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PREMISES, EQUIPMENT, AND SOFTWARE | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract] |
PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE | NOTE 7 - PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease (including renewal options if exercise of those options is reasonably assured) or their estimated useful life, whichever is shorter. Additions to premises and equipment are recorded at cost. The cost of major additions, improvements and betterments is capitalized. Normal repairs and maintenance and other costs that do not improve the property, extend the useful life or otherwise do not meet capitalization criteria are charged to expense as incurred. Citizens evaluates premises and equipment for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. A summary of the carrying value of premises and equipment is presented below:
|  |  | December 31,
(dollars in millions) | Useful Lives (years) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Land and land improvements | 10 - 75 |  | $144 |  |  | $101 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 5 - 60 |  | 879 |  |  | 805 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 4 - 20 |  | 622 |  |  | 589 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 61 |  |  | 77 |
Total premises and equipment, gross |  |  | 1,706 |  |  | 1,572 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (862) |  |  | (804) |
Total premises and equipment, net |  |  | $844 |  |  | $768 |
Depreciation charged to noninterest expense totaled $107 million, $98 million and $110 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in either occupancy or equipment expense, as applicable. Software Costs related to computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized if the projects improve functionality and provide long-term future operational benefits. Capitalized costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the asset’s expected useful life, based upon the basic pattern of consumption and economic benefits provided by the asset. Citizens begins to amortize the software when the asset (or identifiable component of the asset) is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. All other costs incurred in connection with an internal-use software project are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software is included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Citizens had capitalized software assets of $2.6 billion and $2.3 billion and related accumulated amortization of $1.7 billion and $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense was $243 million, $235 million and $215 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense for capitalized software assets is presented below.
Year | (in millions)
2023 | $226 |
2024 | 199 |
2025 | 158 |
2026 | 90 |
2027 | 33 |
Thereafter | 7 |
Total(1) | $713 |
(1) Excluded from this balance is $174 million of in-process software at December 31, 2022.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for long-lived, physical asset used in normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, work of art, historical treasure, and similar asset classified as collections. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 958 -SubTopic 360 -Section 50 -Paragraph 6 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126982197&loc=d3e99893-112916 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 360 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2155823 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 958 -SubTopic 360 -Section 50 -Paragraph 7 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126982197&loc=SL120174063-112916 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 958 -SubTopic 360 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (d) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126982197&loc=d3e99779-112916 + Details
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