the Company’s on-going financial performance. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors because they are used by our Management to evaluate our operating performance and make day-to-day operating decisions. In addition, we believe our “Underlying” results in any given reporting period reflect our on-going financial performance in that period and, accordingly, are useful to consider in addition to our GAAP financial results. We further believe the presentation of “Underlying” results increases comparability of period-to-period results.
Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated differently from the way we calculate such measures. Accordingly, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by such companies. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP financial measures, but to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP.
Non-GAAP measures are denoted throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” by the use of the term “Underlying” and/or are followed by an asterisk (*). For additional information regarding our non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations, see “—Key Performance Metrics, Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations,” included in this report.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Third Quarter 2018 compared with Third Quarter 2017 - Key Highlights
Third quarter 2018 net income of $443 million increase d 27% from $348 million in third quarter 2017, with earnings per diluted common share of $0.91, up 34% from $0.68 per diluted common share in third quarter 2017. Third quarter 2018 ROTCE of 13.3% improved from 10.1% in third quarter 2017.
There were $7 million after-tax, or $0.02 per diluted common share, of notable items recorded in third quarter 2018 tied to integration costs associated with the acquisition of Franklin American Mortgage Company (“FAMC”). There were no notable items recorded in third quarter 2017.

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions) | Noninterest expense |  | Income tax expense |  | Net Income |  | Noninterest expense |  | Income tax expense |  | Net Income
Reported results (GAAP) |  | $910 |  |  |  | $133 |  |  |  | $443 |  |  |  | $858 |  |  |  | $165 |  |  |  | $348 |
Less notable items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FAMC integration costs | 9 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Underlying results* (non-GAAP) |  | $901 |  |  |  | $135 |  |  |  | $450 |  |  |  | $858 |  |  |  | $165 |  |  |  | $348 |

* Where there is a reference to “Underlying” results in a paragraph, all measures that follow these references are on the same basis when applicable. For more information on the computation of key performance metrics and non-GAAP financial measures, see “—Introduction — Key Performance Metrics Used By Management and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and “—Key Performance Metrics, Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

• | Net income available to common stockholders of $436 million increase d $95 million, or 28%, compared to $341 million in third quarter 2017, driven by 8% revenue growth, with 8% growth in net interest income and 9% growth in noninterest income.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* net income available to common stockholders increased $102 million, or 30%, to $443 million from third quarter 2017.

• | Total revenue of $1.6 billion increase d $121 million, or 8%, from third quarter 2017, driven by strength in net interest income and noninterest income.

◦ | Net interest income of $1.1 billion increase d $86 million, or 8%, compared to $1.1 billion in third quarter 2017, driven by improvement in net interest margin and 4% average loan growth.

◦ | Net interest margin of 3.19% increase d by 14 basis points, compared to 3.05% in third quarter 2017, reflecting higher interest-earning asset yields given higher rates and continued mix shift towards higher-yielding assets, partially offset by higher deposit and other funding costs. The 14 basis point increase included a 1 basis point reduction associated with FAMC.

– | Average loans and leases of $114.0 billion increase d $4.5 billion, or 4%, from $109.5 billion in third quarter 2017, reflecting a $3.1 billion increase in commercial loans and leases and a $1.4 billion increase in retail loans.

– | Average deposits of $117.0 billion increase d $4.1 billion, or 4%, from $112.9 billion in third quarter 2017, reflecting growth in term deposits, demand deposits and savings, partially offset by lower money market accounts and checking with interest.

◦ | Noninterest income of $416 million increase d $35 million, or 9%, from third quarter 2017, driven by a $24 million increase in mortgage banking fees related to FAMC.

• | Noninterest expense of $910 million increase d $52 million, or 6%, compared to $858 million in third quarter 2017, driven by $25 million of FAMC costs, primarily related to salaries and employee benefits, and $9 million of pre-tax FAMC integration costs, composed of $5 million in salaries and employee benefits, $3 million of other operating expense and $1 million of outside services.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* noninterest expense increased $43 million, or 5%, from third quarter 2017, driven by $25 million of FAMC costs, primarily related to salaries and employee benefits.

• | Continued focus on top-line growth and expense management helped deliver positive operating leverage of 2.2% from third quarter 2017, and a 121 basis point improvement in the efficiency ratio to 58.2%.

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* operating leverage was 3.3% despite a 116 basis point reduction associated with the impact of FAMC, and the efficiency ratio improved 179 basis points to 57.6% from third quarter 2017, including a 67 basis point increase associated with the impact of FAMC.

• | ROTCE of 13.3% improved 316 basis points from 10.1% in third quarter 2017.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* ROTCE improved 337 basis points to 13.5% in third quarter 2018.

• | Tangible book value per common share improved to $27.66, up 2%, from third quarter 2017. Fully diluted average common shares outstanding decrease d 5%, or 24.6 million shares over the same period.

• | Provision for credit losses of $78 million increase d $6 million, or 8%, from $72 million in third quarter 2017, reflecting higher commercial net charge-offs from third quarter 2017 levels that included higher recoveries, and higher retail net charge-offs tied to seasoning in unsecured products.

• | Net charge-offs of $86 million increased $21 million, or 32%, from $65 million in third quarter 2017. The ALLL of $1.2 billion increased $6 million compared to December 31, 2017.

◦ | ALLL to total loans and leases of 1.08% as of September 30, 2018 compared with 1.12% as of December 31, 2017.

◦ | ALLL to nonperforming loans and leases ratio of 149% as of September 30, 2018, compared with 142% as of December 31, 2017.

• | The effective income tax rate decreased to 23.2% from 32.2% in third quarter 2017, primarily driven by the impact of December 2017 tax reform.

Nine Months Ended 2018 compared with Nine Months Ended 2017 - Key Highlights
Net income of $1.3 billion increase d 27% from $986 million in the first nine months of 2017, with earnings per diluted common share of $2.57, up 34% from $1.92 per diluted common share over the first nine months of 2017. ROTCE of 12.6% improved from 9.8% in the first nine months of 2017.
There were $7 million after-tax, or $0.01 per diluted common share, of notable items in the first nine months of 2018 tied to the FAMC integration costs. Notable items in the same period last year consisted of $23 million in state tax settlement benefits, or $0.05 per diluted common share, and $26 million pre-tax impairments on aircraft lease assets, reducing noninterest income by $11 million and increasing noninterest expense by $15 million.

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions) | Noninterest income |  | Noninterest expense |  | Credit-related costs |  | Income tax expense |  | Net Income |  | Noninterest income |  | Noninterest expense |  | Credit-related costs |  | Income tax expense |  | Net Income
Reported results (GAAP) |  | $1,175 |  |  |  | $2,668 |  |  |  | $241 |  |  |  | $370 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $1,130 |  |  |  | $2,576 |  |  |  | $238 |  |  |  | $423 |  |  |  | $986 |
Less notable items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FAMC integration costs | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Lease impairment credit-related costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement of certain state tax matters | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23 | ) |  | 23 |
Total Notable items |  | $— |  |  |  | $9 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | ($2 | ) |  |  | ($7 | ) |  |  | ($11 | ) |  |  | $15 |  |  |  | ($26 | ) |  |  | ($23 | ) |  |  | $23 |
Underlying results* (non-GAAP) |  | $1,175 |  |  |  | $2,659 |  |  |  | $241 |  |  |  | $372 |  |  |  | $1,263 |  |  |  | $1,141 |  |  |  | $2,561 |  |  |  | $264 |  |  |  | $446 |  |  |  | $963 |

* Where there is a reference to “Underlying” results in a paragraph, all measures that follow these references are on the same basis when applicable. For more information on the computation of key performance metrics and non-GAAP financial measures, see “—Introduction — Key Performance Metrics Used By Management and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” and “—Key Performance Metrics, Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

• | Net income available to common stockholders of $1.2 billion increase d $270 million, or 28%, compared to $972 million in the first nine months of 2017.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* net income available to common stockholders increased by 32%, led by 7% revenue growth with 9% growth in net interest income.

• | Total revenue of $4.5 billion increase d $312 million, or 7%, from the first nine months of 2017, driven by strong net interest and noninterest income growth:

◦ | Net interest income of $3.4 billion increase d $267 million, or 9%, compared to $3.1 billion in the first nine months of 2017, driven by higher loan yields and 3% average loan growth.

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

◦ | Net interest margin of 3.18% increase d 18 basis points from 3.00% in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting the benefit of higher interest rates and continued mix shift towards higher-yielding assets, partially offset by higher deposit and other funding costs.

– | Average loans and leases of $112.7 billion increase d $3.8 billion, or 3%, from $108.9 billion in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting a $1.9 billion increase in commercial loans and leases and a $1.8 billion increase in retail loans.

– | Average deposits of $115.2 billion increase d $4.0 billion, or 4%, from $111.2 billion in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting strength in term, checking with interest, savings and demand deposits.

◦ | Noninterest income of $1.2 billion increase d $45 million, or 4%, from the first nine months of 2017, driven by strength in mortgage banking fees, including the $24 million impact of FAMC, as well as foreign exchange and interest rate products, trust and investment services fees, card fees and letter of credit and loan fees, partially offset by lower capital market fees and service charges and fees.

– | On an Underlying basis,* noninterest income increase d $34 million from $1.1 billion in the first nine months of 2017, excluding the $11 million impact of 2017 aircraft finance lease impairments.

• | Noninterest expense of $2.7 billion increase d $92 million, or 4% from $2.6 billion in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting higher salaries and employee benefits driven by higher revenue-based incentives and merit increases, higher outside services expense, including continued investments to drive growth, $25 million of FAMC costs, primarily in salaries and employee benefits, and $9 million of FAMC integration costs. These increases were partially offset by lower other operating expense.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* noninterest expense increase d 4% from the first nine months of 2017, and excluded the $9 million of FAMC integration costs and the $15 million of 2017 aircraft operating lease impairments.

• | Operating leverage improved to 3.8%, the efficiency ratio improved by 215 basis points to 58.8% compared to the first nine months of 2017, and ROTCE moved to 12.6%.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* operating leverage was 3.2%, the efficiency ratio improved 183 basis points from 60.5% in the first nine months of 2017 and ROTCE increased 314 basis points from 9.6%.

• | Earnings per diluted common share increase d $0.65, or 34%, from the first nine months of 2017.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* earnings per diluted common share increase d $0.71, or 38%, from the first nine months of 2017.

• | Tangible book value per common share improved 2% to $27.66 from September 30, 2017. Fully diluted average common shares outstanding decrease d by 22.8 million shares over the first nine months of 2018.

• | Provision for credit losses of $241 million increase d $3 million, or 1%, from $238 million for the first nine months of 2017.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* total credit-related costs decrease d $23 million, or 9%, from $264 million in the first nine months of 2017, driven primarily by the $26 million impact of 2017 aircraft lease impairments.

• | Net charge-offs of $232 million increased $5 million, or 2%, from $227 million in the first nine months of 2017. The ALLL of $1.2 billion increased $6 million compared to December 31, 2017.

◦ | ALLL to total loans and leases of 1.08% decreased from 1.12% as of December 31, 2017.

◦ | The ALLL to nonperforming loans and leases ratio of 149% increased from 142% as of December 31, 2017.

• | The effective income tax rate decrease d to 22.8% from 30.0% in the first nine months of 2017, primarily driven by the impact of December 2017 tax reform, partially offset by the prior year settlement of certain state tax matters.

◦ | On an Underlying basis,* the effective income tax rate decreased to 22.8% from 31.7% in the first nine months of 2017, primarily due to the impact of December 2017 tax reform.

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The summary Consolidated Operating Data for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and the summary Consolidated Balance Sheet data as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are derived from our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements of this report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for any future period.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions, except per-share amounts) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017
OPERATING DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $1,148 |  |  |  | $1,062 |  |  |  | $3,360 |  |  |  | $3,093 |
Noninterest income | 416 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | 1,130 |
Total revenue | 1,564 |  |  | 1,443 |  |  | 4,535 |  |  | 4,223 |
Provision for credit losses | 78 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 238 |
Noninterest expense | 910 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,576 |
Income before income tax expense | 576 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 1,409 |
Income tax expense | 133 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 423 |
Net income |  | $443 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $986 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $436 |  |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $1,242 |  |  |  | $972 |
Net income per common share - basic |  | $0.92 |  |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  |  | $1.92 |
Net income per common share - diluted |  | $0.91 |  |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  |  | $1.92 |
OTHER OPERATING DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average common equity | 8.82 | % |  | 6.87 | % |  | 8.44 | % |  | 6.63 | %
Return on average tangible common equity | 13.29 |  |  | 10.13 |  |  | 12.64 |  |  | 9.80 |
Return on average total assets | 1.13 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 1.09 |  |  | 0.88 |
Return on average total tangible assets | 1.18 |  |  | 0.96 |  |  | 1.14 |  |  | 0.92 |
Efficiency ratio | 58.20 |  |  | 59.41 |  |  | 58.84 |  |  | 60.99 |
Operating leverage | 2.21 |  |  | 5.61 |  |  | 3.79 |  |  | 5.67 |
Net interest margin | 3.19 |  |  | 3.05 |  |  | 3.18 |  |  | 3.00 |
Effective income tax rate | 23.16 |  |  | 32.18 |  |  | 22.77 |  |  | 30.04 |

12

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

(dollars in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
BALANCE SHEET DATA: |  |  |
Total assets |  | $158,598 |  |  |  | $152,336 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | 1,303 |  |  | 497 |
Other loans held for sale | 27 |  |  | 221 |
Loans and leases | 114,720 |  |  | 110,617 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses | (1,242 | ) |  | (1,236 | )
Total securities | 25,485 |  |  | 25,733 |
Goodwill | 6,946 |  |  | 6,887 |
Total liabilities | 138,322 |  |  | 132,066 |
Total deposits | 117,075 |  |  | 115,089 |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 374 |  |  | 815 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,006 |  |  | 1,856 |
Long-term borrowed funds | 15,639 |  |  | 11,765 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 20,276 |  |  | 20,270 |
OTHER BALANCE SHEET DATA: |  |  |
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases | 1.08 | % |  | 1.12 | %
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of nonperforming loans and leases | 149.29 |  |  | 141.96 |
Nonperforming loans and leases as a percentage of total loans and leases | 0.73 |  |  | 0.79 |
Capital Ratios: |  |  |
CET1 capital ratio (1) | 10.8 | % |  | 11.2 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio (2) | 11.2 |  |  | 11.4 |
Total capital ratio (3) | 13.4 |  |  | 13.9 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio (4) | 9.9 |  |  | 10.0 |

(1) “Common equity tier 1 capital ratio” represents CET1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(2) “Tier 1 capital ratio” is tier 1 capital, which includes CET1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital,
divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(3) “Total capital ratio” is total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(4) “Tier 1 leverage ratio” is tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
13

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Income
The following table presents the significant components of our net income:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |
Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $1,148 |  |  |  | $1,062 |  |  |  | $86 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | $3,360 |  |  |  | $3,093 |  |  |  | $267 |  |  | 9 | %
Noninterest income | 416 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 4 |
Total revenue | 1,564 |  |  | 1,443 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4,535 |  |  | 4,223 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 7 |
Provision for credit losses | 78 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Noninterest expense | 910 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,576 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 4 |
Income before income tax expense | 576 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 15 |
Income tax expense | 133 |  |  | 165 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | 370 |  |  | 423 |  |  | (53 | ) |  | (13 | )
Net income |  | $443 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $95 |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $986 |  |  |  | $270 |  |  | 27 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $436 |  |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $95 |  |  | 28 | % |  |  | $1,242 |  |  |  | $972 |  |  |  | $270 |  |  | 28 | %
Return on average common equity | 8.82 | % |  | 6.87 | % |  | 195 | bps |  |  |  | 8.44 | % |  | 6.63 | % |  | 181 | bps |  |
Return on average tangible common equity | 13.29 | % |  | 10.13 | % |  | 316 | bps |  |  |  | 12.64 | % |  | 9.80 | % |  | 284 | bps |  |

Net Interest Income
Net interest income is our largest source of revenue and is the difference between the interest earned on interest-earning assets (generally loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (generally deposits and borrowings). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the average balance of interest-earning assets, the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities and the spread between the effective yield on such assets and the effective cost of such liabilities. These factors are influenced by the pricing and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as local economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the FRB and market interest rates. For further discussion, refer to “—Market Risk — Non-Trading Risk,” included in this report and “—Risk Governance” as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
14

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The following table presents the major components of net interest income and net interest margin:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change
(dollars in millions) | Average Balances | Income/ Expense | Yields/ Rates |  | Average Balances | Income/ Expense | Yields/ Rates |  | Average Balances | Yields/ Rates
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks |  | $1,604 |  |  | $7 |  | 1.85 | % |  |  | $1,663 |  |  | $5 |  | 1.14 | % |  |  | ($59 | ) | 71 bps
Taxable investment securities | 25,225 |  | 167 |  | 2.65 |  |  | 25,588 |  | 155 |  | 2.42 |  |  | (363 | ) | 23
Non-taxable investment securities | 6 |  | — |  | 2.60 |  |  | 7 |  | — |  | 2.60 |  |  | (1 | ) | —
Total investment securities | 25,231 |  | 167 |  | 2.65 |  |  | 25,595 |  | 155 |  | 2.42 |  |  | (364 | ) | 23
Commercial | 39,592 |  | 419 |  | 4.14 |  |  | 37,448 |  | 344 |  | 3.61 |  |  | 2,144 |  | 53
Commercial real estate | 12,656 |  | 147 |  | 4.56 |  |  | 11,401 |  | 108 |  | 3.69 |  |  | 1,255 |  | 87
Leases | 3,028 |  | 21 |  | 2.74 |  |  | 3,302 |  | 21 |  | 2.54 |  |  | (274 | ) | 20
Total commercial loans and leases | 55,276 |  | 587 |  | 4.16 |  |  | 52,151 |  | 473 |  | 3.56 |  |  | 3,125 |  | 60
Residential mortgages | 18,147 |  | 164 |  | 3.62 |  |  | 16,323 |  | 146 |  | 3.57 |  |  | 1,824 |  | 5
Home equity loans | 1,168 |  | 18 |  | 5.93 |  |  | 1,547 |  | 22 |  | 5.72 |  |  | (379 | ) | 21
Home equity lines of credit | 12,925 |  | 152 |  | 4.66 |  |  | 13,608 |  | 135 |  | 3.93 |  |  | (683 | ) | 73
Home equity loans serviced by others | 444 |  | 8 |  | 7.45 |  |  | 618 |  | 11 |  | 7.04 |  |  | (174 | ) | 41
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 118 |  | 2 |  | 4.89 |  |  | 173 |  | 2 |  | 4.05 |  |  | (55 | ) | 84
Automobile | 12,379 |  | 117 |  | 3.74 |  |  | 13,349 |  | 111 |  | 3.31 |  |  | (970 | ) | 43
Education | 8,481 |  | 124 |  | 5.78 |  |  | 7,814 |  | 106 |  | 5.36 |  |  | 667 |  | 42
Credit cards | 1,909 |  | 52 |  | 10.77 |  |  | 1,738 |  | 47 |  | 10.69 |  |  | 171 |  | 8
Other retail | 3,124 |  | 63 |  | 8.10 |  |  | 2,163 |  | 43 |  | 7.88 |  |  | 961 |  | 22
Total retail loans | 58,695 |  | 700 |  | 4.73 |  |  | 57,333 |  | 623 |  | 4.32 |  |  | 1,362 |  | 41
Total loans and leases | 113,971 |  | 1,287 |  | 4.46 |  |  | 109,484 |  | 1,096 |  | 3.96 |  |  | 4,487 |  | 50
Loans held for sale, at fair value | 1,228 |  | 14 |  | 4.49 |  |  | 503 |  | 5 |  | 3.69 |  |  | 725 |  | 80
Other loans held for sale | 129 |  | 2 |  | 6.44 |  |  | 234 |  | 3 |  | 4.72 |  |  | (105 | ) | 172
Interest-earning assets | 142,163 |  | 1,477 |  | 4.11 |  |  | 137,479 |  | 1,264 |  | 3.64 |  |  | 4,684 |  | 47
Allowance for loan and lease losses | (1,255 | ) |  |  |  | (1,220 | ) |  |  |  | (35 | ) |
Goodwill | 6,926 |  |  |  |  | 6,887 |  |  |  |  | 39 |  |
Other noninterest-earning assets | 7,790 |  |  |  |  | 6,866 |  |  |  |  | 924 |  |
Total assets |  | $155,624 |  |  |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  |  |  | $5,612 |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest |  | $21,780 |  |  | $36 |  | 0.67 | % |  |  | $21,909 |  |  | $23 |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | ($129 | ) | 24 bps
Money market accounts | 36,593 |  | 95 |  | 1.03 |  |  | 37,535 |  | 54 |  | 0.57 |  |  | (942 | ) | 46
Regular savings | 10,198 |  | 3 |  | 0.12 |  |  | 9,491 |  | 1 |  | 0.04 |  |  | 707 |  | 8
Term deposits | 18,764 |  | 80 |  | 1.68 |  |  | 15,971 |  | 45 |  | 1.09 |  |  | 2,793 |  | 59
Total interest-bearing deposits | 87,335 |  | 214 |  | 0.98 |  |  | 84,906 |  | 123 |  | 0.58 |  |  | 2,429 |  | 40
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1) | 643 |  | 2 |  | 0.93 |  |  | 733 |  | 1 |  | 0.50 |  |  | (90 | ) | 43
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,239 |  | 19 |  | 3.21 |  |  | 1,624 |  | 7 |  | 1.55 |  |  | 615 |  | 166
Long-term borrowed funds | 12,793 |  | 94 |  | 2.94 |  |  | 12,210 |  | 71 |  | 2.31 |  |  | 583 |  | 63
Total borrowed funds | 15,675 |  | 115 |  | 2.90 |  |  | 14,567 |  | 79 |  | 2.14 |  |  | 1,108 |  | 76
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 103,010 |  | 329 |  | 1.27 |  |  | 99,473 |  | 202 |  | 0.80 |  |  | 3,537 |  | 47
Demand deposits | 29,703 |  |  |  |  | 28,041 |  |  |  |  | 1,662 |  |
Other liabilities | 2,769 |  |  |  |  | 2,523 |  |  |  |  | 246 |  |
Total liabilities | 135,482 |  |  |  |  | 130,037 |  |  |  |  | 5,445 |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 20,142 |  |  |  |  | 19,975 |  |  |  |  | 167 |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $155,624 |  |  |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  |  |  | $5,612 |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.84 | % |  |  |  | 2.84 | % |  |  | —
Net interest income |  |  | $1,148 |  |  |  |  |  | $1,062 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  | 3.19 | % |  |  |  | 3.05 | % |  |  | 14 bps
Memo: Total deposits (interest-bearing and demand) |  | $117,038 |  |  | $214 |  | 0.73 | % |  |  | $112,947 |  |  | $123 |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | $4,091 |  | 30 bps

(1) Balances are net of certain short-term receivables associated with reverse repurchase agreements, as applicable. Interest expense includes the full cost of the repurchase agreements and certain hedging costs. See “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Derivatives” for further information.
Net interest margin of 3.19% increase d 14 basis points compared to 3.05% in third quarter 2017, driven by higher interest-earning asset yields given higher interest rates and continued mix shift towards higher-yielding assets, partially offset by higher deposit and other funding costs. The 14 basis points increase included a one basis point reduction associated with FAMC.
15

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Average interest-earning asset yields of 4.11% increase d 47 basis points from 3.64% in third quarter 2017, and average interest-bearing liability costs of 1.27% also increase d 47 basis points from 0.80% in third quarter 2017.
Average interest-earning assets of $142.2 billion increase d $4.7 billion, or 3%, from third quarter 2017, driven by a $3.1 billion increase in average commercial loans and leases and a $1.4 billion increase in average retail loans, partially offset by a $423 million decrease in average investments and interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks. Commercial loan growth was driven by strength in commercial and commercial real estate. Retail loan growth was driven by strength in residential mortgage, other retail, education and credit cards.
Average deposits of $117.0 billion increase d $4.1 billion from third quarter 2017, reflecting growth in term deposits, checking with interest, savings and demand deposits. Total interest-bearing deposit costs of $214 million increase d $91 million, or 74%, from $123 million in third quarter 2017, primarily due to the impact of rising rates and a shift in mix.
Average total borrowed funds of $15.7 billion increase d $1.1 billion from third quarter 2017, reflecting an increase in other short-term borrowed funds and long-term borrowed funds, partially offset by a decrease in federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements. Total borrowed funds costs of $115 million increase d $36 million from third quarter 2017. The total borrowed funds yield of 2.90% increase d 76 basis points from 2.14% in third quarter 2017 due to the rise in benchmark interest rates.
16

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change
(dollars in millions) | Average Balances | Income/ Expense | Yields/ Rates |  | Average Balances | Income/ Expense | Yields/ Rates |  | Average Balances | Yields/ Rates
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks |  | $1,616 |  |  | $21 |  | 1.75 | % |  |  | $1,902 |  |  | $13 |  | 0.87 | % |  |  | ($286 | ) | 88 bps
Taxable investment securities | 25,284 |  | 500 |  | 2.64 |  |  | 25,702 |  | 469 |  | 2.43 |  |  | (418 | ) | 21 |
Non-taxable investment securities | 6 |  | — |  | 2.60 |  |  | 7 |  | — |  | 2.60 |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Total investment securities | 25,290 |  | 500 |  | 2.64 |  |  | 25,709 |  | 469 |  | 2.43 |  |  | (419 | ) | 21 |
Commercial | 38,990 |  | 1,181 |  | 3.99 |  |  | 37,603 |  | 982 |  | 3.45 |  |  | 1,387 |  | 54 |
Commercial real estate | 12,096 |  | 400 |  | 4.36 |  |  | 11,105 |  | 292 |  | 3.46 |  |  | 991 |  | 90 |
Leases | 3,071 |  | 62 |  | 2.68 |  |  | 3,517 |  | 66 |  | 2.50 |  |  | (446 | ) | 18 |
Total commercial loans and leases | 54,157 |  | 1,643 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 52,225 |  | 1,340 |  | 3.39 |  |  | 1,932 |  | 61 |
Residential mortgages | 17,603 |  | 473 |  | 3.58 |  |  | 15,755 |  | 422 |  | 3.57 |  |  | 1,848 |  | 1 |
Home equity loans | 1,253 |  | 55 |  | 5.86 |  |  | 1,668 |  | 71 |  | 5.71 |  |  | (415 | ) | 15 |
Home equity lines of credit | 13,129 |  | 434 |  | 4.42 |  |  | 13,775 |  | 379 |  | 3.68 |  |  | (646 | ) | 74 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 481 |  | 26 |  | 7.33 |  |  | 668 |  | 35 |  | 7.06 |  |  | (187 | ) | 27 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 130 |  | 4 |  | 4.14 |  |  | 189 |  | 6 |  | 4.00 |  |  | (59 | ) | 14 |
Automobile | 12,681 |  | 342 |  | 3.60 |  |  | 13,563 |  | 328 |  | 3.23 |  |  | (882 | ) | 37 |
Education | 8,380 |  | 357 |  | 5.69 |  |  | 7,384 |  | 292 |  | 5.29 |  |  | 996 |  | 40 |
Credit cards | 1,864 |  | 150 |  | 10.74 |  |  | 1,699 |  | 138 |  | 10.85 |  |  | 165 |  | (11 | )
Other retail | 2,980 |  | 179 |  | 8.06 |  |  | 1,976 |  | 117 |  | 7.94 |  |  | 1,004 |  | 12 |
Total retail loans | 58,501 |  | 2,020 |  | 4.61 |  |  | 56,677 |  | 1,788 |  | 4.21 |  |  | 1,824 |  | 40 |
Total loans and leases | 112,658 |  | 3,663 |  | 4.32 |  |  | 108,902 |  | 3,128 |  | 3.82 |  |  | 3,756 |  | 50 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | 709 |  | 23 |  | 4.27 |  |  | 492 |  | 13 |  | 3.53 |  |  | 217 |  | 74 |
Other loans held for sale | 193 |  | 9 |  | 6.32 |  |  | 158 |  | 6 |  | 5.29 |  |  | 35 |  | 103 |
Interest-earning assets | 140,466 |  | 4,216 |  | 3.99 |  |  | 137,163 |  | 3,629 |  | 3.52 |  |  | 3,303 |  | 47 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses | (1,246 | ) |  |  |  | (1,226 | ) |  |  |  | (20 | ) |
Goodwill | 6,900 |  |  |  |  | 6,882 |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |
Other noninterest-earning assets | 7,362 |  |  |  |  | 6,744 |  |  |  |  | 618 |  |
Total assets |  | $153,482 |  |  |  |  |  | $149,563 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $3,919 |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest |  | $21,877 |  |  | $96 |  | 0.59 | % |  |  | $21,457 |  |  | $56 |  | 0.35 | % |  |  | $420 |  | 24 bps
Money market accounts | 36,689 |  | 239 |  | 0.87 |  |  | 37,439 |  | 140 |  | 0.50 |  |  | (750 | ) | 37
Regular savings | 9,907 |  | 5 |  | 0.07 |  |  | 9,355 |  | 3 |  | 0.04 |  |  | 552 |  | 3
Term deposits | 17,710 |  | 200 |  | 1.51 |  |  | 15,104 |  | 112 |  | 0.99 |  |  | 2,606 |  | 52
Total interest-bearing deposits | 86,183 |  | 540 |  | 0.84 |  |  | 83,355 |  | 311 |  | 0.50 |  |  | 2,828 |  | 34
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1) | 598 |  | 4 |  | 0.78 |  |  | 807 |  | 2 |  | 0.36 |  |  | (209 | ) | 42
Other short-term borrowed funds | 1,802 |  | 42 |  | 3.08 |  |  | 2,283 |  | 22 |  | 1.23 |  |  | (481 | ) | 185
Long-term borrowed funds | 13,242 |  | 270 |  | 2.71 |  |  | 12,755 |  | 201 |  | 2.10 |  |  | 487 |  | 61
Total borrowed funds | 15,642 |  | 316 |  | 2.68 |  |  | 15,845 |  | 225 |  | 1.88 |  |  | (203 | ) | 80
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 101,825 |  | 856 |  | 1.12 |  |  | 99,200 |  | 536 |  | 0.72 |  |  | 2,625 |  | 40
Demand deposits | 29,031 |  |  |  |  | 27,886 |  |  |  |  | 1,145 |  |
Other liabilities | 2,551 |  |  |  |  | 2,613 |  |  |  |  | (62 | ) |
Total liabilities | 133,407 |  |  |  |  | 129,699 |  |  |  |  | 3,708 |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 20,075 |  |  |  |  | 19,864 |  |  |  |  | 211 |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $153,482 |  |  |  |  |  | $149,563 |  |  |  |  |  | $3,919 |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.87 | % |  |  |  | 2.80 | % |  |  | 7
Net interest income |  |  | $3,360 |  |  |  |  |  | $3,093 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  | 3.18 | % |  |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 18 bps
Memo: Total deposits (interest-bearing and demand) |  | $115,214 |  |  | $540 |  | 0.63 | % |  |  | $111,241 |  |  | $311 |  | 0.37 | % |  |  | $3,973 |  | 26 bps

(1) Balances are net of certain short-term receivables associated with reverse repurchase agreements, as applicable. Interest expense includes the full cost of the repurchase agreements and certain hedging costs. See “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Derivatives” for further information.
Net interest margin of 3.18% increase d 18 basis points compared to 3.00% in the first nine months of 2017, driven by higher interest-earning asset yields given higher interest rates and continued mix shift toward higher-yielding assets. These results were partially offset by the impact of higher deposit and other funding costs. Average interest-earning asset yields of 3.99% increase d 47 basis points from 3.52% in the first nine months of 2017, while average interest-bearing liability costs of 1.12% increase d 40 basis points from 0.72% in the first nine months of 2017.
17

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Average interest-earning assets of $140.5 billion increase d $3.3 billion, or 2%, from the first nine months of 2017, driven by a $1.9 billion increase in average commercial loans and leases and a $1.8 billion increase in average retail loans, partially offset by a $705 million decrease in average investments and interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks. Commercial loan growth was driven by commercial and commercial real estate. Retail loan growth was driven by residential mortgage, education and other retail.
Average deposits of $115.2 billion increase d $4.0 billion from the first nine months of 2017, reflecting growth in term deposits, checking with interest, savings and demand deposits. Total interest-bearing deposit costs of $540 million increase d $229 million, or 74%, from $311 million in the first nine months of 2017, primarily due to rising rates.
Average total borrowed funds of $15.6 billion decrease d $203 million from the first nine months of 2017, reflecting a decrease in other short-term borrowed funds and a decrease in federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements, partially offset by an increase in long-term borrowed funds, primarily senior debt. Total borrowed funds costs of $316 million increase d $91 million from the first nine months of 2017. The total borrowed funds cost of 2.68% increase d 80 basis points from 1.88% in the first nine months of 2017 due to an increase in long-term rates and a mix shift to long-term senior debt.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the significant components of our noninterest income:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Service charges and fees |  | $131 |  |  |  | $131 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | — | % |  |  | $382 |  |  |  | $385 |  |  |  | ($3 | ) |  | (1 | %)
Card fees | 61 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |
Capital markets fees | 47 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | 134 |  |  | 152 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | (12 | )
Trust and investment services fees | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |
Letter of credit and loan fees | 32 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Foreign exchange and interest rate products | 31 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 19 |
Mortgage banking fees | 49 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 26 |
Securities gains, net | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 44 |
Other income (1) | 17 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |
Noninterest income(2) |  | $416 |  |  |  | $381 |  |  |  | $35 |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | $1,175 |  |  |  | $1,130 |  |  |  | $45 |  |  | 4 | %

(1) Includes net securities impairment losses on debt securities available for sale recognized in earnings, bank-owned life insurance income and other income. Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 include $11 million of aircraft finance lease impairment charges.
(2) 2018 noninterest income amounts reflect the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (Topic 606).
Noninterest income of $416 million increase d $35 million, or 9%, from $381 million in third quarter 2017 driven by a $24 million increase in mortgage banking fees related to FAMC. Third quarter results also reflect growth in trust and investment services fees, foreign exchange and interest rate products, card fees and letter of credit and loan fees, partially offset by lower capital market fees, including lower loan syndication fees in line with overall market activity.
Noninterest income of $1.2 billion increase d $45 million, or 4%, from $1.1 billion in the first nine months of 2017, driven by strength in mortgage banking fees, reflecting the $24 million impact of FAMC, as well as foreign exchange and interest rate products, trust and investment services fees, card fees and letter of credit and loan fees, partially offset by lower capital market fees and service charges and fees. Excluding the impact of 2017 aircraft finance lease impairments, Underlying noninterest income* in the first nine months of 2018 increased $34 million, or 3%.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses of $78 million increased $6 million, or 8%, from $72 million in third quarter 2017, reflecting strategic growth in high-quality commercial and retail assets. Third quarter 2018 results reflected an $8 million reserve release, compared to a $7 million reserve build in third quarter 2017, largely due to continued improvements in both the commercial credit risk profile and retail product mix. Third quarter 2018 net charge-offs of $86 million were $21 million higher than third quarter 2017 of $65 million, primarily reflecting lower commercial recoveries and seasoning in unsecured retail and education portfolios.
The provision for credit losses of $241 million increase d $3 million compared to $238 million in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting moderately lower reserve growth partially offset by slightly higher net charge-offs. The first nine months of 2018 results reflected a $9 million reserve build, compared to an $11 million reserve build in the first nine months of 2017. Net charge-offs for the first nine months of 2018 of $232 million were $5 million higher than first nine months 2017 due to higher retail charge-offs, partially offset by lower commercial charge-offs. On an Underlying basis,* total credit-related costs decreased $23 million, primarily due to the impact of 2017 aircraft lease impairments.
The provision for loan and lease losses is the result of a detailed analysis performed to estimate an appropriate and adequate ALLL. The total provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses as well as the provision for unfunded commitments. Refer to “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets” for more information.
Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the significant components of our noninterest expense:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Salaries and employee benefits(1)(3) |  | $474 |  |  |  | $438 |  |  |  | $36 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | $1,397 |  |  |  | $1,316 |  |  |  | $81 |  |  | 6 | %
Outside services(3) | 107 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 9 |
Occupancy | 81 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Equipment expense | 70 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |
Amortization of software | 47 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Other operating expense(1)(2)(3) | 131 |  |  | 133 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | 378 |  |  | 405 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | (7 | )
Noninterest expense |  | $910 |  |  |  | $858 |  |  |  | $52 |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | $2,668 |  |  |  | $2,576 |  |  |  | $92 |  |  | 4 | %

(1) Salaries and employee benefits and other operating expense amounts reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.
(2) Amounts for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 include $15 million of aircraft operating lease impairment charges.
(3) Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 include $9 million of pre-tax FAMC integration costs, of which $5 million is included in salaries and employee benefits, $1 million is included in outside services and $3 million is included in other operating expense.
Noninterest expense of $910 million increase d $52 million, or 6%, from third quarter 2017, driven by $25 million of FAMC costs, primarily in salaries and employee benefits, and $9 million of FAMC integration costs. Additionally, higher salaries and employee benefits, outside services, equipment expense, occupancy and higher amortization of software were partially offset by lower other operating expense. Excluding FAMC integration costs, Underlying noninterest expense* increased $43 million, or 5%.
Noninterest expense of $2.7 billion increase d $92 million, or 4%, from the first nine months of 2017, reflecting higher salaries and employee benefits, driven by higher revenue-based incentives and merit increases, as well as higher outside services expense, including continued investments to drive growth, $25 million of FAMC costs, primarily in salaries and employee benefits, and $9 million of FAMC integration costs. These increases were partially offset by lower other operating expense. Excluding FAMC integration costs and the impact of 2017 aircraft operating lease impairments, Underlying noninterest expense* increased $98 million, or 4%.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $133 million and $165 million in third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our effective income tax rates in third quarter 2018 and 2017 were 23.2% and 32.2%, respectively. The decrease in the effective income tax rate was driven by the impact of December 2017 tax reform.
Income tax expense was $370 million and $423 million in the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our effective income tax rates in the first nine months of 2018 and 2017 were 22.8% and 30.0%, respectively. The
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
decrease in the effective income tax rate was driven by the impact of December 2017 tax reform, partially offset by the prior year beneficial settlement of certain state tax matters.
At September 30, 2018, our net deferred tax liability was $430 million, compared with $571 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in the net deferred tax liability was attributable to the tax effect of interest rate driven net unrealized losses on securities and derivatives. For further discussion, see Note 16 “Income Taxes” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.
Business Operating Segments
The following tables present certain financial data of our business operating segments, Other and consolidated:

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other(5) |  |  | Consolidated |
Net interest income(1) |  | $776 |  |  |  | $380 |  |  |  | ($8 | ) |  |  | $1,148 |
Noninterest income | 258 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 416 |
Total revenue | 1,034 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,564 |
Noninterest expense | 686 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 910 |
Profit (loss) before provision for credit losses | 348 |  |  | 318 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 654 |
Provision for credit losses | 71 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 78 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 277 |  |  | 304 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 576 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 133 |
Net income |  | $207 |  |  |  | $234 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $443 |
Loans and leases (period-end)(2) |  | $61,797 |  |  |  | $51,879 |  |  |  | $2,374 |  |  |  | $116,050 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $62,974 |  |  |  | $52,871 |  |  |  | $39,779 |  |  |  | $155,624 |
Total loans and leases(2) | 61,045 |  |  | 51,881 |  |  | 2,402 |  |  | 115,328 |
Deposits | 78,128 |  |  | 31,224 |  |  | 7,686 |  |  | 117,038 |
Interest-earning assets | 61,097 |  |  | 52,137 |  |  | 28,929 |  |  | 142,163 |
Key Performance Metrics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(3) | 5.04 | % |  | 2.89 | % |  | NM |  |  | 3.19 | %
Efficiency ratio | 66.29 |  |  | 38.83 |  |  | NM |  |  | 58.20 |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(4) | 76.79 |  |  | 165.17 |  |  | NM |  |  | 97.38 |
Return on average total tangible assets(3) | 1.31 |  |  | 1.75 |  |  | NM |  |  | 1.18 |

(1) We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments. In first quarter 2018, we enhanced our assumptions for the liquidity and deposit components within our FTP methodology which provides a credit for sources of funds and a charge for the use of funds by each business operating segment. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
(2) Includes loans held for sale.
(3) Ratios for the period ended September 30, 2018 are presented on an annualized basis.
(4) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period presentation.
(5) Includes the financial impact of non-core, liquidating loan portfolios and other non-core assets, our treasury activities, wholesale funding activities, securities portfolio, community development assets and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense, not attributed to our Consumer Banking or Commercial Banking segments. For a description of non-core assets, see “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets — Non-Core Assets.”
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other(4) |  |  | Consolidated |
Net interest income |  | $674 |  |  |  | $354 |  |  |  | $34 |  |  |  | $1,062 |
Noninterest income | 227 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 381 |
Total revenue | 901 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 1,443 |
Noninterest expense | 648 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 858 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 253 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 585 |
Provision for credit losses | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 72 |
Income before income tax expense | 188 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 513 |
Income tax expense | 66 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 165 |
Net income |  | $122 |  |  |  | $201 |  |  |  | $25 |  |  |  | $348 |
Loans and leases (period-end)(1) |  | $59,211 |  |  |  | $49,313 |  |  |  | $2,851 |  |  |  | $111,375 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $60,012 |  |  |  | $49,833 |  |  |  | $40,167 |  |  |  | $150,012 |
Total loans and leases(1) | 58,679 |  |  | 48,746 |  |  | 2,796 |  |  | 110,221 |
Deposits | 75,085 |  |  | 30,751 |  |  | 7,111 |  |  | 112,947 |
Interest-earning assets | 58,729 |  |  | 48,875 |  |  | 29,875 |  |  | 137,479 |
Key Performance Metrics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(2) | 4.55 | % |  | 2.88 | % |  | NM |  |  | 3.05 | %
Efficiency ratio | 71.88 |  |  | 39.39 |  |  | NM |  |  | 59.41 |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(3) | 77.69 |  |  | 157.26 |  |  | NM |  |  | 96.93 |
Return on average total tangible assets(2) | 0.81 |  |  | 1.60 |  |  | NM |  |  | 0.96 |

(1) Includes loans held for sale.
(2) Ratios for the period ended September 30, 2017 are presented on an annualized basis.
(3) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period presentation.
(4) Includes the financial impact of non-core, liquidating loan portfolios and other non-core assets, our treasury activities, wholesale funding activities, securities portfolio, community development assets and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense, not attributed to our Consumer Banking or Commercial Banking segments. For a description of non-core assets, see “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets — Non-Core Assets.”
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

| As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other(5) |  |  | Consolidated |
Net interest income(1) |  | $2,268 |  |  |  | $1,113 |  |  |  | ($21 | ) |  |  | $3,360 |
Noninterest income | 708 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 1,175 |
Total revenue | 2,976 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 4,535 |
Noninterest expense | 2,000 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2,668 |
Profit (loss) before provision for credit losses | 976 |  |  | 908 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 1,867 |
Provision for credit losses | 209 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 241 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 767 |  |  | 889 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 1,626 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 193 |  |  | 203 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 370 |
Net income (loss) |  | $574 |  |  |  | $686 |  |  |  | ($4 | ) |  |  | $1,256 |
Loans and leases (period-end)(2) |  | $61,797 |  |  |  | $51,879 |  |  |  | $2,374 |  |  |  | $116,050 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $61,857 |  |  |  | $51,820 |  |  |  | $39,805 |  |  |  | $153,482 |
Total loans and leases(2) | 60,277 |  |  | 50,799 |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 113,560 |
Deposits | 76,992 |  |  | 30,736 |  |  | 7,486 |  |  | 115,214 |
Interest-earning assets | 60,328 |  |  | 51,016 |  |  | 29,122 |  |  | 140,466 |
Key Performance Metrics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(3) | 5.03 | % |  | 2.92 | % |  | NM |  |  | 3.18 | %
Efficiency ratio | 67.20 |  |  | 40.16 |  |  | NM |  |  | 58.84 |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(4) | 77.59 |  |  | 164.08 |  |  | NM |  |  | 97.78 |
Return on average total tangible assets(3) | 1.24 |  |  | 1.77 |  |  | NM |  |  | 1.14 |

(1) We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments. In first quarter 2018, we enhanced our assumptions for the liquidity and deposit components within our FTP methodology which provides a credit for sources of funds and a charge for the use of funds by each business operating segment. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
(2) Includes loans held for sale.
(3) Ratios for the period ended September 30, 2018 are presented on an annualized basis.
(4) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to
conform with the current period presentation.
(5) Includes the financial impact of non-core, liquidating loan portfolios and other non-core assets, our treasury activities, wholesale funding activities, securities portfolio, community development assets and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense, not attributed to our Consumer Banking or Commercial Banking segments. For a description of non-core assets, see “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets — Non-Core Assets.”
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

| As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other(4) |  |  | Consolidated
Net interest income |  | $1,969 |  |  |  | $1,044 |  |  |  | $80 |  |  |  | $3,093 |
Noninterest income | 676 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,130 |
Total revenue | 2,645 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 4,223 |
Noninterest expense | 1,939 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 2,576 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 706 |  |  | 867 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 1,647 |
Provision for credit losses | 189 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 238 |
Income before income tax expense (benefit) | 517 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1,409 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 182 |  |  | 279 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 423 |
Net income |  | $335 |  |  |  | $568 |  |  |  | $83 |  |  |  | $986 |
Loans and leases (period-end)(1) |  | $59,211 |  |  |  | $49,313 |  |  |  | $2,851 |  |  |  | $111,375 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $59,310 |  |  |  | $49,604 |  |  |  | $40,649 |  |  |  | $149,563 |
Total loans and leases(1) | 57,975 |  | — |  | 48,560 |  |  | 3,017 |  |  | 109,552 |
Deposits | 74,778 |  |  | 29,496 |  |  | 6,967 |  |  | 111,241 |
Interest-earning assets | 58,026 |  |  | 48,696 |  |  | 30,441 |  |  | 137,163 |
Key Performance Metrics |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(2) | 4.54 | % |  | 2.87 | % |  | NM |  |  | 3.00 | %
Efficiency ratio | 73.28 |  |  | 39.89 |  |  | NM |  |  | 60.99 |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(3) | 77.04 |  |  | 163.72 |  |  | NM |  |  | 97.90 |
Return on average total tangible assets(2) | 0.76 |  |  | 1.53 |  |  | NM |  |  | 0.92 |

(1) Includes loans held for sale.
(2) Ratios for the period ended September 30, 2017 are presented on an annualized basis.
(3) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period presentation.
(4) Includes the financial impact of non-core, liquidating loan portfolios and other non-core assets, our treasury activities, wholesale funding activities, securities portfolio, community development assets and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense, not attributed to our Consumer Banking or Commercial Banking segments. For a description of non-core assets, see “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets — Non-Core Assets.”
We have two business operating segments: Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. Segment results are derived by specifically attributing managed assets, liabilities, capital and related revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses. Non-segment operations are classified as Other, which includes corporate functions, the Treasury function, the securities portfolio, wholesale funding activities, intangible assets, community development, non-core assets (including legacy Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc aircraft loan and leasing), and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense. For a description of non-core assets, see “—Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets — Non-Core Assets.” In addition, Other includes goodwill and any associated goodwill impairment charges. For impairment testing purposes, we allocate goodwill to Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking reporting units.
Our capital levels are evaluated and managed centrally, however, capital is allocated on a risk-adjusted basis considering economic and regulatory capital requirements to the business operating segments to support evaluation of business performance. Because funding and asset liability management is a central function, funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) methodologies are utilized to allocate a cost of funds used, or credit for the funds provided, to all business operating segment assets, liabilities and capital, respectively, using a matched-funding concept. The residual effect on net interest income of asset/liability management, including the residual net interest income related to the FTP process, is included in Other. We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments.
Provision for credit losses is allocated to each business operating segment based on respective actual net charge-offs . The difference between the consolidated provision for credit losses and the business operating segments’ net charge-offs is reflected in Other.
Noninterest income and expense are directly attributed to each business operating segment, including fees, service charges, salaries and benefits, and other direct revenues and costs, and are respectively accounted for in a manner similar to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements. Occupancy costs are allocated based on utilization of facilities by each business operating segment. Noninterest expenses incurred by centrally managed
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
operations or business operating segments that directly support another business operating segment’s operations are charged to the applicable business operating segment based on its utilization of those services.
Income taxes are assessed to each business operating segment at a standard tax rate with the residual tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate included in Other.
Developing and applying methodologies used to allocate items among the business operating segments is a dynamic process. Accordingly, financial results may be revised periodically as management systems are enhanced, methods of evaluating performance or product lines change, or our organizational structure changes.
Consumer Banking

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |
Net interest income(1) |  | $776 |  |  |  | $674 |  |  |  | $102 |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | $2,268 |  |  |  | $1,969 |  |  |  | $299 |  |  | 15 | %
Noninterest income | 258 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 708 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 5 |
Total revenue | 1,034 |  |  | 901 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2,976 |  |  | 2,645 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 13 |
Noninterest expense | 686 |  |  | 648 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 3 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 348 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 38 |
Provision for credit losses | 71 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 11 |
Income before income tax expense | 277 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 48 |
Income tax expense | 70 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 6 |
Net income |  | $207 |  |  |  | $122 |  |  |  | $85 |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | $574 |  |  |  | $335 |  |  |  | $239 |  |  | 71 |
Loans (period-end)(2) |  | $61,797 |  |  |  | $59,211 |  |  |  | $2,586 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | $61,797 |  |  |  | $59,211 |  |  |  | $2,586 |  |  | 4 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $62,974 |  |  |  | $60,012 |  |  |  | $2,962 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | $61,857 |  |  |  | $59,310 |  |  |  | $2,547 |  |  | 4 | %
Total loans and leases(2) | 61,045 |  |  | 58,679 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 60,277 |  |  | 57,975 |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | 4 |
Deposits | 78,128 |  |  | 75,085 |  |  | 3,043 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 76,992 |  |  | 74,778 |  |  | 2,214 |  |  | 3 |
Interest-earning assets | 61,097 |  |  | 58,729 |  |  | 2,368 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 60,328 |  |  | 58,026 |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | 4 |
Key Performance Metrics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(3) | 5.04 | % |  | 4.55 | % |  | 49 | bps |  |  |  | 5.03 | % |  | 4.54 | % |  | 49 | bps |  |
Efficiency ratio | 66.29 |  |  | 71.88 |  |  | (559 | ) bps |  |  |  | 67.20 |  |  | 73.28 |  |  | (608 | ) bps |  |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(4) | 76.79 |  |  | 77.69 |  |  | (90 | ) bps |  |  |  | 77.59 |  |  | 77.04 |  |  | 55 | bps |  |
Return on average total tangible assets(3) | 1.31 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 50 | bps |  |  |  | 1.24 |  |  | 0.76 |  |  | 48 | bps |  |

(1) We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments. In first quarter 2018, we enhanced our assumptions for the liquidity and deposit components within our FTP methodology which provides a credit for sources of funds and a charge for the use of funds by each business operating segment. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
(2) Includes loans held for sale.
(3) Ratios for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented on an annualized basis.
(4) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period presentation.
Consumer Banking net interest income of $776 million increased $102 million, or 15%, from third quarter 2017, driven by the impact of the FTP methodology enhancement as well as the benefit of a $2.4 billion increase in average loans led by residential mortgage, education and unsecured retail with higher loan yields that included the benefit of higher rates and continued mix shift towards higher yielding assets, partially offset by an increase in deposit costs. Noninterest income increased $31 million from third quarter 2017, driven by a $24 million increase in mortgage banking fees related to FAMC. Results also reflect higher trust and investment services fees. Noninterest expense of $686 million increased $38 million, or 6%, from third quarter 2017, driven by a $25 million increase resulting from FAMC, higher salaries and benefits, and advertising. Provision for credit losses of $71 million increased $6 million, or 9%, reflecting loan growth and seasoning in unsecured retail and education.
Consumer Banking net interest income of $2.3 billion increased $299 million, or 15%, from the first nine months of 2017, driven by the impact of the FTP methodology enhancement as well as the benefit of a $2.3 billion increase in average loans led by residential mortgage, education and unsecured retail with higher loan yields that included the benefit of higher rates and continued mix shift towards higher yielding assets, partially offset by an increase in deposit costs. Noninterest income increased $32 million from the first nine months of 2017, driven by a $24 million increase in mortgage banking fees related to FAMC. Results also reflect higher trust and investment
24

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
service fees partially offset by lower service charges and fees. Noninterest expense of $2.0 billion increased $61 million, or 3%, from the first nine months of 2017, driven by a $25 million increase related to FAMC, higher salaries and employee benefits, advertising, and outside services. Provision for credit losses of $209 million increased $20 million, or 11%, reflecting balance growth and seasoning in unsecured retail and education.
On November 5, 2018, we announced the acquisition of Clarfeld Financial Advisors, LLC, a leading wealth management firm and multi-family office headquartered in Tarrytown, New York.
Commercial Banking

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |
Net interest income(1) |  | $380 |  |  |  | $354 |  |  |  | $26 |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | $1,113 |  |  |  | $1,044 |  |  |  | $69 |  |  | 7 | %
Noninterest income | 140 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |
Total revenue | 520 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 5 |
Noninterest expense | 202 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 6 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 318 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 867 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 5 |
Provision for credit losses | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (5 | )
Income before income tax expense | 304 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 5 |
Income tax expense | 70 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | 203 |  |  | 279 |  |  | (76 | ) |  | (27 | )
Net income |  | $234 |  |  |  | $201 |  |  |  | $33 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | $686 |  |  |  | $568 |  |  |  | $118 |  |  | 21 |
Loans and leases (period-end)(2) |  | $51,879 |  |  |  | $49,313 |  |  |  | $2,566 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | $51,879 |  |  |  | $49,313 |  |  |  | $2,566 |  |  | 5 |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $52,871 |  |  |  | $49,833 |  |  |  | $3,038 |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | $51,820 |  |  |  | $49,604 |  |  |  | $2,216 |  |  | 4 | %
Total loans and leases(2) | 51,881 |  |  | 48,746 |  |  | 3,135 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 50,799 |  |  | 48,560 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 5 |
Deposits | 31,224 |  |  | 30,751 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 30,736 |  |  | 29,496 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 4 |
Interest-earning assets | 52,137 |  |  | 48,875 |  |  | 3,262 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 51,016 |  |  | 48,696 |  |  | 2,320 |  |  | 5 |
Key Performance Metrics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin(3) | 2.89 | % |  | 2.88 | % |  | 1 | bps |  |  |  | 2.92 | % |  | 2.87 | % |  | 5 | bps |  |
Efficiency ratio | 38.83 |  |  | 39.39 |  |  | (56 | ) bps |  |  |  | 40.16 |  |  | 39.89 |  |  | 27 | bps |  |
Loans-to-deposits ratio (average balances)(4) | 165.17 |  |  | 157.26 |  |  | 791 | bps |  |  |  | 164.08 |  |  | 163.72 |  |  | 36 | bps |  |
Return on average total tangible assets(3) | 1.75 |  |  | 1.60 |  |  | 15 | bps |  |  |  | 1.77 |  |  | 1.53 |  |  | 24 | bps |  |

(1) We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments. In first quarter 2018, we enhanced our assumptions for the liquidity and deposit components within our FTP methodology which provides a credit for sources of funds and a charge for the use of funds by each business operating segment. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
(2) Includes loans held for sale.
(3) Ratios for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented on an annualized basis.
(4) We revised our method of calculating the loans-to-deposits ratio in the third quarter 2018 to exclude loans held for sale. Prior periods have been adjusted to conform with the current period presentation.
Commercial Banking net interest income of $380 million increased $26 million, or 7%, from $354 million in third quarter 2017, reflecting a $3.1 billion increase in average loans and leases and a $473 million increase in average deposits. Noninterest income of $140 million increased $4 million, or 3%, from $136 million in third quarter 2017, reflecting higher foreign exchange and interest rate product fees and card fees. Noninterest expense of $202 million increased $7 million, or 4%, from $195 million in third quarter 2017, largely d riven by higher salaries and employee benefits. Provision for credit losses increased $14 million from third quarter 2017 due to higher net charge-offs.
Commercial Banking net interest income of $1.1 billion increased $69 million, or 7%, from $1.0 billion in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting a $2.2 billion increase in average loans and leases and a $1.2 billion increase in average deposits. noninterest income of $405 million increased $5 million, or 1%, from $400 million in the first nine months of 2017, reflecting higher foreign exchange and interest rate products and card fees. Noninterest expense of $610 million increased $33 million, or 6%, from $577 million in the first nine months of 2017, largely d riven by higher salaries and employee benefits. Provision for credit losses was relatively stable with the first nine months of 2017.
25

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Other

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Net interest income(1) |  | ($8 | ) |  |  | $34 |  |  |  | ($42 | ) |  | (124 | %) |  |  | ($21 | ) |  |  | $80 |  |  |  | ($101 | ) |  | (126 | %)
Noninterest income | 18 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 15 |
Total revenue | 10 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | (81 | ) |  | 41 |  |  | 134 |  |  | (93 | ) |  | (69 | )
Noninterest expense | 22 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 60 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | )
(Loss) profit before provision for credit losses | (12 | ) |  | 37 |  |  | (49 | ) |  | (132 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | 74 |  |  | (91 | ) |  | (123 | )
Provision for credit losses | (7 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | (200 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (55 | )
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense | (5 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (117 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | 45 |  |  | (75 | ) |  | (167 | )
Income tax (benefit) expense | (7 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (240 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | 12 |  |  | 32 |
Net income (loss) |  | $2 |  |  |  | $25 |  |  |  | ($23 | ) |  | (92 | ) |  |  | ($4 | ) |  |  | $83 |  |  |  | ($87 | ) |  | (105 | )
Loans and leases (period-end)(2) |  | $2,374 |  |  |  | $2,851 |  |  |  | ($477 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  |  | $2,374 |  |  |  | $2,851 |  |  |  | ($477 | ) |  | (17 | )
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $39,779 |  |  |  | $40,167 |  |  |  | ($388 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  |  | $39,805 |  |  |  | $40,649 |  |  |  | ($844 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Total loans and leases(2) | 2,402 |  |  | 2,796 |  |  | (394 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | 2,484 |  |  | 3,017 |  |  | (533 | ) |  | (18 | )
Deposits | 7,686 |  |  | 7,111 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 7,486 |  |  | 6,967 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 7 |
Interest-earning assets | 28,929 |  |  | 29,875 |  |  | (946 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | 29,122 |  |  | 30,441 |  |  | (1,319 | ) |  | (4 | )

(1) We periodically evaluate and refine our methodologies used to measure financial performance of our business operating segments. In first quarter 2018, we enhanced our assumptions for the liquidity and deposit components within our FTP methodology which provides a credit for sources of funds and a charge for the use of funds by each business operating segment. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
(2) Includes loans held for sale.
Other net interest income decreased $42 million driven by higher funding costs, the declining benefit of swaps and non-core portfolio runoff, partially offset by residual FTP and higher investment portfolio income. Noninterest income remained stable, while noninterest expense increased $7 million due to FAMC integration costs. Results also reflected a reserve release of $8 million in third quarter 2018, compared to a reserve build of $7 million in third quarter 2017.
Other n et interest income decreased $101 million reflecting an FTP methodology enhancement, higher funding costs, the declining benefit of swaps and non-core portfolio runoff. Results also reflected lower net charge-offs and a reserve build of $9 million in the first nine months of 2018, compared to a reserve build of $11 million in the first nine months of 2017. Other net loss of $4 million decreased from net income of $83 million in the first nine months of 2017, primarily driven by lower net interest income and a $23 million benefit related to the settlement of state tax matters in the first nine months of 2017.
26

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
Securities
Our securities portfolio is managed to maintain prudent levels of liquidity, credit quality and market risk while achieving appropriate returns. The following table presents our securities AFS and HTM:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  |
(in millions) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Change in Fair Value
Debt Securities Available for Sale, At Fair Value:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other |  | $12 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | — | %
State and political subdivisions | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (17 | )
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 20,703 |  |  | 19,886 |  |  | 20,065 |  |  | 19,828 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |
Other/non-agency | 251 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 311 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (20 | )
Total mortgage-backed securities | 20,954 |  |  | 20,135 |  |  | 20,376 |  |  | 20,139 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale, at fair value |  | $20,971 |  |  |  | $20,152 |  |  |  | $20,394 |  |  |  | $20,157 |  |  |  | ($5 | ) |  | — | %
Debt Securities Held to Maturity:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $3,525 |  |  |  | $3,348 |  |  |  | $3,853 |  |  |  | $3,814 |  |  |  | ($466 | ) |  | (12 | %)
Other/non-agency | 759 |  |  | 754 |  |  | 832 |  |  | 854 |  |  | (100 | ) |  | (12 | )
Total mortgage-backed securities | 4,284 |  |  | 4,102 |  |  | 4,685 |  |  | 4,668 |  |  | (566 | ) |  | (12 | )
Total debt securities held to maturity |  | $4,284 |  |  |  | $4,102 |  |  |  | $4,685 |  |  |  | $4,668 |  |  |  | ($566 | ) |  | (12 | )
Total debt securities available for sale and held to maturity |  | $25,255 |  |  |  | $24,254 |  |  |  | $25,079 |  |  |  | $24,825 |  |  |  | ($571 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Equity Securities:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities, at fair value |  | $175 |  |  |  | $175 |  |  |  | $169 |  |  |  | $169 |  |  |  | $6 |  |  | 4 | %
Equity securities, at cost | 874 |  |  | 874 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 21 |
Total equity securities |  | $1,049 |  |  |  | $1,049 |  |  |  | $891 |  |  |  | $891 |  |  |  | $158 |  |  | 18 | %

(1)As of January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments, Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial assets on the balance sheet.
The fair value of the AFS debt portfolio of $20.2 billion at September 30, 2018 remained stable with December 31, 2017 as an increase in net unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities of $582 million due to higher interest rates, was offset by net portfolio additions. The decline in the fair value of the HTM debt portfolio of $566 million was attributable to an increase in net unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities of $165 million due to higher interest rates and $401 million in net attrition of the portfolio.
As of September 30, 2018, the portfolio’s average effective duration was 4.7 years compared with 3.9 years as of December 31, 2017, as higher long-term rates drove a decrease in securities prepayment speeds. We manage the securities portfolio duration and convexity risk through asset selection and securities structure, and maintain duration levels within our risk a ppetite in the context of the broader Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book framework and limits.
The securities portfolio includes high-quality, highly-liquid investments reflecting our ongoing commitment to maintaining appropriate contingent liquidity levels and pledging capacity. U.S. government-guaranteed notes and government-sponsored entity-issued mortgage-backed securities represent 96% of the fair value of the debt securities portfolio holdings. The portfolio composition is also dominated by holdings backed by mortgages to facilitate our ability to pledge them to the FHLBs for collateral purposes. For further discussion of the liquidity coverage ratios, see “Regulation and Supervision — Liquidity Standards” in Part I — Business, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
27

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Loans and Leases
Our loans and leases are disclosed in portfolio segments and classes. Our loan and lease portfolio segments are commercial and retail. The classes of loans and leases are: commercial, commercial real estate, leases, residential mortgages, home equity loans, home equity lines of credit, home equity loans serviced by others, home equity lines of credit serviced by others, automobile, education, credit cards and other retail. Our SBO portfolio consists of purchased home equity loans and lines that were originally serviced by others, which we service a portion of internally. The following table shows the composition of loans and leases, including non-core loans, as of:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change |  | Percent
Commercial |  | $39,770 |  |  |  | $37,562 |  |  |  | $2,208 |  |  | 6 | %
Commercial real estate | 12,630 |  |  | 11,308 |  |  | 1,322 |  |  | 12 |
Leases | 3,005 |  |  | 3,161 |  |  | (156 | ) |  | (5 | )
Total commercial loans and leases | 55,405 |  |  | 52,031 |  |  | 3,374 |  |  | 6 |
Residential mortgages | 18,493 |  |  | 17,045 |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | 8 |
Home equity loans | 1,131 |  |  | 1,392 |  |  | (261 | ) |  | (19 | )
Home equity lines of credit | 12,863 |  |  | 13,483 |  |  | (620 | ) |  | (5 | )
Home equity loans serviced by others | 429 |  |  | 542 |  |  | (113 | ) |  | (21 | )
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 114 |  |  | 149 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (23 | )
Automobile | 12,255 |  |  | 13,204 |  |  | (949 | ) |  | (7 | )
Education | 8,712 |  |  | 8,134 |  |  | 578 |  |  | 7 |
Credit cards | 1,911 |  |  | 1,848 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 3 |
Other retail | 3,407 |  |  | 2,789 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 22 |
Total retail loans | 59,315 |  |  | 58,586 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 1 |
Total loans and leases (1) (2) |  | $114,720 |  |  |  | $110,617 |  |  |  | $4,103 |  |  | 4 | %

(1) Excluded from the table above are loans held for sale totaling $1.3 billion and $718 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2) Mortgage loans serviced for others by our subsidiaries are not included above and amounted to $67.5 billion and $20.3 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Total commercial loans and leases of $55.4 billion increased $3.4 billion from $52.0 billion as of December 31, 2017, reflecting commercial loan growth of $2.2 billion and commercial real estate loan growth of $1.3 billion. Total retail loa ns of $59.3 billion increased $729 million from $58.6 billion as of December 31, 2017, driven by increases of $1.4 billion, $618 million and $578 million in residential mortgages, other retail and education loans, respectively, offset by decreases of $949 million, $620 million, $261 million and $113 million in automobile loans, home equity lines of credit, home equity loans and home equity loans serviced by others, respectively.
Allowance for Credit Losses and Nonperforming Assets
The ACL, which consists of an ALLL and a reserve for unfunded lending commitments, is created through charges to the provision for credit losses in order to provide appropriate reserves to absorb future estimated credit losses in accordance with GAAP. For further information on our processes to determine our ACL, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Note 5 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and Note 4 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.
The ACL totaled $1.3 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The ALLL represented 1.08% of total loans and leases and 149% of nonperforming loans and leases as of September 30, 2018, compared with 1.12% and 142%, respectively, as of December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, there were no material changes in assumptions or estimation techniques compared with prior periods that impacted the determination of the current period’s reserves. As of December 31, 2017, we enhanced the method for assessing various qualitative risks, factors and events that may not be measured in the modeled results. As a result, the qualitative allowance was presented within each loan class.
Overall credit quality remained strong, reflecting growth in higher-quality, lower-risk retail loans and a broadly stable risk profile in the commercial loan and lease portfolios. Nonperforming loans and leases of $832 million as of September 30, 2018 decreased $39 million from December 31, 2017, reflecting a $32 million decrease in retail nonperforming loans attributable to a $31 million decrease in real estate secured categories. Third quarter
28

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
2018 net charge-offs of $86 million were up $21 million from third quarter 2017, reflecting lower commercial recoveries and seasoning in unsecured retail and education portfolios. Third quarter 2018 annualized net charge-offs of 30 basis points of average loans and leases was up six basis points compared with 24 basis points in third quarter 2017. Net charge-offs of $232 million for the first nine months of 2018 increased $5 million, or 2%, from $227 million for the first nine months of 2017. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of total average loans of 0.27% remained stable compared to 0.28% in the first nine months of 2017.
Commercial Loan Asset Quality
Our commercial loan and lease portfolio consists of traditional commercial loans and commercial real estate loans and leases. The portfolio is predominantly focused on customers in our footprint and adjacent states in which we have a physical presence where our local delivery model provides for strong client connectivity. Additionally, we also do business in certain specialized industry sectors on a national basis.
For commercial loans and leases, we utilize regulatory classification ratings to monitor credit quality. Loans with a “pass” rating are those that we believe will be fully repaid in accordance with the contractual loan terms. Commercial loans and leases that are “criticized” are those that have some weakness or potential weakness that indicate an increased probability of future loss. “Criticized” loans are grouped into three categories, “special mention,” “substandard” and “doubtful.” Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of our credit position at some future date. Substandard loans are inadequately protected loans; these loans have well-defined weaknesses that could hinder normal repayment or collection of the debt. Doubtful loans have the same weaknesses as substandard, with the added characteristics that the possibility of loss is high and collection of the full amount of the loan is improbable. These credit quality indicators for commercial loans are continually updated and monitored. See Note 4 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.
As of September 30, 2018, nonperforming commercial loans and leases of $258 million decreased $7 million from $265 million as of December 31, 2017. Total commercial nonperforming loans were 0.5% of the commercial loan portfolio as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Total commercial loan and lease portfolio net charge-offs of $16 million for the third quarter 2018 compared to zero for the third quarter 2017. The commercial loan and lease portfolio’s annualized net charge-off rate of 12 basis points for third quarter 2018 compared to one basis point in third quarter 2017. Total commercial loan and lease portfolio net charge-offs were $25 million for the first nine months of 2018, decreasing from $33 million for the first nine months of 2017. The commercial loan and lease portfolio’s annualized net charge-off rate of six basis points for the first nine months of 2018 decreased compared to an annualized net charge-off rate of nine basis points for the first nine months of 2017.
The recorded investment in commercial loans and leases based on regulatory classification ratings is presented below:

| September 30, 2018
|  | Criticized |
(in millions) | Pass |  | Special Mention | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total |
Commercial |  | $37,242 |  |  | $1,441 |  |  | $854 |  |  | $233 |  |  | $39,770 |
Commercial real estate | 12,193 |  | 282 |  | 127 |  | 28 |  | 12,630 |
Leases | 2,909 |  | 49 |  | 47 |  | — |  | 3,005 |
Total commercial loans and leases |  | $52,344 |  |  | $1,772 |  |  | $1,028 |  |  | $261 |  |  | $55,405 |

| December 31, 2017
|  | Criticized |
(in millions) | Pass |  | Special Mention | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total |
Commercial |  | $35,430 |  |  | $1,143 |  |  | $785 |  |  | $204 |  |  | $37,562 |
Commercial real estate | 10,706 |  | 500 |  | 74 |  | 28 |  | 11,308 |
Leases | 3,069 |  | 73 |  | 19 |  | — |  | 3,161 |
Total commercial loans and leases |  | $49,205 |  |  | $1,716 |  |  | $878 |  |  | $232 |  |  | $52,031 |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Total commercial criticized loans and leases of $3.1 billion at September 30, 2018 increased $235 million, or 8%, from $2.8 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in criticized assets is largely focused on general restaurant portfolio loans, which reflects our prudent approach of moving loans to special mention where they receive heightened monitoring. We believe there are adequate reserves in place and there is not a high loss content in these loans.
Retail Loan Asset Quality
For retail loans, we primarily utilize payment and delinquency status to regularly review and monitor credit quality trends. Historical experience indicates that the longer a loan is past due, the greater the likelihood of future credit loss. The largest portion of the retail portfolio is represented by borrowers located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions, although we have continued to grow selectively in areas outside the footprint primarily in the auto finance, education lending and unsecured portfolios.
The following tables present asset quality metrics for the retail loan portfolio:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Average refreshed FICO for total portfolio | 764 |  |  | 762 |
CLTV ratio for secured real estate(1) | 59 |  |  | 59 |
Nonperforming retail loans as a percentage of total retail | 0.97 | % |  | 1.03 | %

(1) The real estate secured portfolio CLTV is calculated as the mortgage and second lien loan balance divided by the most recently available value of the property.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  |  | Percent |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Change |  | Percent |
Net charge-offs |  | $70 |  |  |  | $65 |  |  |  | $5 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | $207 |  |  |  | $194 |  |  |  | $13 |  |  | 7 | %
Annualized net charge-off rate | 0.47 | % |  | 0.44 | % |  | 3 bps |  |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | 0.46 | % |  | 1 bps |  |

Retail credit and asset quality remains strong. Overall losses and nonperforming loans remain within expectations, and the weighted average portfolio refreshed FICO and weighted average refreshed portfolio CLTV ratio remain stable compared to previously reported.
Retail net charge-offs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased from 2017 levels, reflecting seasoning in unsecured retail and education portfolios. Nonperforming retail loans remains stable as a percentage of total retail loans at 0.97% as of September 30, 2018, compared to 1.03% as of December 31, 2017.
We monitor the potential for increased exposure to credit losses associated with HELOCs that were originated during the period of rapid home price appreciation between 2003 and 2007. Industry-wide, many of the HELOCs originated during this timeframe were structured with an extended interest-only payment period, followed by a requirement to convert to a higher payment amount that would begin fully amortizing both principal and interest, beginning at a certain date in the future. To help manage this potential exposure, in September 2013, we launched a comprehensive program designed to provide heightened customer outreach to inform, educate and assist customers through the reset process as well as to offer alternative financing and forbearance options. Results of this program indicate that our efforts to assist customers at risk of default have successfully reduced delinquency and charge-off rates compared to our original expectations.
Summarized data for the HELOC portfolio and the portion originated during the period of rapid home price appreciation between 2003 and 2007 is presented below:

(dollars in millions) | Balance |  | % Secured by First Lien |  | FICO |  | LTV
Total HELOCs as of September 30, 2018(1) |  | $12,977 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 767 |  |  | 57 | %
HELOCs scheduled to reset 10/1/18 - 12/31/21 | 1,864 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 760 |  |  | 52 |

(1) Includes $116 million scheduled to reach the end of the interest-only draw period and enter repayment of principal and interest for the remainder of 2018.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The performance of our historical vintages that have entered repayment remains stable. The following table presents the asset quality metrics as of September 30, 2018, for the HELOCs reset at each year ending:

(dollars in millions) | 2014/2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |
Balance reset |  | $1,688 |  |  |  | $738 |  |  |  | $730 |
Percent refinanced, paid off, or current | 94 | % |  | 95 | % |  | 95 | %
Percent past due | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Percent charged-off | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |

The largest retail portfolio subject to payment reset, borrowers ending an interest-only draw period and entering repayment of principal and interest, is the HELOC portfolio. As of September 30, 2018, the HELOC portfolio totaled $13.0 billion with $116 million scheduled to reach the end of the interest-only draw period and enter repayment of principal and interest for the remainder of 2018 and $1.9 billion scheduled to reach the end of the interest-only draw period and enter repayment of principal and interest between October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2021. As outlined in the tables above, the credit composition of the balances maturing through 2021 remains in line with the overall HELOC portfolio and the performance of the 2014 - 2017 matured vintages continues to remain stable. Factors that affect our future expectations for continued relatively low charge-off risk in the face of rising interest rates for the portion of our HELOC portfolio subject to reset in future periods include a relatively high level of first lien collateral positions, improved loan-to-value ratios resulting from continued home price appreciation, relatively stable portfolio credit score profiles and continued robust loss mitigation efforts.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
TDR is the classification given to a loan that has been restructured in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial hardship that we would not otherwise make. TDRs typically result from our loss mitigation efforts and are undertaken in order to improve the likelihood of recovery and continuity of the relationship. Our loan modifications are handled on a case by case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet our borrower’s financial needs. The types of concessions include interest rate reductions, term extensions, principal forgiveness and other modifications to the structure of the loan that fall outside our lending policy. Depending on the specific facts and circumstances of the customer, restructuring can involve loans moving to nonaccrual, remaining on nonaccrual, or remaining on accrual status.
As of September 30, 2018, $735 million of retail loans were classified as TDRs, compared with $761 million as of December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, $183 million of retail TDRs were in nonaccrual status with 53% current with payments, an improvement compared to $211 million in nonaccrual status with 51% current on payments at December 31, 2017. TDRs generally return to accrual status once repayment capacity and appropriate payment history can be established. TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment and loans, once classified as TDRs, remain classified as TDRs until paid off, sold or refinanced at market terms.
For additional information regarding TDRs, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses,” and Note 5 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and Note 4 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The following tables present retail TDRs by loan class, including delinquency status for accruing TDRs and TDRs in nonaccrual:

| September 30, 2018
|  |  | As a % of Accruing Retail TDRs |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Accruing |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  | $111 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | $45 |  |  |  | $156 |
Home equity loans | 81 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 106 |
Home equity lines of credit | 145 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | 208 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 32 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 43 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |
Automobile | 14 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 25 |
Education | 135 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 157 |
Credit cards | 23 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |
Other retail | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total |  | $552 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | $183 |  |  |  | $735 |

| December 31, 2017
|  |  | As a % of Accruing Retail TDRs |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Accruing |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  | $98 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  |  | $53 |  |  |  | $151 |
Home equity loans | 86 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 121 |
Home equity lines of credit | 128 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 197 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 38 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 51 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |
Automobile | 12 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 23 |
Education | 152 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 175 |
Credit cards | 24 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 25 |
Other retail | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |
Total |  | $550 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | $211 |  |  |  | $761 |

Non-Core Assets

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change |  | Percent
Commercial |  | $71 |  |  |  | $56 |  |  |  | $15 |  |  | 27 | %
Commercial real estate | 16 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (16 | )
Leases | 712 |  |  | 752 |  |  | (40 | ) |  | (5 | )
Total commercial loans and leases | 799 |  |  | 827 |  |  | (28 | ) |  | (3 | )
Residential mortgages | 115 |  |  | 136 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (15 | )
Home equity loans | 32 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (20 | )
Home equity lines of credit | 21 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (30 | )
Home equity loans serviced by others | 429 |  |  | 542 |  |  | (113 | ) |  | (21 | )
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 114 |  |  | 149 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (23 | )
Education | 220 |  |  | 254 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (13 | )
Total retail loans | 931 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | (220 | ) |  | (19 | )
Total non-core loans and leases | 1,730 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | (248 | ) |  | (13 | )
Other assets | 97 |  |  | 112 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (13 | )
Total non-core assets |  | $1,827 |  |  |  | $2,090 |  |  |  | ($263 | ) |  | (13 | %)

Non-core assets are primarily liquidating loan and lease portfolios inconsistent with our strategic priorities, generally as a result of geographic location, industry, product type or risk level and are included in Other. The largest
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
component of our retail non-core portfolio is the home equity serviced by others portfolio (“SBO”), which totaled $543 million as of September 30, 2018, compared to $691 million as of December 31, 2017. The SBO portfolio consists of home equity loans and lines of credit purchased between 2003 and 2007 that were initially serviced by others. We now service about half of this portfolio internally. The credit profile of the SBO portfolio reflected a weighted-average refreshed FICO score of 711 and CLTV of 78% as of September 30, 2018. The proportion of the portfolio in a second lien position was 97%, with 69% of the portfolio in out-of-footprint geographies. SBO net recoveries of $4 million in third quarter 2018 reflected a $1 million improvement from third quarter 2017, driven by continued portfolio seasoning, recoveries from aged charge-offs, and balance liquidation.
The largest component of our commercial non-core portfolio is an aircraft-related lease portfolio tied to legacy Royal Bank of Scotland Group aircraft leasing borrowers, which totaled $712 million and $752 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Deposits
The table below presents the major components of our deposits:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Demand |  | $29,785 |  |  |  | $29,279 |  |  |  | $506 |  |  | 2 | %
Checking with interest | 22,323 |  |  | 22,229 |  |  | 94 |  |  | — |
Regular savings | 10,523 |  |  | 9,518 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 11 |
Money market accounts | 35,613 |  |  | 37,454 |  |  | (1,841 | ) |  | (5 | )
Term deposits | 18,831 |  |  | 16,609 |  |  | 2,222 |  |  | 13 |
Total deposits |  | $117,075 |  |  |  | $115,089 |  |  |  | $1,986 |  |  | 2 | %

Total deposits as of September 30, 2018 increase d $2.0 billion, or 2%, to $117.1 billion, from $115.1 billion as of December 31, 2017, reflecting growth in term, regular savings, demand and checking with interest, offset by lower money market accounts.
Borrowed Funds
Short-term borrowed funds
A summary of our short-term borrowed funds is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Federal funds purchased |  | $— |  |  |  | $460 |  |  |  | ($460 | ) |  | (100 | %)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 374 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5 |
Other short-term borrowed funds (1) | 2,006 |  |  | 1,856 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 8 |
Total short-term borrowed funds |  | $2,380 |  |  |  | $2,671 |  |  |  | ($291 | ) |  | (11 | %)

(1) September 30, 2018 includes $1.5 billion of debt issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program maturing within one year, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($1) million and other basis adjustments of ($5) million. December 31, 2017 includes $750 million of debt issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program maturing within one year, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($1) million and other basis adjustments of ($4) million.
The net increase in other short-term borrowed funds of $150 million resulted from an increase of $749 million in senior bank debt, issued under CBNA’s Global Note Program, now maturing within one year, partially offset by a reduction of $601 million in short-term FHLB advances.
Our advances, lines of credit, and letters of credit from the FHLB are collateralized by pledged mortgages and securities at least sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level established by the FHLB. The utilized borrowing capacity for FHLB advances and letters of credit was $13.8 billion and $9.4 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our available FHLB borrowing capacity was $3.7 billion and $8.0 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. We can also borrow from the FRB discount window to meet short-term liquidity requirements. Collateral, including certain loans, is pledged to support this borrowing capacity. At September 30, 2018, our unused secured borrowing capacity was approximately $36.3 billion, which included unencumbered securities, FHLB borrowing capacity, and FRB discount window capacity.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Key data related to short-term borrowed funds is presented in the following table:

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2017
Weighted-average interest rate at period-end:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.74 | %
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2.41 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 2.41 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.72 |
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase(2) |  | $382 |  |  |  | $724 |  |  |  | $1,045 |  |  |  | $1,174 |  |  |  | $1,174 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,502 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | 3,508 |
Average amount outstanding during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase(2) |  | $643 |  |  |  | $733 |  |  |  | $598 |  |  |  | $807 |  |  |  | $776 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,239 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | 2,321 |
Weighted-average interest rate during the period:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 0.91 | % |  | 0.47 | % |  | 0.76 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.36 | %
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2.45 |  |  | 1.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 1.22 |  |  | 1.32 |

(1) Rates exclude certain hedging costs.
(2) Balances are net of certain short-term receivables associated with reverse repurchase agreements, as applicable.
Long-term borrowed funds
A summary of our long-term borrowed funds is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Parent Company: |  |  |
2.375% fixed-rate senior unsecured debt, due 2021 |  | $349 |  |  |  | $349 |
4.150% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2022 | 348 |  |  | 348 |
5.158% fixed-to-floating rate callable subordinated debt, due 2023(1) | — |  |  | 333 |
3.750% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2024 | 250 |  |  | 250 |
4.023% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2024 | 42 |  |  | 42 |
4.350% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2025 | 249 |  |  | 249 |
4.300% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2025 | 749 |  |  | 749 |
Banking Subsidiaries: |  |  |
2.450% senior unsecured notes, due 2019 (2) | 742 |  |  | 743 |
2.500% senior unsecured notes, due 2019 (2) (3) | — |  |  | 741 |
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 687 |  |  | 692 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 300 |  |  | 299 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 250 |  |  | 249 |
2.200% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 499 |  |  | 498 |
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 731 |  |  | 742 |
2.550% senior unsecured notes, due 2021 (2) | 951 |  |  | 964 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2022 (2) | 249 |  |  | 249 |
2.650% senior unsecured notes, due 2022 (2) | 478 |  |  | 491 |
3.700% senior unsecured notes, due 2023 (2) | 492 |  |  | — |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2023 (2) | 249 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances due through 2038 | 8,012 |  |  | 3,761 |
Other | 12 |  |  | 16 |
Total long-term borrowed funds |  | $15,639 |  |  |  | $11,765 |

(1) Redeemed on June 29, 2018.
(2) Issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program.
(3) Reclassified to short-term borrowed funds.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Long-term borrowed funds of $15.6 billion as of September 30, 2018 increase d $3.9 billion f rom December 31, 2017, reflecting an increase of $4.3 billion in long-term FHLB borrowings, partially offset by the redemption of $333 million of Parent Company subordinated debt.
The Parent Company’s long-term borrowed funds as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included principal balances of $2.0 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($5) million in each period. The banking subsidiaries’ long-term borrowed funds as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included principal balances of $13.8 billion and $9.5 billion, respectively, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($17) million and ($19) million, respectively, and hedging basis adjustments of ($105) million and ($63) million, respectively. See Note 9 “Derivatives” for further information about our hedging of certain long-term borrowed funds.
CAPITAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS
As a bank holding company and a financial holding company, we are subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. Our primary subsidiaries are our two insured depository institutions, CBNA, a national banking association whose primary federal regulator is the OCC, and CBPA, a Pennsylvania-charted savings bank regulated by the Department of Banking of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and supervised by the FDIC, its primary federal regulator. Our regulation and supervision continues to evolve as the legal and regulatory frameworks governing our operations continue to change. The current operating environment reflects heightened regulatory expectations around many regulations including consumer compliance, the Bank Secrecy Act, anti-money laundering compliance, and increased internal audit activities. For more information, see “Regulation and Supervision” in Part I, Item 1 — Business included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
On July 3, 2018, we received regulatory approval from the OCC to consolidate our banking subsidiaries via a merger of CBPA into CBNA. We intend to consolidate our banking subsidiaries in January 2019 to streamline governance and enterprise risk management, improve the risk profile and gain operational efficiencies.
Dodd-Frank regulation
Under the Dodd-Frank requirements, we must submit our annual capital plan and the results of our annual company-run stress tests to the FRB by April 5 th of each year and disclose certain results within 15 days after the FRB discloses the results of its supervisory-run tests. We publish estimated DFAST results under the supervisory severely adverse scenario on our regulatory filings and disclosures page on our Investor Relations website at http://investor.citizensbank.com. On April 5, 2018, we submitted our 2018 Capital Plan, Capital Policy and annual stress test results to the FRB as part of the 2018 CCAR process. On June 28, 2018, the FRB announced that it did not object to our 2018 Capital Plan including our proposed capital actions for the period beginning July 1, 2018 and ending June 30, 2019. Our 2018 Capital Plan includes an increase in our quarterly common dividend from $0.22 to $0.27 per share in third quarter 2018, with the potential to raise quarterly common dividends to $0.32 per share beginning in 2019, and common share repurchases of up to $1.02 billion through second quarter 2019. The timing and exact amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including capital position, financial performance and market conditions.
The Dodd-Frank Act also requires each of our bank subsidiaries to conduct stress tests on an annual basis and to disclose the stress test results. CBNA submitted its 2018 annual stress tests to the OCC on April 5, 2018 and published, on our Investor Relations website referenced above, a summary of those results along with the stress test results of the Parent Company on June 21, 2018. Given the amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act enacted on May 24, 2018 by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies have announced that they would extend the deadlines for DFAST stress testing and reporting requirements for depository institutions with total consolidated assets of less than $100 billion, including CBPA, until November 25, 2019, at which point a statutory exemption for those depository institutions will be in effect.
Similarly, we are required to submit the results of our mid-cycle company-run DFAST stress tests by October 5 th of each year to the FRB and disclose the summary results of our internally developed stress tests under the internally developed severely adverse scenario between October 5 th and November 4 th. We submitted the results of our 2018 mid-cycle stress test to the FRB and disclosed a summary of the results on October 5, 2018. We publish these company-run estimated impacts of stress on our Investor Relations website referenced above.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Capital Framework
Under the U.S. Basel III capital framework, we and our banking subsidiaries must meet specific minimum requirements for the following ratios: common equity tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital, total capital, and tier 1 leverage.
The U.S. adoption of the Basel III Standardized approach by the Federal bank regulators became effective for CFG, CBNA and CBPA, on January 1, 2015 subject to a phase-in period for certain provisions. In November 2017, the federal banking regulators issued a final rule that extended the 2017 transitions for certain U.S. Basel III capital rules for non-advanced approaches banking organizations, such as us. Effective January 1, 2018, the final rule retains the 2017 U.S. Basel III transitional treatment of certain deferred tax assets (“DTAs”), mortgage servicing assets, significant investments in unconsolidated financial institutions and minority interests. As a result, effective January 1, 2018, our mortgage servicing assets retain their 2017 risk weight treatment until the federal banking regulators revise the extended transitional treatment under the November 2017 final rule, which may occur in connection with the finalization of the related September 2017 proposal to simplify the capital treatment of certain DTAs, mortgage servicing assets, significant investments in unconsolidated financial institutions and minority interests.
The current U.S. Basel III rules also impose a capital conservation buffer (“CCB”) on top of the following three minimum risk-based capital ratios: CET1 capital of 4.5%, tier 1 capital of 6.0%, and total capital of 8.0%. The implementation of the CCB began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and increases by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until the buffer reaches its fully phased-in level of 2.5% on January 1, 2019. As such, the CCB for 2018 increased to 1.875% on January 1, 2018. Banking institutions for which any risk-based capital ratio falls below its effective minimum (required minimum plus the applicable CCB) will be subject to constraints on capital distributions, including dividends, repurchases and certain executive compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
The table below presents our actual regulatory capital ratios under the U.S. Basel III Standardized rules:

| Actual | Required Minimum plus Required CCB for Non-Leverage Ratios(5)(6)
(in millions, except ratio data) | Amount | Ratio
September 30, 2018
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $14,435 |  | 10.8 | % | 6.4 | %
Tier 1 capital(2) | 14,978 |  | 11.2 |  | 7.9 |
Total capital(3) | 17,810 |  | 13.4 |  | 9.9 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 14,978 |  | 9.9 |  | 4.0 |
Risk-weighted assets | 133,249 |  |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets | 150,717 |  |  |
December 31, 2017
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $14,309 |  | 11.2 | % | 5.8 | %
Tier 1 capital(2) | 14,556 |  | 11.4 |  | 7.3 |
Total capital(3) | 17,781 |  | 13.9 |  | 9.3 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 14,556 |  | 10.0 |  | 4.0 |
Risk-weighted assets | 127,692 |  |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets | 145,601 |  |  |

(1) “Common equity tier 1 capital ratio” is CET1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(2) “Tier 1 capital ratio” is tier 1 capital, which includes CET1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(3) “Total capital ratio” is total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(4) “Tier 1 leverage ratio” is tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(5) Required “Minimum Capital ratio” for 2018 and 2017 are: Common equity tier 1 capital of 4.5%; Tier 1 capital of 6.0%; Total capital of 8.0%; and Tier 1 leverage of 4.0%.
(6) “Minimum Capital ratio” includes capital conservation buffer for Transitional Basel III of 1.875% for 2018 and 1.250% for 2017; N/A to Tier 1 leverage.
At September 30, 2018, our CET1 capital, tier 1 capital and total capital ratios were 10.8%, 11.2% and 13.4%, respectively, as compared with 11.2%, 11.4%, and 13.9% respectively, as of December 31, 2017. The CET1 capital ratio decreased as $5.6 billion of risk-weighted asset growth, including $1.5 billion from FAMC, goodwill and intangible growth attributable to the FAMC acquisition, and Capital Plan actions, which included common dividends of $344 million, preferred dividends of $14 million and repurchase of $725 million of our outstanding common stock, was partially offset by net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The tier 1 capital ratio decreased due to the changes in the CET1 capital ratio, partially offset by the issuance of preferred stock. The total capital ratio decreased due to the changes in CET1 and tier 1 capital ratios, the June 2018 redemption of subordinated debt and an increase in non-qualifying subordinated debt. At September 30, 2018, our CET1 capital, tier 1 capital
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and total capital ratios were 383 basis points, 274 basis points and 287 basis points, respectively, above their regulatory minimums plus the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer. All ratios remained well above the U.S. Basel III minima.
Regulatory Capital Ratios and Capital Composition
CET1 capital under U.S. Basel III Standardized rules totaled $14.4 billion at September 30, 2018, and increased $126 million from $14.3 billion at December 31, 2017, as net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was partially offset by the impact of common share repurchases, dividends and an increase in goodwill and intangibles related to the FAMC acquisition. Tier 1 capital at September 30, 2018 totaled $15.0 billion, reflecting a $422 million increase from $14.6 billion at December 31, 2017, driven by the changes in CET1 capital and the issuance of preferred stock. At September 30, 2018, we had $543 million of fixed-to-floating non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock issued and outstanding, an increase of $296 million from $247 million at December 31, 2017, given the second quarter 2018 issuance of 300,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock that qualified as additional tier 1 capital. Total capital of $17.8 billion at September 30, 2018, increased $29 million from December 31, 2017, driven by the changes in CET1 and tier 1 capital, partially offset by the June 2018 redemption of subordinated debt and an increase in non-qualifying subordinated debt.
Risk-weighted assets (“RWA”) totaled $133.2 billion at September 30, 2018, based on U.S. Basel III Standardized rules, up $5.6 billion from December 31, 2017. This increase was driven by growth in commercial loans and commitments, as well as growth in retail loans including residential mortgages, education and unsecured retail portfolios. The increase in RWA was also driven by FAMC which resulted in higher mortgage servicing rights and loans held for sale. These increases were partially offset by run-off in the auto and home equity portfolios.
As of September 30, 2018, the tier 1 leverage ratio was 9.9%, a decrease of six basis points from 10.0% at December 31, 2017 due to a $5.1 billion increase in quarterly adjusted average assets, offset by the increase in tier 1 capital.
The following table presents our capital composition under the U.S. Basel III capital framework:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Total common stockholders’ equity |  | $19,733 |  |  |  | $20,023 |
Exclusions:(1) |  |  |
Net unrealized losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax: |  |  |
Debt and equity securities | 672 |  |  | 236 |
Derivatives | 215 |  |  | 143 |
Unamortized net periodic benefit costs | 431 |  |  | 441 |
Deductions: |  |  |
Goodwill | (6,946 | ) |  | (6,887 | )
Deferred tax liability associated with goodwill | 363 |  |  | 355 |
Other intangible assets | (33 | ) |  | (2 | )
Total common equity tier 1 | 14,435 |  |  | 14,309 |
Qualifying preferred stock | 543 |  |  | 247 |
Total tier 1 capital | 14,978 |  |  | 14,556 |
Qualifying subordinated debt(2) | 1,499 |  |  | 1,901 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses | 1,242 |  |  | 1,236 |
Allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet exposure | 91 |  |  | 88 |
Total capital |  | $17,810 |  |  |  | $17,781 |

(1) As a U.S. Basel III Standardized approach institution, we selected the one-time election to opt-out of the requirements to include all the components of AOCI.
(2) As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the amount of non-qualifying subordinated debt excluded from regulatory capital was $139 million and $70 million respectively.
Capital Adequacy Process
Our assessment of capital adequacy begins with our risk appetite and risk management framework. This framework provides for the identification, measurement and management of material risks. Capital requirements are determined for actual and forecasted risk portfolios using applicable regulatory capital methodologies. The assessment also considers the possible impacts of approved and proposed changes to regulatory capital requirements. Key analytical frameworks including stress testing, which enable the assessment of capital adequacy versus
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unexpected loss under a variety of stress scenarios, supplement our base case forecast. A governance framework supports our capital planning process, including capital management policies and procedures that document capital adequacy metrics and limits, as well as our Capital Contingency Plan and the active engagement of both the legal entity boards and senior management in oversight and decision making.
Forward-looking assessments of capital adequacy feed development of a single capital plan covering us and our banking subsidiaries that is submitted to the FRB and to the bank regulators. We prepare this plan in full compliance with the FRB’s Capital Plan Rule and we participate annually in the FRB’s horizontal capital review (“HCR”), which is the FRB’s assessment of specific capital planning areas as part of their normal supervisory process. In addition to the stress test requirements under CCAR, we also perform semi-annual company-run stress tests required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
All distributions proposed under our Capital Plan are subject to consideration and approval by our Board of Directors prior to execution. The timing and exact amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including our capital position, financial performance and market conditions.
Capital Transactions
The following capital actions were completed by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | Declared and paid quarterly common stock dividends of $0.22 per share for first and second quarter of 2018, and $0.27 per share for third quarter 2018, aggregating to dividends of $344 million;

• | Declared semi-annual dividends of $27.50 per share on the 5.500% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series A Preferred Stock, aggregating to dividends of $14 million;

• | Issued $300 million, or 300,000 shares, of 6.000% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, with net proceeds of $296 million;

• | Repurchased $725 million of our outstanding common stock; and

• | Redeemed $333 million of our 5.158% fixed-to-floating rate callable subordinated debt due June 29, 2023.

Banking Subsidiaries’ Capital
The following table presents our banking subsidiaries’ capital ratios under U.S. Basel III Standardized rules:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in millions, except ratio data) | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
Citizens Bank, National Association |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $11,888 |  | 10.7 | % |  |  | $11,917 |  | 11.4 | %
Tier 1 capital (2) | 11,888 |  | 10.7 |  |  | 11,917 |  | 11.4 |
Total capital(3) | 14,131 |  | 12.8 |  |  | 14,127 |  | 13.5 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 11,888 |  | 10.0 |  |  | 11,917 |  | 10.3 |
Risk-weighted assets | 110,617 |  |  |  | 104,767 |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets | 119,433 |  |  |  | 115,291 |  |
Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $3,000 |  | 13.0 | % |  |  | $3,045 |  | 12.9 | %
Tier 1 capital (2) | 3,000 |  | 13.0 |  |  | 3,045 |  | 12.9 |
Total capital(3) | 3,215 |  | 13.9 |  |  | 3,284 |  | 13.9 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 3,000 |  | 8.7 |  |  | 3,045 |  | 8.7 |
Risk-weighted assets | 23,139 |  |  |  | 23,659 |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets | 34,284 |  |  |  | 34,821 |  |

(1) “Common equity tier 1 capital ratio” is CET1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(2) “Tier 1 capital ratio” is tier 1 capital, which includes CET1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(3) “Total capital ratio” is total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(4) “Tier 1 leverage ratio” is tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
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CBNA CET1 capital totaled $11.9 billion at September 30, 2018, down $29 million from $11.9 billion at December 31, 2017, reflecting the impact of dividend payments and an increase in goodwill and intangibles related to the FAMC acquisition, partially offset by net income. At September 30, 2018, CBNA held minimal additional tier 1 capital. Total capital was $14.1 billion at September 30, 2018, an increase of $4 million from $14.1 billion at December 31, 2017, primarily driven by the increase in the ACL, partially offset by the decrease in CET1 capital.
CBNA had RWA of $110.6 billion at September 30, 2018, an increase of $5.9 billion from December 31, 2017, driven by growth in commercial loans and commitments, as well as growth in retail loans, including residential mortgages, education and unsecured retail portfolios. The increase in RWA was also driven by FAMC which resulted in higher mortgage servicing rights and loans held for sale. These increases were partially offset by run-off in the auto and home equity portfolios.
As of September 30, 2018, the CBNA tier 1 leverage ratio decreased 39 basis points to 10.0% from 10.3% as of December 31, 2017, primarily driven by a $4.1 billion increase in quarterly adjusted average assets that drove a 36 basis point decline in the ratio.
CBPA CET1 capital totaled $3.0 billion at September 30, 2018, a decrease of $45 million from December 31, 2017, as dividend payments exceeded net income. Total capital was $3.2 billion at September 30, 2018, a decrease of $69 million from December 31, 2017, driven by the decrease in CET1 capital, and a decrease in the ACL.
CBPA had RWA of $23.1 billion at September 30, 2018, a decrease of $520 million from December 31, 2017, driven by decreases in the auto, education and home equity portfolios. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in commercial loans.
As of September 30, 2018, the CBPA tier 1 leverage ratio was stable with December 31, 2017 at 8.7%.
LIQUIDITY
Liquidity is defined as our ability to meet our cash-flow and collateral obligations in a timely manner, at a reasonable cost. An institution must maintain operating liquidity to meet its expected daily and forecasted cash-flow requirements, as well as contingent liquidity to meet unexpected (stress scenario) funding requirements. As noted earlier, reflecting the importance of meeting all unexpected and stress-scenario funding requirements, we identify and manage contingent liquidity (consisting of cash balances at the FRB, unencumbered high-quality and liquid securities, and unused FHLB borrowing capacity). Separately, we also identify and manage asset liquidity as a subset of contingent liquidity (consisting of cash balances at the FRB and unencumbered high-quality securities). We consider the effective and prudent management of liquidity to be fundamental to our health and strength.
We manage liquidity at the consolidated enterprise level and at each material legal entity, including at the Parent Company, CBNA and CBPA.
Parent Company Liquidity
Our Parent Company’s primary sources of cash are (i) dividends and interest received from our banking subsidiaries as a result of investing in bank equity and subordinated debt; and (ii) externally issued senior and subordinated debt. Uses of cash include the following: (i) routine cash flow requirements as a bank holding company, including periodic share repurchases and payments of dividends, interest and expenses; (ii) needs of subsidiaries, including banking subsidiaries, for additional equity and, as required, their needs for debt financing; and (iii) support for extraordinary funding requirements when necessary. To the extent that the Parent Company has relied on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest.
On October 25, 2018, the Parent Company issued $300 million, or 300,000 shares, of 6.375% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series C Preferred Stock, par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. For further discussion, see Note 11 “Stockholders’ Equity” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 - Financial Statements, included in this report.
On June 29, 2018, the Parent Company redeemed $333 million of its 5.158% fixed-to-floating rate callable subordinated debt due June 29, 2023.
On May 24, 2018, the Parent Company issued $300 million, or 300,000 shares, of 6.000% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series B Preferred Stock, par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. For further discussion, see Note 11 “Stockholders’ Equity” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.
During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company declared and paid dividends on common stock of $129 million and $90 million, respectively, and declared dividends on preferred stock
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of $7 million for both periods. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company declared and paid dividends on common stock of $344 million and $233 million, respectively, and declared semi-annual preferred dividends of $14 million for both periods.
During three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company repurchased $400 million and $225 million of its outstanding common stock, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company repurchased $725 million and $485 million of its outstanding common stock, respectively.
Our Parent Company’s cash and cash equivalents represent a source of liquidity that can be used to meet various needs and totaled $636 million as of September 30, 2018 compared with $443 million as of December 31, 2017. The Parent Company’s double-leverage ratio (the combined equity investment in Parent Company subsidiaries divided by Parent Company equity) is a measure of reliance on equity cash flows from subsidiaries to fund Parent Company obligations. At September 30, 2018, the Parent Company’s double-leverage ratio was 100.4%.
Banking Subsidiaries’ Liquidity
In the ordinary course of business, the liquidity of CBNA and CBPA is managed by matching sources and uses of cash. The primary sources of bank liquidity include (i) deposits from our consumer and commercial customers; (ii) payments of principal and interest on loans and debt securities; and (iii) wholesale borrowings, as needed, and as described under “—Liquidity Risk Management and Governance.” The primary uses of bank liquidity include (i) withdrawals and maturities of deposits; (ii) payment of interest on deposits; (iii) funding of loans and related commitments; and (iv) funding of securities purchases. To the extent that the banks have relied on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest.
Our banking subsidiaries’ major businesses involve taking deposits and making loans. Hence, a key role of liquidity management is to ensure that customers have timely access to funds from deposits and loans. Liquidity management also involves maintaining sufficient liquidity to repay wholesale borrowings, pay operating expenses and support extraordinary funding requirements when necessary.
On March 29, 2018, CBNA issued $750 million in five-year senior notes, consisting of $500 million in fixed-rate notes and $250 million in floating-rate notes.
Liquidity Risk
We define liquidity risk as the risk that an entity will be unable to meet its payment obligations in a timely manner, at a reasonable cost. Liquidity risk can arise due to contingent liquidity risk and/or funding liquidity risk.
Contingent liquidity risk is the risk that market conditions may reduce an entity’s ability to liquidate, pledge and/or finance certain assets and thereby substantially reduce the liquidity value of such assets. Drivers of contingent liquidity risk include general market disruptions as well as specific issues regarding the credit quality and/or valuation of a security or loan, issuer or borrower and/or asset class.
Funding liquidity risk is the risk that market conditions and/or entity-specific events may reduce an entity’s ability to raise funds from depositors and/or wholesale market counterparties. Drivers of funding liquidity risk may be idiosyncratic or systemic, reflecting impediments to operations and/or damaged market confidence.
Factors Affecting Liquidity
Given the composition of their assets and borrowing sources, contingent liquidity risk at both CBNA and CBPA would be materially affected by such events as deterioration of financing markets for high-quality securities (e.g., mortgage-backed securities and other instruments issued by the GNMA, FNMA and the FHLMC), by any inability of the FHLBs to provide collateralized advances, and/or by a refusal of the FRB to act as lender of last resort in systemic stress.
Similarly, given the structure of their balance sheets, the funding liquidity risk of CBNA and CBPA would be materially affected by an adverse idiosyncratic event (e.g., a major loss, causing a perceived or actual deterioration in its financial condition), an adverse systemic event (e.g., default or bankruptcy of a significant capital markets participant), or a combination of both (e.g., the financial crisis of 2008-2010). However, during the financial crisis, our banking subsidiaries reduced their dependence on unsecured wholesale funding to virtually zero. Consequently, and despite ongoing exposure to a variety of idiosyncratic and systemic events, we view our contingent liquidity risk and our funding liquidity risk to be relatively modest.
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An additional variable affecting our access, and the access of our banking subsidiaries, to unsecured wholesale market funds and to large denomination (i.e., uninsured) customer deposits is the credit ratings assigned by such agencies as Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch. The following table presents our credit ratings:

|  | September 30, 2018
|  | Moody’s |  | Standard and Poor’s |  | Fitch
| Citizens Financial Group, Inc.: |  |  |  |  |
| Long-term issuer | NR |  | BBB+ |  | BBB+
| Short-term issuer | NR |  | A-2 |  | F2
| Subordinated debt | NR |  | BBB |  | BBB
| Preferred Stock | NR |  | BB+ |  | BB-
| Citizens Bank, National Association: |  |  |  |  |
| Long-term issuer | Baa1 |  | A- |  | BBB+
| Short-term issuer | NR |  | A-2 |  | F2
| Long-term deposits | A1 |  | NR |  | A-
| Short-term deposits | P-1 |  | NR |  | F2
| Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania: |  |  |  |  |
| Long-term issuer | Baa1 |  | A- |  | BBB+
| Short-term issuer | NR |  | A-2 |  | F2
| Long-term deposits | A1 |  | NR |  | A-
| Short-term deposits | P-1 |  | NR |  | F2
| NR = Not rated |  |  |  |  |

Changes in our public credit ratings could affect both the cost and availability of our wholesale funding. As a result and in order to maintain a conservative funding profile, our banking subsidiaries continue to minimize reliance on unsecured wholesale funding. At September 30, 2018, our wholesale funding consisted primarily of secured borrowings from the FHLBs collateralized by high-quality residential mortgages, and term debt issued by the Parent Company and CBNA.
Existing and evolving regulatory liquidity requirements, such as the LCR and NSFR, represent another key driver of systemic liquidity conditions and liquidity management practices. The FRB, the OCC, and the FDIC regularly evaluate our liquidity as part of the overall supervisory process.
The LCR was developed to ensure banks have sufficient high-quality liquid assets to cover expected net cash outflows over a 30-day liquidity stress period. In September 2014, the U.S. federal banking regulators published the final rule to implement the LCR. This rule also introduced a modified version of the LCR in the U.S., which generally applies to bank holding companies not active internationally (institutions with less than $10 billion of on-balance sheet foreign exposure), with total assets of greater than $50 billion but less than $250 billion. Under this definition we are designated as a modified LCR financial institution and were compliant beginning in January 2017. Achieving sustainable LCR compliance may require changes in the size and/or composition of our investment portfolio, the configuration of our discretionary wholesale funding portfolio, and our average cash position. We remain fully compliant with the LCR as of September 30, 2018.
The U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies have issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to implement the NSFR, along with a modified version with similar parameters as the LCR, that would designate us as a modified NSFR financial institution. The NSFR is one of the two Basel III-based liquidity measures, distinctly separate from the LCR, and is designed to promote medium- and long-term stable funding of the assets and off-balance sheet activities of banks and bank holding companies over a one-year time horizon. Generally consistent with the Basel Committee’s framework, under the proposed rule banking organizations would be required to hold an amount of available stable funding (“ASF”) over a one-year time horizon that equals or exceeds the institution’s amount of required stable funding (“RSF”), with the ASF representing the numerator and the RSF representing the denominator of the NSFR. The banking organizations subject to the modified NSFR would multiply the RSF amount by 70%, such that the RSF amount required for these companies would be required to maintain ASF of at least 70% of its RSF. Generally, these modified NSFR companies are defined as institutions with total assets of greater than $50 billion but less than $250 billion, and less than $10 billion of on-balance sheet foreign exposure. The proposed rule includes detailed descriptions of the items that would comprise ASF and RSF and standardized factors that would apply to ASF and RSF items, and would require any institution whose applicable modified NSFR falls under 100% to notify the appropriate federal regulator and develop a remediation plan.
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We are currently evaluating the impact of the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies’ NSFR framework. If ultimately adopted as currently proposed, the implementation of the NSFR could impact our liquidity and funding requirements and practices in the future.
We continue to review and monitor these liquidity requirements to develop appropriate implementation plans and liquidity strategies. We expect to be fully compliant with the final rules on or prior to their applicable effective date.
Liquidity Risk Management and Governance
Liquidity risk is measured and managed by the Funding and Liquidity unit within our Treasury unit in accordance with policy guidelines promulgated by our Board and the Asset and Liability Management Committee. In managing liquidity risk, the Funding and Liquidity unit delivers regular and comprehensive reporting, including current levels versus threshold limits for a broad set of liquidity metrics and early warning indicators, explanatory commentary relating to emerging risk trends and, as appropriate, recommended remedial strategies.
The mission of our Funding and Liquidity unit is to deliver and otherwise maintain prudent levels of operating liquidity (to support expected and projected funding requirements), and contingent liquidity (to support unexpected funding requirements resulting from idiosyncratic, systemic, and combination stress events, and regulatory liquidity requirements). Additionally, we will deliver this liquidity from stable funding sources, in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost, without significant adverse consequences.
We seek to accomplish this mission by funding loans with stable deposits; by prudently controlling dependence on wholesale funding, particularly short-term unsecured funding; and by maintaining ample available liquidity, including a contingent liquidity buffer of unencumbered high-quality loans and securities. As of September 30, 2018:

• | Core deposits continued to be our primary source of funding and our consolidated period end loan-to-deposit ratio was 98.0%;

• | Our cash position (which is defined as cash balance held at the FRB) totaled $3.0 billion;

• | Contingent liquidity was $25.7 billion, consisting of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets of $19.0 billion, unused FHLB capacity of $3.7 billion, and our cash position (defined above) of $3.0 billion. Asset liquidity (a component of contingent liquidity) was $22.0 billion consisting of our cash position of $3.0 billion and unencumbered high-quality and liquid securities of $19.0 billion; and

• | Available discount window capacity, defined as available total borrowing capacity from the FRB based on identified collateral, is secured by non-mortgage commercial and retail loans and totaled $13.6 billion. Use of this borrowing capacity would be considered only during exigent circumstances.

The Funding and Liquidity unit monitors a variety of liquidity and funding metrics and early warning indicators and metrics, including specific risk thresholds limits. These monitoring tools are broadly classified as follows:

• | Current liquidity sources and capacities, including cash at the FRBs, free and liquid securities and available and secured FHLB borrowing capacity;

• | Liquidity stress sources, including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined stresses, in addition to evolving regulatory requirements such as the LCR and the NSFR; and

• | Current and prospective exposures, including secured and unsecured wholesale funding and spot and cumulative cash-flow gaps across a variety of horizons.

Further, certain of these metrics are monitored individually for our banking subsidiaries and for our consolidated enterprise on a daily basis, including cash position, unencumbered securities, asset liquidity, and available FHLB borrowing capacity. In order to identify emerging trends and risks and inform funding decisions, specific metrics are also forecasted over a one-year horizon.
Cash flows from operating activities contributed $1.2 billion in the first nine months of 2018, primarily driven by net income of $1.3 billion. Net cash used by investing activities was $5.1 billion, primarily reflecting a net increase in loans and leases of $4.3 billion, purchases of debt securities available for sale of $3.1 billion and the acquisition of FAMC, partially offset by proceeds from maturities, paydowns and sales of debt securities available for sale of $2.9 billion. Cash provided by financing activities was $4.8 billion, driven by proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds of $17.5 billion, a net increase in deposits of $2.0 billion and net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock of $296 million, partially offset by repayments of long-term FHLB advances of $10.0 billion and a net decrease in other short-term borrowed funds of $3.1 billion. The $17.5 billion proceeds from issuances of long-
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
term borrowed funds included $750 million from issuances of medium-term debt and $16.8 billion in FHLB advances. These activities resulted in a cumulative increase in cash and cash equivalents of $959 million, which when added to the cash and cash equivalents balance of $3.0 billion at the beginning of the year, resulted in an ending balance of cash and cash equivalents of $4.0 billion as of September 30, 2018.
Cash flows from operating activities contributed $1.5 billion in the first nine months of 2017, driven by net income of $986 million and a net decrease in loans held for sale activity of $141 million. Net cash used by investing activities was $3.9 billion, primarily reflecting purchases in the securities available for sale portfolio of $4.1 billion and a net increase in loans and leases of $3.5 billion, partially offset by proceeds from maturities, paydowns and sales of securities available for sale of $3.5 billion. Cash provided by financing activities was $890 million, driven by proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds of $12.1 billion and a net increase in deposits of $3.4 billion, partially offset by a net decrease in other short-term borrowed funds of $1.7 billion, and repayments of long-term FHLB advances of $11.5 billion. The $12.1 billion proceeds included $2.5 billion from issuances of medium-term debt and $9.6 billion in FHLB advances. These activities resulted in a cumulative decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $1.6 billion, which, when subtracted from the cash and cash equivalents balance of $3.7 billion at the beginning of the year, resulted in an ending balance of cash and cash equivalents of $2.1 billion as of September 30, 2017.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
The following table presents our outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements. See Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements, included in this report.

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | Change |  |  | Percent |
Undrawn commitments to extend credit |  | $66,729 |  |  |  | $62,959 |  |  |  | $3,770 |  |  | 6 | %
Financial standby letters of credit | 1,934 |  |  | 2,036 |  |  | (102 | ) |  | (5 | )
Performance letters of credit | 131 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 179 |
Commercial letters of credit | 74 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 40 |
Marketing rights | 37 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (10 | )
Risk participation agreements | 14 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (13 | )
Residential mortgage loans sold with recourse | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (14 | )
Total |  | $68,925 |  |  |  | $65,159 |  |  |  | $3,766 |  |  | 6 | %

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements, which are included in this report, are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to establish accounting policies and make estimates that affect amounts reported in our audited Consolidated Financial Statements.
An accounting estimate requires assumptions and judgments about uncertain matters that could have a material effect on our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements. Estimates are made using facts and circumstances known at a point in time. Changes in those facts and circumstances could produce results substantially different from those estimates. Our most significant accounting policies and estimates are related to the ALLL, fair value, and income taxes. For additional information regarding these accounting policies and estimates and their related application, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. No material changes were made to these significant accounting policies or estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, except the addition to the fair value policy below, related to the FAMC acquisition and our election to carry the MSRs acquired from FAMC at fair value.
Fair Value
MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. MSRs are classified as Level 3 since the valuation methodology utilizes significant unobservable inputs. The fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow model which used assumptions, including weighted-average life, prepayment assumptions and weighted-average option adjusted spread. The underlying assumptions and estimated values are corroborated by values received from independent third parties based on their review of the servicing portfolio, and comparisons to market transactions. In addition, the MSR Policy is approved by the Asset Liability Committee. Refer to Note 5 “Mortgage Banking” for more information.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
RISK GOVERNANCE
We are committed to maintaining a strong, integrated and proactive approach to the management of all risks to which we are exposed in pursuit of our business objectives. A key aspect of our Board’s responsibility as the main decision making body is setting our risk appetite to ensure that the levels of risk that we are willing to accept in the attainment of our strategic business and financial objectives are clearly understood.
To enable our Board to carry out its objectives, it has delegated authority for risk management activities, as well as governance and oversight of those activities, to a number of Board and executive management level risk committees. The Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”), chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, is responsible for oversight of risk across the enterprise and actively considers our inherent material risks, analyzes our overall risk profile and seeks confirmation that the risks are being appropriately identified, assessed and mitigated. Reporting to the ERC are the following additional committees covering specific areas of risk: Compliance and Operational Risk Committee, Corporate Model Risk Committee, Citizens Credit Policy Committee, Asset Liability Committee, Business Initiatives Review Committee, Strategic Transactions Committee and the Conduct and Ethics Oversight Committee.
There have been no significant changes in our risk governance practices, risk framework, risk appetite, or credit risk as described in “—Risk Governance” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
MARKET RISK
Market risk refers to potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices and/or other relevant market rates or prices. Modest market risk arises from trading activities that serve customer needs, including hedging of interest rate and foreign exchange risk. As described below, more material market risk arises from our non-trading banking activities, such as loan origination and deposit-gathering. We have established enterprise-wide policies and methodologies to identify, measure, monitor and report market risk. We actively manage both trading and non-trading market risks.
Non-Trading Risk
We are exposed to market risk as a result of non-trading banking activities. This market risk is substantially composed of interest rate risk, as we have no direct currency or commodity risk and de minimis equity risk. We also have market risk related to capital markets loan originations, as well as the valuation of our mortgage servicing rights.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk emerges from the balance sheet after the aggregation of our assets, liabilities and equity. We refer to this non-trading risk embedded in the balance sheet as “structural interest rate risk” or “interest rate risk in the banking book.”
A major source of structural interest rate risk is a difference in the repricing of assets, on the one hand, and liabilities and equity, on the other. First, there are differences in the timing and drivers of rate changes reflecting the maturity and/or repricing of assets and liabilities. For example, the rate earned on a commercial loan may reprice monthly with changes in LIBOR while the rate paid on debt or certificates of deposit may be fixed for a longer period. There are differences in the drivers of rate changes as well. Loans may be tied to a specific index rate such as LIBOR or Prime, while deposits may be only loosely correlated with LIBOR and depend on competitive demand. Due to these basis differences, net interest income is sensitive to changes in spreads between certain indices or repricing rates.
Another important source of structural interest rate risk relates to the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options. For example, most consumer loans can be prepaid without penalty; and most consumer deposits can be withdrawn without penalty. The exercise of such options by customers can exacerbate the timing differences discussed above.
A primary source of our structural interest rate risk relates to faster repricing of floating rate loans relative to the retail deposit funding. This source of asset sensitivity is more biased to the short end of the yield curve. For the past eight years with the Federal Funds rate near zero, this risk had been asymmetrical with significantly more upside benefit than potential exposure. As interest rates have begun to rise, the risk position has become more symmetrical as rates can decline further before becoming floored at zero.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The secondary source of our interest rate risk is driven by longer term rates comprising the rollover or reinvestment risk on fixed rate loans as well as the prepayment risk on mortgage related loans and securities funded by non-rate sensitive deposits and equity.
The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk within policy limits approved by the Board. These limits and guidelines reflect our tolerance for interest rate risk over both short-term and long-term horizons. To ensure that exposure to interest rate risk is managed within this risk appetite, we must both measure the exposure and, as necessary, hedge it. The Treasury Asset and Liability Management team is responsible for measuring, monitoring and reporting on the structural interest rate risk position. These exposures are reported on a monthly basis to the Asset Liability Committee and at Board meetings.
We measure structural interest rate risk through a variety of metrics intended to quantify both short-term and long-term exposures. The primary method that we use to quantify interest rate risk is simulation analysis in which we model net interest income from assets, liabilities and hedge derivative positions under various interest rate scenarios over a three-year horizon. Exposure to interest rate risk is reflected in the variation of forecasted net interest income across scenarios.
Key assumptions in this simulation analysis relate to the behavior of interest rates and spreads, the changes in product balances and the behavior of loan and deposit clients in different rate environments. The most material of these behavioral assumptions relate to the repricing characteristics and balance fluctuations of deposits with indeterminate (i.e., non-contractual) maturities as well as the pace of mortgage prepayments. Assessments are periodically made by running sensitivity analysis of the impact of key assumptions. The results of these analyses are reported to the Asset Liability Committee.
As the future path of interest rates cannot be known in advance, we use simulation analysis to project net interest income under various interest rate scenarios including a “most likely” (implied forward) scenario as well as a variety of deliberately extreme and perhaps unlikely scenarios. These scenarios may assume gradual ramping of the overall level of interest rates, immediate shocks to the level of rates and various yield curve twists in which movements in short- or long-term rates predominate. Generally, projected net interest income in any interest rate scenario is compared to net interest income in a base case where market forward rates are realized.
The table below reports net interest income exposures against a variety of interest rate scenarios. Our policies involve measuring exposures as a percentage change in net interest income over the next year due to either instantaneous or gradual parallel changes in rates relative to the market implied forward yield curve. With rates rising from historically low levels due to Federal Open Market Committee rate increases, exposure to falling rates has increased. As the following table illustrates, our balance sheet is asset-sensitive: net interest income would benefit from an increase in interest rates. Exposure to a decline in interest rates is within limit. While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis, we believe that any actual shift in interest rates would likely be more gradual and would therefore have a more modest impact as demonstrated in the following table.
The table below presents the sensitivity of net interest income to various parallel yield curve shifts from the market implied forward yield curve:

| Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income over 12 Months
Basis points | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Instantaneous Change in Interest Rates |  |  |
+200 | 9.6 | % |  | 9.6 | %
+100 | 4.8 |  |  | 4.9 |
-100 | (4.1 | ) |  | (5.9 | )
Gradual Change in Interest Rates |  |  |
+200 | 5.2 |  |  | 5.1 |
+100 | 2.7 |  |  | 2.7 |
-100 | (2.1 | ) |  | (1.8 | )

Asset sensitivity against a 200 basis point gradual increase in rates was 5.2% at September 30, 2018, a slight increase from 5.1% at December 31, 2017. As the Fed continues to normalize rates given improved economic growth and data, the upward trend in rates has benefited our net interest income and net interest margin as a result of this asset sensitivity. T h e risk position can be affected by changes in interest rates which impact the repricing sensitivity or beta of the deposit base as well as the cash flows on prepayable assets. The risk position is managed
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
within our risk limits through occasional adjustments to securities investments, interest rate swaps and mix of funding.
We use a valuation measure of exposure to structural interest rate risk, Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”), as a supplement to net interest income simulations. EVE complements net interest income simulation analysis as it estimates risk exposure over a long-term horizon. EVE measures the extent to which the economic value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments may change in response to fluctuations in interest rates. This analysis is highly dependent upon assumptions applied to assets and liabilities with non-contractual maturities. The change in value is expressed as a percentage of regulatory capital.
Capital Markets
A key component of our capital markets activities is the underwriting and distribution of corporate credit facilities to partially finance mergers and acquisitions transactions for our clients. We have a rigorous risk management process around these activities, including a limit structure capping our underwriting risk, our potential loss, and sub limits for specific asset classes. Further, the ability to approve underwriting exposure is delegated only to senior level individuals in the credit risk management and capital markets organizations with each transaction adjudicated in a formal committee meeting.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
We have market risk associated with the value of residential mortgage servicing right assets (“MSRs”), which are impacted by various types of inherent risks, including risks related to duration, basis, convexity, volatility and yield curve. We have elected to account for the MSRs acquired from FAMC at fair value while maintaining a lower of cost or market approach on our MSRs held before the FAMC acquisition because the MSRs acquired from FAMC are a separate class of MSRs.
As part of our overall risk management strategy relative to the fair market value of the MSRs acquired from FAMC, we enter into various free-standing derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate futures, and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities to economically hedge the changes in fair value. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of the MSRs acquired from FAMC was $612 million and the total notional amount of related derivative contracts was $3.4 billion. Gains and losses on MSRs and the related derivatives used for hedging are included in mortgage banking fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our MSRs held before the FAMC acquisition had a book value of $219 million and $198 million, respectively, and were carried at the lower of cost or market. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, these MSRs had a fair value of $261 million and $218 million, respectively, which exceeded the carrying value at those dates. Depending on the interest rate environment, hedges may be used to protect the market value of these MSRs.
As with our traded market risk based activities, earnings at risk excludes the impact of MSRs. MSRs are captured under our single price risk management framework that is used for calculating a management value at risk that is consistent with the definition used by banking regulators, as defined below.
Trading Risk
We are exposed to market risk primarily through client facilitation activities including derivatives and foreign exchange products as well as underwriting and market making activities. Exposure is created as a result of changes in interest rates and related basis spreads and volatility, foreign exchange rates, and credit spreads on a select range of interest rates, foreign exchange and secondary loan instruments. These trading activities are conducted through our two banking subsidiaries, CBNA and CBPA.
Client facilitation activities consist primarily of interest rate derivatives and foreign exchange contracts where we enter into offsetting trades with a separate counterparty or exchange to manage our market risk exposure. In addition to the aforementioned activities, we operate a secondary loan trading desk with the objective to meet secondary liquidity needs of our issuing clients’ transactions and investor clients. We do not engage in any trading activities with the intent to benefit from short-term price differences.
We record interest rate derivatives and foreign exchange contracts as derivative assets and liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Trading assets and liabilities are carried at fair value with income earned related to these activities included in net interest income. Changes in fair value of trading assets and liabilities are reflected in other income, a component of noninterest income on the unaudited interim Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Market Risk Governance
The market risk limit setting process is established in line with the formal enterprise risk appetite process and policy. This appetite reflects the strategic and enterprise level articulation of opportunities for creating franchise value set to the boundaries of how much market risk to take. Dealing authorities represent the key control tool in the management of market risk that allows the cascading of the risk appetite throughout the enterprise. A dealing authority sets the operational scope and tolerances within which a business and/or trading desk is permitted to operate and this is reviewed at least annually. Dealing authorities are structured to accommodate the client facing trades and hedges needed to manage the risk profile. Primary responsibility for keeping within established tolerances resides with the business. Key risk indicators, including VaR, open foreign currency positions, and single name risk, are monitored on a daily basis and reported against tolerances consistent with our risk appetite and business strategy to relevant business line management and risk counterparts.
Market Risk Measurement
We use VaR as a statistical measure for estimating potential exposure of our traded market risk in normal market conditions. Our VaR framework for risk management and regulatory reporting is the same. Risk management VaR is based on a one day holding period to a 99% confidence level, whereas regulatory VaR is based on a ten day holding period to the same confidence level. Additional to VaR, non-statistical measurements for measuring risk are employed, such as sensitivity analysis, market value and stress testing.
Our market risk platform and associated market risk and valuation models for our foreign exchange, interest rate products, and traded loans capture correlation effects and allow for aggregation of market risk across risk types, business lines and legal entities. We measure, monitor and report market risk for both management and regulatory capital purposes.
VaR Overview
The market risk measurement model is based on historical simulation. The VaR measure estimates the extent of any fair value losses on trading positions that may occur due to broad market movements (General VaR) such as changes in the level of interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices. It is calculated on the basis that current positions remain broadly unaltered over the course of a given holding period. It is assumed that markets are sufficiently liquid to allow the business to close its positions, if required, within this holding period. VaR’s benefit is that it captures the historic correlations of a portfolio. Based on the composition of our “covered positions,” we also use a standardized add-on approach for the loan trading desk’s Specific Risk capital which estimates the extent of any losses that may occur from factors other than broad market movements. The General VaR approach is expressed in terms of a confidence level over the past 500 trading days. The internal VaR measure (used as the basis of the main VaR trading limits) is a 99% confidence level with a one day holding period, meaning that a loss greater than the VaR is expected to occur, on average, on only one day in 100 trading days (i.e., 1% of the time). Theoretically, there should be a loss event greater than VaR two to three times per year. The regulatory measure of VaR is done at a 99% confidence level with a ten-day holding period. The historical market data applied to calculate the VaR is updated on a two business day lag. Refer to “Market Risk Regulatory Capital” below for details of our ten-day VaR metrics for third quarters 2018 and 2017, respectively, including high, low, average and period end VaR for interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks, as well as total VaR.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Market Risk Regulatory Capital
The U.S. banking regulators’ “Market Risk Rule” covers the calculation of market risk capital and substantially modified the determination of market risk-weighted assets and implemented a more risk sensitive methodology for the risk inherent in certain trading positions categorized as “covered positions.” For the purposes of the Market Risk Rule, all of our client facing trades and associated hedges need to maintain a low risk profile to qualify, and do qualify, as “covered positions.” For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we were not subject to the reporting threshold under the Market Risk Rule. As a result, the $760 million and $594 million of calculated market risk-weighted assets as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were not included in our risk-weighted assets. As such, our covered trading activities were risk-weighted under U.S. Basel III Standardized credit risk rules. While not subject to the determination requirements of market risk-weighted assets, we nevertheless comply with the Market Risk Rule’s other requirements. The internal management VaR measure is calculated based on the same population of trades that is utilized for regulatory VaR. The following table presents the results of our modeled and non-modeled measures for regulatory capital calculations:

(in millions) |  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Market Risk Category |  | Period End |  | Average |  | High |  | Low |  | Period End |  | Average |  | High |  | Low
Interest Rate |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $1 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $— |
Foreign Exchange Currency Rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit Spread |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |
General VaR |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |
Specific Risk VaR |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total VaR |  |  | $3 |  |  |  | $3 |  |  |  | $4 |  |  |  | $3 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $5 |  |  |  | $1 |
Stressed General VaR |  |  | $10 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $14 |  |  |  | $10 |  |  |  | $7 |  |  |  | $8 |  |  |  | $11 |  |  |  | $5 |
Stressed Specific Risk VaR |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Stressed VaR |  |  | $10 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $14 |  |  |  | $10 |  |  |  | $7 |  |  |  | $8 |  |  |  | $11 |  |  |  | $5 |
Market Risk Regulatory Capital |  |  | $47 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specific Risk Not Modeled Add-on |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
de Minimis Exposure Add-on |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Market Risk Regulatory Capital |  |  | $61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $47 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market Risk-Weighted Assets |  |  | $760 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $594 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market Risk-Weighted Assets (included in our FR Y-9C regulatory filing) (1) |  |  | $— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not meet the reporting threshold prescribed by Market Risk Capital Guidelines.
Stressed VaR
SVaR is an extension of VaR, but uses a longer historical look-back horizon that is fixed from January 3, 2005. This is done not only to identify headline risks from more volatile periods, but also to provide a counter-balance to VaR which may be low during periods of low volatility. The holding period for profit and loss determination is ten days. In addition to risk management purposes, SVaR is also a component of market risk regulatory capital. We calculate SVaR daily under its own dynamic window regime. In a dynamic window regime, values of the ten-day, 99% VaR are calculated over all possible 260-day periods that can be obtained from the complete historical data set. Refer to “Market Risk Regulatory Capital” above for details of SVaR metrics, including high, low, average and period end SVaR for the combined portfolio.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis is the measure of exposure to a single risk factor, such as a one basis point change in rates or credit spread. We conduct and monitor sensitivity on interest rates, basis spreads, foreign exchange exposures, option prices, and credit spreads. Whereas VaR is based on previous moves in market risk factors over recent periods, it may not be an accurate predictor of future market moves. Sensitivity analysis complements VaR, as it provides an indication of risk relative to each factor irrespective of historical market moves, and is an effective tool in evaluating the appropriateness of hedging strategies and concentrations.
Stress Testing
Conducting a stress test of a portfolio consists of running risk models with the inclusion of key variables that simulate various historical or hypothetical scenarios. For historical stress tests, profit and loss results are simulated
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
for selected time periods corresponding to the most volatile underlying returns while hypothetical stress tests aim to consider concentration risk, illiquidity under stressed market conditions and risk arising from our trading activities that may not be fully captured by our other models. Hypothetical scenarios also assume that market moves happen simultaneously and no repositioning or hedging activity takes place to mitigate losses as events unfold. We generate stress tests of our trading positions on a daily basis. For example, we currently include a stress test that simulates a “Lehman-type” crisis scenario by taking the worst 20-trading day peak to trough moves for the various risk factors that go into VaR from that period, and assumes they occurred simultaneously.
VaR Model Review and Validation
Market risk measurement models used are independently reviewed and subject to ongoing performance analysis by the model owner. The independent review and validation focuses on the model methodology, market data, and performance. Independent review of market risk measurement models is the responsibility of Citizens’ Model Risk Management and Validation team. Aspects covered include challenging the assumptions used, the quantitative techniques employed and the theoretical justification underpinning them, and an assessment of the soundness of the required data over time. Where possible, the quantitative impact of the major underlying modeling assumptions will be estimated (e.g., through developing alternative models). Results of such reviews are shared with the U.S. banking regulators. The market risk models may be periodically enhanced due to changes in market price levels and price action regime behavior. The Market Risk Management and Validation team will conduct internal validation before a new or changed model element is implemented and before a change is made to a market data mapping.
VaR Backtesting
Backtesting is one form of validation of the VaR model and is run daily. The Market Risk Rule requires a comparison of our internal VaR measure to the actual net trading revenue (excluding fees, commissions, reserves, intra-day trading and net interest income) for each day over the preceding year (the most recent 250 business days). Any observed loss in excess of the VaR number is taken as an exception. The level of exceptions determines the multiplication factor used to derive the VaR and SVaR-based capital requirement for regulatory reporting purposes, when applicable. We perform sub-portfolio backtesting as required under the Market Risk Rule, and as approved by our banking regulators, for interest rate, credit spread, and foreign exchange positions. The following graph shows our daily net trading revenue and total internal, modeled VaR for the twelve months ended September 30, 2018.
Daily VaR Backtesting
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS, NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS
For more information on the computation of key performance metrics and non-GAAP financial measures, see “—Introduction — Key Performance Metrics Used by Management and Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” included in this report. The following table presents computations of key performance metrics used throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”:

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except share, per-share and ratio data) | Ref. | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Total revenue (GAAP) | A |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $1,443 |  |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $4,223 |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | B | 910 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,576 |
Net income (GAAP) | C | 443 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 986 |
Net income available to common stockholders (GAAP) | D | 436 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 972 |
Return on average common equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | E |  | $19,599 |  |  |  | $19,728 |  |  |  | $19,687 |  |  |  | $19,617 |
Return on average common equity | D/E | 8.82 | % |  | 6.87 | % |  | 8.44 | % |  | 6.63 | %
Return on average tangible common equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | E |  | $19,599 |  |  |  | $19,728 |  |  |  | $19,687 |  |  |  | $19,617 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 6,926 |  |  | 6,887 |  |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,882 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 22 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | 360 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 535 |
Average tangible common equity | F |  | $13,011 |  |  |  | $13,376 |  |  |  | $13,136 |  |  |  | $13,268 |
Return on average tangible common equity | D/F | 13.29 | % |  | 10.13 | % |  | 12.64 | % |  | 9.80 | %
Return on average total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | G |  | $155,624 |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  | $153,482 |  |  |  | $149,563 |
Return on average total assets | C/G | 1.13 | % |  | 0.92 | % |  | 1.09 | % |  | 0.88 | %
Return on average total tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | G |  | $155,624 |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  | $153,482 |  |  |  | $149,563 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 6,926 |  |  | 6,887 |  |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,882 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 22 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | 360 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 535 |
Average tangible assets | H |  | $149,036 |  |  |  | $143,660 |  |  |  | $146,931 |  |  |  | $143,214 |
Return on average total tangible assets | C/H | 1.18 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.14 | % |  | 0.92 | %
Efficiency ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio | B/A | 58.20 | % |  | 59.41 | % |  | 58.84 | % |  | 60.99 | %
Operating leverage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in total revenue |  | 8.44 | % |  | 4.57 | % |  | 7.40 | % |  | 8.50 | %
Increase (decrease) in noninterest expense |  | 6.23 |  |  | (1.04 | ) |  | 3.61 |  |  | 2.83 |
Operating leverage |  | 2.21 | % |  | 5.61 | % |  | 3.79 | % |  | 5.67 | %
Effective income tax rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense | I |  | $576 |  |  |  | $513 |  |  |  | $1,626 |  |  |  | $1,409 |
Income tax expense | J | 133 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 423 |
Effective income tax rate | J/I | 23.16 | % |  | 32.18 | % |  | 22.77 | % |  | 30.04 | %
Net income per average common share - basic and diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding - basic (GAAP) | K | 475,957,526 |  |  | 500,861,076 |  |  | 482,691,884 |  |  | 505,529,991 |
Average common shares outstanding - diluted (GAAP) | L | 477,599,917 |  |  | 502,157,384 |  |  | 484,250,843 |  |  | 507,062,805 |
Net income per average common share - basic (GAAP) | D/K |  | $0.92 |  |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  |  | $1.92 |
Net income per average common share - diluted (GAAP) | D/L | 0.91 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.57 |  |  | 1.92 |
Dividend payout ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends declared and paid per common share | M |  | $0.27 |  |  |  | $0.18 |  |  |  | $0.71 |  |  |  | $0.46 |
Dividend payout ratio | M/(D/K) | 29 | % |  | 26 | % |  | 28 | % |  | 24 | %

50

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions, except ratio data) | Ref. | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Other | Consolidated |  | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Other | Consolidated
Net income available to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | N |  | $207 |  |  | $234 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $443 |  |  |  | $122 |  |  | $201 |  |  | $25 |  |  | $348 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | 7 |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders | O |  | $207 |  |  | $234 |  |  | ($5 | ) |  | $436 |  |  |  | $122 |  |  | $201 |  |  | $18 |  |  | $341 |
Efficiency ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | P |  | $1,034 |  |  | $520 |  |  | $10 |  |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $901 |  |  | $490 |  |  | $52 |  |  | $1,443 |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | Q | 686 |  | 202 |  | 22 |  | 910 |  |  | 648 |  | 195 |  | 15 |  | 858 |
Efficiency ratio | Q/P | 66.29 | % | 38.83 | % | NM |  | 58.20 | % |  | 71.88 | % | 39.39 | % | NM |  | 59.41 | %
Return on average total tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) |  |  | $62,974 |  |  | $52,871 |  |  | $39,779 |  |  | $155,624 |  |  |  | $60,012 |  |  | $49,833 |  |  | $40,167 |  |  | $150,012 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 6,926 |  | 6,926 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 6,887 |  | 6,887 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 22 |  | 22 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 360 |  | 360 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 537 |  | 537 |
Average total tangible assets | R |  | $62,974 |  |  | $52,871 |  |  | $33,191 |  |  | $149,036 |  |  |  | $60,012 |  |  | $49,833 |  |  | $33,815 |  |  | $143,660 |
Return on average total tangible assets | N/R | 1.31 | % | 1.75 | % | NM |  | 1.18 | % |  | 0.81 | % | 1.60 | % | NM |  | 0.96 | %

|  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions, except ratio data) | Ref. | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Other | Consolidated |  | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Other | Consolidated
Net income available to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) (GAAP) | N |  | $574 |  |  | $686 |  |  | ($4 | ) |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $335 |  |  | $568 |  |  | $83 |  |  | $986 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  | — |  | — |  | 14 |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 14 |  | 14 |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders | O |  | $574 |  |  | $686 |  |  | ($18 | ) |  | $1,242 |  |  |  | $335 |  |  | $568 |  |  | $69 |  |  | $972 |
Efficiency ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | P |  | $2,976 |  |  | $1,518 |  |  | $41 |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $2,645 |  |  | $1,444 |  |  | $134 |  |  | $4,223 |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | Q | 2,000 |  | 610 |  | 58 |  | 2,668 |  |  | 1,939 |  | 577 |  | 60 |  | 2,576 |
Efficiency ratio | Q/P | 67.20 | % | 40.16 | % | NM |  | 58.84 | % |  | 73.28 | % | 39.89 | % | NM |  | 60.99 | %
Return on average total tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) |  |  | $61,857 |  |  | $51,820 |  |  | $39,805 |  |  | $153,482 |  |  |  | $59,310 |  |  | $49,604 |  |  | $40,649 |  |  | $149,563 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 6,900 |  | 6,900 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 6,882 |  | 6,882 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | — |  | — |  | 358 |  | 358 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 535 |  | 535 |
Average total tangible assets | R |  | $61,857 |  |  | $51,820 |  |  | $33,254 |  |  | $146,931 |  |  |  | $59,310 |  |  | $49,604 |  |  | $34,300 |  |  | $143,214 |
Return on average total tangible assets | N/R | 1.24 | % | 1.77 | % | NM |  | 1.14 | % |  | 0.76 | % | 1.53 | % | NM |  | 0.92 | %

51

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The following table presents computations of non-GAAP financial measures representing our “Underlying” results used throughout “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”:

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except share, per-share and ratio data) | Ref. | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Noninterest income, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income (GAAP) |  |  | $416 |  |  |  | $381 |  |  |  | $1,175 |  |  |  | $1,130 |
Less: Notable items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Noninterest income, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  |  | $416 |  |  |  | $381 |  |  |  | $1,175 |  |  |  | $1,141 |
Total revenue, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | A |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $1,443 |  |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $4,223 |
Less: Notable items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) | S |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $1,443 |  |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $4,234 |
Noninterest expense, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | B |  | $910 |  |  |  | $858 |  |  |  | $2,668 |  |  |  | $2,576 |
Less: Notable items |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 15 |
Noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | T |  | $901 |  |  |  | $858 |  |  |  | $2,659 |  |  |  | $2,561 |
Pre-provision profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | A |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $1,443 |  |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $4,223 |
Less: Noninterest expense (GAAP) | B | 910 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,576 |
Pre-provision profit (GAAP) |  |  | $654 |  |  |  | $585 |  |  |  | $1,867 |  |  |  | $1,647 |
Pre-provision profit, Underlying |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) | S |  | $1,564 |  |  |  | $1,443 |  |  |  | $4,535 |  |  |  | $4,234 |
Less: Noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | T | 901 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | 2,561 |
Pre-provision profit, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  |  | $663 |  |  |  | $585 |  |  |  | $1,876 |  |  |  | $1,673 |
Total credit-related costs, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses (GAAP) |  |  | $78 |  |  |  | $72 |  |  |  | $241 |  |  |  | $238 |
Add: Notable items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Total credit-related costs, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  |  | $78 |  |  |  | $72 |  |  |  | $241 |  |  |  | $264 |
Income before income tax expense, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before tax expense (GAAP) | I |  | $576 |  |  |  | $513 |  |  |  | $1,626 |  |  |  | $1,409 |
Less: Notable items |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | — |
Income before income tax expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | U |  | $585 |  |  |  | $513 |  |  |  | $1,635 |  |  |  | $1,409 |
Income tax expense and effective income tax rate, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (GAAP) | J |  | $133 |  |  |  | $165 |  |  |  | $370 |  |  |  | $423 |
Less: Notable items |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (23 | )
Income tax expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | V |  | $135 |  |  |  | $165 |  |  |  | $372 |  |  |  | $446 |
Effective income tax rate (GAAP) | J/I | 23.16 | % |  | 32.18 | % |  | 22.77 | % |  | 30.04 | %
Effective income tax rate, Underlying (non-GAAP) | V/U | 23.20 |  |  | 32.18 |  |  | 22.78 |  |  | 31.65 |
Net income, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | C |  | $443 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $986 |
Add: Notable items, net of tax expense |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (23 | )
Net income, Underlying (non-GAAP) | W |  | $450 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,263 |  |  |  | $963 |

52

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except share, per-share and ratio data) | Ref. | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net income available to common stockholders, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders (GAAP) | D |  | $436 |  |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $1,242 |  |  |  | $972 |
Add: Notable items, net of tax expense |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | (23 | )
Net income available to common stockholders, Underlying (non-GAAP) | X |  | $443 |  |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $1,249 |  |  |  | $949 |
Return on average common equity and return on average common equity, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | E |  | $19,599 |  |  |  | $19,728 |  |  |  | $19,687 |  |  |  | $19,617 |
Return on average common equity | D/E | 8.82 | % |  | 6.87 | % |  | 8.44 | % |  | 6.63 | %
Return on average common equity, Underlying (non-GAAP) | X/E | 8.96 |  |  | 6.87 |  |  | 8.48 |  |  | 6.47 |
Return on average tangible common equity and return on average tangible common equity, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | E |  | $19,599 |  |  |  | $19,728 |  |  |  | $19,687 |  |  |  | $19,617 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 6,926 |  |  | 6,887 |  |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,882 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 22 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | 360 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 535 |
Average tangible common equity | F |  | $13,011 |  |  |  | $13,376 |  |  |  | $13,136 |  |  |  | $13,268 |
Return on average tangible common equity | D/F | 13.29 | % |  | 10.13 | % |  | 12.64 | % |  | 9.80 | %
Return on average tangible common equity, Underlying (non-GAAP) | X/F | 13.50 |  |  | 10.13 |  |  | 12.71 |  |  | 9.57 |
Return on average total assets and return on average total assets, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | G |  | $155,624 |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  | $153,482 |  |  |  | $149,563 |
Return on average total assets | C/G | 1.13 | % |  | 0.92 | % |  | 1.09 | % |  | 0.88 | %
Return on average total assets, Underlying (non-GAAP) | W/G | 1.15 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 1.10 |  |  | 0.86 |
Return on average total tangible assets and return on average total tangible assets, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | G |  | $155,624 |  |  |  | $150,012 |  |  |  | $153,482 |  |  |  | $149,563 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 6,926 |  |  | 6,887 |  |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,882 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 22 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill (GAAP) |  | 360 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 535 |
Average tangible assets | H |  | $149,036 |  |  |  | $143,660 |  |  |  | $146,931 |  |  |  | $143,214 |
Return on average total tangible assets | C/H | 1.18 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.14 | % |  | 0.92 | %
Return on average total tangible assets, Underlying (non-GAAP) | W/H | 1.20 |  |  | 0.96 |  |  | 1.15 |  |  | 0.90 |
Efficiency ratio and efficiency ratio, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio | B/A | 58.20 | % |  | 59.41 | % |  | 58.84 | % |  | 60.99 | %
Efficiency ratio, Underlying (non-GAAP) | T/S | 57.62 |  |  | 59.41 |  |  | 58.64 |  |  | 60.47 |
Operating leverage and operating leverage, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in total revenue |  | 8.44 | % |  | 4.57 | % |  | 7.40 | % |  | 8.50 | %
Increase (decrease) in noninterest expense |  | 6.23 |  |  | (1.04 | ) |  | 3.61 |  |  | 2.83 |
Operating leverage |  | 2.21 | % |  | 5.61 | % |  | 3.79 | % |  | 5.67 | %
Increase in total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | 8.46 | % |  | 4.57 | % |  | 7.12 | % |  | 8.79 | %
Increase (decrease) in noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | 5.20 |  |  | (1.04 | ) |  | 3.88 |  |  | 2.24 |
Operating leverage, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | 3.26 | % |  | 5.61 | % |  | 3.24 | % |  | 6.55 | %
Net income per average common share - basic and diluted and net income per average common share - basic and diluted, Underlying: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding - basic (GAAP) | K | 475,957,526 |  |  | 500,861,076 |  |  | 482,691,884 |  |  | 505,529,991 |
Average common shares outstanding - diluted (GAAP) | L | 477,599,917 |  |  | 502,157,384 |  |  | 484,250,843 |  |  | 507,062,805 |
Net income per average common share - basic (GAAP) | D/K |  | $0.92 |  |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  |  | $1.92 |
Net income per average common share - diluted (GAAP) | D/L | 0.91 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.57 |  |  | 1.92 |
Net income per average common share - basic, Underlying (non-GAAP) | X/K | 0.93 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.59 |  |  | 1.88 |
Net income per average common share - diluted, Underlying (non-GAAP) | X/L | 0.93 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.58 |  |  | 1.87 |

53

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017 (unaudited) |  | 55
Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 |  | 56
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 |  | 57
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 |  | 58
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 |  | 59
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) |  | 60
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation |  | 60
Note 2 - Securities |  | 64
Note 3 - Loans and Leases |  | 68
Note 4 - Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk |  | 69
Note 5 - Mortgage Banking |  | 81
Note 6 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets |  | 83
Note 7 - Variable Interest Entities |  | 84
Note 8 - Borrowed Funds |  | 85
Note 9 - Derivatives |  | 87
Note 10 - Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 90
Note 11 - Stockholders’ Equity |  | 91
Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies |  | 92
Note 13 - Fair Value Measurements |  | 94
Note 14 - Noninterest Income |  | 102
Note 15 - Other Operating Expense |  | 104
Note 16 - Income Taxes |  | 104
Note 17 - Earnings Per Share |  | 104
Note 18 - Regulatory Matters |  | 105
Note 19 - Business Operating Segments |  | 106

54

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in millions, except share data) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
ASSETS: |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $976 |  |  |  | $987 |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks | 3,015 |  |  | 2,045 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 142 |  |  | 192 |
Debt securities available for sale, at fair value (including $372 and $91 pledged to creditors, respectively)(1) | 20,152 |  |  | 20,157 |
Debt securities held to maturity (fair value of $4,102 and $4,668, respectively) | 4,284 |  |  | 4,685 |
Equity securities, at fair value | 175 |  |  | 169 |
Equity securities, at cost | 874 |  |  | 722 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | 1,303 |  |  | 497 |
Other loans held for sale | 27 |  |  | 221 |
Loans and leases | 114,720 |  |  | 110,617 |
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses | (1,242 | ) |  | (1,236 | )
Net loans and leases | 113,478 |  |  | 109,381 |
Derivative assets | 173 |  |  | 617 |
Premises and equipment, net | 753 |  |  | 685 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 1,687 |  |  | 1,656 |
Goodwill | 6,946 |  |  | 6,887 |
Due from broker | — |  |  | 6 |
Other assets | 4,613 |  |  | 3,429 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $158,598 |  |  |  | $152,336 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $29,785 |  |  |  | $29,279 |
Interest-bearing | 87,290 |  |  | 85,810 |
Total deposits | 117,075 |  |  | 115,089 |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 374 |  |  | 815 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,006 |  |  | 1,856 |
Derivative liabilities | 449 |  |  | 310 |
Deferred taxes, net | 430 |  |  | 571 |
Long-term borrowed funds | 15,639 |  |  | 11,765 |
Due to broker | 381 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 1,968 |  |  | 1,660 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 138,322 |  |  | 132,066 |
Contingencies (refer to Note 12) |  |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $25.00 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized | 543 |  |  | 247 |
Common stock: |  |  |
$0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 566,686,274 shares issued and 474,120,616 shares outstanding at September 30, 2018 and 565,850,984 shares issued and 490,812,912 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Additional paid-in capital | 18,816 |  |  | 18,781 |
Retained earnings | 5,062 |  |  | 4,164 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 92,565,658 and 75,038,072 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively | (2,833 | ) |  | (2,108 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,318 | ) |  | (820 | )
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  | $20,276 |  |  |  | $20,270 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  | $158,598 |  |  |  | $152,336 |

(1) Includes only collateral pledged by the Company where counterparties have the right to sell or pledge the collateral.
The accompanying Notes to unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
55

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except share and per-share data) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans and leases |  | $1,287 |  |  | $1,096 |  |  |  | $3,663 |  |  | $3,128 |
Interest and fees on loans held for sale, at fair value | 14 |  | 5 |  |  | 23 |  | 13 |
Interest and fees on other loans held for sale | 2 |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  | 6 |
Investment securities | 167 |  | 155 |  |  | 500 |  | 469 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 7 |  | 5 |  |  | 21 |  | 13 |
Total interest income | 1,477 |  | 1,264 |  |  | 4,216 |  | 3,629 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 214 |  | 123 |  |  | 540 |  | 311 |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 2 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 19 |  | 7 |  |  | 42 |  | 22 |
Long-term borrowed funds | 94 |  | 71 |  |  | 270 |  | 201 |
Total interest expense | 329 |  | 202 |  |  | 856 |  | 536 |
Net interest income | 1,148 |  | 1,062 |  |  | 3,360 |  | 3,093 |
Provision for credit losses | 78 |  | 72 |  |  | 241 |  | 238 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 1,070 |  | 990 |  |  | 3,119 |  | 2,855 |
NONINTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Service charges and fees | 131 |  | 131 |  |  | 382 |  | 385 |
Card fees | 61 |  | 58 |  |  | 182 |  | 177 |
Capital markets fees | 47 |  | 53 |  |  | 134 |  | 152 |
Trust and investment services fees | 45 |  | 38 |  |  | 128 |  | 116 |
Letter of credit and loan fees | 32 |  | 30 |  |  | 94 |  | 90 |
Foreign exchange and interest rate products | 31 |  | 24 |  |  | 92 |  | 77 |
Mortgage banking fees | 49 |  | 27 |  |  | 101 |  | 80 |
Securities gains, net | 3 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  | 9 |
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings on debt securities | (1 | ) | (1 | ) |  | (3 | ) | (6 | )
Other income | 18 |  | 19 |  |  | 52 |  | 50 |
Total noninterest income | 416 |  | 381 |  |  | 1,175 |  | 1,130 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 474 |  | 438 |  |  | 1,397 |  | 1,316 |
Outside services | 107 |  | 99 |  |  | 312 |  | 286 |
Occupancy | 81 |  | 78 |  |  | 241 |  | 239 |
Equipment expense | 70 |  | 65 |  |  | 201 |  | 196 |
Amortization of software | 47 |  | 45 |  |  | 139 |  | 134 |
Other operating expense | 131 |  | 133 |  |  | 378 |  | 405 |
Total noninterest expense | 910 |  | 858 |  |  | 2,668 |  | 2,576 |
Income before income tax expense | 576 |  | 513 |  |  | 1,626 |  | 1,409 |
Income tax expense | 133 |  | 165 |  |  | 370 |  | 423 |
NET INCOME |  | $443 |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  | $986 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $436 |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $1,242 |  |  | $972 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 475,957,526 |  | 500,861,076 |  |  | 482,691,884 |  | 505,529,991 |
Diluted | 477,599,917 |  | 502,157,384 |  |  | 484,250,843 |  | 507,062,805 |
Per common share information: |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings |  | $0.92 |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  | $1.92 |
Diluted earnings | 0.91 |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.57 |  | 1.92 |
Dividends declared and paid | 0.27 |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.71 |  | 0.46 |

The accompanying Notes to unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
56

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net income |  | $443 |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  | $986 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized derivative instrument (losses) gains arising during the periods, net of income taxes of ($9), ($1), ($31) and $13, respectively | (26 | ) | (1 | ) |  | (91 | ) | 22 |
Reclassification adjustment for net derivative losses (gains) included in net income, net of income taxes of $3, ($2), $6 and ($8), respectively | 11 |  | (2 | ) |  | 19 |  | (13 | )
Net unrealized debt securities (losses) gains arising during the periods, net of income taxes of ($34), $8, ($139) and $44, respectively | (95 | ) | 13 |  |  | (427 | ) | 74 |
Other-than-temporary impairment not recognized in earnings on debt securities, net of income taxes of ($1), $0, ($1) and ($1), respectively | — |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) | (2 | )
Reclassification of net debt securities gains to net income, net of income taxes of $0, $0, ($2) and ($1), respectively | (2 | ) | (1 | ) |  | (8 | ) | (2 | )
Amortization of actuarial loss, net of income taxes of $1, $2, $3 and $6, respectively | 4 |  | 3 |  |  | 10 |  | 8 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes | (108 | ) | 12 |  |  | (498 | ) | 87 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $335 |  |  | $360 |  |  |  | $758 |  |  | $1,073 |

The accompanying Notes to unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
57

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock, at Cost | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total
(in millions) | Shares | Amount |  | Shares | Amount
Balance at January 1, 2017 | — |  |  | $247 |  |  | 512 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $18,722 |  |  | $2,703 |  |  | ($1,263 | ) |  | ($668 | ) |  | $19,747 |
Dividends to common stockholders | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (233 | ) | — |  | — |  | (233 | )
Dividends to preferred stockholders | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14 | ) | — |  | — |  | (14 | )
Treasury stock purchased | — |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) | — |  | 25 |  | — |  | (510 | ) | — |  | (485 | )
Share-based compensation plans | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |
Employee stock purchase plan shares purchased | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |
Total comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 986 |  | — |  | — |  | 986 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 87 |  | 87 |
Total comprehensive income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 986 |  | — |  | 87 |  | 1,073 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 | — |  |  | $247 |  |  | 500 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $18,768 |  |  | $3,442 |  |  | ($1,773 | ) |  | ($581 | ) |  | $20,109 |
Balance at January 1, 2018 | — |  |  | $247 |  |  | 491 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $18,781 |  |  | $4,164 |  |  | ($2,108 | ) |  | ($820 | ) |  | $20,270 |
Dividends to common stockholders | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (344 | ) | — |  | — |  | (344 | )
Dividends to preferred stockholders | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14 | ) | — |  | — |  | (14 | )
Preferred stock issued | 1 |  | 296 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 296 |
Treasury stock purchased | — |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (725 | ) | — |  | (725 | )
Share-based compensation plans | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | 24 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | 24 |
Employee stock purchase plan shares purchased | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |
Total comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,256 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,256 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (498 | ) | (498 | )
Total comprehensive income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,256 |  | — |  | (498 | ) | 758 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 1 |  |  | $543 |  |  | 474 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $18,816 |  |  | $5,062 |  |  | ($2,833 | ) |  | ($1,318 | ) |  | $20,276 |

The accompanying Notes to unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
58

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |
Net income |  | $1,256 |  |  | $986 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |
Provision for credit losses | 241 |  | 238 |
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale | (4,384 | ) | (2,159 | )
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale | 4,259 |  | 2,372 |
Purchases of commercial loans held for sale | (1,450 | ) | (1,513 | )
Proceeds from sales of commercial loans held for sale | 1,457 |  | 1,441 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 357 |  | 371 |
Mortgage servicing rights valuation recovery | (3 | ) | (1 | )
Debt securities impairment | 3 |  | 6 |
Deferred income taxes | 23 |  | (23 | )
Share-based compensation | 40 |  | 35 |
Net gain on sales of: |  |
Debt securities | (13 | ) | (9 | )
Equity securities | — |  | (1 | )
Increase in other assets | (918 | ) | (155 | )
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 339 |  | (138 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,207 |  | 1,450 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |
Investment securities: |  |
Purchases of debt securities available for sale | (3,084 | ) | (4,088 | )
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities available for sale | 2,512 |  | 2,564 |
Proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale | 405 |  | 914 |
Purchases of debt securities held to maturity | — |  | (171 | )
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities held to maturity | 402 |  | 422 |
Purchases of equity securities, at fair value | (122 | ) | (286 | )
Proceeds from sales of equity securities, at fair value | 116 |  | 217 |
Purchases of equity securities, at cost | (568 | ) | (307 | )
Proceeds from sales of equity securities, at cost | 416 |  | 495 |
Net decrease in interest-bearing deposits in banks | 50 |  | 152 |
Purchases of mortgage servicing rights | (16 | ) | — |
Acquisition, net of cash acquired | (533 | ) | — |
Net increase in loans and leases | (4,278 | ) | (3,549 | )
Net increase in bank-owned life insurance | (31 | ) | (34 | )
Premises and equipment: |  |
Purchases | (157 | ) | (115 | )
Capitalization of software | (175 | ) | (138 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (5,063 | ) | (3,924 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |
Net increase in deposits | 1,986 |  | 3,431 |
Net decrease in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | (441 | ) | (695 | )
Net decrease in other short-term borrowed funds | (3,107 | ) | (1,708 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds | 17,503 |  | 12,108 |
Repayments of long-term borrowed funds | (10,333 | ) | (11,501 | )
Treasury stock purchased | (725 | ) | (485 | )
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock | 296 |  | — |
Dividends declared and paid to common stockholders | (344 | ) | (233 | )
Dividends declared and paid to preferred stockholders | (7 | ) | (7 | )
Payments of employee tax withholding for share-based compensation | (13 | ) | (20 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 4,815 |  | 890 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents (1) | 959 |  | (1,584 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (1) | 3,032 |  | 3,704 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (1) |  | $3,991 |  |  | $2,120 |

(1) Cash and cash equivalents includes cash and due from banks and interest-bearing cash and due from banks as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The accompanying Notes to unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
59

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Basis of Presentation
The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto of Citizens Financial Group, Inc., have been prepared in accordance with GAAP interim reporting requirements, and therefore do not include all information and Notes included in the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP. These unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company’s principal business activity is banking, conducted through its subsidiaries, Citizens Bank, National Association and Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania.
The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The Company has evaluated its unconsolidated entities and does not believe that any entity in which it has an interest, but does not currently consolidate, meets the requirements to be consolidated as a variable interest entity. The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the ACL, evaluation of unrealized losses on securities for other-than-temporary impairment, accounting for income taxes, the valuation of AFS and HTM securities, and derivatives.
Significant Accounting Policies
For further information regarding the Company’s significant accounting policies, see Note 1 “Basis of Presentation” to the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Acquisition
On August 1, 2018, the Company acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of Franklin American Mortgage Company (“FAMC”), a Franklin, Tennessee-based national mortgage servicing and origination firm, for total consideration of $582 million. As part of this transaction, the Company expanded its mortgage servicing position with the addition of an MSR portfolio which had an acquisition date fair value of $590 million. Refer to Note 5 “Mortgage Banking” for more information. The Company also recognized goodwill of $59 million and other intangibles of $32 million related to the transaction. Refer to Note 6 “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for more information. The Company expects that some adjustments of the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at August 1, 2018 may subsequently be recorded, although any adjustments are not expected to be material.
60

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2018

Pronouncement | Summary of Guidance | Effects on Financial Statements
Revenue Recognition: Revenue from Contracts with Customers Issued May 2014 | • Requires that revenue from contracts with customers be recognized upon transfer of control of a good or service in the amount of consideration expected to be received. • Changes the accounting for certain contract costs including whether they may be offset against revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. • Requires new qualitative and quantitative disclosures, including information about disaggregation of revenue and performance obligations. • May be adopted using a full retrospective approach or a modified cumulative effect approach wherein the guidance is applied only to existing contracts as of the date of initial adoption and to new contracts transacted after that date. | • The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective method. Net interest income on financial assets and liabilities is explicitly excluded from the scope of the pronouncement. • Adoption of the new standard did not result in a change in the timing or amount of revenue recognized from contracts with customers. The Company did not recognize a cumulative adjustment to Retained Earnings upon adoption. • Effective January 1, 2018, underwriting fees are presented on a gross basis in capital market fees, while underwriting costs are presented in other operating expense. Prior to adoption, such costs were presented net of the related underwriting fees.
Stock Compensation Issued May 2017 | • Requires modification accounting unless the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the modified award are the same as the original award immediately before the modification. • Applied prospectively to all modifications of share-based awards after the adoption date. | • The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018. • Adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost Issued March 2017 | • Requires the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost to be reported separately in the Consolidated Statements of Operations from the other components (e.g., expected return on assets, interest costs, amortization of gains/losses and prior service costs). • Requires presentation in the Consolidated Statements of Operations of the service cost component in the same line item as other employee compensation costs and presentation of the other components in a different line item from the service cost component. • Retrospective application is required for all periods presented. | • The Company retrospectively adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018. • Adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s net income. • The Company reclassified prior period amounts in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, which resulted in an immaterial increase in salaries and employee benefits and a corresponding decrease in other operating expense.
Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Issued January 2016 | • Requires equity securities with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in the fair value recognized through earnings. • Requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial assets on the balance sheet or in the notes to the financial statements. • Makes several other targeted amendments to the existing accounting and disclosure requirements for financial instruments, including revised guidance related to valuation allowance assessments when recognizing deferred tax assets on unrealized losses on debt securities available for sale. | • The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018. • Adoption had an immaterial impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments Issued August 2016 | • Amends guidance on specific cashflows to determine the appropriate classification as operating, investing or financing activities which has required significant judgment. • The application of judgment has resulted in diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are classified. | • The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018. • Adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

61

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

Pronouncement | Summary of Guidance | Effects on Financial Statements
Derivatives and Hedging Issued August 2017 | • Reduces the complexity and operational burdens of the current hedge accounting model and portrays more clearly the effects of hedge accounting in the financial statements. • Modifies current requirements to facilitate the application of hedge accounting to partial-term hedges, hedges of prepayable financial instruments, and other strategies. Adoption of these optional changes would occur on a prospective basis. • Requires the effects of fair value hedges to be classified in the same income statement line as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Adoption of this change will occur on a prospective basis. • Requires all effects of cash flow hedges to be deferred in other comprehensive income until the hedged cash flows affect earnings. Periodic hedge ineffectiveness will no longer be recognized in earnings. Adoption of this change will occur on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not intend to adopt the guidance prior to the required effective date. • The transition entries required upon adoption are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Leases Issued February 2016 | • Requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for all leases with a lease term of greater than one year. • Requires lessees and lessors to classify most leases using principles similar to existing lease accounting, but eliminates the “bright line” classification tests. • Requires that for finance leases, a lessee recognize interest expense on the lease liability separately from the amortization of the right-of-use asset in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, while for operating leases, such amounts should be recognized as a combined expense. • Requires expanded disclosures about the nature and terms of lease agreements. • Provides the option to adopt using either a modified cumulative-effect approach wherein the guidance is applied to all periods presented, or through a cumulative-effect adjustment beginning in the period of adoption. • Requires companies with land easements to assess whether the easement meets the definition of a lease before applying other accounting guidance. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not intend to adopt the guidance prior to the effective date. • The Company intends to adopt the guidance through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings on January 1, 2019. Periods prior to January 1, 2019 will not be adjusted. • The Company occupies certain banking offices and equipment under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which currently are not reflected on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. • Upon adoption, the Company expects to recognize a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability in the approximate range of $600 million to $750 million in its Consolidated Balance Sheets for non-cancelable operating lease agreements. • The evaluation of the impact of the leasing pronouncement will be adjusted based on execution of new leases, termination of existing leases prior to the effective date, and any changes to key lease assumptions such as renewals, extensions and discount rates. • The Company does not expect a material change to the timing of expense recognition on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

62

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses Issued June 2016 | • Replaces existing incurred loss impairment guidance and establishes a single allowance framework for financial assets carried at amortized cost (including securities HTM), which will reflect management’s estimate of credit losses over the full remaining expected life of the financial assets. • Amends existing impairment guidance for securities AFS to incorporate an allowance, which will allow for reversals of impairment losses in the event that the credit of an issuer improves. • Requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2020. Early adoption permitted on January 1, 2019. The Company does not intend to adopt the guidance prior to the required effective date. • A company-wide, cross-discipline governance structure to implement the new standard has been in place for more than 18 months. The Company is currently identifying and researching key interpretive issues and completing the development of most loss forecasting models to meet the requirements of the new guidance. The implementation team is also in the process of assessing forecast accuracy and potential macroeconomic factors that will be used to determine the reasonable and supportable forecast period. • The Company expects the standard will result in earlier recognition of credit losses and an increase in the ACL, as it will cover estimated credit losses over the full remaining expected life of loans and commitments and will consider future reasonable and supportable changes in macroeconomic conditions. Since the magnitude of the increase in the Company’s ACL will be impacted by economic conditions, forecasted economic conditions, credit quality and trends in the Company’s portfolio at the time of adoption, the quantitative impact cannot yet be reasonably estimated.
Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement Issued August 2018 | • Requires implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract be deferred and recognized over the term of the arrangement if those costs would be capitalized in a software licensing arrangement. • Requires amortization expense be presented in the same income statement line item as the related hosting service arrangement expense. • Permits adoption prospectively for all implementation costs incurred after adoption or retrospectively through a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the first period presented. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating whether it will adopt this guidance prior to the required effective date. • Adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Disclosure Requirements - Fair Value Measurements Issued August 2018 | • Amends disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. • The guidance eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered relevant or cost beneficial, requires new disclosures and modifies existing disclosures that are expected to enhance the usefulness of the financial statements. • Prospective application is required for new disclosure requirements. • Retrospective application is required for all other amendments for all periods presented. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating whether it will adopt this guidance prior to the required effective date. • Adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Disclosure Requirements - Defined Benefit Plan Issued August 2018 | • Amends disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement defined benefit plans. • The guidance eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered relevant or cost beneficial and requires new disclosures that are expected to enhance the usefulness of the financial statements. • Retrospective application is required for all periods presented. | • Required effective date: January 1, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating whether it will adopt this guidance prior to the required effective date. • Adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

63

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 2 - SECURITIES
The following table presents the major components of securities at amortized cost and fair value:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
Debt Securities Available for Sale, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other |  | $12 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | $12 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $12 |
State and political subdivisions | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 20,703 |  | 8 |  | (825 | ) | 19,886 |  |  | 20,065 |  | 40 |  | (277 | ) | 19,828 |
Other/non-agency | 251 |  | 4 |  | (6 | ) | 249 |  |  | 311 |  | 7 |  | (7 | ) | 311 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 20,954 |  | 12 |  | (831 | ) | 20,135 |  |  | 20,376 |  | 47 |  | (284 | ) | 20,139 |
Total debt securities available for sale, at fair value |  | $20,971 |  |  | $12 |  |  | ($831 | ) |  | $20,152 |  |  |  | $20,394 |  |  | $47 |  |  | ($284 | ) |  | $20,157 |
Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities |  | $3,525 |  |  | $— |  |  | ($177 | ) |  | $3,348 |  |  |  | $3,853 |  |  | $7 |  |  | ($46 | ) |  | $3,814 |
Other/non-agency | 759 |  | 1 |  | (6 | ) | 754 |  |  | 832 |  | 22 |  | — |  | 854 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 4,284 |  | 1 |  | (183 | ) | 4,102 |  |  | 4,685 |  | 29 |  | (46 | ) | 4,668 |
Total debt securities held to maturity |  | $4,284 |  |  | $1 |  |  | ($183 | ) |  | $4,102 |  |  |  | $4,685 |  |  | $29 |  |  | ($46 | ) |  | $4,668 |
Equity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual fund investments |  | $175 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $175 |  |  |  | $165 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $165 |
Other investments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | — |  | — |  | 4 |
Total equity securities, at fair value |  | $175 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $175 |  |  |  | $169 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $169 |
Equity Securities, at Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  | $463 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $463 |  |  |  | $463 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $463 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 404 |  | — |  | — |  | 404 |  |  | 252 |  | — |  | — |  | 252 |
Other equity securities | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |
Total equity securities, at cost |  | $874 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $874 |  |  |  | $722 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $722 |

64

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2018 are presented below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without incurring penalties.

| September 30, 2018
| Distribution of Maturities
(in millions) | 1 Year or Less | 1-5 Years | 5-10 Years | After 10 Years | Total |
Amortized Cost: |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other |  | $12 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $12 |
State and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 5 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | 312 |  | 1,595 |  | 18,796 |  | 20,703 |
Other/non-agency | 2 |  | 11 |  | — |  | 238 |  | 251 |
Total debt securities available for sale | 14 |  | 323 |  | 1,595 |  | 19,039 |  | 20,971 |
Debt securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,525 |  | 3,525 |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  | — |  | 759 |  | 759 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,284 |  | 4,284 |
Total amortized cost of debt securities |  | $14 |  |  | $323 |  |  | $1,595 |  |  | $23,323 |  |  | $25,255 |
Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other |  | $12 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $12 |
State and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 5 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | 306 |  | 1,555 |  | 18,025 |  | 19,886 |
Other/non-agency | 2 |  | 11 |  | — |  | 236 |  | 249 |
Total debt securities available for sale | 14 |  | 317 |  | 1,555 |  | 18,266 |  | 20,152 |
Debt securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,348 |  | 3,348 |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  | — |  | 754 |  | 754 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,102 |  | 4,102 |
Total fair value of debt securities |  | $14 |  |  | $317 |  |  | $1,555 |  |  | $22,368 |  |  | $24,254 |

Taxable interest income from investment securities as presented on the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $167 million and $155 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was $500 million and $469 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Realized gains and losses on securities are presented below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Gains on sale of debt securities |  | $3 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $13 |  |  |  | $9 |
Losses on sale of debt securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt securities gains, net |  | $3 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $13 |  |  |  | $9 |
Equity securities gains |  | $— |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $1 |

65

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities pledged are presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |
Pledged against repurchase agreements |  | $391 |  |  | $376 |  |  |  | $358 |  |  | $357 |
Pledged against FHLB borrowed funds | 764 |  | 760 |  |  | 839 |  | 861 |
Pledged against derivatives, to qualify for fiduciary powers, and to secure public and other deposits as required by law | 3,699 |  | 3,519 |  |  | 3,113 |  | 3,082 |

The Company regularly enters into security repurchase agreements with unrelated counterparties. Repurchase agreements are financial transactions that involve the transfer of a security from one party to another and a subsequent transfer of substantially the same security back to the original party. The Company’s repurchase agreements are typically short-term transactions and accounted for as secured borrowed funds on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. When permitted by GAAP, the Company offsets short-term receivables associated with its reverse repurchase agreements against short-term payables associated with its repurchase agreements. The Company recognized no offsetting of short-term receivables or payables as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. The Company offsets certain derivative assets and derivative liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For further information see Note 9 “Derivatives.”
Securitizations of mortgage loans retained in the investment portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $32 million and $38 million, respectively, and $87 million and $82 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These securitizations include a substantive guarantee by a third party. In 2018 and 2017, the guarantors were FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA. The debt securities received from the guarantors are classified as AFS.
The following tables present mortgage-backed debt securities whose fair values are below carrying values, segregated by those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer:

| September 30, 2018
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 493 |  |  | $15,177 |  |  | ($514 | ) |  | 159 |  |  | $7,215 |  |  | ($488 | ) |  | 652 |  |  | $22,392 |  |  | ($1,002 | )
Other/non-agency | 14 |  | 542 |  | (6 | ) |  | 11 |  | 76 |  | (6 | ) |  | 25 |  | 618 |  | (12 | )
Total | 507 |  |  | $15,719 |  |  | ($520 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | $7,291 |  |  | ($494 | ) |  | 677 |  |  | $23,010 |  |  | ($1,014 | )

| December 31, 2017
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Issues | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 294 |  |  | $10,163 |  |  | ($97 | ) |  | 152 |  |  | $8,061 |  |  | ($226 | ) |  | 446 |  |  | $18,224 |  |  | ($323 | )
Other/non-agency | 6 |  | 55 |  | (1 | ) |  | 10 |  | 84 |  | (6 | ) |  | 16 |  | 139 |  | (7 | )
Total | 300 |  |  | $10,218 |  |  | ($98 | ) |  | 162 |  |  | $8,145 |  |  | ($232 | ) |  | 462 |  |  | $18,363 |  |  | ($330 | )

66

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table presents the cumulative credit-related losses recognized in earnings on debt securities held by the Company:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cumulative balance at beginning of period |  | $81 |  |  |  | $79 |  |  |  | $80 |  |  |  | $75 |
Credit impairments recognized in earnings on debt securities that have been previously impaired | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Reductions due to increases in cash flow expectations on impaired debt securities(1) | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | )
Cumulative balance at end of period |  | $81 |  |  |  | $80 |  |  |  | $81 |  |  |  | $80 |

(1) Reported in interest income from investment securities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for impaired AFS debt securities held as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $81 million and $80 million, respectively. There were no credit losses recognized in earnings for the Company’s HTM portfolio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred non-agency MBS credit-related other-than-temporary impairment losses in earnings of $1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred non-agency MBS credit-related other-than-temporary impairment losses in earnings of $3 million and $6 million, respectively.
There were no credit-impaired debt securities sold during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The Company does not currently have the intent to sell these impaired debt securities, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these debt securities prior to the recovery of their amortized cost bases.
The Company has determined that credit losses are not expected to be incurred on the remaining agency and non-agency MBS identified with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2018. The unrealized losses on these debt securities reflect non-credit-related factors such as changing interest rates and market liquidity. Therefore, the Company has determined that these debt securities are not other-than-temporarily impaired because the Company does not currently have the intent to sell these debt securities, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these debt securities prior to the recovery of their amortized cost bases. Any subsequent increases in the valuation of impaired debt securities do not impact their recorded cost bases.
67

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 3 - LOANS AND LEASES
The Company’s loans and leases are disclosed in portfolio segments and classes. The Company’s loan and lease portfolio segments are commercial and retail. The classes of loans and leases are: commercial, commercial real estate, leases, residential mortgages, home equity loans, home equity lines of credit, home equity loans serviced by others, home equity lines of credit serviced by others, automobile, education, credit cards and other retail. The Company’s SBO portfolio consists of purchased home equity loans and lines that were originally serviced by others, which the Company services a portion of internally. A summary of the loans and leases portfolio is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Commercial |  | $39,770 |  |  |  | $37,562 |
Commercial real estate | 12,630 |  |  | 11,308 |
Leases | 3,005 |  |  | 3,161 |
Total commercial loans and leases | 55,405 |  |  | 52,031 |
Residential mortgages | 18,493 |  |  | 17,045 |
Home equity loans | 1,131 |  |  | 1,392 |
Home equity lines of credit | 12,863 |  |  | 13,483 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 429 |  |  | 542 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 114 |  |  | 149 |
Automobile | 12,255 |  |  | 13,204 |
Education | 8,712 |  |  | 8,134 |
Credit cards | 1,911 |  |  | 1,848 |
Other retail | 3,407 |  |  | 2,789 |
Total retail loans | 59,315 |  |  | 58,586 |
Total loans and leases (1) (2) |  | $114,720 |  |  |  | $110,617 |

(1) Excluded from the table above are loans held for sale totaling $1.3 billion and $718 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2) Mortgage loans serviced for others by the Company’s subsidiaries are not included above, and amounted to $67.5 billion and $20.3 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Loans held for sale at fair value as of September 30, 2018 totaled $1.3 billion and consisted of residential mortgages originated for sale of $1.1 billion and loans in the commercial trading portfolio of $163 million. Loans held for sale at fair value as of December 31, 2017 totaled $497 million and consisted of residential mortgages originated for sale of $326 million and loans in the commercial trading portfolio of $171 million. Other loans held for sale totaled $27 million and $221 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and consisted of commercial loans associated with the Company’s syndication business.
Loans pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowed funds, primarily residential mortgages and home equity loans, totaled $25.3 billion and $24.9 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Loans pledged as collateral to support the contingent ability to borrow at the FRB discount window, if necessary, was primarily comprised of auto and commercial loans, and totaled $18.7 billion and $18.1 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company purchased $98 million and $63 million of education loans, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company purchased $321 million of education loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company purchased $795 million of education loans and $153 million of automobile loans.
The Company had no loan portfolio sales during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold $553 million of commercial loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold $596 million of commercial loans and $206 million of residential mortgage loans.
68

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 4 - ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONPERFORMING ASSETS, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
The ACL consists of the ALLL and the reserve for unfunded commitments. It is increased through a provision for credit losses that is charged to earnings, based on the Company’s quarterly evaluation of the loan and lease portfolio and related commitments, and is reduced by net charge-offs and the ALLL associated with sold loans. See Note 5 “Allowance for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Concentrations of Credit Risk” to the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, for a detailed discussion of the ALLL reserve methodology and estimation techniques.
On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and refines its estimate of the ACL, taking into consideration changes in portfolio size and composition, historical loss experience, internal risk ratings, current economic conditions, industry performance trends and other pertinent information. As of September 30, 2018, there were no material changes in assumptions or estimation techniques compared with prior periods that impacted the determination of the current period’s ALLL and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. As of December 31, 2017, the Company enhanced the method for assessing various qualitative risks, factors and events that may not be measured in the modeled results. The new methodology includes a statistical analysis of prior charge-off rates on a historical basis combined with a qualitative assessment based on quantitative measures affecting the determination of incurred losses in the loan and lease portfolio, and provides better alignment of the qualitative ALLL to the commercial and retail loan portfolios. The impact of the change was an increase of approximately $50 million to the commercial ALLL with a corresponding decrease to the retail ALLL; there was not a significant impact on the total qualitative ALLL as of December 31, 2017.
A summary of changes in the ACL is presented below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |  |  | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period |  | $715 |  |  | $538 |  |  | $1,253 |  |  |  | $685 |  |  | $551 |  |  | $1,236 |
Charge-offs | (18 | ) | (109 | ) | (127 | ) |  | (35 | ) | (328 | ) | (363 | )
Recoveries | 2 |  | 39 |  | 41 |  |  | 10 |  | 121 |  | 131 |
Net charge-offs | (16 | ) | (70 | ) | (86 | ) |  | (25 | ) | (207 | ) | (232 | )
Provision charged to income | 8 |  | 67 |  | 75 |  |  | 47 |  | 191 |  | 238 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 707 |  | 535 |  | 1,242 |  |  | 707 |  | 535 |  | 1,242 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 88 |  | — |  | 88 |  |  | 88 |  | — |  | 88 |
Provision for unfunded lending commitments | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 91 |  | — |  | 91 |  |  | 91 |  | — |  | 91 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period |  | $798 |  |  | $535 |  |  | $1,333 |  |  |  | $798 |  |  | $535 |  |  | $1,333 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in millions) | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |  |  | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period |  | $614 |  |  | $605 |  |  | $1,219 |  |  |  | $663 |  |  | $573 |  |  | $1,236 |
Charge-offs | (12 | ) | (108 | ) | (120 | ) |  | (60 | ) | (321 | ) | (381 | )
Recoveries | 12 |  | 43 |  | 55 |  |  | 27 |  | 127 |  | 154 |
Net charge-offs | — |  | (65 | ) | (65 | ) |  | (33 | ) | (194 | ) | (227 | )
Provision charged to income | 24 |  | 46 |  | 70 |  |  | 8 |  | 207 |  | 215 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 638 |  | 586 |  | 1,224 |  |  | 638 |  | 586 |  | 1,224 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 93 |  | — |  | 93 |  |  | 72 |  | — |  | 72 |
Provision for unfunded lending commitments | 2 |  | — |  | 2 |  |  | 23 |  | — |  | 23 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 95 |  | — |  | 95 |  |  | 95 |  | — |  | 95 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period |  | $733 |  |  | $586 |  |  | $1,319 |  |  |  | $733 |  |  | $586 |  |  | $1,319 |

69

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The recorded investment in loans and leases based on the Company’s evaluation methodology is presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |  |  | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |
Individually evaluated |  | $430 |  |  | $735 |  |  | $1,165 |  |  |  | $370 |  |  | $761 |  |  | $1,131 |
Formula-based evaluation | 54,975 |  | 58,580 |  | 113,555 |  |  | 51,661 |  | 57,825 |  | 109,486 |
Total loans and leases |  | $55,405 |  |  | $59,315 |  |  | $114,720 |  |  |  | $52,031 |  |  | $58,586 |  |  | $110,617 |

A summary of the ACL by evaluation method is presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |  |  | Commercial |  | Retail |  | Total |
Individually evaluated |  | $59 |  |  | $27 |  |  | $86 |  |  |  | $47 |  |  | $34 |  |  | $81 |
Formula-based evaluation | 739 |  | 508 |  | 1,247 |  |  | 726 |  | 517 |  | 1,243 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $798 |  |  | $535 |  |  | $1,333 |  |  |  | $773 |  |  | $551 |  |  | $1,324 |

For commercial loans and leases, the Company utilizes regulatory classification ratings to monitor credit quality. Loans with a “pass” rating are those that the Company believes will be fully repaid in accordance with the contractual loan terms. Commercial loans and leases that are “criticized” are those that have some weakness or potential weakness that indicate an increased probability of future loss. “Criticized” loans are grouped into three categories, “special mention,” “substandard” and “doubtful.” Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the Company’s credit position at some future date. Substandard loans are inadequately protected loans; these loans have well-defined weaknesses that could hinder normal repayment or collection of the debt. Doubtful loans have the same weaknesses as substandard, with the added characteristics that the possibility of loss is high and collection of the full amount of the loan is improbable. For retail loans, the Company primarily uses the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. The further a loan is past due, the greater the likelihood of future credit loss. These credit quality indicators for both commercial and retail loans are continually updated and monitored.
The recorded investment in commercial loans and leases based on regulatory classification ratings is presented below:

| September 30, 2018
|  | Criticized |
(in millions) | Pass |  | Special Mention | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total |
Commercial |  | $37,242 |  |  | $1,441 |  |  | $854 |  |  | $233 |  |  | $39,770 |
Commercial real estate | 12,193 |  | 282 |  | 127 |  | 28 |  | 12,630 |
Leases | 2,909 |  | 49 |  | 47 |  | — |  | 3,005 |
Total commercial loans and leases |  | $52,344 |  |  | $1,772 |  |  | $1,028 |  |  | $261 |  |  | $55,405 |

| December 31, 2017
|  | Criticized |
(in millions) | Pass |  | Special Mention | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total |
Commercial |  | $35,430 |  |  | $1,143 |  |  | $785 |  |  | $204 |  |  | $37,562 |
Commercial real estate | 10,706 |  | 500 |  | 74 |  | 28 |  | 11,308 |
Leases | 3,069 |  | 73 |  | 19 |  | — |  | 3,161 |
Total commercial loans and leases |  | $49,205 |  |  | $1,716 |  |  | $878 |  |  | $232 |  |  | $52,031 |

70

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The recorded investment in classes of retail loans, categorized by delinquency status is presented below:

| September 30, 2018
|  | Days Past Due
(in millions) | Current |  | 1-29 | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90 or More | Total |
Residential mortgages |  | $18,173 |  |  | $136 |  |  | $37 |  |  | $13 |  |  | $134 |  |  | $18,493 |
Home equity loans | 999 |  | 79 |  | 11 |  | 3 |  | 39 |  | 1,131 |
Home equity lines of credit | 12,214 |  | 383 |  | 55 |  | 25 |  | 186 |  | 12,863 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 382 |  | 24 |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 15 |  | 429 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 87 |  | 17 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 114 |
Automobile | 10,849 |  | 1,109 |  | 189 |  | 51 |  | 57 |  | 12,255 |
Education | 8,514 |  | 151 |  | 24 |  | 13 |  | 10 |  | 8,712 |
Credit cards | 1,814 |  | 57 |  | 14 |  | 9 |  | 17 |  | 1,911 |
Other retail | 3,291 |  | 69 |  | 20 |  | 15 |  | 12 |  | 3,407 |
Total retail loans |  | $56,323 |  |  | $2,025 |  |  | $358 |  |  | $132 |  |  | $477 |  |  | $59,315 |

| December 31, 2017
|  | Days Past Due
(in millions) | Current |  | 1-29 | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90 or More | Total |
Residential mortgages |  | $16,714 |  |  | $147 |  |  | $46 |  |  | $18 |  |  | $120 |  |  | $17,045 |
Home equity loans | 1,212 |  | 102 |  | 20 |  | 4 |  | 54 |  | 1,392 |
Home equity lines of credit | 12,756 |  | 438 |  | 78 |  | 23 |  | 188 |  | 13,483 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 477 |  | 29 |  | 10 |  | 4 |  | 22 |  | 542 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 116 |  | 21 |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 149 |
Automobile | 11,596 |  | 1,273 |  | 220 |  | 55 |  | 60 |  | 13,204 |
Education | 7,898 |  | 160 |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | 41 |  | 8,134 |
Credit cards | 1,747 |  | 63 |  | 12 |  | 9 |  | 17 |  | 1,848 |
Other retail | 2,679 |  | 68 |  | 20 |  | 12 |  | 10 |  | 2,789 |
Total retail loans |  | $55,195 |  |  | $2,301 |  |  | $433 |  |  | $138 |  |  | $519 |  |  | $58,586 |

71

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Nonperforming Assets
The following table presents nonperforming loans and leases and loans accruing and 90 days or more past due:

| Nonperforming |  | Accruing and 90 days or more past due
(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Commercial |  | $228 |  |  |  | $238 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $5 |
Commercial real estate | 30 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial loans and leases | 258 |  |  | 265 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Residential mortgages (1) | 136 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Home equity loans | 53 |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 221 |  |  | 233 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 19 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Automobile | 67 |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Education | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Credit card | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other retail | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
Total retail loans | 574 |  |  | 606 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |
Total |  | $832 |  |  |  | $871 |  |  |  | $25 |  |  |  | $32 |

(1) Nonperforming balances exclude first lien residential mortgage loans that are 100% guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration. These loans, which are accruing and 90 days or more past due, totaled $13 million and $15 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Nonperforming balances also exclude guaranteed residential mortgage loans sold to GNMA for which the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase. These loans totaled $116 million and $30 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These loans are included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Other nonperforming assets consisted primarily of other real estate owned and was presented in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other real estate owned, net of valuation allowance, was $31 million and $36 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
A summary of nonperforming loan and lease key performance indicators is presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Nonperforming commercial loans and leases as a percentage of total loans and leases | 0.23 | % |  | 0.24 | %
Nonperforming retail loans as a percentage of total loans and leases | 0.50 |  |  | 0.55 |
Total nonperforming loans and leases as a percentage of total loans and leases | 0.73 | % |  | 0.79 | %
Nonperforming commercial assets as a percentage of total assets | 0.16 | % |  | 0.17 | %
Nonperforming retail assets as a percentage of total assets | 0.38 | % |  | 0.43 | %
Total nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets | 0.54 | % |  | 0.60 | %

The recorded investment in mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $174 million and $181 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
72

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
An analysis of the age of both accruing and nonaccruing loan and lease past due amounts is presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Days Past Due |  | Days Past Due
(in millions) | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90 or More | Total |  |  | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90 or More | Total |
Commercial |  | $46 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $94 |  |  | $143 |  |  |  | $26 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $243 |  |  | $273 |
Commercial real estate | 46 |  | 7 |  | 27 |  | 80 |  |  | 38 |  | 20 |  | 30 |  | 88 |
Leases | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 5 |
Total commercial loans and leases | 92 |  | 10 |  | 121 |  | 223 |  |  | 68 |  | 25 |  | 273 |  | 366 |
Residential mortgages | 37 |  | 13 |  | 134 |  | 184 |  |  | 46 |  | 18 |  | 120 |  | 184 |
Home equity loans | 11 |  | 3 |  | 39 |  | 53 |  |  | 20 |  | 4 |  | 54 |  | 78 |
Home equity lines of credit | 55 |  | 25 |  | 186 |  | 266 |  |  | 78 |  | 23 |  | 188 |  | 289 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 6 |  | 2 |  | 15 |  | 23 |  |  | 10 |  | 4 |  | 22 |  | 36 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 2 |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 10 |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 12 |
Automobile | 189 |  | 51 |  | 57 |  | 297 |  |  | 220 |  | 55 |  | 60 |  | 335 |
Education | 24 |  | 13 |  | 10 |  | 47 |  |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | 41 |  | 76 |
Credit cards | 14 |  | 9 |  | 17 |  | 40 |  |  | 12 |  | 9 |  | 17 |  | 38 |
Other retail | 20 |  | 15 |  | 12 |  | 47 |  |  | 20 |  | 12 |  | 10 |  | 42 |
Total retail loans | 358 |  | 132 |  | 477 |  | 967 |  |  | 433 |  | 138 |  | 519 |  | 1,090 |
Total |  | $450 |  |  | $142 |  |  | $598 |  |  | $1,190 |  |  |  | $501 |  |  | $163 |  |  | $792 |  |  | $1,456 |

Impaired Loans
Impaired loans include nonaccruing larger balance (greater than $3 million carrying value), non-homogeneous commercial and commercial real estate loans, and restructured loans that are deemed TDRs. A summary of impaired loans by class is presented below:

| September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Impaired Loans With a Related Allowance | Allowance on Impaired Loans | Impaired Loans Without a Related Allowance | Unpaid Contractual Balance | Total Recorded Investment in Impaired Loans
Commercial |  | $237 |  |  | $52 |  |  | $133 |  |  | $439 |  |  | $370 |
Commercial real estate | 31 |  | 7 |  | 29 |  | 78 |  | 60 |
Leases | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans and leases | 268 |  | 59 |  | 162 |  | 517 |  | 430 |
Residential mortgages | 28 |  | 2 |  | 128 |  | 201 |  | 156 |
Home equity loans | 34 |  | 3 |  | 72 |  | 145 |  | 106 |
Home equity lines of credit | 18 |  | 1 |  | 190 |  | 253 |  | 208 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 23 |  | 2 |  | 20 |  | 57 |  | 43 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 2 |  | — |  | 7 |  | 12 |  | 9 |
Automobile | 2 |  | — |  | 23 |  | 31 |  | 25 |
Education | 134 |  | 11 |  | 23 |  | 158 |  | 157 |
Credit cards | 24 |  | 7 |  | — |  | 25 |  | 24 |
Other retail | 4 |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 7 |
Total retail loans | 269 |  | 27 |  | 466 |  | 890 |  | 735 |
Total |  | $537 |  |  | $86 |  |  | $628 |  |  | $1,407 |  |  | $1,165 |

73

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Impaired Loans With a Related Allowance | Allowance on Impaired Loans | Impaired Loans Without a Related Allowance | Unpaid Contractual Balance | Total Recorded Investment in Impaired Loans
Commercial |  | $183 |  |  | $42 |  |  | $159 |  |  | $403 |  |  | $342 |
Commercial real estate | 25 |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 40 |  | 28 |
Leases | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans and leases | 208 |  | 47 |  | 162 |  | 443 |  | 370 |
Residential mortgages | 25 |  | 2 |  | 126 |  | 197 |  | 151 |
Home equity loans | 41 |  | 4 |  | 80 |  | 162 |  | 121 |
Home equity lines of credit | 16 |  | 1 |  | 181 |  | 241 |  | 197 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 29 |  | 2 |  | 22 |  | 67 |  | 51 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 2 |  | — |  | 7 |  | 14 |  | 9 |
Automobile | 2 |  | — |  | 21 |  | 30 |  | 23 |
Education | 154 |  | 17 |  | 21 |  | 175 |  | 175 |
Credit cards | 24 |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 25 |  | 25 |
Other retail | 5 |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | 10 |  | 9 |
Total retail loans | 298 |  | 34 |  | 463 |  | 921 |  | 761 |
Total |  | $506 |  |  | $81 |  |  | $625 |  |  | $1,364 |  |  | $1,131 |

Additional information on impaired loans is presented below:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions) | Interest Income Recognized | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized | Average Recorded Investment
Commercial |  | $3 |  |  | $334 |  |  |  | $1 |  |  | $391 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 34 |  |  | — |  | 33 |
Leases | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans and leases | 3 |  | 368 |  |  | 1 |  | 424 |
Residential mortgages | 1 |  | 154 |  |  | — |  | 137 |
Home equity loans | 1 |  | 107 |  |  | 1 |  | 125 |
Home equity lines of credit | 2 |  | 202 |  |  | 2 |  | 192 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 1 |  | 43 |  |  | — |  | 51 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | — |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | 9 |
Automobile | — |  | 23 |  |  | — |  | 21 |
Education | 3 |  | 160 |  |  | 3 |  | 178 |
Credit cards | — |  | 24 |  |  | — |  | 25 |
Other retail | — |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | 10 |
Total retail loans | 8 |  | 729 |  |  | 6 |  | 748 |
Total |  | $11 |  |  | $1,097 |  |  |  | $7 |  |  | $1,172 |

74

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
(in millions) | Interest Income Recognized | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized | Average Recorded Investment
Commercial |  | $7 |  |  | $318 |  |  |  | $3 |  |  | $402 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 33 |  |  | — |  | 39 |
Leases | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans and leases | 7 |  | 351 |  |  | 3 |  | 441 |
Residential mortgages | 4 |  | 148 |  |  | 3 |  | 128 |
Home equity loans | 4 |  | 107 |  |  | 4 |  | 124 |
Home equity lines of credit | 6 |  | 189 |  |  | 5 |  | 178 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 2 |  | 44 |  |  | 2 |  | 51 |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | — |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | 9 |
Automobile | — |  | 21 |  |  | — |  | 18 |
Education | 7 |  | 159 |  |  | 7 |  | 178 |
Credit cards | 1 |  | 22 |  |  | 1 |  | 23 |
Other retail | — |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | 10 |
Total retail loans | 24 |  | 706 |  |  | 22 |  | 719 |
Total |  | $31 |  |  | $1,057 |  |  |  | $25 |  |  | $1,160 |

Troubled Debt Restructurings
In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, the Company grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. TDRs typically result from the Company’s loss mitigation efforts and are undertaken in order to improve the likelihood of recovery and continuity of the relationship. The Company’s loan modifications are handled on a case-by-case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet the borrower’s financial needs. Concessions granted in TDRs for all classes of loans may include lowering the interest rate, forgiving a portion of principal, extending the loan term, lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, waiving or delaying a scheduled payment of principal or interest for other than an insignificant time period, or capitalizing past due amounts. A rate increase can be a concession if the increased rate is lower than a market rate for debt with risk similar to that of the restructured loan. TDRs for commercial loans and leases may also involve creating a multiple note structure, accepting non-cash assets, accepting an equity interest, or receiving a performance-based fee. In some cases, a TDR may involve multiple concessions. The financial effects of TDRs for all loan classes may include lower income (either due to a lower interest rate or a delay in the timing of cash flows), larger loan loss provisions, and accelerated charge-offs if the modification renders the loan collateral-dependent. In some cases, interest income throughout the term of the loan may increase if, for example, the loan is extended or the interest rate is increased as a result of the restructuring.
Because TDRs are impaired loans, the Company measures impairment by comparing the present value of expected future cash flows, or when appropriate, the fair value of collateral less costs to sell, to the loan’s recorded investment. Any excess of recorded investment over the present value of expected future cash flows or collateral value is included in the ALLL. Any portion of the loan’s recorded investment the Company does not expect to collect as a result of the modification is charged off at the time of modification. For Retail TDR accounts where the expected value of cash flows is utilized, any recorded investment in excess of the present value of expected cash flows is recognized by creating or increasing the ALLL. For Retail TDR accounts assessed based on the fair value of collateral, any portion of the loan’s recorded investment in excess of the collateral value less costs to sell is charged off at the time of modification or at the time of subsequent and regularly recurring valuations.
The table below summarizes TDRs by class and total unfunded commitments:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Commercial |  | $253 |  |  |  | $129 |
Retail | 735 |  |  | 761 |
Unfunded commitments tied to TDRs | 28 |  |  | 39 |

75

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below summarizes how loans were modified during the three months ended September 30, 2018, the charge-offs related to the modifications, and the impact on the ALLL. The reported balances can include loans that became TDRs during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and were paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to September 30, 2018.

| Primary Modification Types
| Interest Rate Reduction (1) |  | Maturity Extension (2)
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial | 1 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | 13 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $1 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 13 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Residential mortgages | 9 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 17 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Home equity loans | 10 |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 27 |  | 3 |  | 3 |  |  | 58 |  | 10 |  | 10 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 2 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 45 |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 9 |  | — |  | — |
Education | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Credit cards | 623 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other retail | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 717 |  | 9 |  | 9 |  |  | 84 |  | 12 |  | 12 |
Total | 718 |  |  | $9 |  |  | $9 |  |  | 97 |  |  | $13 |  |  | $13 |

| Primary Modification Types |  |  |
| Other (3) |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Net Change to ALLL Resulting from Modification | Charge-offs Resulting from Modification
Commercial | 1 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 31 |  | 4 |  | 3 |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Home equity loans | 40 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 104 |  | 7 |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 8 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 315 |  | 5 |  | 4 |  |  | — |  | 2 |
Education | 45 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Credit cards | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Other retail | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 548 |  | 20 |  | 18 |  |  | 1 |  | 2 |
Total | 549 |  |  | $20 |  |  | $18 |  |  |  | $1 |  |  | $2 |

(1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction.
(2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction).
(3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post modification balances being higher than pre-modification.
76

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below summarizes how loans were modified during the three months ended September 30, 2017, the charge-offs related to the modifications, and the impact on the ALLL. The reported balances can include loans that became TDRs during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and were paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to September 30, 2017.

| Primary Modification Types
| Interest Rate Reduction (1) |  | Maturity Extension (2)
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial | 3 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $1 |  |  | 17 |  |  | $8 |  |  | $7 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 3 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |  | 8 |  | 7 |
Residential mortgages | 13 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |  | 1 |  | 2 |
Home equity loans | 25 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 11 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 86 |  | 11 |  | 11 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 3 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 28 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  | — |  | — |
Education | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Credit cards | 661 |  | 3 |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other retail | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 741 |  | 8 |  | 8 |  |  | 109 |  | 12 |  | 13 |
Total | 744 |  |  | $9 |  |  | $9 |  |  | 127 |  |  | $20 |  |  | $20 |

| Primary Modification Types |  |  |
| Other (3) |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Net Change to ALLL Resulting from Modification | Charge-offs Resulting from Modification
Commercial | 7 |  |  | $28 |  |  | $30 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 8 |  | 28 |  | 30 |  |  | — |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 38 |  | 3 |  | 3 |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Home equity loans | 49 |  | 3 |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 110 |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | 1 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 11 |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 8 |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 392 |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |  | — |  | 1 |
Education | 67 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |
Credit cards | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Other retail | 2 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 677 |  | 23 |  | 21 |  |  | — |  | 2 |
Total | 685 |  |  | $51 |  |  | $51 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $2 |

(1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction.
(2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction).
(3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post modification balances being higher than pre-modification.
77

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below summarizes how loans were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the charge-offs related to the modifications, and the impact on the ALLL. The reported balances can include loans that became TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and were paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to September 30, 2018.

| Primary Modification Types
| Interest Rate Reduction (1) |  | Maturity Extension (2)
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial | 6 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $1 |  |  | 23 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $2 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Residential mortgages | 32 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  |  | 47 |  | 6 |  | 6 |
Home equity loans | 32 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 55 |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |  | 147 |  | 21 |  | 21 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 3 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 5 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 122 |  | 3 |  | 2 |  |  | 42 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Education | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Credit cards | 1,776 |  | 10 |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other retail | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 2,026 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  |  | 238 |  | 28 |  | 28 |
Total | 2,032 |  |  | $24 |  |  | $25 |  |  | 262 |  |  | $30 |  |  | $30 |

| Primary Modification Types |  |  |
| Other (3) |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Net Change to ALLL Resulting from Modification | Charge-offs Resulting from Modification
Commercial | 40 |  |  | $155 |  |  | $156 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | 2 |  | 31 |  | 31 |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 42 |  | 186 |  | 187 |  |  | — |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 117 |  | 14 |  | 14 |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Home equity loans | 106 |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 310 |  | 22 |  | 21 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 20 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 13 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 893 |  | 15 |  | 13 |  |  | — |  | 3 |
Education | 296 |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Credit cards | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |
Other retail | 4 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 1,759 |  | 62 |  | 59 |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |
Total | 1,801 |  |  | $248 |  |  | $246 |  |  |  | $3 |  |  | $3 |

(1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction.
(2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction).
(3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post modification balances being higher than pre-modification.
78

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below summarizes how loans were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the charge-offs related to the modifications, and the impact on the ALLL. The reported balances can include loans that became TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and were paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to September 30, 2017.

| Primary Modification Types
| Interest Rate Reduction (1) |  | Maturity Extension (2)
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial | 7 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $2 |  |  | 35 |  |  | $22 |  |  | $21 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 7 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 36 |  | 22 |  | 21 |
Residential mortgages | 56 |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |  | 50 |  | 9 |  | 10 |
Home equity loans | 68 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 41 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 204 |  | 26 |  | 26 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 14 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 3 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 93 |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 23 |  | — |  | — |
Education | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Credit cards | 1,850 |  | 10 |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other retail | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total retail loans | 2,126 |  | 25 |  | 26 |  |  | 280 |  | 35 |  | 36 |
Total | 2,133 |  |  | $27 |  |  | $28 |  |  | 316 |  |  | $57 |  |  | $57 |

| Primary Modification Types |  |  |
| Other (3) |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Net Change to ALLL Resulting from Modification | Charge-offs Resulting from Modification
Commercial | 12 |  |  | $64 |  |  | $65 |  |  |  | $1 |  |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 13 |  | 64 |  | 65 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 122 |  | 13 |  | 13 |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Home equity loans | 192 |  | 11 |  | 11 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit | 295 |  | 20 |  | 20 |  |  | — |  | 1 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 41 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 21 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Automobile | 1,017 |  | 18 |  | 16 |  |  | — |  | 3 |
Education | 235 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Credit cards | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |
Other retail | 5 |  | — |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) | — |
Total retail loans | 1,928 |  | 70 |  | 66 |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |
Total | 1,941 |  |  | $134 |  |  | $131 |  |  |  | $3 |  |  | $4 |

(1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction.
(2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction).
(3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post modification balances being higher than pre-modification.
79

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below summarizes TDRs that defaulted within 12 months of their modification date during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For purposes of this table, a payment default refers to a loan that becomes 90 days or more past due under the modified terms. Amounts represent the loan’s recorded investment at the time of payment default. If a TDR of any loan type becomes 90 days past due after being modified, the loan is written down to the fair value of collateral less cost to sell. The amount written off is charged to the ALLL.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts | Balance Defaulted |  | Number of Contracts | Balance Defaulted |  | Number of Contracts | Balance Defaulted |  | Number of Contracts | Balance Defaulted
Commercial | 9 |  |  | $32 |  |  | 2 |  |  | $4 |  |  | 15 |  |  | $52 |  |  | 7 |  |  | $5 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 4 |
Total commercial loans | 9 |  | 32 |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |  |  | 16 |  | 52 |  |  | 8 |  | 9 |
Residential mortgages | 33 |  | 4 |  |  | 35 |  | 5 |  |  | 103 |  | 12 |  |  | 121 |  | 15 |
Home equity loans | 6 |  | — |  |  | 12 |  | — |  |  | 24 |  | 1 |  |  | 35 |  | 1 |
Home equity lines of credit | 59 |  | 5 |  |  | 55 |  | 4 |  |  | 165 |  | 13 |  |  | 152 |  | 11 |
Home equity loans serviced by others | 3 |  | — |  |  | 6 |  | — |  |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | 16 |  | — |
Home equity lines of credit serviced by others | 2 |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 8 |  | — |
Automobile | 40 |  | — |  |  | 42 |  | — |  |  | 116 |  | 1 |  |  | 103 |  | 1 |
Education | 1 |  | — |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  | 1 |  |  | 41 |  | 1 |
Credit cards | 106 |  | 1 |  |  | 116 |  | — |  |  | 327 |  | 2 |  |  | 344 |  | 2 |
Other retail | 1 |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | — |
Total retail loans | 251 |  | 10 |  |  | 277 |  | 10 |  |  | 765 |  | 30 |  |  | 824 |  | 31 |
Total | 260 |  |  | $42 |  |  | 279 |  |  | $14 |  |  | 781 |  |  | $82 |  |  | 832 |  |  | $40 |

Concentrations of Credit Risk
Most of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions. Generally, loans are collateralized by assets including real estate, inventory, accounts receivable, other personal property and investment securities. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had a significant amount of loans collateralized by residential and commercial real estate. There were no significant concentration risks within the commercial loan or retail loan portfolios. Exposure to credit losses arising from lending transactions may fluctuate with fair values of collateral supporting loans, which may not perform according to contractual agreements. The Company’s policy is to collateralize loans to the extent necessary; however, unsecured loans are also granted on the basis of the financial strength of the applicant and the facts surrounding the transaction.
Certain loan products, including residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, and credit cards, have contractual features that may increase credit exposure to the Company in the event of an increase in interest rates or a decline in housing values. These products include loans that exceed 90% of the value of the underlying collateral (high LTV loans), interest-only and negative amortization residential mortgages, and loans with low introductory rates. Certain loans have more than one of these characteristics. The following tables present balances of loans with these characteristics:

| September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Residential Mortgages | Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit | Home Equity Products Serviced by Others | Credit Cards |  | Total |
High loan-to-value |  | $339 |  |  | $107 |  |  | $174 |  |  | $— |  |  | $620 |
Interest-only/negative amortization | 1,786 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,786 |
Low introductory rate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 211 |  | 211 |
Multiple characteristics and other | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Total |  | $2,126 |  |  | $107 |  |  | $174 |  |  | $211 |  |  | $2,618 |

80

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Residential Mortgages | Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit | Home Equity Products Serviced by Others | Credit Cards |  | Education |  | Total |
High loan-to-value |  | $366 |  |  | $166 |  |  | $264 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $796 |
Interest-only/negative amortization | 1,763 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1,764 |
Low introductory rate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 197 |  | — |  | 197 |
Multiple characteristics and other | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Total |  | $2,130 |  |  | $166 |  |  | $264 |  |  | $197 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $2,758 |

NOTE 5 - MORTGAGE BANKING
In its mortgage banking business, the Company sells residential mortgages to government-sponsored entities and other parties, who may issue securities backed by pools of such loans. The Company retains no beneficial interests in these sales, but may retain the servicing rights for the loans sold. The Company is obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a representation or warranty violation such as noncompliance with eligibility or servicing requirements, or customer fraud that should have been identified in a loan file review.
The following table summarizes activity related to residential mortgage loans sold with servicing rights retained for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Residential mortgage loans sold with servicing retained |  | $1,848 |  |  |  | $828 |  |  |  | $3,173 |  |  |  | $2,372 |
Gain on sales (1) | 29 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 54 |
Contractually specified servicing, late and other ancillary fees (1) | 38 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 40 |

(1) Reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company recognizes the right to service residential mortgage loans for others, or MSRs, as separate assets, which are presented in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, when purchased, or when servicing is contractually separated from the underlying mortgage loans by sale with servicing rights retained. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value. Subsequent to the initial recognition, MSRs are measured using either the fair value method or the amortization method. MSRs accounted for under the amortization method are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value, net of accumulated amortization, which is recorded in proportion to, and over the period of, net servicing income.
As of August 1, 2018, the Company maintains two separate classes of MSRs which at the time of initial capitalization, are differentiated by how the risk associated with valuation changes of the MSRs is managed. The acquired FAMC portfolio is accounted for under the fair value method while the Company’s MSR portfolio held before the FAMC acquisition is accounted for under the amortization method. The Company implemented an active hedging strategy to manage the risk associated with changes in the value of the MSR portfolio accounted for under the fair value method, which includes the purchase of freestanding derivatives. Any change in fair value during the period for MSRs carried under the fair value method, as well as amortization and impairment of MSRs under the amortization method, is recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
81

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following tables summarize changes in MSRs recorded using the amortization method and the fair value method for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Amortization Method

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
MSRs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of beginning of period |  | $217 |  |  |  | $170 |  |  |  | $201 |  |  |  | $167 |
Amount capitalized | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 28 |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |
Amortization | (9 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | (24 | )
Carrying amount before valuation allowance | 219 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 171 |
Valuation allowance for servicing assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of beginning of period | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |
Valuation recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | )
Balance at end of period | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Net carrying value of MSRs |  | $219 |  |  |  | $167 |  |  |  | $219 |  |  |  | $167 |

For the purposes of impairment evaluation and measurement of MSRs under the amortization method, MSRs are stratified based on predominant risk characteristics (such as interest rate, loan size, origination date, term, or geographic location) of the underlying loans. An allowance is established in the event the recorded value of an individual stratum exceeds fair value.
Fair Value Method

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in millions) |
MSRs: |  |  |
Fair value as of beginning of the period |  | $— |  |  |  | $— |
Acquired MSRs | 590 |  |  | 590 |
Amounts capitalized | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Changes in unpaid principal balance during the period (1) | (12 | ) |  | (12 | )
Changes in fair value during the period (2) | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Fair value at end of the period |  | $612 |  |  |  | $612 |

(1) Represents changes in value due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii)
loans that paid off during the period.
(2) Represents changes in value primarily due to market driven changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds.
The fair value of MSRs is estimated using the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, contractual servicing fee income, servicing costs, default rates, ancillary income, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market interest rates. The valuation does not attempt to forecast or predict the future direction of interest rates.
82

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The sensitivity analysis below presents the impact to current fair value of an immediate 50 basis point and 100 basis point adverse change in the key economic assumptions and presents the decline in fair value that would occur if the adverse change were realized. These sensitivities are hypothetical, with the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights calculated independently without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another (e.g., changes in interest rates, which drive changes in prepayment rates, could result in changes in the discount rates), which may amplify or counteract the sensitivities. The primary risk inherent in the Company’s MSRs is an increase in prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans serviced, which is dependent upon movements in market interest rates.
For MSRs under the amortization method, the key economic assumptions used to estimate the fair value are presented below:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Actual | Decline in fair value due to |  | Actual | Decline in fair value due to
(dollars in millions) |
Fair value | $261 | 50 bps adverse change | 100 bps adverse change |  | $218 | 50 bps adverse change | 100 bps adverse change
Weighted average life (in years) | 6.9 |  | 5.9
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 7.7% | $18 | $43 |  | 10.0% | $22 | $46
Weighted average discount rate | 9.3% | 5 | 10 |  | 9.9% | 4 | 8

For MSRs under the fair value method, the key economic assumptions used to estimate the fair value are presented below:

| September 30, 2018
| Actual | Decline in fair value due to
(dollars in millions)
Fair value | $612 | 50 bps adverse change | 100 bps adverse change
Weighted average life (in years) | 8.7
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 7.3% | $54 | $123
Weighted average option adjusted spread | 625 bps | 14 | 27

The Company economically hedges the value of certain MSRs using derivative instruments. Refer to Note 9 “Derivatives” for additional information.
NOTE 6 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill is the purchase premium excess of the fair value allocated to net assets associated with the acquisition of a business and is assigned to reporting units at the acquisition date. A reporting unit is a business operating segment or a component of a business operating segment. Once goodwill has been assigned to reporting units, it no longer retains its association with a particular acquisition, and all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or organically grown, are available to support the value of the goodwill. The Company has identified and allocated goodwill to two reporting units - Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking - based upon reviews of the structure of the Company’s executive team and supporting functions, resource allocations and financial reporting processes. For further detail regarding the Company’s Goodwill see Note 9 “Goodwill” to the Company’s audited Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
In August 2018, the Company acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of FAMC, which resulted in an increase to goodwill of $59 million. Refer to Note 1 “Basis of Presentation” for more information. The change in the carrying value of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:

(in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $2,136 |  |  |  | $4,751 |  |  |  | $6,887 |
Business acquisition | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | $2,195 |  |  |  | $4,751 |  |  |  | $6,946 |

Accumulated impairment losses related to the Consumer Banking reporting unit totaled $5.9 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The accumulated losses related to the Commercial Banking reporting unit totaled $50 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. There was no impairment recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
83

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Other Intangibles
Other intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill if the asset arises as a result of contractual rights or if the asset is capable of being separated and sold, transferred or exchanged. Intangible assets are recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis. Intangible assets are subject to an annual impairment evaluation. Amortization expense is recorded in other expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
A summary of the carrying value of intangible assets is presented below. Included in the carrying value at September 30, 2018 are $32 million in other intangibles related to the FAMC acquisition.

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Amortizable Lives (years) | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net |  | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net
Acquired technology | 7 |  | $20 |  |  | $— |  |  | $20 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Acquired relationships | 5 - 15 | 11 |  | 1 |  | 10 |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 2 |
Other | 2 - 3 | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $34 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $33 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  | $— |  |  | $2 |

As of September 30, 2018, all of the Company’s intangible assets were being amortized. Amortization expense recognized on intangible assets was $1 million for the three and nine month s ended September 30, 2018. There was no amortization expense for the three and nine month s ended September 30, 2017. The Company’s projection of amortization expense is based on balances as of September 30, 2018, and future amortization expense may vary from these projections.
Estimated intangible asset amortization expense for the remainder of 2018 through 2022 is as follows:

(in millions) | Total
Remainder of 2018 |  | $1 |
2019 | 5 |
2020 | 5 |
2021 | 4 |
2022 | 4 |

NOTE 7 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company is involved in various entities that are considered VIEs, including investments in limited partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects, limited liability companies that sponsor renewable energy projects and lending to special purpose entities. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its involvement with these entities is limited to the balance sheet carrying amount of its equity investment and outstanding loans to special purpose entities. A summary of these investments is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
LIHTC investment included in other assets |  | $1,211 |  |  |  | $951 |
LIHTC unfunded commitments included in other liabilities | 677 |  |  | 491 |
Renewable energy investments included in other assets | 323 |  |  | 335 |
Lending to special purpose entities included in loans and leases | 449 |  |  | — |

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships
The purpose of the Company’s equity investments is to assist in achieving the goals of the Community Reinvestment Act and to earn an adequate return of capital. LIHTC partnerships are managed by unrelated general partners that have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the partnerships. The Company is therefore not the primary beneficiary of any LIHTC partnerships. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate these VIEs and accounts for these investments in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company applies the proportional amortization method to account for its LIHTC investments. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company applies a practical expedient and amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits received in the current period as compared to the total tax credits
84

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
expected to be received over the life of the investment. The amortization and tax benefits are included as a component of income tax expense. The tax credits received are reported as a reduction of income tax expense (or an increase to income tax benefit) related to these transactions.
The following table presents other information related to the Company’s affordable housing tax credit investments:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Tax credits included in income tax expense |  | $28 |  |  |  | $20 |  |  |  | $79 |  |  |  | $63 |
Amortization expense included in income tax expense | 31 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 67 |
Other tax benefits included in income tax expense | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 22 |

No LIHTC investment impairment losses were recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Renewable Energy Entities
The Company’s investments in renewable energy entities provide benefits from a return generated by government incentives plus other tax attributes that are associated with tax ownership (e.g., tax depreciation). As a tax equity investor, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of these entities and therefore is not the primary beneficiary of any renewable energy entities. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate these VIEs and accounts for these investments in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Lending to Special Purpose Entities
The Company provides lending facilities to third-party sponsored special purpose entities. Because the sponsor for each respective entity has the power to direct how proceeds from the Company are utilized, as well as maintains responsibility for any associated servicing commitments, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate these VIEs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2018, the lending facilities had aggregate unpaid principal balances of $449 million and undrawn commitments to extend credit of $534 million. The Company did not provide these lending facilities as of December 31, 2017.
NOTE 8 - BORROWED FUNDS
A summary of the Company’s short-term borrowed funds is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Federal funds purchased |  | $— |  |  |  | $460 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 374 |  |  | 355 |
Other short-term borrowed funds (1) | 2,006 |  |  | 1,856 |
Total short-term borrowed funds |  | $2,380 |  |  |  | $2,671 |

(1) September 30, 2018 includes $1.5 billion of debt issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program maturing within one year, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($1) million and other basis adjustments of ($5) million. December 31, 2017 includes $750 million of debt issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program maturing within one year, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($1) million and other basis adjustments of ($4) million.
85

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Key data related to short-term borrowed funds is presented in the following table:

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2017
Weighted-average interest rate at period-end:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.74 | %
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2.41 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 2.41 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.72 |
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase(2) |  | $382 |  |  |  | $724 |  |  |  | $1,045 |  |  |  | $1,174 |  |  |  | $1,174 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,502 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | 3,508 |
Average amount outstanding during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase(2) |  | $643 |  |  |  | $733 |  |  |  | $598 |  |  |  | $807 |  |  |  | $776 |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,239 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | 2,321 |
Weighted-average interest rate during the period:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 0.91 | % |  | 0.47 | % |  | 0.76 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.36 | %
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2.45 |  |  | 1.48 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 1.22 |  |  | 1.32 |

(1) Rates exclude certain hedging costs.
(2) Balances are net of certain short-term receivables associated with reverse repurchase agreements, as applicable.
A summary of the Company’s long-term borrowed funds is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Parent Company: |  |  |
2.375% fixed-rate senior unsecured debt, due 2021 |  | $349 |  |  |  | $349 |
4.150% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2022 | 348 |  |  | 348 |
5.158% fixed-to-floating rate callable subordinated debt, due 2023(1) | — |  |  | 333 |
3.750% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2024 | 250 |  |  | 250 |
4.023% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2024 | 42 |  |  | 42 |
4.350% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2025 | 249 |  |  | 249 |
4.300% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due 2025 | 749 |  |  | 749 |
Banking Subsidiaries: |  |  |
2.450% senior unsecured notes, due 2019 (2) | 742 |  |  | 743 |
2.500% senior unsecured notes, due 2019 (2) (3) | — |  |  | 741 |
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 687 |  |  | 692 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 300 |  |  | 299 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 250 |  |  | 249 |
2.200% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 499 |  |  | 498 |
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due 2020 (2) | 731 |  |  | 742 |
2.550% senior unsecured notes, due 2021 (2) | 951 |  |  | 964 |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2022 (2) | 249 |  |  | 249 |
2.650% senior unsecured notes, due 2022 (2) | 478 |  |  | 491 |
3.700% senior unsecured notes, due 2023 (2) | 492 |  |  | — |
Floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due 2023 (2) | 249 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances due through 2038 | 8,012 |  |  | 3,761 |
Other | 12 |  |  | 16 |
Total long-term borrowed funds |  | $15,639 |  |  |  | $11,765 |

(1) Redeemed on June 29, 2018.
(2) Issued under CBNA’s Global Bank Note Program.
(3) Reclassified to short-term borrowed funds.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The Parent Company’s long-term borrowed funds as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included principal balances of $2.0 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($5) million for each period. The banking subsidiaries’ long-term borrowed funds as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included principal balances of $13.8 billion and $9.5 billion, respectively, with unamortized deferred issuance costs and/or discounts of ($17) million and ($19) million, respectively, and hedging basis adjustments of ($105) million and ($63) million, respectively. See Note 9 “Derivatives” for further information about the Company’s hedging of certain long-term borrowed funds.
Advances, lines of credit, and letters of credit from the FHLB are collateralized by pledged mortgages and pledged securities at least sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level established by the FHLB. The utilized borrowing capacity for FHLB advances and letters of credit was $13.8 billion and $9.4 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s available FHLB borrowing capacity was $3.7 billion and $8.0 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company can also borrow from the FRB discount window to meet short-term liquidity requirements. Collateral, including certain loans, is pledged to support this borrowing capacity. At September 30, 2018, the Company’s unused secured borrowing capacity was approximately $36.3 billion, which includes unencumbered securities, FHLB borrowing capacity, and FRB discount window capacity.
A summary of maturities for the Company’s long-term borrowed funds at September 30, 2018 is presented below:

(in millions) | Parent Company | Banking Subsidiaries | Consolidated |
Year |  |  |
2019 |  | $— |  |  | $3,244 |  |  | $3,244 |
2020 | — |  | 7,972 |  | 7,972 |
2021 | 349 |  | 954 |  | 1,303 |
2022 | 348 |  | 732 |  | 1,080 |
2023 | — |  | 741 |  | 741 |
2024 and thereafter | 1,290 |  | 9 |  | 1,299 |
Total |  | $1,987 |  |  | $13,652 |  |  | $15,639 |

NOTE 9 - DERIVATIVES
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into a variety of derivative transactions in order to meet the financing needs of its customers and to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These transactions include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate options, foreign exchange contracts, residential loan commitment rate locks, interest rate future contracts, swaptions, forward commitments to sell to-be-announced mortgage securities (“TBAs”), forward sale contracts and purchase options. The Company monitors the results of each transaction to ensure that management’s intent is satisfied. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes.
The Company’s derivative instruments are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Information regarding the valuation methodology and inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments is described in Note 13 “Fair Value Measurements.”
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table presents derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in derivative assets and derivative liabilities:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Notional Amount(1) | Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities |  | Notional Amount(1) | Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $10,050 |  |  | $5 |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $13,300 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 111,837 |  | 160 |  | 469 |  |  | 80,180 |  | 538 |  | 379 |
Foreign exchange contracts | 10,346 |  | 116 |  | 105 |  |  | 9,882 |  | 148 |  | 149 |
Other contracts | 5,201 |  | 19 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,039 |  | 7 |  | 5 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | 295 |  | 575 |  |  |  | 693 |  | 533 |
Gross derivative fair values |  | 300 |  | 575 |  |  |  | 693 |  | 533 |
Less: Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (2) |  | (85 | ) | (85 | ) |  |  | (72 | ) | (72 | )
Less: Cash collateral applied (2) |  | (42 | ) | (41 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) | (151 | )
Total net derivative fair values presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  | $173 |  |  | $449 |  |  |  |  | $617 |  |  | $310 |

(1) The notional or contractual amount of interest rate derivatives and foreign exchange contracts is the amount upon which interest and other payments under the contract are based. For interest rate contracts, the notional amount is typically not exchanged. Therefore, notional amounts should not be taken as the measure of credit or market risk, as they do not measure the true economic risk of these contracts.
(2) Amounts represent the impact of enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to net settle positive and negative positions.
The Company’s derivative transactions are internally divided into three sub-groups: institutional, customer and residential loan. The Company has certain derivative transactions which are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, described as follows:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
The Company’s institutional derivatives portfolio qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. This includes interest rate swaps that are designated as highly effective fair value and cash flow hedging relationships. The Company formally documents at inception all hedging relationships, as well as risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various accounting hedges. Additionally, the Company uses dollar offset or regression analysis at the hedge’s inception, and monthly thereafter, to assess whether the derivatives are expected to be, or have been, highly effective in offsetting changes in the hedged item’s expected cash flows. The Company discontinues hedge accounting treatment when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be, or has ceased to be, effective as a hedge and then reflects changes in fair value in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.
Fair value hedges
The Company has outstanding interest rate swap agreements to manage the interest rate exposure on its medium-term borrowings. The change in value of fair value hedges, to the extent that the hedging relationship is effective, is recorded through other income and offset against the change in the fair value of the hedged item.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table presents the effect on other income of fair value hedges described above:

| Amounts Recognized in Other Income for the
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in millions) | Derivative | Hedged Item | Hedge Ineffectiveness |  | Derivative | Hedged Item | Hedge Ineffectiveness
Hedges of interest rate risk on borrowings using interest rate swaps |  | ($6 | ) |  | $7 |  |  | $1 |  |  |  | ($5 | ) |  | $4 |  |  | ($1 | )

| Amounts Recognized in Other Income for the
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in millions) | Derivative | Hedged Item | Hedge Ineffectiveness |  | Derivative | Hedged Item | Hedge Ineffectiveness
Hedges of interest rate risk on borrowings using interest rate swaps |  | ($32 | ) |  | $31 |  |  | ($1 | ) |  |  | $5 |  |  | ($5 | ) |  | $— |

Cash flow hedges
The Company has outstanding interest rate swap agreements designed to hedge a portion of the Company’s floating rate assets and financing liabilities (including its borrowed funds). All of these swaps have been deemed as highly effective cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the hedging gains and losses associated with these hedges are recorded in OCI; the ineffective portion of the hedging gains and losses is recorded in earnings (other income). Hedging gains and losses on derivative contracts reclassified from OCI to current period earnings are included in the line item in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged item is recorded and in the same period that the hedged item affects earnings. During the next 12 months, there are $17 million in pre-tax net losses on derivative instruments included in OCI expected to be reclassified to net interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Hedging gains and losses associated with the Company’s cash flow hedges are immediately reclassified from OCI to current period earnings (other income) if it becomes probable that the hedged forecasted transactions will not occur during the originally specified time period.
The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedges on net income and stockholders' equity:

| Amounts Recognized for the
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Effective portion of (loss) gain recognized in OCI (1) |  | ($35 | ) |  |  | ($2 | ) |  |  | ($122 | ) |  |  | $35 |
Amount of net (loss) gain reclassified from OCI to interest income (2) | (17 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 23 |
Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified from OCI to interest expense (2) | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (2 | )

(1) The cumulative effective gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedging activities are included on the accumulated other comprehensive loss line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) This amount includes both (i) the amortization of effective gains and losses associated with the Company’s terminated cash flow hedges and (ii) the current reporting period’s interest settlements realized on the Company’s active cash flow hedges. Both (i) and (ii) were previously included on the accumulated other comprehensive loss line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were subsequently recorded as adjustments to the interest income or expense of the underlying hedged item.
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Economic hedges
The Company’s customer derivatives are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. These include interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts that are designed to meet the hedging and financing needs of the Company’s customers. The mark-to-market gains and losses associated with the customer derivatives are mitigated by mark-to-market gains and losses on interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts transacted. The Company also purchases interest rate floors primarily to hedge the exposure related to customer deposit products that have embedded minimum interest rate guarantees. The Company utilizes interest rate floors in non-qualifying hedging relationships.
The Company’s residential loan derivatives (including residential loan commitments and forward sales contracts) are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The Company also uses derivatives to
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of its residential MSR portfolio measured at fair value. Certain residential MSRs are accounted for at fair value with changes in the fair value influenced primarily by changes in interest rates. Derivatives used to hedge the fair value of residential MSRs include TBAs, interest rate swaptions, interest rate futures and interest rate swaps.
The following table presents the effect of economic hedges on noninterest income:

|  | Amounts Recognized in Noninterest Income for the
| Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Economic Hedge Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer interest rate contracts | Foreign exchange and interest rate products |  | ($84 | ) |  |  | $12 |  |  |  | ($363 | ) |  |  | $92 |
Customer foreign exchange contracts | Foreign exchange and interest rate products | 30 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 157 |
Derivatives transactions to hedge interest rate risk | Foreign exchange and interest rate products | 97 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 403 |  |  | (58 | )
Derivatives transactions to hedge foreign exchange risk | Foreign exchange and interest rate products | 24 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | 99 |  |  | (140 | )
Residential loan commitments | Mortgage banking fees | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Forward sale contracts | Mortgage banking fees | (13 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (7 | )
Interest rate derivative contracts used to hedge residential MSRs | Mortgage banking fees | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |
Total |  |  | $57 |  |  |  | $15 |  |  |  | $100 |  |  |  | $47 |

NOTE 10 - RECLASSIFICATIONS OUT OF ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following tables present the changes in the balances, net of income taxes, of each component of AOCI:

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Derivatives |  | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Debt Securities |  | Employee Benefit Plans |  | Total AOCI |
Balance at July 1, 2017 |  | ($76 | ) |  |  | ($128 | ) |  |  | ($389 | ) |  |  | ($593 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | (1 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Other-than-temporary impairment not recognized in earnings on debt securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Net other comprehensive income | (3 | ) |  | 12 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 12 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | ($79 | ) |  |  | ($116 | ) |  |  | ($386 | ) |  |  | ($581 | )
Balance at July 1, 2018 |  | ($200 | ) |  |  | ($575 | ) |  |  | ($435 | ) |  |  | ($1,210 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (26 | ) |  | (95 | ) |  | — |  |  | (121 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment not recognized in earnings on debt securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations | 11 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | 13 |
Net other comprehensive loss | (15 | ) |  | (97 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (108 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | ($215 | ) |  |  | ($672 | ) |  |  | ($431 | ) |  |  | ($1,318 | )

|  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Derivatives |  | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Debt Securities |  | Employee Benefit Plans |  | Total AOCI |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  | ($88 | ) |  |  | ($186 | ) |  |  | ($394 | ) |  |  | ($668 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 22 |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |
Other-than-temporary impairment not recognized in earnings on debt securities | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations | (13 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | (7 | )
Net other comprehensive income | 9 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 87 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | ($79 | ) |  |  | ($116 | ) |  |  | ($386 | ) |  |  | ($581 | )
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  | ($143 | ) |  |  | ($236 | ) |  |  | ($441 | ) |  |  | ($820 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (91 | ) |  | (427 | ) |  | — |  |  | (518 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment not recognized in earnings on debt securities | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations | 19 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 21 |
Net other comprehensive loss | (72 | ) |  | (436 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (498 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | ($215 | ) |  |  | ($672 | ) |  |  | ($431 | ) |  |  | ($1,318 | )

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI and into the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |
Details about AOCI Components |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
Reclassification adjustment for net derivative (losses) gains included in net income: |  | ($17 | ) |  |  | $3 |  |  |  | ($36 | ) |  |  | $23 |  | Interest income
| 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (2 | ) | Interest expense
| (14 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 21 |  | Income before income tax expense
| (3 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 8 |  | Income tax expense
|  | ($11 | ) |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | ($19 | ) |  |  | $13 |  | Net income
Reclassification of net debt securities gains (losses) to net income: |  | $3 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $13 |  |  |  | $9 |  | Securities gains, net
| (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (6 | ) | Net debt securities impairment losses recognized in earnings
| 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |  | Income before income tax expense
| — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  | Income tax expense
|  | $2 |  |  |  | $1 |  |  |  | $8 |  |  |  | $2 |  | Net income
Reclassification of changes related to the employee benefit plan: |  | ($5 | ) |  |  | ($5 | ) |  |  | ($13 | ) |  |  | ($14 | ) | Other operating expense
| (5 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (14 | ) | Income before income tax expense
| (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (6 | ) | Income tax expense
|  | ($4 | ) |  |  | ($3 | ) |  |  | ($10 | ) |  |  | ($8 | ) | Net income
Total reclassification (losses) gains |  | ($13 | ) |  |  | $— |  |  |  | ($21 | ) |  |  | $7 |  | Net income

The following table presents the effects on net income of the amounts reclassified out of AOCI:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net interest income (includes ($14), $4, ($25) and $21 of AOCI reclassifications, respectively) |  | $1,148 |  |  |  | $1,062 |  |  |  | $3,360 |  |  |  | $3,093 |
Provision for credit losses | 78 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 238 |
Noninterest income (includes $2, $1, $10 and $3 of AOCI reclassifications, respectively) | 416 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | 1,130 |
Noninterest expense includes $5, $5, $13 and $14 of AOCI reclassifications, respectively) | 910 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,576 |
Income before income tax expense | 576 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 1,409 |
Income tax expense (includes ($4), $0, ($7) and $3 income tax net expense from reclassification items, respectively) | 133 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 423 |
Net income |  | $443 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $986 |

NOTE 11 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
The Company had 100,000,000 shares authorized of $25.00 par value undesignated preferred stock as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had 550,000 and 250,000 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding, respectively, with carrying amounts of $543 million and $247 million, respectively.
On October 25, 2018, the Company issued $300 million, or 300,000 shares, of 6.375% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series C Preferred Stock, par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”). As a result of this issuance, the Company received net proceeds of $296 million after the underwriting discount and other expenses. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or other obligation of the Company. Dividends, if declared, will accrue and be payable quarterly, in arrears, at a rate equal to 6.375% per annum from the date of issuance to, but excluding, April 6, 2024, and thereafter at a floating rate per annum equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.157%, payable quarterly, in arrears, beginning July 6, 2024.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date, on or after April 6, 2024, or in whole but not in part, at any time within the 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event, in each case at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends. The Company may not redeem shares of the Series C Preferred Stock without obtaining the prior approval of the FRB if then required under applicable capital guidelines. Except in certain limited circumstances, the Series C Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights.
On May 24, 2018, the Company issued $300 million, or 300,000 shares, of 6.000% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series B Preferred Stock, par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). As a result of this issuance, the Company received net proceeds of $296 million after the underwriting discount and other expenses. The Series B Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or other obligation of the Company. Dividends, if declared, will accrue and be payable semi-annually, in arrears, at a rate equal to 6.000% per annum from the date of issuance to, but excluding, July 6, 2023, and thereafter at a floating rate per annum equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.003%, payable quarterly, in arrears, beginning October 6, 2023.
The Series B Preferred Stock is redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date, on or after July 6, 2023, or in whole but not in part, at any time within the 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event, in each case at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends. The Company may not redeem shares of the Series B Preferred Stock without obtaining the prior approval of the FRB if then required under applicable capital guidelines. Except in certain limited circumstances, the Series B Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights.
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had 250,000 shares of 5.500% fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding with liquidation preference of $1,000 per share and a carrying amount of $247 million. For further detail regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock see Note 16 “Stockholders’ Equity” to the Company’s audited Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Treasury Stock
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company repurchased $725 million, or 17,527,586 shares, of its outstanding common stock. The repurchased shares are held in treasury stock.
NOTE 12 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
A summary of outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements is presented below:

(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Undrawn commitments to extend credit |  | $66,729 |  |  |  | $62,959 |
Financial standby letters of credit | 1,934 |  |  | 2,036 |
Performance letters of credit | 131 |  |  | 47 |
Commercial letters of credit | 74 |  |  | 53 |
Marketing rights | 37 |  |  | 41 |
Risk participation agreements | 14 |  |  | 16 |
Residential mortgage loans sold with recourse | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Total |  | $68,925 |  |  |  | $65,159 |

Commitments to Extend Credit
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers in accordance with conditions contractually agreed upon in advance. Generally, the commitments have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements.
Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit, both financial and performance, are issued by the Company for its customers. They are used as conditional guarantees of payment to a third party in the event the customer either fails to make specific payments (financial) or fails to complete a specific project (performance). Commercial letters of credit are used to facilitate the import of goods. The commercial letter of credit is used as the method of payment to the
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Company’s customers’ suppliers. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of counterparty nonperformance in connection with the above instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments, net of the value of collateral held. Standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are issued for terms of up to ten years and one year, respectively.
Generally, letters of credit are collateralized by cash, accounts receivable, inventory or investment securities. Credit risk associated with letters of credit is considered in determining the appropriate amounts of reserves for unfunded commitments.
The Company recognizes a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets representing its obligation to stand ready to perform over the term of the standby letters of credit in the event that the specified triggering events occur. The liability for these guarantees was $2 million and $3 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Marketing Rights
During 2003, the Company entered into a 25-year agreement to acquire the naming and marketing rights of a baseball stadium in Pennsylvania. The Company paid $4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and paid $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, the Company is obligated to pay $37 million over the remainder of the contract.
Risk Participation Agreements
RPAs are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. Under the terms of these agreements, the “participating bank” receives a fee from the “lead bank” in exchange for the guarantee of reimbursement if the customer defaults on an interest rate swap. The interest rate swap is transacted such that any and all exchanges of interest payments (favorable and unfavorable) are made between the lead bank and the customer. In the event that an early termination of the swap occurs and the customer is unable to make a required close out payment, the participating bank assumes that obligation and is required to make this payment.
RPAs where the Company acts as the lead bank are referred to as “participations-out,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the customer derivatives being transferred out of the Company. Participations-out generally occur concurrently with the sale of new customer derivatives. RPAs where the Company acts as the participating bank are referred to as “participations-in,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the counterparty’s derivatives being assumed by the Company. The Company’s maximum credit exposure is based on its proportionate share of the settlement amount of the referenced interest rate swap. Settlement amounts are generally calculated based on the fair value of the swap plus outstanding accrued interest receivable from the customer. The Company’s estimate of the credit exposure associated with its risk participations-in as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is $14 million and $16 million, respectively. The current amount of credit exposure is spread out over 87 counterparties. RPAs generally have terms ranging from one to five years; however, certain outstanding agreements have terms as long as ten years.
Residential Loans Sold with Recourse
The Company is an originator and servicer of residential mortgages and routinely sells such mortgage loans in the secondary market and to government-sponsored entities. In the context of such sales, the Company makes certain representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the underlying loans and, as a result, may be contractually required to repurchase such loans or indemnify certain parties against losses for certain breaches of those representations and warranties.
Other Commitments
In second quarter 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to purchase education loans on a quarterly basis beginning with second quarter 2018 and ending with fourth quarter 2018. The total minimum and maximum amount of the aggregate purchase principal balance of loans under the terms of the agreement are $425 million and $700 million, respectively, and the remaining maximum purchase commitment is $188 million as of September 30, 2018. The agreement may be extended by written agreement of the parties for an additional four quarters. The agreement will terminate immediately if at any time during its term the aggregate purchase principal balance of loans equals the maximum amount. The Company may also terminate the agreement at will with payment of a termination fee equal to the product of $1 million times the number of quarters remaining under the agreement.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The Company’s commercial loan trading desk provides ongoing secondary market support and liquidity to its clients. Unsettled loan trades (i.e., loan purchase contracts) represent firm commitments to purchase loans from a third party at an agreed-upon price. Principal amounts associated with unsettled commercial loan trades are off-balance sheet commitments until delivery of the loans has taken place. Fair value adjustments associated with each unsettled loan trade are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and classified within other assets or other liabilities, depending on whether the fair value of the unsettled trade represents an unrealized gain or unrealized loss. The principal balances of unsettled commercial loan trade purchases and sales were $87 million and $121 million, respectively, at September 30, 2018 and $65 million and $132 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. Settled loans purchased by the trading desk are classified as loans held for sale, at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 13 “Fair Value Measurements” for further information.
Contingencies
The Company operates in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes it to potentially significant risks. A certain amount of litigation ordinarily results from the nature of the Company’s banking and other businesses. The Company is a party to legal proceedings, including class actions. The Company is also the subject of investigations, reviews, subpoenas, and regulatory matters arising out of its normal business operations, which, in some instances, relate to concerns about fair lending, unfair and/or deceptive practices, mortgage-related issues, and mis-selling of certain products. In addition, the Company engages in discussions with relevant governmental and regulatory authorities on a regular and ongoing basis regarding various issues, and any issues discussed or identified may result in investigatory or other action being taken. Litigation and regulatory matters may result in settlements, damages, fines, penalties, public or private censure, increased costs, required remediation, restrictions on business activities, or other impacts on the Company.
In these disputes and proceedings, the Company contests liability and the amount of damages as appropriate. Given their complex nature, and based on the Company's experience, it may be years before some of these matters are finally resolved. Moreover, before liability can be reasonably estimated for a claim, numerous legal and factual issues may need to be examined, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal issues relevant to the proceedings in question.
The Company cannot predict with certainty if, how, or when such claims will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, may be, particularly for claims that are at an early stage in their development or where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages. The Company recognizes a provision for a claim when, in the opinion of management after seeking legal advice, it is probable that a liability exists and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. In many proceedings, however, it is not possible to determine whether any loss is probable or to estimate the amount of any loss.
Based on information currently available, the advice of legal counsel and other advisers, and established reserves, management believes that the aggregate liabilities, if any, potentially arising from these proceedings will not have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTE 13 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
As discussed in Note 19 “Fair Value Measurements,” to the Company’s audited Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company measures or monitors many of its assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is used on a recurring basis for assets and liabilities for which fair value is the required or elected measurement basis of accounting. Additionally, fair value is used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. The Company also applies the fair value measurement guidance to determine amounts reported for certain disclosures in this Note for assets and liabilities that are not required to be reported at fair value in the financial statements.
The Company elected to account for residential mortgage loans held for sale and certain commercial and commercial real estate loans held for sale at fair value. Applying fair value accounting to the residential mortgage loans held for sale better aligns the reported results of the economic changes in the value of these loans and their related economic hedge instruments. Certain commercial and commercial real estate held for sale loans are managed by a commercial secondary loan desk that provides liquidity to banks, finance companies and institutional investors. Applying fair value accounting to this portfolio is appropriate because the Company holds these loans with the intent to sell within the near-term periods.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
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Fair Value Option
Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale is derived from observable mortgage security prices and includes adjustments for loan servicing value, agency guarantee fees, and other loan level attributes which are mostly observable in the marketplace. Credit risk does not significantly impact the valuation since these loans are sold shortly after origination. Therefore, the Company classifies the residential mortgage loans held for sale in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The election of the fair value option for financial assets and financial liabilities is optional and irrevocable. The residential mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value (i.e., acquisition cost) when the financial asset is acquired. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in mortgage banking fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognized changes in fair value in mortgage banking income of ($8) million and ($1) million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recognized changes in fair value in mortgage banking income of ($7) million and $9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Interest income on residential mortgage loans held for sale is calculated based on the contractual interest rate of the loan and is recorded in interest income.
Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of commercial and commercial real estate loans held for sale is estimated using observable prices of similar loans that transact in the marketplace. In addition, the Company uses external pricing services that provide estimates of fair values based on quotes from various dealers transacting in the market, sector curves or benchmarking techniques. Therefore, the Company classifies the commercial and commercial real estate loans managed by the commercial secondary loan desk in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy given the observable market inputs.
There were no loans in this portfolio that were 90 days or more past due or nonaccruing as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The loans accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value when the financial asset is recognized. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in other noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Since all loans in the Company’s commercial trading portfolio consist of floating rate obligations, all changes in fair value are due to changes in credit risk. Such credit-related fair value changes may include observed changes in overall credit spreads and/or changes to the creditworthiness of an individual borrower. Unsettled trades within the commercial trading portfolio are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and represent off-balance sheet commitments. Refer to Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” for further information.
Interest income on commercial and commercial real estate loans held for sale is calculated based on the contractual interest rate of the loan and is recorded in interest income. The Company recognized $1 million in other noninterest income related to its commercial trading portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.The Company recognized $1 million and $4 million in other noninterest income related to its commercial trading portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale measured at fair value:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Aggregate Fair Value | Aggregate Unpaid Principal | Aggregate Fair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal |  | Aggregate Fair Value | Aggregate Unpaid Principal | Aggregate Fair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal
Residential mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value |  | $1,140 |  |  | $1,140 |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $326 |  |  | $326 |  |  | $— |
Commercial and commercial real estate loans held for sale, at fair value | 163 |  | 163 |  | — |  |  | 171 |  | 171 |  | — |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company utilizes a variety of valuation techniques to measure its assets and liabilities at fair value. The valuation methodologies used for significant assets and liabilities carried on the balance sheet at fair value on a recurring basis are presented below:
Debt securities available for sale
The fair value of debt securities classified as AFS is based upon quoted prices, if available. Where observable quoted prices are available in an active market, the security is classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Classes of instruments that are valued using this market approach include debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. If quoted market prices are not available, the fair value for the security is estimated under the market or income approach using pricing models. These instruments are classified as Level 2 because they currently trade in active markets and the inputs to the valuations are observable. The pricing models used to value securities generally begin with market prices (or rates) for similar instruments and make adjustments based on the characteristics of the instrument being valued. These adjustments reflect assumptions made regarding the sensitivity of each security’s value to changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds. Classes of instruments that are valued using this market approach include specified pool mortgage “pass-through” securities and other debt securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and state and political subdivisions. The pricing models used to value securities under the income approach generally begin with the contractual cash flows of each security and make adjustments based on forecasted prepayment speeds, default rates, and other market-observable information. The adjusted cash flows are then discounted at a rate derived from observed rates of return for comparable assets or liabilities that are traded in the market. Classes of instruments that are valued using this market approach include residential and commercial CMOs.
A significant majority of the Company’s Level 1 and 2 debt securities are priced using an external pricing service. The Company verifies the accuracy of the pricing provided by its primary outside pricing service on a quarterly basis. This process involves using a secondary external vendor to provide valuations for the Company’s securities portfolio for comparison purposes. Any valuation discrepancies beyond a certain threshold are researched and, if necessary, corroborated by an independent outside broker.
In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation model, securities are classified as Level 3.
Residential loans held for sale
See the “Fair Value Option, Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale” discussion above.
Commercial loans held for sale
See the “Fair Value Option, Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans Held for Sale” discussion above.
Mortgage Servicing Rights - Fair Value Method
MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. MSRs are classified as Level 3 since the valuation methodology utilizes significant unobservable inputs. The fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow model which used assumptions, including weighted-average life, prepayment assumptions and weighted-average option adjusted spread. The underlying assumptions and estimated values are corroborated by values received from independent third parties based on their review of the servicing portfolio, and comparisons to market transactions. In addition, the MSR Policy is approved by the Asset Liability Committee. Refer to Note 5 “Mortgage Banking” for more information.
Derivatives
The vast majority of the Company’s derivatives portfolio is composed of “plain vanilla” interest rate swaps, which are traded in over-the-counter markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. For these interest rate derivatives, fair value is determined utilizing models that primarily use market observable inputs, such as swap rates and yield curves. The pricing models used to value interest rate swaps calculate the sum of each instrument’s fixed and variable cash flows, which are then discounted using an appropriate yield curve (i.e., LIBOR or Overnight Index Swap curve) to arrive at the fair value of each swap. The pricing models do not contain a high level of subjectivity as the methodologies used do not require significant judgment. The Company also considers certain adjustments to the modeled price that market participants would make when pricing each instrument, including a credit valuation adjustment that reflects the credit quality of the swap counterparty. The Company
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
incorporates the effect of exposure to a particular counterparty’s credit by netting its derivative contracts with the available collateral and calculating a credit valuation adjustment on the basis of the net position with the counterparty where permitted. The determination of this adjustment requires judgment on behalf of Company management; however, the total amount of this portfolio-level adjustment is not material to the total fair value of the interest rate swaps in their entirety. Therefore, interest rate swaps are classified as Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy.
The Company’s other derivatives include foreign exchange contracts. The fair value of foreign exchange derivatives uses the mid-point of daily quoted currency spot prices. A valuation model estimates fair value based on the quoted spot rates together with interest rate yield curves and forward currency rates. Since all of these inputs are observable in the market, foreign exchange derivatives are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Money Market Mutual Fund Investments
Fair value is determined based upon unadjusted quoted market prices and is considered a Level 1 fair value measurement.
Other equity securities
The fair values of the Company’s other equity securities are based on security prices in markets that are not active; therefore, these investments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities on a recurring basis at September 30, 2018:

(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $20,135 |  |  | $— |  |  | $20,135 |  |  | $— |
State and political subdivisions | 5 |  | — |  | 5 |  | — |
U.S. Treasury and other | 12 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale | 20,152 |  | 12 |  | 20,140 |  | — |
Loans held for sale, at fair value: |  |  |  |
Residential loans held for sale | 1,140 |  | — |  | 1,140 |  | — |
Commercial loans held for sale | 163 |  | — |  | 163 |  | — |
Total loans held for sale, at fair value | 1,303 |  | — |  | 1,303 |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 612 |  | — |  | — |  | 612 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 165 |  | — |  | 165 |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 116 |  | — |  | 116 |  | — |
Other contracts | 19 |  | — |  | 19 |  | — |
Total derivative assets | 300 |  | — |  | 300 |  | — |
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |
Money market mutual fund investments | 175 |  | 175 |  | — |  | — |
Other investments | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total equity securities, at fair value | 175 |  | 175 |  | — |  | — |
Total assets |  | $22,542 |  |  | $187 |  |  | $21,743 |  |  | $612 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $469 |  |  | $— |  |  | $469 |  |  | $— |
Foreign exchange contracts | 105 |  | — |  | 105 |  | — |
Other contracts | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities | 575 |  | — |  | 575 |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $575 |  |  | $— |  |  | $575 |  |  | $— |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017:

(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $20,139 |  |  | $— |  |  | $20,139 |  |  | $— |
State and political subdivisions | 6 |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |
U.S. Treasury and other | 12 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale | 20,157 |  | 12 |  | 20,145 |  | — |
Loans held for sale, at fair value: |  |  |  |
Residential loans held for sale | 326 |  | — |  | 326 |  | — |
Commercial loans held for sale | 171 |  | — |  | 171 |  | — |
Total loans held for sale, at fair value | 497 |  | — |  | 497 |  | — |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 538 |  | — |  | 538 |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 148 |  | — |  | 148 |  | — |
Other contracts | 7 |  | — |  | 7 |  | — |
Total derivative assets | 693 |  | — |  | 693 |  | — |
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |
Money market mutual fund investments | 165 |  | 165 |  | — |  | — |
Other investments | 4 |  | — |  | 4 |  | — |
Total equity securities, at fair value | 169 |  | 165 |  | 4 |  | — |
Total assets |  | $21,516 |  |  | $177 |  |  | $21,339 |  |  | $— |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $379 |  |  | $— |  |  | $379 |  |  | $— |
Foreign exchange contracts | 149 |  | — |  | 149 |  | — |
Other contracts | 5 |  | — |  | 5 |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities | 533 |  | — |  | 533 |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $533 |  |  | $— |  |  | $533 |  |  | $— |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following tables present a rollforward of the balance sheet amounts for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

| For the Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | Mortgage Servicing Rights
Balance at July 1, 2018 |  | $— |
Acquired MSRs | 590 |
Amount capitalized | 29 |
Change in unpaid principal balance during the period (1) | (12 | )
Change in fair value during the period (2) | 5 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | $612 |

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | Mortgage Servicing Rights
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  | $— |
Acquired MSRs | 590 |
Amount capitalized | 29 |
Change in unpaid principal balance during the period (1) | (12 | )
Change in fair value during the period (2) | 5 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | $612 |

(1) Represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial
paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period.
(2) Represents changes in value primarily due to market driven changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Examples of nonrecurring uses of fair value include MSRs accounted for by the amortization method and loan impairments for certain loans and leases.
The following valuation techniques are utilized to measure significant assets for which the Company utilizes fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
Impaired Loans
The carrying amount of collateral-dependent impaired loans is compared to the appraised value of the collateral less costs to dispose and is classified as Level 2. Any excess of carrying amount over the appraised value is charged to the ALLL.
Mortgage Servicing Rights - Amortization Method
MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. MSRs are classified as Level 3 since the valuation methodology utilizes significant unobservable inputs. The fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow model which used assumptions, including weighted-average life, weighted-average constant prepayment rate and weighted-average discount rate. Refer to Note 5 “Mortgage Banking” for more information. See also Note 8 “Mortgage Banking” to the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Foreclosed assets
Foreclosed assets consist primarily of residential properties. Foreclosed assets are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. Fair value is based upon independent market prices or appraised values of the collateral and is classified as Level 2.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Leased assets
The fair value of assets under operating leases is determined using collateral specific pricing digests, external appraisals, broker opinions, recent sales data from industry equipment dealers, and discounted cash flows derived from the underlying lease agreement. As market data for similar assets and lease agreements is available and used in the valuation, these assets are classified as Level 2 fair value measurement.
The following table presents gains (losses) on assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recorded in earnings:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Impaired collateral-dependent loans |  | ($3 | ) |  |  | ($4 | ) |  |  | ($9 | ) |  |  | ($31 | )
MSRs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1 | )
Foreclosed assets | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | )
Leased assets | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (15 | )

The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
Impaired collateral-dependent loans |  | $336 |  |  | $— |  |  | $336 |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $393 |  |  | $— |  |  | $393 |  |  | $— |
MSRs | 261 |  | — |  | — |  | 261 |  |  | 218 |  | — |  | — |  | 218 |
Foreclosed assets | 25 |  | — |  | 25 |  | — |  |  | 31 |  | — |  | 31 |  | — |
Leased assets | 93 |  | — |  | 93 |  | — |  |  | 112 |  | — |  | 112 |  | — |

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Following is a description of valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes (these instruments are not recorded in the financial statements at fair value):
Debt securities held to maturity
The fair values of debt securities classified as HTM are estimated under the market or income approach using the same pricing models as those used to measure the fair value of the Company’s AFS securities. For more information, see “Recurring Fair Value Measurements — Debt securities Available for Sale,” within this Note.
Equity securities, at cost
The cost basis of equity securities, at cost, such as FHLB stock and FRB stock, is assumed to approximate the fair value of these securities. As a member of the FHLB and FRB, the Company is required to hold FHLB and FRB stock. The stock can be sold only to the FHLB and FRB upon termination of membership, or redeemed at the FHLB’s or FRB’s sole discretion. The stock may only be sold or redeemed at par, and therefore the cost basis represents the best estimate of fair value.
Loans and leases
For loans and leases not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis that are not accounted for as collateral-dependent impaired loans, fair value is estimated by using one of two methods: a discounted cash flow method or a securitization method. The discounted cash flow method involves discounting the expected future cash flows using current rates which a market participant would likely use to value similar pools of loans. Inputs used in this method include observable information such as contractual cash flows (net of servicing cost) and unobservable information such as estimated prepayment speeds, credit loss exposures, and discount rates. The securitization method involves utilizing market securitization data to value the assets as if a securitization transaction had been executed. Inputs used include observable market-based MBS data and pricing adjustments based on unobservable data reflecting the liquidity risk, credit loss exposure and other characteristics of the underlying loans. The internal risk-weighted balances of loans are grouped by product type for purposes of these estimated valuations. For nonaccruing loans, fair value is estimated by discounting management’s estimate of future cash flows with a discount rate commensurate
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
with the risk associated with such assets. Fair value of collateral-dependent loans is primarily based on the appraised value of the collateral.
Other loans held for sale
Balances represent loans that were transferred to other loans held for sale and are reported at the lower of cost or fair value. When applicable, the fair value of other loans held for sale is estimated using one of two methods: a discounted cash flow method or a securitization method (as described above).
Deposits
The fair value of demand deposits, checking with interest accounts, regular savings, money market accounts and other deposits is the amount payable on demand at the balance sheet date. The fair value of term deposits is estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, other short-term borrowed funds, and long-term borrowed funds
Rates currently available to the Company for debt of similar terms and remaining maturities are used to discount the expected cash flows of existing debt.
The following table presents the estimated fair value for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements. The carrying amounts are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the indicated captions:

| September 30, 2018
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(in millions) | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held to maturity |  | $4,284 |  |  | $4,102 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $4,284 |  |  | $4,102 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Equity securities, at cost | 874 |  | 874 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 874 |  | 874 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other loans held for sale | 27 |  | 27 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 27 |  | 27 |
Loans and leases | 114,720 |  | 113,913 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 336 |  | 336 |  |  | 114,384 |  | 113,577 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 117,075 |  | 116,892 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 117,075 |  | 116,892 |  |  | — |  | — |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 374 |  | 374 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 374 |  | 374 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 2,006 |  | 2,006 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,006 |  | 2,006 |  |  | — |  | — |
Long-term borrowed funds | 15,639 |  | 15,630 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 15,639 |  | 15,630 |  |  | — |  | — |

| December 31, 2017
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(in millions) | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held to maturity |  | $4,685 |  |  | $4,668 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $4,685 |  |  | $4,668 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Equity securities, at cost | 722 |  | 722 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 722 |  | 722 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other loans held for sale | 221 |  | 221 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 221 |  | 221 |
Loans and leases | 110,617 |  | 111,168 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 393 |  | 393 |  |  | 110,224 |  | 110,775 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 115,089 |  | 115,039 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 115,089 |  | 115,039 |  |  | — |  | — |
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 815 |  | 815 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 815 |  | 815 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other short-term borrowed funds | 1,856 |  | 1,856 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,856 |  | 1,856 |  |  | — |  | — |
Long-term borrowed funds | 11,765 |  | 11,891 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 11,765 |  | 11,891 |  |  | — |  | — |

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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 14 - NONINTEREST INCOME
The following table presents noninterest income, segregated between revenue from contracts with customers and revenue from other sources:

(in millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenue from contracts with customers |  | $285 |  |  |  | $833 |
Revenue from other sources | 131 |  |  | 342 |
Noninterest income |  | $416 |  |  |  | $1,175 |

Revenues from Contracts with Customers
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in the amount of consideration it expects to receive upon the transfer of control of a good or service. The timing of recognition is dependent on whether the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the product or service to a customer over time or at a point in time. Judgments are made in the recognition of income including the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and determination of the transaction price.
The following table presents the components of revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue stream and business operating segment:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Consolidated (1) |  | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Consolidated (1)
Service charges and fees |  | $105 |  |  | $26 |  |  | $131 |  |  |  | $303 |  |  | $79 |  |  | $382 |
Card fees | 51 |  | 10 |  | 61 |  |  | 154 |  | 28 |  | 182 |
Capital markets fees | — |  | 46 |  | 46 |  |  | — |  | 134 |  | 134 |
Trust and investment services fees | 45 |  | — |  | 45 |  |  | 128 |  | — |  | 128 |
Other banking fees | — |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | 7 |  | 7 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | $201 |  |  | $84 |  |  | $285 |  |  |  | $585 |  |  | $248 |  |  | $833 |

(1) There is no revenue from contracts with customers included in Other non-segment operations.
The Company does not have any material contract assets, liabilities, or other receivables recorded on its Consolidated Balance Sheets related to revenues from contracts with customers as of September 30, 2018. The Company has elected the practical expedient to exclude disclosure of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognized revenue at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed. A description of the above components of revenue from contracts with customers is presented below:
Service Charges and Fees
Service charges and fees include fees earned from deposit products in lieu of compensating balances, service charges for transactions performed upon depositors’ request, as well as fees earned from performing cash management activities. Service charges on deposit products are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided, typically monthly. Service fees are recognized at a point in time upon completion of the requested service transaction. Fees on cash management products are recognized over time (typically monthly) as services are provided.
Card Fees
Card fees include interchange income from credit and debit card transactions and are recognized at a point in time upon settlement by the association network. Interchange rates are generally set by the association network based on purchase volume and other factors. Other card-related fees are recognized at a point in time upon completion of the transaction. Costs related to card rewards programs are recognized in current earnings as the rewards are earned by the customer and are presented as a reduction to card fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Capital Markets Fees
Capital markets fees include fees received from leading or participating in loan syndications, underwriting services and advisory fees. Loan syndication and underwriting fees are recognized as revenue at a point in time when the Company has rendered all services to, and is entitled to collect the fee from, the borrower or the issuer, and there are no other contingencies associated with the fee. Underwriting expenses passed through from the lead underwriter are recognized within other operating expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Advisory fees for merger and acquisitions are recognized over time, while valuation services and fairness opinions are recognized at a point in time upon completion of the advisory service.
Trust and Investment Services Fees
Trust and investment services fees include fees from investment management services and brokerage services. Fees from investment management services are based on asset market values and are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided. Brokerage services include custody fees, commission income, trailing commissions and other investment securities. Custody fees are recognized on a monthly basis for customers that are assessed custody fees. Commission income is recognized at a point in time on trade date. Trailing commissions such as 12b-1 fees, insurance renewal income, and income based on asset or investment levels in future periods are recognized at a point in time when the asset balance is known, or the renewal occurs and the income is no longer constrained. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized trailing commissions of $4 million and $12 million, respectively, related to services provided in previous reporting periods. Fees from other investment services are recognized at a point in time upon completion of the service.
O ther Banking Fees
Other banking fees include fees for various transactional banking activities such as letter of credit fees, foreign wire transfers and other transactional services. These fees are recognized in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur and as services are provided.
Revenue from Other Sources
Letter of Credit and Loan Fees
Letter of credit and loan fees primarily includes fees received related to letter of credit agreements as well as loan fees received from lending activities that are not deferrable. These fees are generally recognized upon execution of the contract.
Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Products
Foreign exchange and interest rate products primarily includes the fees received from foreign exchange and interest rate derivative contracts executed with customers to meet their hedging and financing needs. These fees are generally recognized upon execution of the contracts. Foreign exchange and interest rate products also include the mark-to-market gains and losses recognized on (i) these customer contracts and (ii) offsetting derivative contracts that are executed with external counterparties to hedge the foreign exchange and interest rate risk associated with the customer contracts.
Mortgage Banking Fees
Mortgage banking fees primarily include gains on sales of residential mortgages originated with the intent to sell and servicing fees on mortgages where the Company is the servicer. Mortgage banking fees also include valuation adjustments for mortgage loans held-for-sale that are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, as well as mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell that are measured at fair value under the fair value option. Changes in the value of MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income. For a further discussion of MSRs, see Note 5 “Mortgage Banking.” Net interest income from mortgage loans is recorded in interest income.
Other Income
Bank-owned life insurance is stated at its cash surrender value. The Company is the beneficiary of the life insurance policies on current and former officers and selected employees of the Company. Net changes in the carrying amount of the cash surrender value are an adjustment of premiums paid in determining the expense or income to be recognized under the life insurance policy for the period.
103

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  | $14 |  |  |  | $14 |  |  |  | $42 |  |  |  | $40 |

NOTE 15 - OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE
The following table presents the details of other operating expense:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Deposit insurance |  | $29 |  |  |  | $34 |  |  |  | $88 |  |  |  | $102 |
Promotional expense | 36 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 82 |
Settlements and operating losses | 11 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 43 |
Other | 55 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 178 |
Other operating expense |  | $131 |  |  |  | $133 |  |  |  | $378 |  |  |  | $405 |

NOTE 16 - INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $133 million and $165 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, resulting in effective income tax rates of 23.2% and 32.2%, respectively. Income tax expense was $370 million and $423 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, resulting in effective income tax rates of 22.8% and 30.0%, respectively.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the effective income tax rate of 22.8% was higher than the statutory rate of 21% primarily as a result of state taxes and permanently disallowed expenses, partially offset by permanent benefits from tax credits and tax-exempt income. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the effective income tax rate of 30.0% compared favorably to the statutory rate of 35% primarily as a result of the impact of the settlement of certain state tax matters and the permanent benefits from tax credits and tax-exempt income.
Deferred Tax Liability
At September 30, 2018, the Company reported a net deferred tax liability of $430 million, compared to $571 million as of December 31, 2017. The decrease in the net deferred tax liability was primarily attributable to the tax effect of net unrealized losses on securities and derivatives.
NOTE 17 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except share and per-share data) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Numerator (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $443 |  |  |  | $348 |  |  |  | $1,256 |  |  |  | $986 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $436 |  |  |  | $341 |  |  |  | $1,242 |  |  |  | $972 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic | 475,957,526 |  |  | 500,861,076 |  |  | 482,691,884 |  |  | 505,529,991 |
Dilutive common shares: share-based awards | 1,642,391 |  |  | 1,296,308 |  |  | 1,558,959 |  |  | 1,532,814 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted | 477,599,917 |  |  | 502,157,384 |  |  | 484,250,843 |  |  | 507,062,805 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $0.92 |  |  |  | $0.68 |  |  |  | $2.57 |  |  |  | $1.92 |
Diluted | 0.91 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 2.57 |  |  | 1.92 |

Potential dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS in the periods where the effect would be antidilutive. The diluted EPS computation for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 did no t have any antidilutive shares. The diluted EPS computation for the three and nine months ended
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
September 30, 2017 excluded 4 thousand and 378 thousand average share-based awards, respectively, because their inclusion would have been antidilutive.
NOTE 18 - REGULATORY MATTERS
As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. The primary subsidiaries of the Company are its two insured depository institutions CBNA, a national banking association whose primary federal regulator is the OCC, and CBPA, a Pennsylvania-chartered savings bank regulated by the Department of Banking of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and supervised by the FDIC, its primary federal regulator. Under the U.S. Basel III capital framework, the Company and its banking subsidiaries must meet specific minimum requirements for the following ratios: common equity tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital, total capital, and tier 1 leverage. In addition, the Company must not be subject to a written agreement, order or capital directive with any of its regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in the initiation of certain actions that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table presents the Company’s capital and capital ratios under U.S. Basel III Standardized rules. The Company has declared itself as an “AOCI opt-out” institution, which means the Company is not required to recognize in regulatory capital the impacts of net unrealized gains and losses included within AOCI for securities that are available for sale or held to maturity, accumulated net gains and losses on cash-flow hedges, and certain defined benefit pension plan assets.

| Actual |  | Minimum Capital Adequacy
(in millions, except ratio data) | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio(5) |
September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $14,435 |  | 10.8 | % |  |  | $8,495 |  | 6.375 | %
Tier 1 capital(2) | 14,978 |  | 11.2 |  |  | 10,493 |  | 7.875 |
Total capital(3) | 17,810 |  | 13.4 |  |  | 13,158 |  | 9.875 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 14,978 |  | 9.9 |  |  | 6,029 |  | 4.000 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital(1) |  | $14,309 |  | 11.2 | % |  |  | $7,342 |  | 5.750 | %
Tier 1 capital(2) | 14,556 |  | 11.4 |  |  | 9,258 |  | 7.250 |
Total capital(3) | 17,781 |  | 13.9 |  |  | 11,812 |  | 9.250 |
Tier 1 leverage(4) | 14,556 |  | 10.0 |  |  | 5,824 |  | 4.000 |

(1) “Common equity tier 1 capital ratio” represents CET1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(2) “Tier 1 capital ratio” is tier 1 capital, which includes CET1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(3) “Total capital ratio” is total capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(4) “Tier 1 leverage ratio” is tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets as defined under U.S. Basel III Standardized approach.
(5) “Minimum Capital ratio” includes capital conservation buffer of 1.875% for 2018 and 1.250% for 2017; N/A to Tier 1 leverage.
Under the FRB’s Capital Plan Rule, the Company may only make capital distributions, including payment of dividends and share repurchases, in accordance with a capital plan that has been reviewed by the FRB with no objection. In accordance with federal and state banking regulations, dividends paid by the Company’s banking subsidiaries to the Parent Company are generally limited to the retained earnings of the respective banking subsidiaries unless specifically approved by the appropriate bank regulator.
On April 5, 2018, the Company submitted its 2018 Capital Plan, Capital Policy and annual stress test results to the FRB as part of the 2018 CCAR process. On June 28, 2018, the FRB did not object to the Company’s 2018 Capital Plan including its proposed capital actions in the period beginning July 1, 2018 and ending June 30, 2019. The Company’s 2018 Capital Plan includes an increase in quarterly common dividends from $0.22 to $0.27 per share in the third quarter of 2018, with the potential to raise quarterly common dividends to $0.32 per share beginning in 2019, and common share repurchases of up to $1.02 billion through the second quarter of 2019. All future capital distributions are subject to consideration and approval by the Board of Directors prior to execution. The timing and exact amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including the Company’s capital position, financial performance and market conditions.
During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company declared and paid dividends on common stock of $129 million and $90 million, respectively, and declared semi-annual preferred dividends of $7 million for both periods. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company declared and paid dividends on common stock of $344 million and $233 million, respectively, and declared semi-annual preferred dividends of $14 million for both periods.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company repurchased $400 million and $225 million of its outstanding common stock, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Parent Company repurchased $725 million and $485 million of its outstanding common stock, respectively.
NOTE 19 - BUSINESS OPERATING SEGMENTS
The Company is managed by its Chief Executive Officer on a segment basis. The Company’s two business operating segments are Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served. Each segment has one or more segment heads who report directly to the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment. The business segments reflect this management structure and the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer.
Reportable Segments
Segment results are determined based upon the Company’s management reporting system, which assigns balance sheet and statement of operations items to each of the business segments. The process is designed around the Company’s organizational and management structure and accordingly, the results derived are not necessarily comparable with similar information published by other financial institutions. A description of each reportable segment and table of financial results is presented below:
Consumer Banking
The Consumer Banking segment focuses on retail customers and small businesses with annual revenues of up to $25 million. It offers traditional banking products and services, including checking, savings, home loans, education loans, credit cards, business loans, and unsecured product finance and personal loans in addition to financial management services. It also operates an indirect auto financing business, providing financing for both new and used vehicles through auto dealerships. The segment’s distribution channels include a branch network, ATMs and a work force of experienced specialists ranging from financial consultants, mortgage loan officers and business banking officers to private bankers. The Company’s Consumer Banking value proposition is based on providing simple, easy to understand product offerings and a convenient banking experience with a more personalized approach.
Commercial Banking
The Commercial Banking segment primarily targets companies with annual revenues from $25 million to $2.5 billion and provides a full complement of financial products and solutions, including loans, leases, trade financing, deposits, cash management, commercial cards, foreign exchange, interest rate risk management, corporate finance and capital markets advisory capabilities. It focuses on middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions and has dedicated teams with industry expertise in government banking, not-for-profit, healthcare, technology, professionals, oil and gas, asset finance, franchise finance, asset-based lending, commercial real estate, private equity and sponsor finance. While the segment’s business development efforts are predominantly focused in the Company’s footprint, some of its specialized industry businesses also operate selectively on a national basis (such as healthcare, asset finance and franchise finance). A key component of Commercial Banking’s growth strategy is to bring ideas to clients that help their businesses thrive, and in doing so, expand the loan portfolio and ancillary product sales.
Non-segment Operations
Other
Non-segment operations are classified as Other, which includes corporate functions, the Treasury function, the securities portfolio, wholesale funding activities, intangible assets, community development, non-core assets (including legacy Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc aircraft loans and leases placed in runoff in the third quarter of 2016), and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense. In addition to non-segment operations, Other includes goodwill and any associated goodwill impairment charges. For impairment testing purposes, the Company allocates goodwill to its Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking reporting units.
106

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income |  | $776 |  |  |  | $380 |  |  |  | ($8 | ) |  |  | $1,148 |
Noninterest income | 258 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 416 |
Total revenue | 1,034 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,564 |
Noninterest expense | 686 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 910 |
Profit (loss) before provision for credit losses | 348 |  |  | 318 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 654 |
Provision for credit losses | 71 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 78 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 277 |  |  | 304 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 576 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 133 |
Net income |  | $207 |  |  |  | $234 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  | $443 |
Total average assets |  | $62,974 |  |  |  | $52,871 |  |  |  | $39,779 |  |  |  | $155,624 |

| As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income |  | $674 |  |  |  | $354 |  |  |  | $34 |  |  |  | $1,062 |
Noninterest income | 227 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 381 |
Total revenue | 901 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 1,443 |
Noninterest expense | 648 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 858 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 253 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 585 |
Provision for credit losses | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 72 |
Income before income tax expense | 188 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 513 |
Income tax expense | 66 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 165 |
Net income |  | $122 |  |  |  | $201 |  |  |  | $25 |  |  |  | $348 |
Total average assets |  | $60,012 |  |  |  | $49,833 |  |  |  | $40,167 |  |  |  | $150,012 |

| As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income |  | $2,268 |  |  |  | $1,113 |  |  |  | ($21 | ) |  |  | $3,360 |
Noninterest income | 708 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 1,175 |
Total revenue | 2,976 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 4,535 |
Noninterest expense | 2,000 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2,668 |
Profit (loss) before provision for credit losses | 976 |  |  | 908 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 1,867 |
Provision for credit losses | 209 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 241 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 767 |  |  | 889 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 1,626 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 193 |  |  | 203 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 370 |
Net income (loss) |  | $574 |  |  |  | $686 |  |  |  | ($4 | ) |  |  | $1,256 |
Total average assets |  | $61,857 |  |  |  | $51,820 |  |  |  | $39,805 |  |  |  | $153,482 |

107

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

| As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income |  | $1,969 |  |  |  | $1,044 |  |  |  | $80 |  |  |  | $3,093 |
Noninterest income | 676 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,130 |
Total revenue | 2,645 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 4,223 |
Noninterest expense | 1,939 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 2,576 |
Profit before provision for credit losses | 706 |  |  | 867 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 1,647 |
Provision for credit losses | 189 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 238 |
Income before income tax expense (benefit) | 517 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1,409 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 182 |  |  | 279 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 423 |
Net income |  | $335 |  |  |  | $568 |  |  |  | $83 |  |  |  | $986 |
Total average assets |  | $59,310 |  |  |  | $49,604 |  |  |  | $40,649 |  |  |  | $149,563 |

Management accounting practices utilized by the Company as the basis of presentation for segment results include the following:
FTP adjustments
The Company utilizes an FTP system to eliminate the effect of interest rate risk from the segments’ net interest income because such risk is centrally managed within the Treasury function. The FTP system credits (or charges) the segments with the economic value of the funds created (or used) by the segments. The FTP system provides a funds credit for sources of funds and a funds charge for the use of funds by each segment. The sum of the interest income/expense and FTP charges/credits for each segment is its designated net interest income. The variance between the Company’s cumulative FTP charges and cumulative FTP credits is offset in Other. The Company periodically evaluates and refines its methodologies used to measure financial performance of its business operating segments. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company enhanced its assumptions for the liquidity and deposit component within its FTP methodology. The enhancement largely provides increased credit for the stability of deposit composition, and an increased charge for unused commitments under lending arrangements. Prior periods have not been adjusted for this change.
Provision for credit losses allocations
Provision for credit losses is allocated to each business segment based on actual net charge-offs recognized by the business segment. The difference between the consolidated provision for credit losses and the business segments’ net charge-offs is reflected in Other.
Income tax allocations
Income taxes are assessed to each line of business at a standard tax rate with the residual tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate included in Other.
Expense allocations
Noninterest expenses incurred by centrally managed operations or business lines that directly support another business line’s operations are charged to the applicable business line based on its utilization of those services.
Substantially all revenues generated and long-lived assets held by the Company’s business segments are derived from clients that reside in the United States. Neither business segment earns revenue from a single external customer that represents ten percent or more of the Company’s total revenues.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information presented in the “Market Risk” section of Part I, Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In addition to the matters described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, information required by this item is set forth in Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should consider the risks described under the caption “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A. of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Details of the repurchases of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2018 are included in the following table:

Period | Total Number of Shares Repurchased | Weighted Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) | Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)
July 1, 2018 - July 31, 2018 | 8,108,753 | $39.83 | 8,108,753 | $696,987,832
August 1, 2018 - August 31, 2018 | — | $— | — | $696,987,832
September 1, 2018 - September 30, 2018 | 1,932,668 | $39.83 | 1,932,668 | $620,000,000

(1) On June 28, 2018, the Company announced that its 2018 Capital Plan, submitted as part of the CCAR process and not objected to by the FRB, included share repurchases of CFG common stock of up to $1.02 billion for the four-quarter period ending with the second quarter of 2019. This share repurchase plan, which was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors at the time of the announcement, allowed for share repurchases that may be executed in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans. All shares repurchased by the Company during the third quarter were executed pursuant to an accelerated share repurchase transaction, which was completed by September 30, 2018. The timing and exact amount of future share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including the Company’s capital position, financial performance and market conditions.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as in effect on the date hereof (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 8, 2015)
3.2 Certificate of Designations of the Registrant with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock, dated May 22, 2018, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective May 22, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 24, 2018)
3.3 Certificate of Designations of the Registrant with respect to the Series C Preferred Stock, dated October 24, 2018, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective October 24, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 25, 2018)
3.4 Bylaws of the Registrant (as amended and restated on October 20, 2016) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 24, 2016)
4.1 Certificate of Designations of the Registrant with respect to the Series C Preferred Stock, dated October 24, 2018, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective October 24, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 25, 2018)
11.1 Statement re: computation of earnings per share (filed herewith as Note 17 “Earnings Per Share” to the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 — Financial Statements of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference)
12.1 Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges*
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
12.2 Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Dividends*
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

101 | The following materials from the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements*

* Filed herewith.
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CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on November 7, 2018.

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
(Registrant)
By: | /s/ C. Jack Read
| Name: C. Jack Read
| Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller
| (Principal Accounting Officer and Authorized Officer)

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