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ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Receivables [Abstract] |
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK | NOTE 6 - ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK Allowance for Credit Losses Management’s estimate of expected credit losses in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ALLL and the allowance for unfunded lending commitments (collectively the ACL). The ACL is maintained at a level the Company believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and lease portfolios and on the unfunded lending commitments. The determination of the ACL is based on periodic evaluation of the loan and lease portfolios and unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable considering a number of relevant underlying factors, including key assumptions and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information. Upon adoption of CECL effective January 1, 2020, the Company’s ACL reserve methodology changed to estimate expected credit losses over the contractual life of loans and leases, resulting in a cumulative-effect reduction of $337 million, net of taxes of $114 million, to retained earnings and a corresponding increase to the ACL of $451 million. Key assumptions used in the ACL measurement process include the use of a two-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period followed by a one-year reversion period to historical credit loss information. The evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information is performed through assessments of groups of assets that share similar risk characteristics and certain individual loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collective group. Loans are grouped generally by product type (e.g., commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential mortgage), and significant loan portfolios are assessed for credit losses using econometric models. The quantitative evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL utilizes a single economic forecast as its foundation, and is primarily based on econometric models that use known or estimated data as of the balance sheet date and forecasted data over the reasonable and supportable period. Known and estimated data include current PD, LGD and EAD (for commercial), timing and amount of expected draws (for unfunded lending commitments), FICO, LTV, term and time on books (for retail loans), mix and level of loan balances, delinquency levels, assigned risk ratings, previous loss experience, current business conditions, amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, and factors particular to a specific commercial credit such as competition, business and management performance. Forward-looking economic assumptions include real gross domestic product, unemployment rate, interest rate curve, and changes in collateral values. This data is aggregated to estimate expected credit losses over the contractual life of the loans and leases, adjusted for expected prepayments. In highly volatile economic environments historical information, such as commercial customer financial statements or consumer credit ratings, may not be as important to estimating future expected losses as forecasted inputs to the models. The ACL may also be affected materially by a variety of qualitative factors that the Company considers to reflect current judgment of various events and risks that are not measured in the statistical procedures including uncertainty related to the economic forecasts used in the modeled credit loss estimates, loan growth, back testing results, credit underwriting policy exceptions, regulatory and audit findings, and peer comparisons. The qualitative allowance is further affected by sensitivity analysis for certain industry sectors or loan classes, including CRE office. The measurement process results in specific or pooled allowances for loans, leases and unfunded lending commitments, and qualitative allowances that are judgmentally determined and applied across the portfolio. There are certain loan portfolios that may not need an econometric model to enable the Company to calculate management’s best estimate of the expected credit losses. Less data intensive, non-modeled approaches to estimating losses are considered more efficient and practical for portfolios that have lower levels of outstanding balances (e.g., runoff or closed portfolios, new products or products that are not significant to the Company’s overall credit risk exposure). Loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually assessed for expected credit losses. Nonaccrual commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans with an outstanding balance of $5 million or greater and all commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate TDRs (regardless of size) are assessed on an individual loan level basis. Generally, the measurement of ACL on individual loans and leases is the present value of its future cash flows or the fair value of its underlying collateral, if the loan or lease is collateral dependent. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral, rather than by cash flows from the borrower’s operations, income or other resources. Loans that are deemed to be collateral dependent are written down to the fair value, less costs to sell, as of the evaluation date and are reassessed each subsequent period to determine if a change to the ACL is required. Subsequent evaluations may result in an increase or decrease to the ACL, based on a corresponding change in the fair value of the collateral during the period. Any subsequent decrease to the ACL (because of an increase to the collateral-dependent loan’s fair value) is limited to the total amount previously written off for that loan. For retail TDRs that are not collateral dependent, the ACL is developed using the present value of expected future cash flows compared to the amortized cost basis in the loans. Expected re-default factors are considered in this analysis. Retail TDRs that are deemed collateral dependent are written down to fair market value less cost to sell. Expected recoveries are considered in management’s estimate of the ACL and may result in a negative adjustment (i.e., reduction) to the ACL balance. A loan is collateral dependent if repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty as of the evaluation date. Generally, repayment would be expected to be provided substantially by the sale or continued operation of the underlying collateral if cash flows to repay the loan from all other available sources (including guarantors) are expected to be no more than nominal. If repayment is dependent only on the operation of the collateral, the fair value of the collateral would not be adjusted for estimated costs to sell. If a loan is considered collateral dependent, the ACL is calculated as the difference between the fair value of collateral (adjusted for the costs to sell if the sale of the collateral is expected) and the amortized cost basis as of the evaluation date. It is possible to have a negative ACL for a collateral dependent loan if the fair value of the collateral increases in a subsequent reporting period. The negative ACL cannot exceed the total amount previously charged off. Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases is excluded from asset balances used to calculate the ACL. All accrued and uncollected interest is immediately reversed against interest income when a loan or lease is placed on nonaccrual status. Uncollectible interest is written off timely in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Generally, loans and leases are placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. Residential mortgages are placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 120 days or more, or sooner if deemed collateral dependent, unless guaranteed by the FHA, VA or USDA. Residential mortgages that received extended forbearance and were subsequently modified as a result of COVID-19 will be placed on nonaccrual sooner than those that were not on extended forbearance, and will return to accrual status only following a sustained period of repayment performance. The Company estimates expected credit losses associated with off-balance sheet financial instruments such as standby letters of credit, financial guarantees and unfunded loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. Off-balance sheet financial instruments are subject to individual reviews and are analyzed and segregated by risk according to the Company’s internal risk rating scale. These risk classifications, in conjunction with historical loss experience, current and future economic conditions, timing and amount of expected draws, and performance trends within specific portfolio segments, result in the estimate of the allowance for unfunded lending commitments. The Company does not recognize a reserve for future draws from credit lines that are unconditionally cancellable (e.g., credit cards). The ALLL and the allowance for unfunded lending commitments are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in the allowance for loan and lease losses and in other liabilities, respectively. Provision for credit losses related to the loan and lease portfolios and the unfunded lending commitments are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as provision for credit losses. Loan Charge-Offs Commercial loans are charged off when available information indicates that a loan or portion thereof is determined to be uncollectible. The determination of whether to recognize a charge-off involves many factors, including the prioritization of the Company’s claim in bankruptcy, expectations of the workout/restructuring of the loan and valuation of the borrower’s equity or the loan collateral. Retail loans are generally fully charged-off or written down to the net realizable value of the underlying collateral, with an offset to the ALLL, upon reaching specified stages of delinquency in accordance with standards established by the FFIEC. Residential real estate loans, credit card loans and unsecured open-end loans are generally charged off in the month when the account becomes 180 days past due. Auto loans, education loans and unsecured closed end loans are generally charged off in the month when the account becomes 120 days past due. Certain retail loans will be charged off or charged down to their net realizable value earlier than the FFIEC charge-off standards in the following circumstances: •Loans modified in a TDR that are determined to be collateral-dependent. •Residential real estate loans that received extended forbearance and were subsequently modified as a result of COVID-19 •Loans to borrowers who have experienced an event (e.g., bankruptcy) that suggests a loss is either known or highly certain. ◦Residential real estate and auto loans are charged down to fair value less costs to sell within 60 days of receiving notification of the bankruptcy filing, unless repayment is likely to occur, or when the loan subsequently becomes 60 days past due. ◦Credit card loans are fully charged off within 60 days of receiving notification of the bankruptcy filing or other event. ◦Education loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 60 days past due after receiving notification of a bankruptcy. •Auto loans are written down to fair value less costs to sell upon repossession of the collateral. The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the year ended December 31, 2022:
| Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $821 |  | $937 |  | $1,758 |
Allowance on PCD loans and leases at acquisition | 99 |  | 2 |  | 101 |
Charge-offs(1) | (70) |  | (364) |  | (434) |
Recoveries | 18 |  | 146 |  | 164 |
Net charge-offs | (52) |  | (218) |  | (270) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases(2) | 192 |  | 202 |  | 394 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 1,060 |  | 923 |  | 1,983 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 153 |  | 23 |  | 176 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | 53 |  | 27 |  | 80 |
Allowance on PCD unfunded lending commitments at acquisition | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 207 |  | 50 |  | 257 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $1,267 |  | $973 |  | $2,240 |
(1) Excludes $34 million of charge-offs previously taken by Investors or recognized upon completion of the Investors acquisition under purchase accounting for the year ended December 31, 2022. The initial allowance for loan and lease losses on PCD assets included these amounts and, after charging these amounts off upon acquisition, the net impact for PCD assets was $101 million of additional allowance for loan and lease losses. (2) Includes $169 million of initial provision expense related to non-PCD loans and leases acquired from HSBC and Investors for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, net charge-offs of $270 million, the ACL on PCD loans and leases and unfunded lending commitments at acquisition of $102 million, and a credit provision of $474 million resulted in an increase of $306 million to the ACL. The retail NCO ratio remained relatively flat compared to 2021. The commercial NCO ratio decreased compared to 2021, as credit performance remained strong. Our ACL as of December 31, 2022 accounts for an economic forecast over our two-year reasonable and supportable period with peak unemployment of approximately 6%, peak-to-trough GDP decline of approximately 1.4%, and collateral value peak-to-trough declines of approximately 13% in home and approximately 16% in used auto and truck. This forecast incorporates the increased risk of a moderate recession beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022 and persisting for four consecutive quarters. The following tables present a summary of changes in the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
| Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $1,233 |  | $1,210 |  | $2,443 |
Charge-offs | (218) |  | (321) |  | (539) |
Recoveries | 54 |  | 160 |  | 214 |
Net charge-offs | (164) |  | (161) |  | (325) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases | (248) |  | (112) |  | (360) |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 821 |  | 937 |  | 1,758 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 186 |  | 41 |  | 227 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | (33) |  | (18) |  | (51) |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 153 |  | 23 |  | 176 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $974 |  | $960 |  | $1,934 |
| Year Ended December 31, 2020
(in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $674 |  | $578 |  | $1,252 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | (176) |  | 629 |  | 453 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period, adjusted | 498 |  | 1,207 |  | 1,705 |
Charge-offs | (437) |  | (406) |  | (843) |
Recoveries | 12 |  | 138 |  | 150 |
Net charge-offs | (425) |  | (268) |  | (693) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases | 1,160 |  | 271 |  | 1,431 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 1,233 |  | 1,210 |  | 2,443 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 44 |  | — |  | 44 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | (3) |  | 1 |  | (2) |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period, adjusted | 41 |  | 1 |  | 42 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | 145 |  | 40 |  | 185 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 186 |  | 41 |  | 227 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $1,419 |  | $1,251 |  | $2,670 |
Credit Quality Indicators The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year. Citizens defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. In general, renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date. Loans modified in a TDR are considered a continuation of the original loan and vintage date corresponds with the most recent credit decision. For commercial loans and leases, Citizens utilizes regulatory classification ratings to monitor credit quality. The assignment of regulatory classification ratings occurs at loan origination and are periodically re-evaluated by Citizens utilizing a risk-based approach, including any time management becomes aware of information affecting the borrowers' ability to fulfill their obligations. The review process considers both quantitative and qualitative factors. Loans with a “pass” rating are those that the Company believes will fully repay in accordance with the contractual loan terms. Commercial loans and leases identified as “criticized” have some weakness or potential weakness that indicate an increased probability of future loss. Citizens groups “criticized” loans into three categories, “special mention,” “substandard,” and “doubtful.” Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the Company’s credit position at some future date. Substandard loans are inadequately protected loans; these loans have well-defined weaknesses that could hinder normal repayment or collection of the debt. Doubtful loans have the same weaknesses as substandard, with the added characteristic that the possibility of loss is high and collection of the full amount of the loan is improbable. Additional credit quality information is discussed below for each loan class. For commercial and industrial loans, Citizens monitors the performance of the borrower in a disciplined and regular manner based upon the level of credit risk inherent in the loan. To evaluate the level of credit risk, management assigns an internal risk rating reflecting the borrower’s PD and LGD. This two-dimensional credit risk rating methodology provides granularity in the risk monitoring process. These ratings are generally reviewed at least annually. The combination of the PD and LGD ratings assigned to commercial and industrial loans, capturing both the combination of expectations of default and loss severity in the event of default, reflects credit quality characteristics as of the reporting date and are used as inputs into the loss forecasting process. Based upon the amount of the lending arrangement and risk rating assessment, management periodically reviews each loan, prioritizing those loans which are perceived to be of higher risk, based upon PDs and LGDs, or loans for which credit quality is weakening (e.g., payment delinquency). Citizens proactively manages loans by using various procedures that are customized to the risk of a given loan, including ongoing outreach to the borrower, assessment of the borrower’s financial conditions and appraisal of the collateral. Credit risk associated with commercial real estate projects and commercial mortgages are managed similar to commercial and industrial loans by evaluating PD and LGD. Risks associated with commercial real estate activities tend to be correlated to the loan structure and collateral location, project progress and business environment. As a result, these attributes are also monitored and utilized in assessing credit risk. As with the commercial and industrial loan class, periodic reviews are also performed to assess market/geographic risk and business unit/industry risk, which may result in increased scrutiny on loans that are perceived to be of higher risk, had adverse changes in risk ratings and/or areas that concern management. These reviews are designed to assess risk and facilitate actions to mitigate such risks. Citizens manages credit risk associated with financing leases similar to commercial and industrial loans by analyzing PD and LGD. Reviews are generally performed annually based upon the dollar amount of the lease and the level of credit risk, and may be more frequent if circumstances warrant. The review process includes analysis of the following factors: equipment value/residual value, exposure levels, jurisdiction risk, industry risk, guarantor requirements, and regulatory compliance as applicable. Commercial loans with renewal terms in the original contract are recognized as current year originations upon renewal unless the loan automatically renewed with no new credit decision. Citizens generally reserves the right to not renew the loan or lease until current underwriting has been completed and approved. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases, by vintage date and regulatory classification rating, as of December 31, 2022:
| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior to 2018 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $8,304 |  |  | $8,469 |  |  | $2,224 |  |  | $2,074 |  |  | $1,334 |  |  | $1,952 |  |  | $24,211 |  | $148 |  |  | $48,716 |
Special Mention | 124 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 364 |  | — |  |  | 1,072 |
Substandard | 150 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 597 |  | 14 |  |  | 1,885 |
Doubtful | 10 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 76 |  | 2 |  |  | 163 |
Total commercial and industrial | 8,588 |  |  | 8,890 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 25,248 |  | 164 |  |  | 51,836 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 5,767 |  |  | 6,442 |  |  | 3,639 |  |  | 3,066 |  |  | 2,145 |  |  | 3,536 |  |  | 1,888 |  | 3 |  |  | 26,486 |
Special Mention | 1 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 62 |  | — |  |  | 887 |
Substandard | 92 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 23 |  | — |  |  | 1,425 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 67 |
Total commercial real estate | 5,860 |  |  | 6,581 |  |  | 3,830 |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | 2,594 |  |  | 4,260 |  |  | 1,973 |  | 3 |  |  | 28,865 |
Leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 263 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,448 |
Special Mention | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total leases | 267 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 348 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,479 |
Total commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 14,334 |  |  | 15,274 |  |  | 6,113 |  |  | 5,239 |  |  | 3,607 |  |  | 5,833 |  |  | 26,099 |  | 151 |  |  | 76,650 |
Special Mention | 129 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 426 |  | — |  |  | 1,980 |
Substandard | 242 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 959 |  |  | 620 |  | 14 |  |  | 3,320 |
Doubtful | 10 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 76 |  | 2 |  |  | 230 |
Total commercial | $14,715 |  |  | $15,843 |  |  | $6,633 |  |  | $6,280 |  |  | $4,245 |  |  | $7,076 |  |  | $27,221 |  | $167 |  |  | $82,180 |
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases, by vintage date and regulatory classification rating, as of December 31, 2021:
| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior to 2017 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $10,218 |  |  | $3,336 |  |  | $3,599 |  |  | $2,284 |  |  | $1,426 |  |  | $1,863 |  |  | $19,406 |  | $122 |  |  | $42,254 |
Special Mention | 47 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 316 |  | 1 |  |  | 809 |
Substandard | 97 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 521 |  | 17 |  |  | 1,294 |
Doubtful | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 74 |  | 2 |  |  | 143 |
Total commercial and industrial | 10,363 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 3,978 |  |  | 2,501 |  |  | 1,527 |  |  | 2,144 |  |  | 20,317 |  | 142 |  |  | 44,500 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 2,766 |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | 3,181 |  |  | 1,756 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | 1,451 |  | 3 |  |  | 13,319 |
Special Mention | 45 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 406 |
Substandard | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 9 |  | — |  |  | 528 |
Doubtful | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total commercial real estate | 2,839 |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 3,382 |  |  | 2,123 |  |  | 731 |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1,460 |  | 3 |  |  | 14,264 |
Leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 447 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 459 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,512 |
Special Mention | 10 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 49 |
Substandard | 1 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 24 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total leases | 458 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 476 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,586 |
Total commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 13,431 |  |  | 6,015 |  |  | 6,914 |  |  | 4,184 |  |  | 2,118 |  |  | 3,441 |  |  | 20,857 |  | 125 |  |  | 57,085 |
Special Mention | 102 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 316 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,264 |
Substandard | 125 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 530 |  | 17 |  |  | 1,846 |
Doubtful | 2 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 74 |  | 2 |  |  | 155 |
Total commercial | $13,660 |  |  | $6,289 |  |  | $7,499 |  |  | $4,775 |  |  | $2,327 |  |  | $3,878 |  |  | $21,777 |  | $145 |  |  | $60,350 |
For retail loans, Citizens utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans, by vintage date and FICO scores, as of December 31, 2022:
| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior to 2018 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | $2,132 |  |  | $4,943 |  |  | $3,143 |  |  | $1,180 |  |  | $363 |  |  | $3,081 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $14,842 |
740-799 | 2,376 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 1,660 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 9,557 |
680-739 | 769 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 502 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 851 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,478 |
620-679 | 125 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 422 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,087 |
<620 | 17 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 455 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 929 |
No FICO available(1) | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 28 |
Total residential mortgages | 5,421 |  |  | 9,071 |  |  | 5,519 |  |  | 2,432 |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | 6,461 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 29,921 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 4,958 |  | 267 |  |  | 5,357 |
740-799 | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 4,350 |  | 274 |  |  | 4,736 |
680-739 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 2,296 |  | 234 |  |  | 2,664 |
620-679 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 558 |  | 143 |  |  | 822 |
<620 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 178 |  | 172 |  |  | 464 |
Total home equity | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 12,340 |  | 1,090 |  |  | 14,043 |
Automobile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 650 |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | 584 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,185 |
740-799 | 962 |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,750 |
680-739 | 920 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,967 |
620-679 | 554 |  |  | 586 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,568 |
<620 | 188 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 820 |
No FICO available(1) | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total automobile | 3,276 |  |  | 5,141 |  |  | 2,028 |  |  | 1,160 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12,292 |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 548 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 1,068 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 6,007 |
740-799 | 735 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 609 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,574 |
680-739 | 363 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 288 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,703 |
620-679 | 54 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 361 |
<620 | 6 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 115 |
No FICO available(1) | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Total education | 1,712 |  |  | 3,586 |  |  | 3,131 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12,808 |
Other retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 182 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 491 |  | — |  |  | 971 |
740-799 | 230 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 974 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,584 |
680-739 | 175 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 993 |  | 4 |  |  | 1,471 |
620-679 | 108 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 435 |  | 4 |  |  | 694 |
<620 | 35 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 190 |  | 6 |  |  | 301 |
No FICO available(1) | 12 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 380 |  | 1 |  |  | 397 |
Total other retail | 742 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 3,463 |  | 16 |  |  | 5,418 |
Total retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 3,516 |  |  | 8,226 |  |  | 5,389 |  |  | 2,251 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 4,340 |  |  | 5,449 |  | 267 |  |  | 30,362 |
740-799 | 4,305 |  |  | 6,084 |  |  | 3,557 |  |  | 1,539 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 2,422 |  |  | 5,324 |  | 275 |  |  | 24,201 |
680-739 | 2,228 |  |  | 2,619 |  |  | 1,422 |  |  | 790 |  |  | 386 |  |  | 1,311 |  |  | 3,289 |  | 238 |  |  | 12,283 |
620-679 | 841 |  |  | 896 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 993 |  | 147 |  |  | 4,532 |
<620 | 246 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 620 |  |  | 368 |  | 178 |  |  | 2,629 |
No FICO available(1) | 22 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 380 |  | 1 |  |  | 475 |
Total retail | $11,158 |  |  | $18,251 |  |  | $11,083 |  |  | $5,223 |  |  | $2,457 |  |  | $9,401 |  |  | $15,803 |  | $1,106 |  |  | $74,482 |
(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans, by vintage date and FICO scores, as of December 31, 2021:
| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior to 2017 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | $2,431 |  |  | $3,017 |  |  | $1,230 |  |  | $342 |  |  | $672 |  |  | $2,139 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $9,831 |
740-799 | 4,015 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 746 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 1,086 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 8,329 |
680-739 | 1,116 |  |  | 572 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,932 |
620-679 | 111 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 276 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 878 |
<620 | 24 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 257 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 830 |
No FICO available(1) | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Total residential mortgages | 7,700 |  |  | 5,669 |  |  | 2,637 |  |  | 995 |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 22,822 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 4,394 |  | 281 |  |  | 4,824 |
740-799 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 3,514 |  | 278 |  |  | 3,931 |
680-739 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 1,738 |  | 243 |  |  | 2,153 |
620-679 | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 363 |  | 167 |  |  | 692 |
<620 | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 91 |  | 176 |  |  | 415 |
Total home equity | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 10,100 |  | 1,145 |  |  | 12,015 |
Automobile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 1,887 |  |  | 829 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,703 |
740-799 | 2,418 |  |  | 1,051 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,586 |
680-739 | 1,968 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,700 |
620-679 | 1,029 |  |  | 378 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,899 |
<620 | 164 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 658 |
No FICO available(1) | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total automobile | 7,469 |  |  | 3,227 |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 227 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 14,549 |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 1,361 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  | 840 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 880 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5,836 |
740-799 | 1,555 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 672 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 514 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,964 |
680-739 | 512 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,724 |
620-679 | 50 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 322 |
<620 | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 95 |
No FICO available(1) | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 56 |
Total education | 3,487 |  |  | 3,899 |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | 1,071 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 1,852 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12,997 |
Other retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 233 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 386 |  | — |  |  | 1,079 |
740-799 | 323 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 764 |  | 2 |  |  | 1,706 |
680-739 | 246 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 709 |  | 5 |  |  | 1,413 |
620-679 | 149 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 299 |  | 5 |  |  | 645 |
<620 | 32 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 100 |  | 6 |  |  | 207 |
No FICO available(1) | 44 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |  | 1 |  |  | 380 |
Total other retail | 1,027 |  |  | 911 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 2,588 |  | 19 |  |  | 5,430 |
Total retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 5,912 |  |  | 5,833 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | 3,239 |  |  | 4,780 |  | 281 |  |  | 25,273 |
740-799 | 8,311 |  |  | 4,801 |  |  | 2,210 |  |  | 994 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 1,806 |  |  | 4,278 |  | 280 |  |  | 23,516 |
680-739 | 3,842 |  |  | 2,114 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 2,447 |  | 248 |  |  | 11,922 |
620-679 | 1,339 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 662 |  | 172 |  |  | 4,436 |
<620 | 225 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 191 |  | 182 |  |  | 2,205 |
No FICO available(1) | 54 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 330 |  | 1 |  |  | 461 |
Total retail | $19,683 |  |  | $13,715 |  |  | $7,020 |  |  | $3,366 |  |  | $3,083 |  |  | $7,094 |  |  | $12,688 |  | $1,164 |  |  | $67,813 |
(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets Nonaccrual loans and leases are those on which accrual of interest has been suspended. Loans (other than certain retail loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status when full payment of principal and interest is in doubt, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. When the Company places a loan on nonaccrual status, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income and amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. Interest collections on nonaccrual loans and leases for which the ultimate collectability of principal is uncertain are generally applied to first reduce the carrying value of the asset. Otherwise, interest income may be recognized to the extent of the cash received. A loan or lease may be returned to accrual status if: •principal and interest payments have been brought current, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest; •the loan or lease has otherwise become well-secured and in the process of collection; or •the borrower has been making regularly scheduled payments in full for the prior six months and the Company is reasonably assured that the loan or lease will be brought fully current within a reasonable period. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, and leases are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. Some of these loans and leases may remain on accrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more if management considers the loan collectible. Residential mortgages are generally placed on nonaccrual status when past due 120 days, or sooner if determined to be collateral dependent, unless repayment of the loan is fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA or USDA. Credit card balances are placed on nonaccrual status when past due 90 days or more and are restored to accruing status if they subsequently become less than 90 days past due. All other retail loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. Loans less than 90 days past due may be placed on nonaccrual status upon the death of the borrower, fraud or bankruptcy. The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing loans and leases, and nonaccrual loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| December 31, 2022
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |  |
(in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total | Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial | $51,389 |  | $152 |  | $25 |  | $21 |  | $249 |  | $51,836 |  | $64 |
Commercial real estate | 28,665 |  | 51 |  | 45 |  | 1 |  | 103 |  | 28,865 |  | 7 |
Leases | 1,475 |  | 4 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,479 |  | — |
Total commercial | 81,529 |  | 207 |  | 70 |  | 22 |  | 352 |  | 82,180 |  | 71 |
Residential mortgages(1) | 29,228 |  | 95 |  | 45 |  | 319 |  | 234 |  | 29,921 |  | 187 |
Home equity | 13,719 |  | 64 |  | 19 |  | — |  | 241 |  | 14,043 |  | 185 |
Automobile | 12,039 |  | 152 |  | 45 |  | — |  | 56 |  | 12,292 |  | 9 |
Education | 12,718 |  | 36 |  | 17 |  | 4 |  | 33 |  | 12,808 |  | 3 |
Other retail | 5,294 |  | 44 |  | 30 |  | 22 |  | 28 |  | 5,418 |  | 1 |
Total retail | 72,998 |  | 391 |  | 156 |  | 345 |  | 592 |  | 74,482 |  | 385 |
Total | $154,527 |  | $598 |  | $226 |  | $367 |  | $944 |  | $156,662 |  | $456 |
| December 31, 2021
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |  |
(in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total | Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial | $44,247 |  | $47 |  | $26 |  | $9 |  | $171 |  | $44,500 |  | $36 |
Commercial real estate | 14,247 |  | 6 |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |  | 14,264 |  | 1 |
Leases | 1,570 |  | 14 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1,586 |  | — |
Total commercial | 60,064 |  | 67 |  | 27 |  | 9 |  | 183 |  | 60,350 |  | 37 |
Residential mortgages(1) | 21,918 |  | 102 |  | 52 |  | 549 |  | 201 |  | 22,822 |  | 137 |
Home equity | 11,745 |  | 38 |  | 12 |  | — |  | 220 |  | 12,015 |  | 186 |
Automobile | 14,324 |  | 131 |  | 39 |  | — |  | 55 |  | 14,549 |  | 22 |
Education | 12,926 |  | 34 |  | 13 |  | 1 |  | 23 |  | 12,997 |  | 2 |
Other retail | 5,331 |  | 40 |  | 23 |  | 16 |  | 20 |  | 5,430 |  | 2 |
Total retail | 66,244 |  | 345 |  | 139 |  | 566 |  | 519 |  | 67,813 |  | 349 |
Total | $126,308 |  | $412 |  | $166 |  | $575 |  | $702 |  | $128,163 |  | $386 |
(1) 90+ days past due and accruing includes $316 million and $544 million of loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA and USDA at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest income is generally not recognized for loans and leases that are on nonaccrual status. The Company reverses accrued interest receivable with a charge to interest income upon classifying a loan or lease as nonaccrual. Certain commercial and consumer loans are considered to be collateral-dependent when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the loan collateral. Collateral values for residential mortgage and home equity loans are based on refreshed valuations, which are updated at least every 90 days, less estimated costs to sell. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $561 million and $542 million, respectively. For collateral-dependent commercial loans, the ACL is individually assessed based on the fair value of the collateral. Various types of collateral are used, including real estate, inventory, equipment, accounts receivable, securities and cash, among others. For commercial real estate loans, collateral values are generally based on appraisals which are updated based on management judgment under the specific circumstances on a case-by-case basis. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $21 million and $103 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $250 million and $142 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Troubled Debt Restructurings In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, the Company grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. TDRs typically result from the Company’s loss mitigation efforts and are undertaken in order to improve the likelihood of recovery and continuity of the relationship with the borrower. The Company’s loan modifications are handled on a case-by-case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet the borrower’s financial needs. Concessions granted in TDRs for all classes of loans may include lowering the interest rate, forgiving a portion of principal, extending the loan term, lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, waiving or delaying a scheduled payment of principal or interest for other than an insignificant time period, or capitalizing past due amounts. A rate increase can be a concession if the increased rate is lower than a market rate for debt with risk similar to that of the restructured loan. TDRs for commercial loans may also involve creating a multiple note structure, accepting non-cash assets, accepting an equity interest, or receiving a performance-based fee. In some cases, a TDR may involve multiple concessions. The financial effects of TDRs for all loan classes may include lower income (either due to a lower interest rate or a delay in the timing of cash flows), larger loan loss provisions, and accelerated charge-offs if the modification renders the loan collateral-dependent. In some cases, interest income throughout the term of the loan may increase if, for example, the loan is extended or the interest rate is increased as a result of the restructuring. Retail and commercial loans whose contractual terms have been modified in a TDR and are current at the time of restructuring may remain on accrual status if there is demonstrated performance prior to the restructuring and payment in full under the restructured terms is expected. Retail loans that were discharged in bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower are deemed to be collateral-dependent TDRs and are generally charged off to the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, and less amounts recoverable under a government guarantee (if any). Cash receipts on nonaccrual impaired loans, including nonaccrual loans involved in TDRs, are generally applied to reduce the unpaid principal balance. Certain TDRs that are current in payment status are classified as nonaccrual in accordance with regulatory guidance. Income on these loans may be recognized on a cash basis if management believes that the remaining book value of the loan is realizable. Nonaccrual TDRs that meet the guidelines above for accrual status can be returned to accruing if supported by a well-documented evaluation of the borrowers’ financial condition, and if they have been current for at least six months. Because TDRs are impaired loans, Citizens measures impairment by comparing the present value of expected future cash flows, or when appropriate, the fair value of collateral less costs to sell, to the loan’s amortized cost basis. Any excess of amortized cost basis over the present value of expected future cash flows or collateral value is included in the ALLL. Any portion of the loan’s amortized cost basis the Company does not expect to collect as a result of the modification is charged off at the time of modification. For retail TDR accounts where the expected value of cash flows is utilized, any recorded investment in excess of the present value of expected cash flows is recognized by increasing the ALLL. For retail TDR accounts assessed based on the fair value of collateral, any portion of the loan’s recorded investment in excess of the collateral value less costs to sell is charged off at the time of modification or at the time of subsequent and regularly recurring valuations. In 2020, Citizens implemented various retail and commercial loan modification programs to provide borrowers relief from the economic impacts of COVID-19. The CARES Act and bank regulatory agencies provided guidance stating certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial distress as a result of COVID-19 may not be accounted for as TDRs under U.S. GAAP. In accordance with the CARES Act, Citizens elected to not apply TDR classification to any COVID-19-related loan modification performed after March 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021 for borrowers who were current as of December 31, 2019 or the date of their loan modification. In addition, for loans modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns that were not eligible for relief from TDR classification under the CARES Act, the Company elected to apply the guidance issued by the bank regulatory agencies. Under this guidance, loans with up to six months of deferred principal and interest to borrowers who were current as of March 1, 2020 or the date of their loan modification are not classified as TDRs. For loan modifications that include a payment deferral and are not TDRs, the borrower’s past due and nonaccrual status will not be impacted during the deferral period. Interest income will continue to be recognized over the contractual life of the loan. The following tables summarize loans modified during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The balances represent the post-modification outstanding amortized cost basis and may include loans that became TDRs during the period and were subsequently paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to period end. Pre-modification balances for modified loans approximate the post-modification balances shown.
|  |  |  | December 31, 2022
|  |  |  | Amortized Cost Basis
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction(1) |  | Maturity Extension(2) |  | Other(3) | Total
Commercial and industrial | 29 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $26 |  |  |  | $— |  |  | $26 |
Total commercial | 29 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Residential mortgages | 1,884 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 260 |  |  | 408 |
Home equity | 381 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 25 |
Automobile | 601 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Education | 631 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |
Other retail | 2,320 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |
Total retail | 5,817 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  | 475 |
Total | 5,846 |  |  |  | $68 |  |  |  | $124 |  |  |  | $309 |  |  | $501 |
|  |  |  | December 31, 2021
|  |  |  | Amortized Cost Basis
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction(1) |  | Maturity Extension(2) |  | Other(3) | Total
Commercial and industrial | 44 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $44 |  |  |  | $123 |  |  | $167 |
Total commercial | 44 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  | 167 |
Residential mortgages | 922 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  | 218 |
Home equity | 412 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 29 |
Automobile | 1,463 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 17 |
Education | 807 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Other retail | 2,291 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11 |
Total retail | 5,895 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  | 301 |
Total | 5,939 |  |  |  | $37 |  |  |  | $192 |  |  |  | $239 |  |  | $468 |
|  |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  |  |  | Amortized Cost Basis |
(dollars in millions) | Number of Contracts |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction(1) |  | Maturity Extension(2) |  | Other(3) | Total |
Commercial and industrial | 70 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $107 |  |  |  | $325 |  |  | $432 |  |
Commercial real estate | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |
Total commercial | 71 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 325 |  |  | 439 |  |
Residential mortgages | 473 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 86 |  |
Home equity | 723 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 47 |  |
Automobile | 3,236 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  | 50 |  |
Education | 465 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |
Other retail | 2,591 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |
Total retail | 7,488 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  | 205 |  |
Total | 7,559 |  |  |  | $63 |  |  |  | $161 |  |  |  | $420 |  |  | $644 |  |
(1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction. (2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction). (3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post modification balances being higher than pre-modification. Modified TDRs resulted in charge-offs of $3 million, $6 million and $51 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Unfunded commitments related to TDRs were $81 million and $56 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table provides a summary of TDRs that defaulted (became 90 days or more past due) within 12 months of their modification date:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Commercial TDRs | $— |  |  | $23 |  |  | $54 |
Retail TDRs(1) | 242 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 46 |
Total | $242 |  |  | $118 |  |  | $100 |
(1) Includes $187 million, $61 million and $16 million of loans fully or partially government guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Concentrations of Credit Risk The Company’s lending activity is geographically well diversified with an emphasis in our core markets located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions. Generally, loans are collateralized by assets including real estate, inventory, accounts receivable, other personal property and investment securities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Citizens had a significant amount of loans collateralized by residential and commercial real estate. There were no significant concentration risks within the commercial or retail loan portfolios. Exposure to credit losses arising from lending transactions may fluctuate with fair values of collateral supporting loans, which may not perform according to contractual agreements. The Company’s policy is to collateralize loans to the extent necessary; however, unsecured loans are also granted on the basis of the financial strength of the applicant and the facts surrounding the transaction.

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