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MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Mortgage Banking [Abstract] |
MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER | NOTE 7 - MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER The Company sells residential mortgages to GSEs and other parties, who may issue securities backed by pools of such loans. The Company retains no beneficial interests in these sales, but may retain the servicing rights for the loans sold. The Company is obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a representation or warranty violation such as noncompliance with eligibility or servicing requirements, or customer fraud, that should have been identified in a loan file review. Mortgage loans held for sale are accounted for at fair value on an individual loan basis. Changes in the fair value, and realized gains and losses on the sales of mortgage loans, are reported in mortgage banking income. The following table summarizes activity related to the Company’s residential mortgage loan sales and the Company's mortgage banking activity:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Residential mortgage loan sold with servicing retained | $33,221 |  |  | $20,430 |  |  | $8,149 |
Gain on sales (1) | 895 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 89 |
Contractually specified servicing, late and other ancillary fees (1) | 227 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 118 |
(1) Reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognizes the right to service residential mortgage loans for others, or MSRs, as separate assets, which are presented in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, when purchased, or when servicing is contractually separated from the underlying mortgage loans by sale with servicing rights retained. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value. Subsequent to the initial recognition, MSRs are measured using either the fair value method or the amortization method. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company elected to account for all MSRs previously accounted for under the amortization method under the fair value method. Upon election, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings of $6 million, net of taxes, equal to the difference between the carrying value of the MSRs and the fair value. Under the fair value method, the MSRs are recorded at fair value at each reporting date with any changes in fair value during the period recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unpaid principal balance of the related residential mortgage loans was $81.2 billion and $77.5 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company manages an active hedging strategy to manage the risk associated with changes in the value of the MSR portfolio accounted for under the fair value method, which includes the purchase of freestanding derivatives. The following table summarizes changes in MSRs recorded using the fair value method:
| As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019
Fair value as of beginning of the period | $642 |  |  | $600 |
Transfers upon election of fair value method (1) | 190 |  |  | — |
Fair value as of beginning of the period, adjusted | 832 |  |  | 600 |
Amounts capitalized | 324 |  |  | 270 |
Changes in unpaid principal balance during the period (2) | (196) |  |  | (119) |
Changes in fair value during the period (3) | (302) |  |  | (109) |
Fair value at end of the period | $658 |  |  | $642 |
(1) Effective January 1, 2020, the Company elected to account for all MSRs previously accounted for under the amortization method under the fair value method. (2) Represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period. (3) Represents changes in value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of MSRs is estimated by using the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, contractual servicing fee income, servicing costs, default rates, ancillary income, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market interest rates. The valuation does not attempt to forecast or predict the future direction of interest rates. The sensitivity analyses below present the impact to current fair value of an immediate 50 basis point and 100 basis point adverse change in key economic assumptions and the decline in fair value if the respective adverse change was realized. These sensitivities are hypothetical, with the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the MSRs calculated independently without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another (e.g., changes in interest rates, which drive changes in prepayment rates, could result in changes in the discount rates), which may amplify or counteract the sensitivities. The primary risk inherent in the Company’s MSRs is an increase in prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans serviced, which is dependent upon movements in market interest rates.
| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Actual | Decline in fair value due to |  | Actual | Decline in fair value due to
(dollars in millions) |
Fair value | $658 | 50 bps adverse change | 100 bps adverse change |  | $642 | 50 bps adverse change | 100 bps adverse change
Weighted average life (in years) | 4.2 |  | 5.5
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 17.3% | $122 | $202 |  | 13.9% | $116 | $222
Weighted average option adjusted spread | 595 bps | 12 | 24 |  | 440 bps | 12 | 25
Citizens accounts for derivatives in its mortgage banking operations at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as derivative assets or derivative liabilities, depending on whether the derivative had a positive (asset) or negative (liability) fair value as of the balance sheet date. The Company’s mortgage banking derivatives include commitments to originate mortgages held for sale, certain loan sale agreements, and other financial instruments that meet the definition of a derivative. Refer to Note 13 for additional information. Other Serviced Loans From time to time, Citizens engages in other servicing relationships. The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of other serviced loans:
(in millions) | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Education(1) | $974 |  |  | $— |
Commercial and industrial(2) | 51 |  |  | 33 |
(1) Represents the servicing associated with education loans sold. See Note 10 for further information. (2) Represents the government guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold to outside investors.

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