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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____ to _____
Commission File Number 001-36636
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 05-0412693
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

One Citizens Plaza, Providence, RI 02903
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(203) 900-6715
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share | CFG | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 5.000% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E | CFG PrE | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.375% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series H | CFG PrH | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $16,220,612,178 (based on the June 30, 2024 closing price of Citizens Financial Group, Inc. common shares of $36.03 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange). There were 437,136,981 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.01 par value) outstanding on February 4, 2025.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of Citizens Financial Group, Inc.’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with Citizens Financial Group, Inc.’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.

|  | Table of Contents |  |
|  | Page |
| Glossary of Acronyms and Terms | 2 |
| Forward-Looking Statements | 5 |
| Part I. |  |
| Item 1. Business | 6 |
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 21 |
| Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 34 |
| Item 1C. Cybersecurity | 34 |
| Item 2. Properties | 35 |
| Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 35 |
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 35 |
| Part II. |  |
| Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 36 |
| Item 6. Reserved | 37 |
| Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38 |
| Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 80 |
| Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 81 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 87 |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 88 |
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 89 |
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 90 |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 91 |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 93 |
| Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 155 |
| Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 155 |
| Item 9B. Other Information | 156 |
| Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 156 |
| Part III. |  |
| Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 156 |
| Item 11. Executive Compensation | 156 |
| Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 157 |
| Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 157 |
| Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 157 |
| Part IV. |  |
| Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 157 |
| Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 161 |
| Signatures | 162 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 1

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
The following is a list of common acronyms and terms used regularly in our financial reporting:

AACL |  | Adjusted Allowance for Credit Losses
ACL |  | Allowance for Credit Losses: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses plus Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments
AFS |  | Available for Sale
ALLL |  | Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
ALM |  | Asset and Liability Management
AOCI |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
ASU |  | Accounting Standards Update
ATM |  | Automated Teller Machine
Bank Holding Company Act |  | The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956
BHC |  | Bank Holding Company
Board or Board of Directors |  | The Board of Directors of Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
bps |  | Basis Points
Capital Plan Rule |  | Federal Reserve Regulation Y Capital Plan Rule
CBNA |  | Citizens Bank, National Association
CCAR |  | Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCB |  | Capital Conservation Buffer
CECL |  | Current Expected Credit Losses (ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments)
CET1 |  | Common Equity Tier 1
CEO |  | Chief Executive Officer
CET1 capital ratio |  | Common Equity Tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
CFPB |  | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CFTC |  | Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Citizens, CFG, the Company, we, us, or our |  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its Subsidiaries
CLTV |  | Combined Loan-to-Value
CMO |  | Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
CODM |  | Chief Operating Decision Maker
COVID |  | Coronavirus Disease
CRA |  | Community Reinvestment Act
CRE |  | Commercial Real Estate
DIF |  | Deposit Insurance Fund
Dodd-Frank Act |  | The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
EAD |  | Exposure at Default
EEO-1 report |  | Mandatory report on workforce demographics submitted annually to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EPS |  | Earnings Per Share
ESPP |  | Employee Stock Purchase Plan
EVE |  | Economic Value of Equity
Exchange Act |  | The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Fannie Mae (FNMA) |  | Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB |  | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIA |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Act

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 2

FDIC |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDM |  | Financially Distressed Modification
Federal Banking Regulators |  | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
FFIEC |  | Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
FHA |  | Federal Housing Administration
FHC |  | Financial Holding Company
FHLB |  | Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO |  | Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)
FINRA |  | Financial Industry Regulation Authority
FRB or Federal Reserve |  | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and, as applicable, Federal Reserve Bank(s)
Freddie Mac (FHLMC) |  | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FTE |  | Fully Taxable Equivalent
FTP |  | Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP |  | Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America
GDP |  | Gross Domestic Product
GLBA |  | Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999
Ginnie Mae (GNMA) |  | Government National Mortgage Association
GSE |  | Government Sponsored Entity
HSBC |  | HSBC Bank U.S.A., N.A.
HSBC transaction |  | Acquisition of HSBC East Coast branches and national online deposit business
HTM |  | Held To Maturity
IDI |  | Insured Depository Institution
Investors |  | Investors Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries
JMP |  | JMP Group LLC
LHFS |  | Loans Held for Sale
LGD |  | Loss Given Default
LIHTC |  | Low Income Housing Tax Credit
LTV |  | Loan to Value
M&A |  | Merger and Acquisition
MD&A |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Mid-Atlantic |  | District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia
Midwest |  | Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio
Modified AACL transition |  | The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to ACL plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build
Modified CECL transition |  | The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to retained earnings plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build
MSRs |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights
New England |  | Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
NM |  | Not meaningful
NMTC |  | New Markets Tax Credit
NSFR |  | Net Stable Funding Ratio
OCC |  | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
OFAC |  | U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 3

Operating Leverage |  | Period-over-period percent change in total revenue, less the period-over-period percent change in noninterest expense
OTC |  | Over the Counter
Parent Company |  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. (the Parent Company of Citizens Bank, National Association and other subsidiaries)
PCD |  | Purchased Credit Deteriorated
PD |  | Probability of Default
peers or peer regional banks |  | Comerica, Fifth Third, Huntington, KeyCorp, M&T, PNC, Regions, Truist and U.S. Bancorp
REIT |  | Real estate investment trust
ROTCE |  | Return on Average Tangible Common Equity
RPA |  | Risk Participation Agreement
RWA |  | Risk-Weighted Assets
SBA |  | United States Small Business Administration
SCB |  | Stress Capital Buffer
SEC |  | United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SOFR |  | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SVaR |  | Stressed Value at Risk
TBAs |  | To-Be-Announced Mortgage Securities
Tier 1 capital ratio |  | Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  | Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by quarterly adjusted average assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
TOP |  | Tapping Our Potential
Total capital ratio |  | Total capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital, and allowance for credit losses and qualifying subordinated debt that qualifies as tier 2 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
USDA |  | United States Department of Agriculture
VA |  | United States Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR |  | Value at Risk
VIE |  | Variable Interest Entity

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 4

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statement that does not describe historical or current facts is a forward-looking statement. These statements often include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “targets,” “initiatives,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook,” “guidance” or similar expressions or future conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “likely,” “should,” “would,” and “could.”
Forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of management, and on information currently available to management. Our statements speak as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update these statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements in light of new information or future events. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation:
•Negative economic, business and political conditions, including as a result of the interest rate environment, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures and labor shortages, that adversely affect the general economy, housing prices, the job market, consumer confidence and spending habits;
•The general state of the economy and employment, as well as general business and economic conditions, and changes in the competitive environment;
•Our capital and liquidity requirements under regulatory standards and our ability to generate capital and liquidity on favorable terms;
•The effect of changes in our credit ratings on our cost of funding, access to capital markets, ability to market our securities, and overall liquidity position;
•The effect of changes in the level of commercial and consumer deposits on our funding costs and net interest margin;
•Our ability to execute on our strategic business initiatives and achieve our financial performance goals across our Consumer and Commercial businesses, including our Private Bank;
•The effects of geopolitical instability, including the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, on economic and market conditions, inflationary pressures and the interest rate environment, commodity price and foreign exchange rate volatility, and heightened cybersecurity risks;
•Our ability to comply with heightened supervisory requirements and expectations as well as new or amended regulations;
•Liabilities and business restrictions resulting from litigation and regulatory investigations;
•The effect of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, net interest margin and our mortgage originations, mortgage servicing rights and mortgages held for sale;
•Changes in interest rates and market liquidity, as well as the magnitude of such changes, which may reduce interest margins, impact funding sources and affect the ability to originate and distribute financial products in the primary and secondary markets;
•Financial services reform and other current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and businesses;
•Environmental risks, such as physical or transition risks associated with climate change, and social and governance risks, that could adversely affect our reputation, operations, business, and customers;
•A failure in or breach of our compliance with laws, as well as operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors or other service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks; and
•Management’s ability to identify and manage these and other risks.

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In addition to the above factors, we also caution that the actual amounts and timing of any future common stock dividends or share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including our capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations, as well as any other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant in making such a determination. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will repurchase shares from or pay any dividends to holders of our common stock, or as to the amount of any such repurchases or dividends.
More information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found under Item 1A “Risk Factors.”
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Citizens Financial Group, Inc. is headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island. We offer a broad range of retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, small businesses, middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions. Our products and services are offered through more than 1,000 branches in 14 states and the District of Columbia and 97 retail and commercial non-branch offices, though certain lines of business serve national markets. At December 31, 2024, we had total assets of $217.5 billion, total deposits of $174.8 billion and total stockholders’ equity of $24.3 billion.
We are a BHC incorporated under Delaware state law in 1984 and our primary federal regulator is the FRB. CBNA is our banking subsidiary, whose primary federal regulator is the OCC.
Business Segments
We manage our business through two primary business segments: Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. Our activities outside these segments are classified as Non-Core or Other. Non-Core includes our indirect auto and certain purchased consumer loan portfolios that we discontinued the origination of in 2023 as part of our balance sheet optimization strategy. Other includes treasury activities, wholesale funding, the securities portfolio, community development assets, and other unallocated assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision (benefit) for credit losses and expenses, including income tax expense. For additional information regarding our business segments see the “Business Operating Segments” section of Item 7 and Note 26 in Item 8.
Consumer Banking Segment
Consumer Banking serves consumer customers and small businesses, with products and services that include deposits, mortgage and home equity lending, credit cards, small business loans, and wealth management and investment services largely across our 14-state traditional banking footprint. We also offer education and point-of-sale finance loans in addition to select digital deposit products nationwide. Citizens Private Bank integrates wealth management and banking services to serve high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals and families, as well as businesses.
Consumer Banking operates a multi-channel distribution network with a workforce of approximately 5,000 branch colleagues, 1,000 branches, including 143 in-store locations, and 3,100 ATMs. Our network includes approximately 1,000 specialists covering lending, savings and investment needs as well as a broad range of small business products and services. We serve customers on a national basis through telephone service centers and our online and mobile platforms where we offer customers the convenience of depositing funds, paying bills and transferring money between accounts and from person to person, as well as a host of other everyday transactions.
Commercial Banking Segment
Commercial Banking primarily serves companies and institutions and strives to be a trusted advisor to our clients and preferred provider for their banking needs. We offer a broad complement of financial products and solutions, including lending and leasing, deposit and treasury management services, foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity risk management solutions, as well as syndicated loans, corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and debt and equity capital markets capabilities.
Commercial Banking is organized around client segments and their banking needs. Corporate Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Capital Markets and Advisory, and Treasury Solutions work together to understand client needs and provide comprehensive solutions to meet those needs. We acquire new clients through a coordinated approach to the market, leveraging deep industry knowledge in specialized banking groups and a geographic coverage model.

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Corporate Banking serves commercial and industrial clients and corporate clients in the United States. In several areas, such as Aerospace, Defense and Government Services, Communications, Transportation and Logistics, Food and Restaurants, Human Capital Management, and Gaming we offer a more dedicated and tailored approach to better meet the unique needs of these client segments.
Commercial Real Estate provides customized debt capital solutions for middle-market operators, institutional developers, investors, and REITs. Commercial Real Estate provides financing for projects primarily in the multi-family, office, industrial, retail, healthcare and hospitality sectors.
Capital Markets and Advisory serves clients through key product groups including Corporate Finance, Capital Markets, and Global Markets. Corporate Finance provides advisory services to middle-market and mid-corporate clients, including mergers and acquisitions and capital structure advice. The team works closely with industry-sector specialists within capital markets to advise our clients. Corporate Finance also provides acquisition and follow-on financing for new and recapitalized portfolio companies of key sponsors, with services meeting the unique and time-sensitive needs of private equity firms, management companies and funds, and underwriting and portfolio management expertise for leveraged transactions and relationships. Capital Markets originates, structures and underwrites credit and equity facilities targeting middle-market, mid-corporate and private equity sponsors. They focus on offering value-added ideas to optimize their capital structures, including advising on and facilitating mergers and acquisitions, valuations, tender offers, financial restructurings, bond and equity underwriting, asset sales, divestitures and other corporate reorganizations and business combinations. Capital Markets also provides sales and trading across loan, fixed income and equity products, as well as other brokerage services including equity research. Global Markets provides foreign exchange, interest rate and commodities risk management services.
The Treasury Solutions product group supports Commercial Banking and certain small business clients with treasury management solutions, including domestic and international products and services related to receivables, payables, information reporting and liquidity management, as well as commercial credit cards and trade finance.
Business Strategy
Our mission is to help our customers, colleagues and communities reach their potential, and our vision is to become a top-performing bank distinguished by our customer-centric culture, mindset of continuous improvement, product innovation, and excellent capabilities. We strive to understand customer and client needs so we can tailor advice and solutions to help make them more successful. Our business strategy is designed to maximize the full potential of our business, drive sustainable growth and enhance profitability. Our success rests on our ability to distinguish ourselves as follows:
Maintain a high-performing, customer-centric organization: We continually strive to enhance our “customer-first” culture by emphasizing the “voice of the customer” to deliver the best possible banking experience. We seek to deepen relationships with our customers by offering a full suite of products designed to meet their unique needs. In addition, we are taking talent management to the next level, with a goal of attracting, developing and retaining great people, while ensuring strong leadership, teamwork, and a sense of empowerment, accountability and urgency.
Develop differentiated value propositions to acquire, deepen, and retain core customer segments: Our focus is on select customer segments where we believe we are well positioned to compete. In Consumer Banking, we focus on serving mass affluent and affluent customers, small businesses and high-net-worth individuals. Our Private Bank serves high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals, family offices, private equity/venture capital firms, and business clients through integrated wealth management and banking services. In Commercial Banking, we focus on serving customers in the middle-market, mid-corporate, and select industry verticals. By developing differentiated and targeted value propositions, building our fee-based businesses and developing innovative product solutions, we believe we can attract new customers, deepen relationships with existing customers and deliver an enhanced customer experience.

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Build excellent capabilities designed to help us stand out from competitors: We strive to deliver seamless, omni-channel experiences that allow customers to interact with us when, where and how they choose. We are enhancing capabilities in key areas including technology, payments, data and analytics, private bank and wealth, collections and fraud, and digital (mobile/online banking and omni-channel servicing). We are on a multi-year digital transformation journey across our Consumer and Commercial organizations to digitize end-to-end customer experiences and transform our marketing to drive consumer-direct acquisition in order to satisfy rapidly changing customer preferences. We strive to use advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence for personalization and to provide timely, insight-driven, tailored advice in order to deliver solutions to consumer and commercial customers throughout their lifecycles.
Operate with financial discipline and a mindset of continuous improvement to self-fund investments: We believe that continued focus on operational efficiency is critical to our future profitability and ability to continue to reinvest to drive future growth. We launched the first Tapping our Potential (“TOP”) initiative in 2014 and have launched additional programs in subsequent years. These programs are designed to transform how we operate and to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and competitiveness of our franchise. Our TOP 9 program was completed in 2024, and we launched a TOP 10 program in 2025 to allow us to continue to self-fund investments.
Prudently grow and optimize our balance sheet: We operate with a strong balance sheet with regard to capital and liquidity, coupled with a well-defined and prudent risk appetite. We continue to focus on thoughtfully growing our balance sheet by actively managing capital and resource allocations towards relationships-oriented growth to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns. Our goal is to be good stewards of our resources and continue to rigorously evaluate our execution.
Modernize our technology and operational models to improve delivery, organizational agility and speed to market: We are continuing to modernize our technology environment by strengthening our infrastructure and migrating applications to the cloud. We have deployed and scaled an agile operating model to improve our speed-to-market, deliver innovative products and services and strengthen collaboration across teams. We also continue to actively incubate new innovative ideas and harness external innovation through FinTech partnerships and access to venture capital firms to help deliver differentiated value-added experiences for our customers. We continue to experiment with and deploy transformative technologies like Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI/Gen AI) across our customer-facing businesses and functions to drive value-add impact and improved experiences for our colleagues and customers.
Embed risk management within our culture and operations: Given that the quality of our risk management program directly affects our ability to execute our strategy, we continue to work to further strengthen our risk management culture. Moreover, we are committed to continuously enhancing our processes and talent, and to making improvements in the platform including ongoing investments in risk technology and frameworks. These actions are designed to support and enhance our risk management capabilities and regulatory profile.
Competition
The financial services industry is highly competitive. Our branch footprint is predominantly in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions, though certain lines of business serve national markets. Within these markets, we face competition from community banks, super-regional and national financial institutions, credit unions, savings and loan associations, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market funds, hedge funds and private equity firms. Some of our larger competitors may make available to their customers a broader array of products, pricing and structure alternatives while some smaller competitors may have more liberal lending policies and processes. In addition, some of our competitors may not be subject to the same regulatory requirements as we are and, therefore, may have lower costs they can pass on to customers. Competition among providers of financial products and services continues to increase, with consumers and businesses having the opportunity to select from a growing variety of traditional and nontraditional alternatives, such as Private Credit/Direct lenders. The ability of non-banking financial institutions, including FinTech companies, to provide services previously limited to commercial banks has also intensified competition.

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In Consumer Banking, the industry has become increasingly dependent on and oriented toward technology-driven delivery systems, permitting transactions to be conducted through online and mobile channels. In addition, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-bank institutions to attract funds and provide lending and other financial products and services. The emergence of digital-only banking models has increased and we expect this trend to continue. Given their lower cost structure, these models are typically able to offer higher rates on deposit products than traditional retail banking institutions. The primary factors driving competition for loans and deposits are interest rates, fees charged, tailored value propositions to different customer segments, customer service levels, convenience, including branch locations and hours of operation, and the range of products and services offered.
In Commercial Banking, we face competition in all our client segments from a variety of industry participants including traditional banking institutions, particularly large regional banks, as well as commercial finance companies, leasing companies, other non-bank lenders, and institutional investors, including collateralized loan obligation managers, hedge funds and private equity firms. Some larger competitors, including certain national banks that compete in our market area, may offer a broader array of products and be in a position to hold more exposure on their balance sheet due to their asset size. We compete on a number of factors including providing innovative corporate finance solutions, quality of customer service and execution, range of products offered, price and reputation.
Human Capital Management
We believe that our long-term success depends on our ability to attract, develop, and retain a high-performing workforce. Our goal is to create an environment where colleagues can thrive personally and professionally and can maximize their potential. As of December 31, 2024, Citizens had 17,287 full-time equivalent employees, primarily across New England and the Mid-Atlantic. Our Board of Directors and its Compensation and Human Resources Committee are responsible for overseeing our human capital management strategy, with senior management providing regular updates to facilitate that oversight.
Leadership, Talent Development, and Talent Acquisition and Internal Mobility
We are on a multi-year journey to build bold leaders at every level and to foster a culture of learning and innovation. We facilitate programs aimed at developing leadership capabilities and building capabilities to ensure colleagues excel in their current roles and are valuable contributors in the future. Citizens Talent Matters, launched in 2024, is a talent marketplace that creates personalized experiences to support skill-building and career advancement for colleagues. We have also expanded educational assistance and educational pathways for emerging and critical skills through our academies, which focus on areas such as Innovation, Agile, Next Gen Tech, Banking and Credit, and Data & Analytics. Continuous learning and a growth mindset are essential for colleagues to thrive as part of our organization and to feel a sense of accomplishment and purpose.
Attracting and retaining talent with the skills and experience necessary to drive our long-term priorities remains integral to achieving our strategic plan. We evaluate candidates on their holistic portfolio of skills and experiences. Ongoing competition for talent in high-volume roles and emerging skill areas persists, and we have implemented new processes to improve the efficiency of the hiring process. Talent selection will continue to have broad impacts on culture, leadership, and productivity at all levels and focus remains on expanding capabilities to attract, select, and retain talent.
Employee Engagement
Listening to our colleagues’ voices and experiences is important to us and is instrumental in helping management evolve company culture to best support our business strategy. Colleague feedback is used to refine our focus, address gaps, and strengthen efforts to improve our organizational effectiveness and colleague experience. We have enhanced our colleague listening efforts to include multiple channels and more frequent touch points, including our annual organizational health survey as well as an interim pulse survey and five life-cycle surveys measuring colleague sentiment at different stages.

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Culture of Inclusion
We aim to foster a culture where all stakeholders feel respected, valued, and heard. Development programs are designed to build a strong pipeline of emerging talent and have been effective in increasing the development of our colleague base. We also partner with external organizations to offer additional resources for reskilling and upskilling colleagues as we build the workforce of the future. An area of focus is the development of partnerships with businesses and community organizations to help identify candidates with diverse backgrounds and perspectives. Information regarding our workforce demographics can be found in our Environmental Social Governance Report and on our website, which includes a link to our most recently filed EEO-1 report.
Various resources are used by management to understand what drives a sense of inclusion and belonging. Analytics are used to help prioritize initiatives, including responses to our Organizational Health Survey, which we segment by various colleague populations to provide additional insights. In addition, we have seven business resource groups (“BRGs”), which we believe are important to enhancing our culture while supporting our enterprise inclusion strategy. They also help to identify and support initiatives that are most important to customers, colleagues, and the community. Our BRGs, which are open to all employees, include Citizens WIN (Women’s Impact Network), Citizens Elev8 (Rising Professionals), Prism (Multicultural), Citizens Pride (LGBTQ+), Citizens Veterans, Citizens Awake (Disability Awareness), and Caring for Citizens (Caregivers). Each BRG is sponsored by a member of the executive team and approximately 3,700 colleagues belonged to at least one BRG as of December 31, 2024.
Health, Well-Being, and Flexibility
We prioritize the health and well-being of our colleagues and their loved ones, offering benefit programs and other resources that support colleagues in all aspects of their lives. We review our offerings on a regular basis and have expanded resources in recent years, with a particular focus on colleague well-being. In 2024, we launched a colleague podcast that explores well-being from the perspectives of different company leaders and colleagues, and began curating monthly content on our intranet aimed at encouraging colleagues to make their well-being a priority. In addition, we introduced Citizens CARES, a colleague emergency assistance program designed to provide financial assistance to team members navigating personal hardships. In recognition of the continued impact of inflation on colleagues, we have absorbed most of the increase to medical plan premiums and kept colleague deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums flat for all medical plans/tiers for 2025.
We embrace flexibility and manage our hybrid workforce in a manner that ensures colleagues are working in ways that best support our customers, foster engagement and innovation, and maintain our company culture.
Fair and Equitable Compensation
We strive to compensate our colleagues fairly based on market data, experience, and performance, and we compare our compensation to other companies in our peer group as well as others in the financial services industry.
Part of our commitment to building and fostering a diverse, inclusive, high-performing culture includes ensuring our compensation and benefits are fair and competitive for all colleagues. We engage an independent third-party expert firm to conduct an annual pay equity analysis, accounting for factors that appropriately explain differences in pay such as role, performance, and experience. Additional information about this analysis, including our most recent results, can be found in our Environmental Social Governance Report and on our website.
Sustainability
Our integrated, enterprise-wide Sustainability & Impact strategy helps us build a better future for all those we serve and, led by robust corporate governance, helps guide the decisions we make. Our strategy means serving our customers and clients, engaging shareholders, monitoring our environmental impact and empowering our colleagues and communities to thrive. Our four focus areas include robust corporate governance, positive climate impact, the workforce of the future, and fostering strong communities, which speak to what we believe are the strengths of our company and how we are driving growth and having a positive impact on our business, society, and the planet.
In 2023, we announced a $50 billion Sustainable Finance Target, including $5 billion in green financing, by 2030. As part of this announcement, we committed to engage corporate clients in high-emitting sectors on climate-related topics and to achieving operational carbon neutrality by 2035.

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For more details regarding our sustainability efforts, go to our website.
Regulation and Supervision
Our operations are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination under federal and state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations cover all aspects of our business, including lending practices, deposit insurance, customer privacy and cybersecurity, capital adequacy and planning, liquidity, safety and soundness, consumer protection and disclosure, permissible activities and investments, and certain transactions with affiliates. These laws and regulations are intended primarily for the protection of customers, depositors, the DIF and the banking system as a whole and not for the protection of shareholders or other investors. The discussion below outlines the material elements of selected laws and regulations applicable to us and our subsidiaries, but do not summarize all possible or proposed changes in laws or regulations. Changes in applicable law or regulation, and in their interpretation and application by regulatory agencies and other governmental authorities, cannot be predicted, but may have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We are subject to examinations by federal banking regulators, as well as the SEC, FINRA, CFTC and various state insurance and securities regulators. In some cases, regulatory agencies may take supervisory actions that may not be publicly disclosed, and such actions may restrict or limit our activities or activities of our subsidiaries. As part of our regular examination process, regulators may advise us to operate under various restrictions as a prudential matter. We have periodically received requests for information from regulatory authorities at the federal and state level, including from banking, securities and insurance regulators, state attorneys general, federal agencies or law enforcement authorities, and other regulatory authorities, concerning our business practices. Such requests are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business. For a further discussion of how regulatory actions may impact our business, see Item 1A “Risk Factors.” For additional information regarding regulatory matters, see Note 25 in Item 8.
Overview
We are a BHC under the Bank Holding Company Act and have elected to be treated as a FHC under amendments to this Act as effected by GLBA. As such, we are subject to the supervision, examination and reporting requirements of the Bank Holding Company Act and the regulations of the FRB, including through the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Under the system of “functional regulation” established under the Bank Holding Company Act, the FRB serves as the primary regulator of our consolidated organization. The OCC serves as the primary regulator for CBNA, and the SEC and FINRA serve as the primary regulators of our broker-dealer subsidiaries.
The federal banking regulators have authority to approve or disapprove mergers, acquisitions, consolidations, the establishment of branches and similar corporate actions. These banking regulators also have the power to prevent the continuance or development of unsafe or unsound banking practices or other violations of law. Federal law governs the activities in which CBNA engages, including the investments it makes and the aggregate amount of available credit that it may grant to one borrower. Various consumer and compliance laws and regulations also affect its operations. The actions the FRB takes to implement monetary policy also affect us.
In addition, CBNA is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the CFPB with respect to consumer protection laws and regulations. The CFPB has broad authority to regulate the offering and provision of consumer financial products by depository institutions, such as CBNA, with more than $10 billion in total assets. The CFPB may promulgate rules under a variety of consumer financial protection statutes, including the Truth in Lending Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. In 2024, CBNA registered as a swap dealer with the CFTC and became a member of the National Futures Association, the self-regulatory organization for participants in the U.S. derivatives industry, to accommodate growth in its hedging business. For more information see “Regulation of Derivatives” below.
Enhanced Prudential Standards and Regulatory Tailoring Rules
As a BHC with over $100 billion in total consolidated assets, we are currently subject to enhanced prudential standards and associated capital and liquidity rules (“Tailoring Rules”). The Tailoring Rules assign each BHC, including its bank subsidiaries, to one of four categories based on its size and certain risk-based indicators. CFG and CBNA are each subject to Category IV standards, the least restrictive of the requirements under the Tailoring Rules.

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Bank and Financial Holding Company Regulation
As a FHC, we may engage in a broader range of activities than a BHC that is not also a FHC. These activities include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and brokerage, merchant banking and other activities that are determined by the FRB, in coordination with the Treasury Department, to be “financial in nature or incidental thereto” or that the FRB determines unilaterally to be “complementary” to financial activities. In addition, a FHC may commence new permissible financial activities or acquire non-bank financial companies engaged in such activities, in either case, with after-the-fact notice to the FRB.
To maintain FHC status, a BHC and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must remain “well capitalized” and “well managed,” as described below under “Federal Deposit Insurance Act.” If a BHC fails to meet these regulatory standards, the FRB could place limitations on its ability to conduct the broader financial activities permissible for FHCs or impose limitations or conditions on the conduct or activities of the BHC or its affiliates. If the deficiencies persisted, the FRB could order the BHC to divest any subsidiary bank or to cease engaging in any activities permissible for FHCs that are not permissible for BHCs, or the BHC could elect to conform its non-banking activities to those permissible for a BHC that is not also a FHC. In addition, the CRA requires U.S. banks to help serve the needs of their communities. If a depository institution subsidiary of a BHC were to receive a CRA rating of less than “satisfactory”, the BHC would be prohibited from engaging in certain activities or acquisitions (see “Community Reinvestment Act” below).
Federal and state laws impose notice and approval requirements for mergers and acquisitions of other depository institutions or BHCs. As noted above, FRB approval is generally not required for BHCs to acquire a company engaged in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as determined by the FRB. Prior regulatory approval is required, however, before a BHC may acquire or control more than 5% of any class of voting shares or substantially all of the assets of a BHC, including a FHC, or a bank. In considering applications for approval of acquisitions, the banking regulators may take several factors into account, including the competitive effects of the transaction in the relevant geographic markets; the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of companies involved in the transaction; the effect of the transaction on the financial stability of the U.S. banking or financial system; the companies’ compliance with anti-money laundering laws and regulations; the convenience and needs of the communities to be served; and the performance record of the IDIs involved in the transaction under the CRA.
Capital and Stress Testing Requirements
We are required to comply with the U.S. Basel III rules, which establish risk-based and leverage capital requirements. The risk-based requirements are based on a banking organization’s RWA, which is inclusive of the organization’s on- and off-balance sheet exposures. We calculate RWA using the standardized approach and have made the AOCI opt-out election, permitting us to exclude components of AOCI from regulatory capital. The leverage requirements are based on a banking organization’s average consolidated on-balance sheet assets.
Under the U.S. Basel III rules, the minimum capital ratios are:
•CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%;
•Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%;
•Total capital ratio of 8.0%; and
•Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%.
For BHCs with $100 billion or more in assets, such as us, the FRB’s capital rules impose an institution-specific SCB on top of each of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above. Banking institutions that fail to meet the effective minimum ratios including the SCB will be subject to constraints on capital distributions, including dividends and share repurchases, and certain discretionary executive compensation. The severity of the constraints depends on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income”, defined as the greater of four quarter trailing net income net of distributions and tax effects not reflected in net income, or the average four quarter trailing net income.
In response to the COVID disruption, the federal banking regulators adopted a final rule relative to regulatory capital treatment of the ACL under CECL. This rule allowed electing banking organizations to delay the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital for a two-year period ending December 31, 2021, followed by a three-year transition period ending December 31, 2024. The three-year transition period phased-in the reversal of the aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay.

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As a Category IV firm under the Tailoring Rules, we are subject to biennial supervisory stress testing and are exempt from company-run stress testing and related disclosure requirements. The FRB supervises Category IV firms on an ongoing basis, including evaluating the capital adequacy and capital planning processes of firms during off-cycle years. We are required to develop, maintain and submit an annual capital plan for review and approval by our Board of Directors, or one of its committees, as well as FR Y-14 reporting requirements.
In July 2023, the federal banking regulators issued a proposal to implement the final components of the Basel III capital framework. The proposal, commonly referred to as Basel III “Endgame,” would significantly revise the capital requirements applicable to large banking organizations with total assets of $100 billion or more, including the Company and CBNA as Category IV firms. Under the proposal, the Company and CBNA would become subject to the same capital treatment regarding the inclusion of AOCI, deductions, and rules for minority interest as Category I and II firms. The proposal would also replace the existing models-based approaches for credit and operational risk, which currently apply to only Category I and II firms, with two new approaches applicable to Category I through IV firms. The first approach would use the existing standardized approach and a proposed revised market risk capital rule, and the second approach would use a new expanded risk-based approach, consisting of new non-models-based approaches for credit, operational, and credit valuation adjustment risk, as well as the proposed revised market risk capital rule. The approach resulting in the lower ratio would establish the binding ratio for purposes of satisfying regulatory capital requirements and buffers, including the SCB. The Company and CBNA would also be required to calculate counterparty credit exposure relating to derivative transactions using the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk and would become subject to the supplementary leverage ratio and the countercyclical capital buffer. As of December 31, 2024, the Company and CBNA expect to remain above the current minimum capital and buffer requirements if the proposal were adopted in its current form. The FRB has indicated that it expects to work with the other federal banking regulators in 2025 on a revised proposal.
We are also subject to the FRB's risk-based capital requirements for market risk. See the “Market Risk” section of Item 7 for additional details.
For more details regarding our regulatory capital and SCB, and the AOCI impact of the Basel III Endgame proposal on our regulatory capital, see the “Capital and Regulatory Matters” section of Item 7.
Liquidity Requirements
The liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) is designed to ensure that a covered bank or BHC maintains an adequate level of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets to cover expected net cash outflows over a 30-day time horizon under an acute liquidity stress scenario. The NSFR is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banking organizations over a one-year time horizon. Under the Tailoring Rules, Category IV firms with less than $50 billion in weighted short-term wholesale funding, such as us, are not subject to any LCR or NSFR requirement.
We are subject to certain liquidity requirements under the Tailoring Rules including liquidity buffer, stress testing, risk management and reporting requirements. In addition, as a Category IV firm, we are required to calculate collateral positions monthly, establish a set of liquidity risk limits, and monitor certain elements of intraday liquidity risk exposures.
Resolution Planning
Category IV firms such as CFG are no longer required to submit resolution plans under section 165(d) of the Dodd-Frank Act. However, CBNA is required to periodically file an IDI resolution plan with the FDIC. This plan enables the FDIC, as receiver, to resolve the institution under applicable receivership provisions of the FDIA in a manner that ensures that depositors receive access to their insured deposits within one business day of the institution’s failure, maximizes the net present value return from the sale or disposition of the institution’s assets and minimizes the amount of any loss to the institution’s creditors. CBNA submitted its most recent resolution plan to the FDIC on December 1, 2022 in accordance with the FDIC’s Statement on Resolution Plans for IDIs issued in 2021.

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On June 20, 2024, the FDIC adopted a final rule that requires IDIs with $100 billion or more in average total assets that are not affiliates of U.S. global systemically important banking organizations, including CBNA, to submit full resolution plans triennially that include a comprehensive strategy from the point of failure to liquidation or return of the institution to the private sector. The identified strategy must ensure timely access to insured deposits, maximize value from the sale or disposition of assets, minimize losses realized by creditors, and address potential risks of adverse effects on U.S. economic conditions or financial stability. In addition, the resolution strategy must utilize the formation and stabilization of a bridge depository institution that continues operation through the completion of the resolution and exit from the bridge depository institution, unless the IDI determines and demonstrates why another strategy would be more appropriate, could be executed across a range of likely failure scenarios, and best addresses the credibility criteria. The final rule also includes criteria for the FDIC to assess the credibility of resolution plans and expands expectations regarding capabilities testing. CBNA’s initial resolution plan submission under the final rule is due on or before July 1, 2025.
Long-Term Debt Requirements
In August 2023, the federal banking regulators issued a proposal that would require large bank holding companies and IDIs with total assets of $100 billion or more, such as CFG and CBNA, to maintain a minimum amount of long-term debt. The joint agency proposal aims to increase the resolvability and resiliency of large banking organizations by mandating a long-term debt requirement to provide the regulatory agencies additional resources to resolve failed banking organizations, foster depositor confidence, and decrease costs to the DIF in the event of a large banking organization failure. Under the proposal, large bank holding companies and IDIs would each be required to maintain a minimum amount of eligible long-term debt equal to the greater of 6 percent of RWA, 3.5 percent of average total consolidated assets, and 2.5 percent of total leverage exposure for those banks subject to the supplementary leverage ratio. The proposal also prohibits large banking organizations from engaging in certain activities that could complicate their resolution and discourages them from holding long-term debt issued by other banks to reduce interconnectedness. The proposal provides for a three-year transition period, with 25 percent of the long-term debt requirement to be met one year after the rule is finalized, 50 percent after two years, and 100 percent after three years.
Standards for Safety and Soundness
The FDIA requires the federal banking regulators to prescribe operational and managerial standards for all IDIs, including CBNA. Regulations and interagency guidelines adopted by these agencies set forth the safety and soundness standards used to identify and address problems at IDIs before capital becomes impaired. If an agency determines that a bank fails to satisfy any standard, it may require the bank to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance, consistent with deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans. If, after being notified to submit a compliance plan, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other types of actions that an undercapitalized institution is subject to under the FDIA as discussed in “Federal Deposit Insurance Act” below. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties.
Federal Deposit Insurance Act
The FDIA requires, among other things, that federal banking regulators take “prompt corrective action” with respect to IDIs that do not meet minimum capital requirements, as described above in “Capital and Stress Testing Requirements.” The FDIA sets forth the following five capital categories: “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” An IDI’s capital category is determined based on how its capital levels compare with various relevant capital measures and certain other factors that are established by regulation. The federal banking regulators must take certain mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to institutions that are undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized, with the actions becoming more restrictive and punitive the lower the institution’s capital category. Under existing rules, an IDI that is not an advanced approaches institution, such as CBNA, is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a CET1 ratio of at least 6.5%, a tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8%, a total capital ratio of at least 10%, and a tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%.

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The FRB’s regulations which are applicable to BHCs, such as the Parent Company, separately define “well capitalized” as having a tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6% and a total capital ratio of at least 10%. As described above under “Bank and Financial Holding Company Regulation”, a FHC that is not well capitalized and well managed (or whose bank subsidiaries are not well capitalized and well managed) under applicable prompt corrective action standards may be restricted in certain of its activities and ultimately may lose FHC status. As of December 31, 2024, both the Parent Company and CBNA were well-capitalized.
The FDIA prohibits insured banks from accepting brokered deposits or offering interest rates on any deposits significantly higher than the prevailing rate in the bank’s normal market area or nationally, depending upon where the deposits are solicited, unless it is “well-capitalized,” or it is “adequately capitalized” and receives a waiver from the FDIC. A bank that is “adequately capitalized” and accepts brokered deposits under a waiver from the FDIC may not pay an interest rate on any deposit in excess of 75 basis points over certain prevailing market rates. The FDIA imposes no such restrictions on a bank that is “well-capitalized.”
Deposit Insurance
The DIF provides insurance coverage for certain deposits, up to a standard maximum deposit insurance amount of $250,000 per depositor based on ownership right and capacity category codes and is funded through assessments on IDIs based on the risk each institution poses to the DIF. CBNA accepts customer deposits insured by the DIF and, therefore, must pay insurance premiums. The FDIC may increase CBNA’s insurance premiums based on various factors, including the FDIC’s assessment of its risk profile. The FDIC also requires large depository institutions, including CBNA, to maintain enhanced deposit account recordkeeping and related information technology system capabilities to facilitate prompt calculation of insured deposits if such an institution was taken into FDIC receivership.
The FDIC, as required under the FDIA, established a plan in September 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio, 1.25% as of September 30, 2024, to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. This plan did not include an increase in the deposit insurance assessment rate. During 2022, the FDIC determined that the DIF reserve ratio was at risk of not reaching the statutory minimum by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028, absent an increase in assessment rates. In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. This increase in assessment rates was intended to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio will reach the required minimum by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028.
In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to impose special assessments to recover the loss to the DIF arising from the protection of uninsured depositors in connection with the systemic risk determination announced on March 12, 2023, following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, as required by the FDIA. Under the final rule, the special assessment was levied on an IDI’s estimated uninsured deposits as reported on its December 31, 2022 Call Report, excluding the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits. The special assessment was imposed at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points to be collected over eight quarterly assessment periods beginning with the first quarter of 2024.
The FDIC’s current estimate of the loss attributable to this systemic risk determination is $18.9 billion. This estimate will be periodically adjusted as assets are sold, liabilities are satisfied, and receivership expenses are incurred. The FDIC would cease collection of special assessments before the end of the initial eight-quarter collection period if they expect the loss to be less than expected assessment collections. The FDIC also reserves the right to impose an extended special assessment collection period after the initial eight-quarter period to collect the difference between losses and amounts collected, and impose a one-time final shortfall special assessment after both receiverships terminate. As of September 30, 2024, the FDIC projects that the special assessment will be collected for an additional two quarters beyond the initial eight-quarter collection period, at an estimated quarterly rate of 1.69 basis points.
Based on the final rule and related accounting guidance, CBNA’s special assessment is approximately $256 million, with $31 million and $225 million, respectively, recognized in other operating expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. CBNA’s special assessment is subject to change if the eventual loss to the DIF differs from the FDIC’s current estimate.
Dividends
Various federal statutory provisions and regulations, as well as regulatory expectations, limit the amount of dividends that we and our subsidiaries may pay.

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Our payment of dividends to our stockholders is subject to oversight by the FRB. In particular, the FRB reviews the dividend policies and share repurchases of a large BHC based on capital plans submitted as part of the CCAR process and the results of stress tests, as discussed under “Capital and Stress Testing Requirements” above. In addition to other limitations, our ability to make any capital distributions, including dividends and share repurchases, is subject to the prior approval of the FRB if we are required to resubmit our capital plan.
Dividends payable by CBNA, as a national bank subsidiary, are limited to the lesser of the amount calculated under a “recent earnings” test and an “undivided profits” test. Under the recent earnings test, a dividend may not be paid if the total of all dividends declared during any calendar year exceeds the sum of current year net income and retained net income of the two preceding years, less any required transfers to surplus, unless the national bank obtains the approval of the OCC. Under the undivided profits test, a dividend may not be paid in excess of the entity’s “undivided profits” (generally accumulated net profits that have not been paid out as dividends or transferred to surplus). Federal banking regulatory agencies have issued policy statements that provide that FDIC-insured depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.
Support of Subsidiary Bank
The Parent Company is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to CBNA and, under appropriate conditions, to commit resources to support CBNA. This support may be required by the FRB at times when the Parent Company may not have the financial resources to do so, or when doing so may not serve our interests or those of our shareholders or creditors. In addition, any capital loans by a BHC to a subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the BHC to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment.
Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders
Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and the FRB’s Regulation W establish certain quantitative limits and other prudential requirements for loans, purchases of assets, and certain other transactions between a member bank, including CBNA, or its subsidiaries and its affiliates.
Section 23A prohibits a bank from entering a “covered transaction” with an affiliate if, after the transaction, the aggregate amount of the bank’s covered transactions with that affiliate would exceed 10% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus, or the aggregate amount of the bank’s covered transactions with all of its affiliates would exceed 20% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus. Covered transactions include loans and other extensions of credit to an affiliate, investments in the securities of an affiliate, purchases of assets from an affiliate, and certain other transactions that expose the bank to the credit risks of its affiliates.
Section 23B requires that transactions, including all covered transactions, be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the bank, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-affiliates (the “Market Terms Requirement”). In addition to covered transactions, the Market Terms Requirement applies to certain other transactions between CBNA and its affiliates, including services between CBNA and the Parent Company and loans to CBNA from the Parent Company.
Under sections 22(g) and (h) of the Federal Reserve Act and the FRB’s Regulation O, we are also subject to quantitative restrictions on extensions of credit to executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their related interests. These extensions of credit may not exceed certain quantitative limits, must be made on substantially the same terms as those currently prevailing in the market for comparable transactions with third parties, and must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. Certain extensions of credit also require the approval of our Board.
Volcker Rule
The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in, sponsoring and having certain relationships with private funds such as certain hedge funds or private equity funds. This statutory provision is commonly called the “Volcker Rule.” Under this rule, we are viewed as having “moderate” trading assets and liabilities, which subjects us to a simplified compliance program requirement that is appropriate for our activities, size, scope, and complexity. This rule does not have a material impact on Citizens.

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Regulation of Derivatives
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act establishes a regulatory framework with respect to OTC derivatives, including swaps and security-based swaps. This framework requires registration of certain market participants as swap dealers and security-based swap dealers, and central clearing and trade execution of certain swaps and security-based swaps on regulated exchanges or execution facilities.
CBNA has registered as a swap dealer with the CFTC and is subject to the CFTC’s regulatory regime, including business conduct standards, recordkeeping, and transaction and financial reporting requirements. CBNA also is subject to regulation by the National Futures Association, a self-regulatory organization.
In addition, CBNA is subject to the OCC’s rules that mandate the exchange of initial margin and variation margin for swaps and security-based swaps between CBNA and specified counterparties that are not centrally cleared through a regulated clearing house. The amount of margin required varies based on the relative risk of the associated swap.
Consumer Financial Protection Regulations
The retail activities of banks are subject to a variety of statutes and regulations designed to protect consumers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. These laws include, but are not limited to, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, and their respective federal regulations and state law counterparts.
In addition to these federal laws and regulations, the guidance and interpretations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such regulations also influence loan and deposit operations.
The CFPB has broad rulemaking, supervisory, examination and enforcement authority over various consumer financial protection laws, including those referenced above, fair lending laws and certain other statutes. The CFPB also has examination and primary enforcement authority with respect to depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets, such as CBNA, including the authority to prevent unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in connection with the offering of consumer financial products.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve adopted rules applicable to banks with $10 billion or more in assets, such as CBNA, that establish standards for debit card interchange fees and prohibit network exclusivity and routing restrictions. These rules establish a maximum permissible interchange fee that banks may charge for many types of debit card transactions. In October 2023, the Federal Reserve proposed amendments to these rules that would reduce this maximum permissible interchange fee and establish automatic updates to the fee every other year based on a survey of debit card issuers. We will continue to monitor the proposed changes to these rules.
The Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt stricter consumer protection laws and standards than those adopted at the federal level, and in certain circumstances allows state attorneys general to enforce compliance with both the state and federal laws and regulations on banks like us.
Protection of Customer Personal Information and Cybersecurity
The privacy provisions of GLBA generally prohibit financial institutions, including us, from disclosing nonpublic personal financial information of consumer customers to third parties for certain purposes unless customers have the opportunity to opt out of the disclosure. The Fair Credit Reporting Act restricts information sharing among affiliates for marketing purposes. Both the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V, which are issued by the FRB, govern the use and provision of information to consumer reporting agencies.
In October 2024, the CFPB adopted a rule regarding personal financial data rights that applies to financial institutions that offer consumer deposit accounts, such as CBNA. Covered financial institutions are required to provide consumers electronic access to 24 months of transaction data and certain account information and are prohibited from imposing any fees or charges for maintaining or providing access to such data. The rule also imposes data accuracy, retention and other obligations. For banks with total assets between $10 billion and $250 billion, compliance with the rule is required by April 1, 2027.

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The federal banking regulators regularly issue guidance regarding cybersecurity intended to enhance cyber risk management standards among financial institutions. Financial institutions are expected to design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers when accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. Further, a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware or other compromise of customer data and/or systems. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack or compromise. If we fail to observe the regulatory guidance, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties. For further discussion of risks related to cybersecurity, see Item 1A “Risk Factors.”
A financial institution is also required to notify its primary banking regulator within 36 hours of computer-security incidents that have materially disrupted or degraded, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade its:
•ability to carry out banking operations, activities, or processes, or deliver banking products and services to a material portion of its customer base;
•business lines, including associated operations, services, functions, and support, that upon failure would result in a material loss of revenue, profit, or franchise value; or
•operations, including associated services, functions, and support, the failure or discontinuance of which would pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States.
In addition, the SEC requires registrants to disclose material cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K, which must describe the material aspects of the nature, scope and timing of the incident, as well as the impact of the incident on the registrant. In Form 10-K filings, registrants are required to describe their processes for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats and whether such risks have materially affected the registrant. Registrants must also describe Board oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats and management’s role and expertise in assessing and managing material risks from such threats. See Item 1C “Cybersecurity” for more information.
State regulators have also been active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Several states have adopted laws and regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and provide details with respect to these programs. In addition, many states have implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. We expect this trend of state-level activity to continue and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which we operate.
Climate-Related Laws and Regulations
On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted a final rule to require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports. On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued an order staying its final rule pending completion of the judicial review of certain petitions challenging the rule. Several states in which we operate have also enacted or proposed statutes or regulations addressing climate-related issues. For example, California has enacted laws that impose climate-related disclosure requirements on certain companies doing business in California, while some states have enacted, or proposed to enact, divergent or sometimes conflicting statutes, including those that prohibit financial institutions from denying or canceling products or services on the basis of social credit scores and certain other factors. We will continue to monitor developments on these laws and regulations.

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Community Reinvestment Act
The CRA requires CBNA’s primary federal bank regulatory agency, the OCC, to evaluate the bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities it serves, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods and individuals. Institutions are assigned one of four ratings: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve,” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” A bank’s CRA record is considered by regulatory agencies in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or facility. In addition, the CRA record of a subsidiary bank of a FHC is considered if a FHC wishes to commence certain new financial activities or to acquire a company engaged in such activities, which requires a rating of at least “satisfactory.” CBNA received an “Outstanding” rating on its most recent CRA evaluation.
In October 2023, the federal banking regulators issued a joint final rule that revises the agencies’ CRA regulations. The primary provisions of the final rule, along with the most significant changes from the existing CRA regulatory framework, are outlined below:
•a tiered evaluation framework is established based on a bank’s asset size, similar to the existing CRA regulatory framework;
•the geographic area in which banks may be evaluated for performance is expanded to include areas outside of where they have physical locations in order to capture the varied activities a bank conducts, such as online and mobile banking, and the communities in which it operates;
•bank retail lending and community development financing will be evaluated using a new metrics-based approach; and
•clarifies eligible CRA activities, such as affordable housing.
The final rule took effect on April 1, 2024, with most of its requirements effective January 1, 2026, and certain reporting requirements effective January 1, 2027. A court has issued a preliminary injunction enjoining the federal banking regulators from enforcing the revised regulations pending resolution of the lawsuit challenging the regulations. We will continue to monitor the outcome of this preliminary injunction.
Compensation
Our compensation practices are subject to oversight by the federal banking regulators. Guidance issued jointly by the federal banking regulators is designed to ensure that incentive compensation arrangements take into account risk and are consistent with safe and sound practices. The guidance sets forth the following three key principles with respect to incentive compensation arrangements:
•the arrangements should provide employees with incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk;
•the arrangements should be compatible with effective controls and risk management; and
•the arrangements should be supported by strong corporate governance.
The U.S. financial regulators, including the FRB, the OCC and the SEC, jointly proposed regulations in 2011 and again in 2016 to implement the incentive compensation requirements of Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Regulations implementing the requirements of Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Act have not been finalized and future implementation remains uncertain.

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Anti-Money Laundering
The Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and the Patriot Act contain anti-money laundering (“AML”) and financial transparency provisions intended to detect and prevent the use of the U.S. financial system for money laundering and terrorist financing activities. The BSA, as amended by the Patriot Act, requires depository institutions and their holding companies to maintain an AML program, verify the identity of customers and certain beneficial owners for legal entity customers, monitor for and report suspicious transactions, report on cash transactions exceeding specified thresholds, and respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies. We are also required to provide our employees with AML training, designate an AML compliance officer, and undergo an annual, independent audit to assess the effectiveness of our AML program. We have implemented policies, procedures, and internal controls that are designed to comply with these AML requirements. Financial services regulators are focusing their examinations on AML compliance, and we continue to monitor and augment, where necessary, our AML compliance programs. The federal banking agencies are required, when reviewing bank and bank holding company acquisition or merger applications, to take into account the effectiveness of the AML activities of the applicants.
The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), enacted in 2021 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, requires the U.S. Treasury Department to issue National Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism Priorities and conduct studies and issue regulations that may, over the next few years, significantly alter some of the due diligence, recordkeeping and reporting requirements that the BSA and the Patriot Act impose on financial institutions. The AMLA also increases penalties for violations of the BSA and significantly expands a whistleblower award program both of which could increase the prospect of regulatory enforcement. In 2021, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the U.S. Treasury Department, issued the priorities for AML and countering the financing of terrorism policy, as required under the AMLA. These priorities include corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing.
Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation
The U.S. has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others, that are administered by OFAC. OFAC-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms and generally contain one or more of the following elements:
•restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on U.S. persons engaging in financial transactions relating to, making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and
•a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction, including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons. Blocked assets (e.g., property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC.
Lists including the names of individuals and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, including the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, is published and routinely updated by OFAC. We are responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of, and transactions with, such targets and countries, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked transactions after they occur. If we identify a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list we must freeze the associated account, file a suspicious activity report and notify the appropriate authorities. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences.
Regulation of Broker-Dealers
Our subsidiaries, Citizens Securities, Inc., and Citizens JMP Securities, LLC are registered broker-dealers with the SEC and subject to regulation and examination by the SEC as well as FINRA and other self-regulatory organizations. These regulations cover a broad range of matters, including capital requirements; sales and trading practices; use of client funds and securities; the conduct of directors, officers and employees; record-keeping and recording; supervisory procedures to prevent improper trading on material nonpublic information; qualification and licensing of sales personnel; and limitations on the extension of credit in securities transactions. In addition to federal registration, state securities commissions require the registration of certain broker-dealers.

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Heightened Risk Governance Standards
CBNA is subject to OCC guidelines that impose heightened risk governance standards on large national banks with average total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more. The guidelines set forth minimum standards for the design and implementation of a bank’s risk governance framework and its associated oversight by a bank’s board of directors. The guidelines are intended to protect the safety and soundness of covered banks and improve the ability of bank examiners to assess compliance with the OCC’s expectations. Under the guidelines, a bank may use the risk governance framework of its parent company if it meets the minimum standards and the risk profiles of the parent company and the covered bank are substantially the same, along with certain other conditions. CBNA has elected to use the Parent Company’s risk governance framework. A bank’s board of directors is required to have two members who are independent of bank and parent company management, ensure that the risk governance framework meets the appropriate standards, provide active oversight and a credible challenge to management’s recommendations and decisions, and ensure that decisions made by the parent company do not jeopardize the safety and soundness of the bank.
Intellectual Property
In the highly competitive banking industry in which we operate, trademarks, service marks and logos are important to the success of our business. We own and license a variety of trademarks, service marks, and logos and are developing resources to enhance our stand-alone brands.
Website Access to Citizens’ Filings with the SEC and Corporate Governance Information
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K are available on our website, free of charge, at investor.citizensbank.com, along with amendments to such reports that are filed or furnished to the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act of 1934. These documents are made available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Information about our Board and its committees and corporate governance, including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, is available on our website at investor.citizensbank.com/about-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance. Except as specifically incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, information on the aforementioned websites is not part of this report.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to a number of risks potentially impacting our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As a financial services organization, certain elements of risk are inherent in what we do and the decisions we make. Therefore, we encounter risk as part of the normal course of our business and design risk management processes to help manage these risks. See the “Risk Governance” section in Item 7 for a discussion of our risk management framework and the primary risks we face.
You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, the risk factors described below are not the only ones we face and should not be considered a complete list of risks that we may encounter. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business. See the “Forward-Looking Statements” section above for other factors that could affect us.
Risks Related to Our Business
We may not be able to successfully execute our business strategy.
Our business strategy is designed to maximize the full potential of our business, drive sustainable growth and enhance profitability, with our success resting on our ability to distinguish ourselves. Our future success and the value of our stock depends, in part, on our ability to effectively implement our business strategy and achieve our financial performance goals across our Consumer and Commercial businesses, including our Private Bank. There are risks and uncertainties, many of which are not within our control, associated with each element of our strategy. If we are not able to successfully execute our business strategy, we may not achieve our financial performance goals and any shortfall may be material. See the “Business Strategy” section in Item 1 for further information.

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Supervisory requirements and expectations on us as a financial holding company and a bank holding company and any regulator-imposed limits on our activities could adversely affect our ability to implement our strategic plan, expand our business, continue to improve our financial performance and make capital distributions to our stockholders.
Our operations are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the federal banking regulators, as well as the CFPB. As part of the supervisory and examination process, if we are unsuccessful in meeting the regulatory requirements and supervisory expectations that apply to us, regulatory agencies may from time to time take supervisory actions against us, including actions that may not be publicly disclosed. Such actions may include restrictions on our activities or the activities of our subsidiaries, informal (nonpublic) or formal (public) supervisory actions or public enforcement actions, including the payment of civil money penalties, which could increase our costs and limit our ability to implement our strategic plans and expand our business, and as a result could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1 for further information.
Inflationary pressures could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
Volatility and uncertainty related to inflation and the effects of inflation may enhance or contribute to some of the risks of our business by negatively impacting our costs and expenses, including increasing funding costs and expenses related to talent acquisition and retention, and negatively impacting consumer demand and client purchasing power for our products and services, as well as the ability of borrowers to repay their obligations. These inflationary pressures would likely have an adverse impact on our business, financial position and results of operations.
Our ability to meet our obligations, and the cost of funds to do so, depend on our ability to access identified sources of liquidity at a reasonable cost.
Liquidity risk is the risk arising from the inability to meet our obligations when they come due. We must maintain adequate funding to meet current and future obligations, including customer loan requests, deposit maturities and withdrawals, debt service, leases, and other cash commitments, under both normal operating conditions and periods of company-specific and/or market stress.
We rely on customer deposits to be our primary stable and low-cost source of funding. Our funding sources also include our ability to securitize loans in secondary markets, raise funds in the debt and equity capital markets, pledge loans and/or securities for borrowing from the FHLB, pledge securities as collateral for borrowing under repurchase agreements, and sell AFS securities.
Our ability to meet our obligations and support our operations could be materially affected by a variety of conditions, including market-wide illiquidity or disruption, a loss of market or customer confidence in the financial services industry generally or in the Company specifically, or reductions in one or more of our credit ratings. This could limit our ability to retain our deposits, securitize or sell assets, access the debt or equity capital markets, or otherwise borrow money at a reasonable cost. Additionally, these conditions, among others, if severe enough, could create unanticipated material outflows of cash due to, among other factors, draws on unfunded commitments or deposit attrition, which could have significant adverse impact on our liquidity. Further, changes to the FHLB’s or the FRB’s underwriting guidelines for wholesale borrowings or lending policies may limit or restrict our ability to borrow, and therefore could have a significant adverse impact on our liquidity.
Changes in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our liquidity and profitability.
Changes in interest rates can have a material impact on the value of our securities portfolio, the primary objective of which is to provide a readily available source of liquidity. An increase in rates could lower the collateral value of these securities, reducing the amount we could borrow, and lead to losses in the event of their sale.
Since our earning assets are primarily in the form of loans and debt securities, changes in interest rates can have a material impact on our net interest income, net interest margin, fee income, and credit costs. Our asset yields and funding costs may not rise or fall in parallel in response to changes in interest rates, causing our net interest income to increase or decrease and our net interest margin to expand or contract. If our funding costs rise faster than our asset yields, or if our asset yields fall faster than our funding costs, our net interest income could decrease, and our net interest margin could contract.

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An increase in interest rates could cause lower demand for loans by customers, reducing our net interest income due to lower loan balances and origination-related fee income due to lower production volume, and could also have an adverse impact on our credit costs, as borrowers may have difficulty in making higher interest payments. Additionally, an increase in rates could cause the recognition of losses on our AFS securities portfolio if the securities needed to be sold.
Similarly, a decrease in interest rates could reduce our net interest income, net interest margin and fee income. A prolonged period of low interest rates may result in us holding lower yielding loans and securities should rates rise rapidly after the period of low interest rates.
Changes in the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates (i.e., the yield curve) can also have a material impact on our net interest income and net interest margin. If the yield curve, typically upward sloping with short-term rates lower than long-term rates, were to flatten or invert, our net interest income and net interest margin may decrease if the cost of our short-term funding increases relative to the yield we can earn on our long-term assets.
Interest rates and the yield curve are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Open Market Committee. Although we have policies and procedures designed to manage our interest rate risk, as further discussed in the “Risk Governance” section in Item 7, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures will be effective in avoiding material adverse effects on our profitability.
We could fail to attract, retain or motivate highly-skilled and qualified personnel, including our senior management, other key employees or members of our Board, which could impair our ability to successfully execute our strategic plan and otherwise adversely affect our business.
Our ability to implement our strategic plan and our future success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly-skilled and qualified personnel, including our senior management and other key employees and directors. The marketplace for skilled personnel continues to be competitive, which means the cost of hiring, incentivizing and retaining skilled personnel may continue to rise. The failure to attract and retain highly-skilled and qualified personnel could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage and impair our ability to implement our strategic plan successfully and achieve our performance targets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Limitations on the manner in which regulated financial institutions, such as us, can compensate their officers and employees, including those contained in pending rule proposals implementing the requirements of Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Act, may make it more difficult for such institutions to compete for talent with financial institutions and other companies not subject to these or similar limitations. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially.
A reduction in our credit ratings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Credit ratings affect the cost and associated terms upon which we are able to obtain funding. Rating agencies regularly evaluate us, with their ratings based on a number of factors, including our financial strength and conditions affecting the financial services industry generally. Any downgrade in our ratings would likely increase our borrowing costs and could limit our access to capital markets, which would adversely affect our business. For example, a ratings downgrade could adversely affect our ability to sell or market our securities, including long-term debt, engage in certain longer-term derivative transactions and retain customers, who may require a minimum credit rating in order to place funds with us. In addition, under the terms of our derivatives contracts, we may be required to maintain a minimum credit rating, post additional collateral or terminate such contracts. Any of these impacts of a ratings downgrade could increase our cost of funding, reduce our liquidity and have adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For more information regarding our credit ratings, see the “Liquidity” section in Item 7.

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Our financial performance may be adversely affected by deterioration in borrower credit quality.
Risks arising from actual or perceived changes in credit quality and uncertainty over the recoverability of amounts due from borrowers is inherent in our businesses. If the economic environment were to deteriorate, more of our borrowers may have difficulty in repaying their loans which could result in higher credit losses and increased loan loss provision expense. Further, our credit risk and credit losses may increase to the extent our loans are concentrated by loan type, industry segment, collateral type, borrower type, or location of the collateral or borrower.
A significant portion of our earnings assets are in the form of loans to borrowers across the U.S., primarily for residential, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, education, and other retail purposes. A deterioration in economic conditions or changes in consumer or business behavior that negatively impacts home or commercial property values could, in event of the borrower’s default, result in materially higher credit losses. Similarly, elevated unemployment levels and higher interest rates can adversely affect our customers’ ability to repay their loans, which can negatively impact our credit performance.
The credit quality of our borrowers may deteriorate for a number of reasons that are outside our control, including prevailing economic and market conditions and collateral valuations. The trends and risks affecting borrower credit quality have caused, and in the future may cause, us to experience credit losses, impairment charges, increased repurchase demands, higher recovery costs, and an inability to engage in routine funding transactions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our framework for managing risks may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.
Our risk management framework is made up of various processes and strategies to manage our risk exposure. The framework to manage risk, including the framework’s underlying assumptions, may not be effective under all conditions and circumstances. If the risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.
One of the main types of risks inherent in our business is credit risk. An important feature of our credit risk management system is to employ an internal credit risk control system through which we identify, measure, monitor and mitigate the existing and emerging credit risk of our customers. This process involves a detailed analysis of the customer or credit risk, taking into account both quantitative and qualitative factors, and is inherently subject to human error. In exercising their judgment, our employees may not always be able to assign an accurate credit rating to a customer or credit risk, which may result in our exposure to higher credit risks than indicated by our risk rating system.
In addition, we have undertaken certain actions to enhance our credit policies and guidelines to address potential risks associated with particular industries or types of customers. However, we may not be able to effectively implement these initiatives, or consistently follow and refine our credit risk management system, which may result in an increase in the level of nonaccrual loans and a higher risk exposure for us, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Changes in our accounting policies or standards could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition.
The FASB and SEC periodically change financial accounting and reporting standards that govern accounting for our financial results and preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which would result in the recasting of our prior period financial statements.

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Our financial and accounting estimates and risk management framework rely on analytical forecasting and models.
The processes we use to estimate loan losses, measure the fair value of financial instruments and estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other market measures on our financial condition and results of operations are reliant upon the use of analytical and forecasting models. Some of our tools and metrics for managing risk are based on observed historical market behavior, and we rely on quantitative models to measure risks and to estimate certain financial values. Models may be used in processes such as determining the pricing of various products, grading loans and extending credit, measuring interest rate and other market risks, predicting losses, assessing capital adequacy and calculating regulatory capital levels, as well as estimating the value of financial instruments and balance sheet items, including goodwill. Poorly designed or implemented models could adversely affect our business decisions if the information is inadequate. In addition, our models may fail to predict future risk exposures if the information used is inaccurate, obsolete or not sufficiently comparable to actual events as they occur. We seek to incorporate appropriate historical data in our models, but the range of market values and behaviors reflected in any period of historical data is not always predictive of future developments in any particular period and the period of data we incorporate into our models may turn out to be inappropriate for the future period being modeled. In these instances, our ability to manage risk would be limited and our risk exposure and losses could be significantly greater than our models indicated, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our revenues and profits. Finally, information provided to our regulators based on poorly designed or implemented models could be inaccurate or insufficient, which could adversely affect some of the decisions that our regulators make, including those related to capital distributions to our stockholders, and subject us to supervisory criticism and costs relating to remediation.
The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make subjective determinations and use estimates that may vary from actual results and materially impact our financial condition and results of operations.
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make significant estimates that affect the financial statements. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations and, at times, require management to exercise judgment in their application so as to report our financial condition and results of operations in the most appropriate manner. Certain accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and the likelihood that materially different estimates would result under different conditions or through the utilization of different assumptions. Our critical accounting estimates include the ACL, fair value measurements and the evaluation and measurement of goodwill for impairment. If our estimates are inaccurate or need to be adjusted periodically, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially impacted. For more information regarding our use of estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, see Note 1 in Item 8 and the “Critical Accounting Estimates” section in Item 7.
Operational risks are inherent in our businesses.
Our operations depend on our ability to process a very large number of transactions efficiently and accurately while complying with applicable laws and regulations. Operational risk and losses can result from internal and external fraud; improper conduct or errors by employees or third parties; failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper authorization; failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements and business conduct rules; equipment failures, including those caused by natural disasters or by electrical, telecommunications or other essential utility outages; business continuity and data security system failures, including those caused by computer viruses, cyber-attacks against us or our vendors, coding errors, or unforeseen problems encountered while implementing new computer systems or upgrades to existing systems; or the inadequacy or failure of systems and controls, including those of our suppliers or counterparties. Although we implement risk controls and loss mitigation actions and devote substantial resources to developing efficient procedures, identifying and rectifying weaknesses in existing procedures and training staff, it is not possible to be certain that such actions have been or will be effective in controlling each of the operational risks we face. Any weakness in these systems or controls, or any breaches or alleged breaches of such laws or regulations, could result in increased regulatory supervision, enforcement actions and other disciplinary action, especially in light of heightened regulatory expectations around information security, and have an adverse impact on our business, applicable authorizations and licenses, reputation and results of operations.

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The financial services industry, including the banking sector, continues to make technological enhancements to meet customer preferences, as well as meet legal and regulatory requirements, and we may not be able to compete effectively as a result of these changes.
Technology within the financial services industry continues to evolve and new, unexpected technological changes, including those related to artificial intelligence, could have a transformative effect on the way banks offer products and services. We believe our success depends, to a great extent, on our ability to utilize technology to offer products and services that address the needs of our customers and to create efficiencies in our operations. However, we may not be able to, among other things, keep up with the rapid pace of technological changes, effectively implement new technology-driven products and services, or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. As a result, our ability to compete effectively to attract or retain business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
In addition, changes in the legal and regulatory framework under which we operate require us to update our information systems to ensure compliance. Our need to review and evaluate the impact of ongoing rule proposals, final rules and implementation guidance from regulators further complicates the development and implementation of new information systems for our business. Regulatory guidance continues to be focused on the need for financial institutions to perform appropriate due diligence and ongoing monitoring of third-party vendor relationships, thus increasing the scope of management involvement and decreasing the efficiency otherwise resulting from our relationships with third-party technology providers. Given the significant number of ongoing regulatory reform initiatives, it is possible that we incur higher than expected information technology costs in order to comply with current and impending regulations. Also, see “Supervisory requirements and expectations on us as a financial holding company and a bank holding company and any regulator-imposed limits on our activities could adversely affect our ability to implement our strategic plan, expand our business, continue to improve our financial performance and make capital distributions to our stockholders.”
We are subject to a variety of cybersecurity risks that, if realized, could adversely affect how we conduct our business.
Evolving technologies, including the introduction of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, nation-states, activists and other external parties present a significant information security risk to large financial institutions such as us. Third parties with whom we or our customers do business also present operational and information security risks to us, including security breaches or failures of their own systems. Risks related to cyber-attacks on our vendors and other third parties, including supply chain attacks affecting our software and information technology service providers, are on the rise as such attacks become more frequent and severe. Employee error, failure to follow security procedures, or malfeasance also present these risks. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks as well as in the third-party computer systems and networks used to provide products and services on our behalf. Although we believe that we have appropriate information security procedures and controls based on our adherence to applicable laws and regulations and industry standards, our technologies, systems, and networks may be the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, theft, sale or loss or destruction of the confidential and/or proprietary information of CFG, and our customers, vendors, counterparties, or employees. We and our third-party vendors are under continuous threat of loss or network degradation due to cyber-attacks, such as computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, ransomware, and Distributed Denial of Service (“DDoS”) attacks (collectively, “fraudulent schemes”). Also, our customers are routinely the target of fraudulent schemes. This is especially true as we continue to expand customer capabilities to utilize the Internet and other remote channels to transact business. Two of the most significant cyber-attack risks that we face as a result of these fraudulent schemes are potential loss of funds resulting from customers falling victim to cybercriminal communications directed to them or unauthorized access to sensitive customer data. Cybercriminals can use fraudulent schemes directly targeting our customers or our own systems to compromise and directly extract funds from a customer’s account or access sensitive customer data. Certain technology protections such as Customer Profiling and Step-Up Authentications have been implemented, but there can be no assurance that these protections will be effective.

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As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our layers of defense, to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities internally, to assess and mitigate issues associated with customers that have fallen victim to fraudulent schemes, and perform additional due diligence with respect to our third-party vendors. System enhancements and updates may also create risks associated with implementing new systems and integrating them with existing ones. Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of information technology systems, the process of enhancing our layers of defense can itself create a risk of system disruptions and security issues. In addition, addressing certain information security vulnerabilities, such as hardware-based vulnerabilities, may affect the performance of our information technology systems. The ability of our hardware and software providers to deliver patches and updates to mitigate vulnerabilities in a timely manner can introduce additional risks, particularly when a vulnerability is being actively exploited by threat actors. Cyber-attacks against the patches themselves have also proven to be a significant risk that companies will have to address going forward.
Despite our efforts to prevent a cyber-attack, a successful cyber-attack could persist for an extended period of time before being detected, and, following detection, could take considerable time for us to obtain full and reliable information about the cybersecurity incident and the extent, amount and type of information compromised. During the course of an investigation, we may not necessarily know the full effects of the incident or how to remediate it, and actions and decisions that are taken or made in an effort to mitigate risk may further increase the costs and other negative consequences of the incident. Moreover, existing regulations may require us to disclose information about a cybersecurity event before it has been resolved or fully investigated.
The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and can be initiated from a variety of sources, including terrorist organizations and hostile foreign governments. These actors may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other third-party users of our systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to data or our systems. In the event that a cyber-attack is successful, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business.
Any failure, interruption or breach in the security of our communication and information systems, including due to cyber-attacks or our failure to adequately maintain and manage our systems or implement system changes and upgrades, could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. Although our policies and procedures are designed to prevent or limit the effect of the possible failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures will be successful and that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems could require us to devote substantial resources to recovery and response efforts, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability. Although we maintain insurance coverage for information security events, we may incur losses as a result of such events that are not insured against or not fully covered by our insurance.
We rely on third parties for the performance of a significant portion of our information technology.
Third parties perform a significant portion of our information technology functions and the provision of information technology and business process services including, but not limited to, the operation of our data communications networks, hosted services, and a wide range of other support services. The success of our business depends in part on the continuing ability of third parties to perform these functions and services in a timely and satisfactory manner, which performance could be disrupted or otherwise adversely affected due to failures or other information security events originating at the third parties or at the third parties’ suppliers or vendors (so-called “fourth party risk”). We may not be able to effectively monitor or mitigate third or fourth-party risk, in particular as it relates to the use of common suppliers or vendors by the third parties that perform functions and services for us. If we experience a disruption in the provision of any functions or services performed by third parties, we may have difficulty in finding alternate providers on terms favorable to us and in reasonable time frames. If these services are not performed in a satisfactory manner, we would not be able to adequately serve our customers. In either situation, our business could incur significant costs and be adversely affected.

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We are exposed to reputational risk and the risk of damage to our brands and the brands of our affiliates.
Our success and results depend on our reputation and the strength of our brands. We are vulnerable to adverse market perception as we operate in an industry where integrity, customer trust and confidence are paramount. We are exposed to the risk that litigation, employee misconduct, operational failures, the outcome of regulatory or other investigations or actions, press speculation and negative publicity, and perception of our environmental, social and governance practices and disclosures, among other factors, could damage our brands or reputation. Our brands and reputation could also be harmed if we sell products or services that do not perform as expected or customers’ expectations for the product are not satisfied.
Unpredictable catastrophic events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
The occurrence of catastrophic events, including pandemics, terrorists attacks, extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tropical storms, or tornadoes, and other large-scale catastrophes could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of our borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, and cause significant property damage or operational disruptions, resulting in loss of revenue or causing us to incur additional expenses.
Furthermore, although we maintain both business continuity and disaster recovery plans, if a catastrophic event rendered our production and recovery data unusable, there can be no assurance that these plans and related capabilities will adequately protect us from such an event, and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.
The effects of geopolitical instability may adversely affect us and create significant risks and uncertainties for our business, with the ultimate impact dependent on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable.
Ongoing geopolitical instability, such as the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, has negatively impacted, and could in the future negatively impact, the global and U.S. economies, including by causing supply chain disruptions, rising prices for oil and other commodities, volatility in capital markets and foreign currency exchange rates, rising interest rates and heightened cybersecurity risks. The extent to which such geopolitical instability adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our liquidity and capital profile, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including the extent and duration of the wars and the associated immeasurable humanitarian toll inflicted as a result. If geopolitical instability adversely affects us, it may also have the effect of heightening other risks related to our business.
Risks Related to Our Industry
Any deterioration in national economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is affected by national economic conditions, as well as perceptions of those conditions and future economic prospects. Changes in such economic conditions are not predictable and cannot be controlled. Adverse economic conditions, such as recent inflationary pressures, could require us to charge off a higher percentage of loans and increase the provision for credit losses, which would reduce our net income and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We operate in an industry that is highly competitive, which could result in losing business or margin declines and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We operate in a highly competitive industry, which could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes, as well as continued consolidation. We face aggressive competition from other domestic and foreign lending institutions and from numerous other providers of financial services, including non-banking financial institutions that are not subject to the same regulatory restrictions as banks and BHCs, securities firms and insurance companies, and competitors that may have greater financial resources.

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With respect to non-banking financial institutions, technology and other changes have lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks. For example, consumers can maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts or mutual funds and can also complete transactions such as paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. In addition, the emergence, adoption and evolution of new technologies that do not require intermediation, including distributed ledgers such as digital assets and blockchain, as well as advances in automation, artificial intelligence and robotics, could significantly affect the competition for financial services. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. Some of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations we are and, therefore, may have greater flexibility in competing for business. As a result of these and other sources of competition, we could lose business to competitors or be forced to price products and services on less advantageous terms to retain or attract clients, either of which would adversely affect our profitability.
Climate change manifesting as physical or transition risks could adversely affect our operations, businesses and customers.
There is global concern over the risks of climate change and related environmental sustainability matters. The physical risks of climate change include discrete events, such as flooding and wildfires, and longer-term shifts in climate patterns, such as extreme heat, sea level rise, and more frequent and prolonged droughts. Such events could disrupt our operations or those of our clients, customers, or service providers, including through direct damage to assets and indirect impacts from supply chain disruption and market volatility.
We are also exposed to risks associated with the transition to a lower-carbon economy in response to concerns around climate change. Such risks may result from changes in policies, laws and regulations, technologies, or market preferences that are intended to address climate change. These changes could adversely impact our or our customers’ business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. This could occur as a result of our or our customers’ involvement in, or decision not to participate in, certain industries or projects associated with exacerbating climate change, as well as any decisions we make to continue to conduct or change our activities in response to considerations related to climate change. For example, a number of states in which we operate have enacted or proposed statutes and regulations addressing climate change and sustainability issues, while certain other states have enacted, or have proposed to enact, divergent or sometimes conflicting statutes, regulations or policies. Ongoing legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding climate risk management and practices may result in higher regulatory, compliance, credit and reputational risks and costs.
The conditions of other financial institutions or of the financial services industry could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.
Financial services institutions are typically interconnected as a result of trading, investment, liquidity, clearing, counterparty and other relationships. Within the financial services industry, the default by any one institution could lead to defaults by other institutions. Concerns about, or a default by, one institution could lead to significant market and customer perception of the risk of similar problems at other institutions. This perception of risk could, in and of itself, lead to adverse impacts on liquidity, as the financial soundness of financial institutions is closely related as a result of these credit, trading, clearing and other relationships. Even the perceived lack of creditworthiness of, or questions about, a counterparty may lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses or defaults by various institutions. This systemic risk may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, banks and exchanges with which we interact on a daily basis, or key funding providers such as the FHLBs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our access to liquidity or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Regulations Governing Our Industry
As a financial holding company and a bank holding company, we are subject to comprehensive regulation that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
As a FHC and a BHC, we are subject to comprehensive regulation, supervision and examination by the FRB. In addition, CBNA is subject to comprehensive regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC. Our regulators supervise us through regular examinations and other means that allow them to gauge management’s ability to identify, assess and control risk in all areas of operations in a safe and sound manner and to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. In the course of their supervision and examinations, our regulators may require improvements in various areas. We may be required to devote substantial resources to meet supervisory expectations or remediate supervisory findings. In addition, the failure to meet supervisory expectations can result in practical limitations on the ability of a bank, BHC or FHC to engage in new activities, pursue growth opportunities, engage in acquisitions, return capital to shareholders through repurchases or dividends, or continue to conduct existing activities. If we are unable to implement and maintain any required actions in a timely and effective manner, we could become subject to informal (nonpublic) or formal (public) supervisory actions and public enforcement orders that could lead to significant restrictions on our existing business or on our ability to engage in any new business. Such forms of supervisory action could include, without limitation, written agreements, cease and desist orders, and consent orders and may, among other things, result in restrictions on our ability to pay dividends, requirements to increase capital, restrictions on our activities, the imposition of civil monetary penalties, and enforcement of such actions through injunctions or restraining orders. We could also be required to dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period. The terms of any such supervisory or enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are a BHC that has elected to become a FHC pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act. FHCs are allowed to engage in certain financial activities in which a BHC is not otherwise permitted to engage. However, to maintain FHC status, a BHC and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” If a BHC ceases to meet these capital and management requirements, there are many penalties it would be faced with, including the imposition of limitations or conditions on the conduct of its activities by the FRB, as well as the inability to undertake any of the broader financial activities permissible for FHCs or to acquire a company engaged in such financial activities without prior approval of the FRB. If a company does not return to compliance within 180 days, which period may be extended, the FRB may require divestiture of the company’s depository institutions. If we fail to meet FHC requirements and remediate deficiencies in a timely manner, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our regulators may impose restrictions or limitations on our operations.
From time to time, bank regulatory agencies take supervisory actions that restrict or limit a financial institution’s activities and lead it to raise capital or subject it to other requirements. In addition, as part of our regular examination process, our regulators may advise us to conduct significant remediation activities or operate under various restrictions as a prudential matter. Any such actions or restrictions, if and in whatever manner imposed, could adversely affect our costs and revenues. Moreover, efforts to comply with any such nonpublic supervisory actions or restrictions may require material investments in additional resources and systems, as well as a significant commitment of managerial time and attention. As a result, such supervisory actions or restrictions, if and in whatever manner imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

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The regulatory environment in which we operate continues to be subject to significant and evolving regulatory requirements that could have a material adverse effect on our business and earnings.
We are heavily regulated by multiple banking, consumer protection, securities and other regulatory authorities at the federal and state levels. This regulatory oversight is primarily established to protect depositors, the DIF, consumers of financial products, and the financial system as a whole, not for the protection of shareholders or other investors. Changes to statutes, regulations, rules or policies, including their interpretation, implementation or enforcement, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways, including by, for example, subjecting us to additional costs, limiting the types of financial services and other products we may offer, limiting our ability to pursue acquisitions and increasing the ability of third parties, including non-banks, to offer competing financial services and products. In recent years, we, together with the rest of the financial services industry, have faced particularly intense scrutiny, with many new regulatory initiatives and vigorous oversight and enforcement on the part of numerous regulatory and governmental authorities. Legislatures and regulators have pursued a broad array of initiatives intended to promote the safety and soundness of financial institutions, financial market stability, the transparency and liquidity of financial markets, and consumer and investor protection. Certain regulators and law enforcement authorities have also recently required admissions of wrongdoing and, in some cases, criminal pleas as part of the resolutions of matters brought by them against financial institutions. Any such resolution of a matter involving us could lead to increased exposure to civil litigation, could adversely affect our reputation, could result in penalties or limitations on our ability to do business or engage in certain activities and could have other negative effects. In addition, a single event or issue may give rise to numerous and overlapping investigations and proceedings, including by multiple federal and state regulators and other governmental authorities.
We are also subject to laws and regulations relating to the privacy of the information of our customers, employees, counterparties and others, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to liability and/or reputational damage. As new privacy-related laws and regulations are implemented, the time and resources needed for us to comply with those laws and regulations, as well as our potential liability for non-compliance and our reporting obligations in the case of data breaches, may significantly increase.
While there have been significant revisions to the laws and regulations applicable to us that have been finalized in recent years, there are other rules to implement changes that have yet to be proposed or enacted by our regulators. The final timing, scope and impact of these changes to the regulatory framework applicable to financial institutions remains uncertain. Uncertainty exists with respect to new laws or regulations or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations, including potential deregulation in some areas. In addition, litigation challenging actions or regulations by federal or state authorities could, depending on the outcome, significantly affect the regulatory and supervisory framework affecting our operations. For more information on regulations to which we are subject and recent initiatives to reform financial institution regulation, see the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1.
We are subject to capital adequacy and liquidity standards, and if we fail to meet these standards our financial condition and operations would be adversely affected.
We are subject to several capital adequacy and liquidity standards. To the extent that we are unable to meet these standards, our ability to make distributions of capital will be limited and we may be subject to additional supervisory actions and limitations on our activities. See “Regulation and Supervision” in Item 1 for further discussion of the regulations to which we are subject.

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The Parent Company could be required to act as a “source of strength” to CBNA, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
FRB policy historically required BHCs to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. The Dodd-Frank Act codified this policy as a statutory requirement. This support may be required by the FRB at times when we might otherwise determine not to provide it or when doing so is not otherwise in the interests of CFG or our stockholders or creditors, and may include one or more of the following:
•The Parent Company may be compelled to contribute capital to CBNA, including by engaging in a public offering to raise such capital. Furthermore, any extensions of credit from the Parent Company to CBNA that are included in CBNA’s capital would be subordinate in right of payment to depositors and certain other indebtedness of CBNA.
•In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, any commitment that the BHC had been required to make by a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.
•In the event of impairment of the capital stock of CBNA, the Parent Company, as CBNA’s stockholder, could be assessed for the deficiency and required to pay that amount to CBNA.
The Parent Company depends on CBNA for substantially all of its revenue, and restrictions on dividends and other distributions by CBNA could affect its liquidity and ability to fulfill its obligations.
As a BHC, the Parent Company is a separate and distinct legal entity from CBNA, our banking subsidiary. The Parent Company typically receives substantially all of its revenue from dividends from CBNA and are the principal source of funds utilized to pay dividends on our equity and interest and principal on our debt. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations, as well as regulatory expectations, limit the amount of dividends that CBNA may pay to the Parent Company. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event CBNA is unable to pay dividends to the Parent Company, it may not be able to make debt service payments, pay obligations or pay dividends on its common stock. The inability to receive dividends from CBNA could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1 for further discussion of dividends payable by CBNA as a national bank subsidiary.
From time-to-time, we may become or are subject to regulatory actions that may have a material impact on our business.
We may become or are involved, from time to time, in reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding our business. These regulatory actions involve accounting, compliance and operational matters, among others, some of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief that may require changes to our business or otherwise materially impact our business.
In regulatory actions, such as those referred to above, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or whether it is possible to reasonably estimate the amount of any loss. We cannot predict with certainty if, how or when such proceedings will be resolved or what the eventual fine, penalty or other relief, conditions or restrictions, if any, may be, particularly for actions that are in their early stages of investigation. We may be required to make significant restitution payments to CBNA customers arising from certain compliance issues and also may be required to pay civil money penalties in connection with certain of these issues. This uncertainty makes it difficult to estimate probable losses which, in turn, can lead to substantial disparities between the reserves we may establish for such proceedings and the eventual settlements, fines, or penalties. Adverse regulatory actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 32

We are and may be subject to litigation that may have a material impact on our business.
Our operations are diverse and complex and we operate in legal and regulatory environments that expose us to potentially significant litigation risk. In the normal course of business, we have been named, from time to time, as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. These actions arise in connection with our activities as a financial services institution, including with respect to alleged unfair or deceptive business practices, mis-selling of certain products, violations of contract or intellectual property rights, and other compliance or operational failures. Certain of the actual or threatened legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. In some cases, the entities that would otherwise be the primary defendants in such cases are bankrupt or in financial distress. Moreover, a number of recent judicial decisions have upheld the right of borrowers to sue lending institutions on the basis of various evolving legal theories, collectively termed “lender liability.” Generally, lender liability is founded on the premise that a lender has either violated a duty, whether implied or contractual, of good faith and fair dealing owed to the borrower or has assumed a degree of control over the borrower resulting in the creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or stockholders. This could increase the amount of private litigation to which we are subject. For more information regarding ongoing significant legal proceedings in which we may be involved, see Note 19 in Item 8.
Compliance with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing rules involves significant cost and effort.
We are subject to rules and regulations regarding money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Monitoring compliance with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing rules can put a significant financial burden on banks and other financial institutions and poses significant technical challenges. Although we believe our current policies and procedures are sufficient to comply with applicable rules and regulations, we cannot guarantee that our anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing policies and procedures completely prevent situations of money laundering or terrorism financing. Any such failure events may have severe consequences, including sanctions, fines and reputational consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Risks Related to our Common Stock
Our stock price may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.
You should consider an investment in our common stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuation in the market value of your investment. The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to, among other things, the factors described in this “Risk Factors” section, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
•quarterly variations in our results of operations or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
•changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors;
•our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, enhancements, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments;
•fluctuations in the market valuations of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
•failures of financial institutions perceived to be similar to us;
•future sales of our common stock;
•additions or departures of members of our senior management or other key personnel;
•changes in industry conditions or perceptions; and
•changes in applicable laws, rules or regulations and other dynamics.
Furthermore, stock markets experience price and volume fluctuations that affect the market price of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations can be unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic, systemic, political and market conditions, such as recessions, loss of investor confidence, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.
If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to securities class action litigation that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 33

We may not repurchase shares or pay cash dividends on our common stock.
Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive dividends declared by our Board out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Also, as a BHC, our ability to repurchase shares and declare and pay dividends is dependent on certain federal regulatory considerations, including the rules of the FRB regarding capital adequacy and dividends. We are also generally required to receive the FRB’s approval for any dividends, share repurchases, or redemption of capital securities if we are required to resubmit our capital plan. Further, if we are unable to satisfy the capital requirements applicable to us for any reason, we may be limited in our ability to repurchase shares and declare and pay dividends on our capital stock. See the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1 for further discussion of the regulations to which we are subject.
“Anti-takeover” provisions and the regulations to which we are subject may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change in control would be beneficial to stockholders.
We are a BHC incorporated in the state of Delaware. Anti-takeover provisions in Delaware law and our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as regulatory approvals that would be required under federal law, could make it more difficult for a third party to take control of us and may prevent stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares of our common stock. These provisions could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could reduce the amount that stockholders might get if we are sold.
Furthermore, banking laws impose notice, approval and ongoing regulatory requirements on any stockholder or other party that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution. These laws include the Bank Holding Company Act and the Change in Bank Control Act.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Risk Management and Strategy
The Company’s Cybersecurity Program (“CSP”) drives an end-to-end, continuous process that protects our customers, colleagues, assets, premises, systems, and information (electronic and non-electronic), and is designed to ensure compliance with current and emerging federal and state laws and regulations. The CSP is designed to ensure the effective implementation of the Corporate Security and Resilience Operating Model across all business lines of the Company and is under the supervision of the Chief Security Officer (“CSO”).
Operational Risk Management coordinates the development, maintenance, and day-to-day oversight of the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management Governance Framework (“the Framework”), which defines an integrated enterprise-wide approach to risk management. This centrally managed program is designed to ensure that all business lines play a role in the successful implementation of the CSP. The CSP aligns with the Framework, enabling the CSO to provide risk oversight to and drive accountability from the business lines.
The CSP is designed to assess and mitigate threats and risks to the Company. New and emerging threats are assessed through an intelligence lifecycle, which includes threat modeling. In addition, risk assessment processes drive risk identification and measurement related to security. Once risks are identified and measured, the Framework is leveraged to track and mitigate them. Control testing is utilized to demonstrate that risks are managed effectively, identify gaps in expected control operation, and develop appropriate remediation plans, in order to manage risk to the Company within tolerable limits.
As part of the Company’s Third Party Risk Management Program and in support of the CSP, reviews for cybersecurity, business continuity, fraud, and other policy-related topics are performed for the onboarding of new vendors and ongoing monitoring of existing vendors. Ratings assigned to a vendor determine review frequency and scope. Results are reported to key stakeholders and identified issues are tracked and monitored.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 34

The Company regularly reviews the nature of its business activities and modifies the CSP as appropriate. Many of the elements of the CSP are cyber defense related and are in place to reduce our risk to a wide range of potential cyber threats that may target our assets and information daily. The effectiveness of the CSP is assessed and measured periodically by various lines of defense within the Company and is conducted primarily through risk assessments, assurance testing, and an independent audit. External organizations are also routinely engaged to assess our CSP and test our perimeter defenses. The effectiveness of the CSP is reported periodically to the appropriate governance committees.
Governance
Under the guidance of our CSO, we maintain a comprehensive CSP designed to protect our employees, customers, assets, premises, systems, and information against unauthorized access, misuse, alteration, or destruction that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to our customers, and loss or reputational damage. The CSP incorporates all of our security policies and covers the core elements of access control, infrastructure security, cybersecurity event and incident management, data protection, third-party vendor cyber risk oversight, and training and awareness. Independent assessment and benchmarking of the CSP are regularly completed, and the CSP is reviewed and assessed by federal regulators. While we look to numerous frameworks to ensure the CSP is maintained in line with regulatory expectations and industry best practices, the National Institute of Standards and Technology cybersecurity framework is the primary standard against which we benchmark ourselves.
Both the Risk and Audit Committees of our Board have oversight of the management of our cybersecurity risk. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the CSP under its risk oversight responsibilities as it relates to financial controls. The Risk Committee is responsible for oversight of the management of cybersecurity risk consistent with the Framework.
The CSP is presented by the CSO to the Risk Committee annually for approval in conjunction with an annual cybersecurity briefing. This briefing provides an overall assessment of the effectiveness of the CSP and an outlook for the upcoming year. In addition to the annual cybersecurity briefing, the CSO provides updates on cybersecurity to the Risk Committee at each of its meetings. The Audit Committee and Board also receive regular cybersecurity updates as part of the reporting provided by the Technology/Cyber Oversight Committee, a management committee chaired by the CEO which provides executive oversight, guidance and transparency to key transformative initiatives designed to enhance our technology stability, cyber defenses and risk management capabilities. Further, to ensure the Board maintains the appropriate knowledge for providing effective oversight, it is provided with relevant cybersecurity training on an annual basis, with any additional training provided as requested.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease five operations centers in Boston, Medford, and Westwood, Massachusetts; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Glen Allen, Virginia. We own two principal operations centers in Johnston and East Providence, Rhode Island. At December 31, 2024, our subsidiaries owned and operated a total of 58 facilities and leased an additional 1,101 facilities. We believe our current facilities are adequate to meet our needs. See Note 7 and Note 9 in Item 8 for more information regarding our premises and equipment, and leases, respectively.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information required by this item is presented in Note 19 in Item 8 and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 35

PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CFG.” As of February 4, 2025, our common stock was owned by 6,717 holders of record (including Cede & Co.) and approximately 484,000 beneficial shareholders whose shares were held in “street name” through a broker or bank. Information relating to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance is presented in Item 12.
The following graph shows the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock during the five-year period ended December 31, 2024 compared to (i) the Standard & Poor’s 500® index; (ii) the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index (“BKX”), composed of 24 banking stocks representing large U.S. national money centers, regional banks and thrift institutions; and (iii) a group of other regional banks that constitute our peers. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 at the closing price on December 31, 2019 and that all dividends were reinvested. The points on the graph represent the cumulative total return on the last trading day of the fiscal year indicated.
This graph shall not be deemed soliciting material or be filed with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Citizens Financial Group, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

| 12/31/2019 | 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2024
CFG | $100 |  | $93 |  | $128 |  | $111 |  | $99 |  | $136 |
S&P 500 Index | 100 |  | 118 |  | 152 |  | 125 |  | 157 |  | 197 |
KBW BKX Index | 100 |  | 90 |  | 124 |  | 98 |  | 97 |  | 133 |
Peer Regional Bank Average | 100 |  | 89 |  | 120 |  | 100 |  | 99 |  | 126 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 36

Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities
Details of the repurchases of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2024 are included below:

Period | Total Number of Shares Repurchased(1) | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2) | Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024 | 4,530,928 | $44.06 | 4,530,917 | $725,357,995
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024 | 285 | $42.12 | — | $725,357,995
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 | 575,505 | $44.06 | 575,505 | $700,000,000

(1) Includes shares repurchased to satisfy applicable tax withholding obligations in connection with an employee share-based compensation plan and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock awards.
(2) On June 28, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors increased the capacity under its common share repurchase program by an additional $656 million, which was incremental to the $594 million of capacity remaining under the prior February 2023 authorization.
Common stock share repurchases may be executed in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans and accelerated share repurchase and other structured transactions. The timing and exact amount of future share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including the Company’s capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations.
ITEM 6. RESERVED
Not applicable.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 37

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Page
Introduction |  | 39
Financial Performance |  | 40
Results of Operations - 2024 compared with 2023 |  | 41
Net Interest Income |  | 41
Noninterest Income |  | 44
Noninterest Expense |  | 44
Provision for Credit Losses |  | 45
Income Tax Expense |  | 45
Business Operating Segments |  | 45
Results of Operations - 2023 compared with 2022 |  | 46
Analysis of Financial Condition |  | 47
Securities |  | 47
Loans and Leases |  | 48
Credit Quality |  | 50
Deposits |  | 55
Borrowed Funds |  | 56
Capital and Regulatory Matters |  | 56
Liquidity |  | 59
Critical Accounting Estimates |  | 62
Accounting and Reporting Developments |  | 65
Risk Governance |  | 66
Market Risk |  | 71
Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations |  | 78

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 38

INTRODUCTION
Citizens Financial Group, Inc. is one of the nation’s oldest and largest financial institutions, with $217.5 billion in assets as of December 31, 2024. Headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, we offer a broad range of retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, small businesses, middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions. We help our customers reach their potential by listening to them and by understanding their needs in order to offer tailored advice, ideas and solutions. In Consumer Banking, we provide an integrated experience that includes mobile and online banking, a full-service customer contact center and the convenience of approximately 3,100 ATMs and more than 1,000 branches in 14 states and the District of Columbia. Consumer Banking products and services include a full range of banking, lending, savings, wealth management and small business offerings. In Commercial Banking, we offer a broad complement of financial products and solutions, including lending and leasing, deposit and treasury management services, foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity risk management solutions, as well as loan syndication, corporate finance, merger and acquisition, and debt and equity capital markets capabilities.
The following MD&A is intended to assist readers in their analysis of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and supplemental financial information. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, as well as other information contained in this document.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This document contains non-GAAP financial measures denoted as “Underlying” results and “including AOCI impact.” Underlying results for any given reporting period exclude certain items that may occur in that period which management does not consider indicative of our on-going financial performance. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors because they are used by management to evaluate our operating performance and make day-to-day operating decisions. In addition, we believe our Underlying results in any given reporting period reflect our on-going financial performance in that period and, accordingly, are useful to consider in addition to our GAAP financial results. We further believe the presentation of Underlying results increases comparability of period-to-period results.
Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that may be calculated differently from the way we calculate such measures. Accordingly, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by such companies. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP financial measures, but to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP.
Non-GAAP measures are denoted throughout our MD&A by the use of the term “Underlying.” Where there is a reference to these metrics in that paragraph, all measures that follow are on the same basis when applicable. For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 39

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Key Highlights
Net income decreased $99 million, with earnings per diluted common share down $0.10 to $3.03 compared to 2023.
Results reflect notable items of $98 million or $0.21 per diluted common share, net of tax benefit, compared to $357 million or $0.75 per diluted common share, net of tax benefit, in 2023.

Table 1: Notable Items |  |  |  |  |  |
| Year Ended December 31, 2024
|  | Less: notable items |
(dollars in millions) | Reported results (GAAP) | Integration related costs(1) | TOP and other(2) | FDIC special assessment(3) |  | Underlying results (non-GAAP)
Noninterest income | $2,176 |  | $— |  | $15 |  | $— |  |  | $2,161 |
Noninterest expense | 5,234 |  | 10 |  | 115 |  | 31 |  |  | 5,078 |
Income tax expense | 379 |  | (3) |  | (33) |  | (7) |  |  | 422 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
|  | Less: notable items |
(dollars in millions) | Reported results (GAAP) | Integration related costs(1) | TOP and other(2) | FDIC special assessment(3) |  | Underlying results (non-GAAP)
Noninterest income | $1,983 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $1,983 |
Noninterest expense | 5,507 |  | 104 |  | 177 |  | 225 |  |  | 5,001 |
Income tax expense | 422 |  | (28) |  | (63) |  | (58) |  |  | 571 |

(1) Includes integration related costs associated with acquisitions.
(2) Primarily includes our TOP revenue and efficiency initiatives for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(3) Represents an industry-wide FDIC special assessment. For more information, see “Regulation and Supervision - Deposit Insurance” in Item 1.
•Net income available to common stockholders decreased $119 million to $1.4 billion compared to 2023.
◦On an Underlying basis, net income available to common stockholders of $1.5 billion compared to $1.8 billion in 2023.
◦On an Underlying basis, earnings per diluted common share of $3.24 compared to $3.88 in 2023.
•Total revenue decreased $415 million to $7.8 billion compared to 2023, driven by a decrease of 10% in net interest income.
•The efficiency ratio of 67.0% was stable compared to 2023.
◦On an Underlying basis, the efficiency ratio of 65.2% compared to 60.8% in 2023.
•ROTCE of 9.8% compared to 10.9% in 2023.
◦On an Underlying basis, ROTCE of 10.5% compared to 13.5%.
•Tangible book value per common share of $32.34 increased 5% from 2023.
For additional information regarding our financial performance, see “Results of Operations — 2024 compared with 2023” included in this report.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 40

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — 2024 compared with 2023
Net Interest Income
Net interest income is our largest source of revenue and is the difference between the interest earned on interest-earning assets (generally loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (generally deposits and borrowed funds). The level of our net interest income is primarily a function of the difference between the effective yield on our average interest-earning assets and the effective cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. Factors that influence our net interest income include, but are not limited to, the pricing and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the FRB and market interest rates. For further discussion, refer to the “Market Risk” and “Risk Governance” sections of this report.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 41

The following table presents the major components of our net interest income. Average balance represents amortized cost, excluding the unamortized basis adjustments related to the transfer of certain HTM securities from AFS, and LHFS. The yield/rate is based on annualized interest income or expense for the periods presented and includes the impact of hedging activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.

Table 2: Major Components of Net Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Year Ended December 31, |  |
2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
(dollars in millions) | Average Balance | Income/ Expense | Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance | Income/ Expense | Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance | Yield/ Rate (bps)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks | $9,566 |  | $503 |  | 5.17 | % |  | $8,531 |  | $451 |  | 5.22 | % |  | $1,035 |  | (5) bps
Taxable investment securities | 44,627 |  | 1,658 |  | 3.71 |  |  | 39,437 |  | 1,162 |  | 2.94 |  |  | 5,190 |  | 77
Non-taxable investment securities | 1 |  | — |  | 2.60 |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 2.68 |  |  | (1) |  | (8)
Total investment securities | 44,628 |  | 1,658 |  | 3.71 |  |  | 39,439 |  | 1,162 |  | 2.94 |  |  | 5,189 |  | 77
Commercial and industrial | 44,174 |  | 2,333 |  | 5.20 |  |  | 49,998 |  | 3,002 |  | 5.92 |  |  | (5,824) |  | (72)
Commercial real estate | 28,430 |  | 1,795 |  | 6.21 |  |  | 29,206 |  | 1,804 |  | 6.09 |  |  | (776) |  | 12
Total commercial | 72,604 |  | 4,128 |  | 5.60 |  |  | 79,204 |  | 4,806 |  | 5.99 |  |  | (6,600) |  | (39)
Residential mortgages | 31,916 |  | 1,184 |  | 3.71 |  |  | 30,660 |  | 1,052 |  | 3.43 |  |  | 1,256 |  | 28
Home equity | 15,603 |  | 1,231 |  | 7.89 |  |  | 14,475 |  | 1,092 |  | 7.54 |  |  | 1,128 |  | 35
Automobile | 6,404 |  | 274 |  | 4.27 |  |  | 10,374 |  | 429 |  | 4.13 |  |  | (3,970) |  | 14
Education | 11,340 |  | 613 |  | 5.41 |  |  | 12,333 |  | 621 |  | 5.04 |  |  | (993) |  | 37
Other retail | 4,837 |  | 518 |  | 10.72 |  |  | 5,171 |  | 489 |  | 9.46 |  |  | (334) |  | 126
Total retail | 70,100 |  | 3,820 |  | 5.45 |  |  | 73,013 |  | 3,683 |  | 5.04 |  |  | (2,913) |  | 41
Total loans and leases | 142,704 |  | 7,948 |  | 5.52 |  |  | 152,217 |  | 8,489 |  | 5.53 |  |  | (9,513) |  | (1)
Loans held for sale(1) | 1,174 |  | 77 |  | 6.51 |  |  | 1,499 |  | 102 |  | 6.75 |  |  | (325) |  | (24)
Interest-earning assets | 198,072 |  | 10,186 |  | 5.10 |  |  | 201,686 |  | 10,204 |  | 5.02 |  |  | (3,614) |  | 8
Noninterest-earning assets | 20,952 |  |  |  |  | 20,535 |  |  |  |  | 417 |  |
Total assets | $219,024 |  |  |  |  | $222,221 |  |  |  |  | ($3,197) |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest | $32,943 |  | $491 |  | 1.49 | % |  | $33,960 |  | $446 |  | 1.31 | % |  | ($1,017) |  | 18
Money market | 53,053 |  | 1,705 |  | 3.21 |  |  | 51,178 |  | 1,494 |  | 2.92 |  |  | 1,875 |  | 29
Savings | 27,100 |  | 476 |  | 1.76 |  |  | 29,266 |  | 433 |  | 1.48 |  |  | (2,166) |  | 28
Time | 24,967 |  | 1,153 |  | 4.62 |  |  | 19,320 |  | 772 |  | 4.00 |  |  | 5,647 |  | 62
Total interest-bearing deposits | 138,063 |  | 3,825 |  | 2.77 |  |  | 133,724 |  | 3,145 |  | 2.35 |  |  | 4,339 |  | 42
Short-term borrowed funds | 252 |  | 15 |  | 5.73 |  |  | 746 |  | 43 |  | 5.70 |  |  | (494) |  | 3
Long-term borrowed funds | 13,831 |  | 713 |  | 5.15 |  |  | 15,853 |  | 775 |  | 4.86 |  |  | (2,022) |  | 29
Total borrowed funds | 14,083 |  | 728 |  | 5.16 |  |  | 16,599 |  | 818 |  | 4.89 |  |  | (2,516) |  | 27
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 152,146 |  | 4,553 |  | 2.99 |  |  | 150,323 |  | 3,963 |  | 2.63 |  |  | 1,823 |  | 36
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | 36,457 |  |  |  |  | 41,581 |  |  |  |  | (5,124) |  |
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities | 6,466 |  |  |  |  | 6,711 |  |  |  |  | (245) |  |
Total liabilities | 195,069 |  |  |  |  | 198,615 |  |  |  |  | (3,546) |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 23,955 |  |  |  |  | 23,606 |  |  |  |  | 349 |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $219,024 |  |  |  |  | $222,221 |  |  |  |  | ($3,197) |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.11 | % |  |  |  | 2.39 | % |  |  | (28)
Net interest income and net interest margin |  | $5,633 |  | 2.84 | % |  |  | $6,241 |  | 3.09 | % |  |  | (25)
Net interest income and net interest margin, FTE(2) |  | $5,650 |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | $6,258 |  | 3.10 | % |  |  | (25)
Memo: Total deposits (interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing demand) | $174,520 |  | $3,825 |  | 2.19 | % |  | $175,305 |  | $3,145 |  | 1.79 | % |  | ($785) |  | 40 bps

(1) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Balance Sheets during 2024.
(2) Net interest income and net interest margin is presented on a FTE basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%. The FTE impact is predominantly attributable to commercial and industrial loans for the periods presented.
Net interest income decreased $608 million, or 10%, compared to 2023, reflecting lower net interest margin and a decrease of 2% in average interest-earning assets.
Net interest margin on a FTE basis decreased 25 basis points compared to 2023, reflecting higher funding and swap costs and the impact of building liquidity, partially offset by higher interest-earning-asset yields and the benefit of Non-Core portfolio runoff.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 42

Average interest-earning assets decreased $3.6 billion compared to 2023, driven by a decline in total loans and leases, partially offset by an increase in investment securities and cash held in interest-bearing deposits.
Average deposits were stable compared to 2023.
Average total borrowed funds decreased $2.5 billion compared to 2023, reflecting a decline in FHLB advances driven by Non-Core portfolio runoff, partially offset by a remix of funding to long-term senior debt and secured borrowings collateralized by loans.

Table 3: Changes in Net Interest Income Due to Average Volume and Average Rate |  |
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 Versus 2023
(dollars in millions) | Average Volume(1) | Average Rate(1) | Net Change
Interest Income |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks | $55 |  | ($3) |  | $52 |
Taxable investment securities | 151 |  | 345 |  | 496 |
Non-taxable investment securities | — |  | — |  | — |
Total investment securities | 151 |  | 345 |  | 496 |
Commercial and industrial | (342) |  | (327) |  | (669) |
Commercial real estate | (48) |  | 39 |  | (9) |
Total commercial | (390) |  | (288) |  | (678) |
Residential mortgages | 44 |  | 88 |  | 132 |
Home equity | 85 |  | 54 |  | 139 |
Automobile | (164) |  | 9 |  | (155) |
Education | (50) |  | 42 |  | (8) |
Other retail | (32) |  | 61 |  | 29 |
Total retail | (117) |  | 254 |  | 137 |
Total loans and leases | (507) |  | (34) |  | (541) |
Loans held for sale(2) | (22) |  | (3) |  | (25) |
Total interest income | ($323) |  | $305 |  | ($18) |
Interest Expense |  |  |
Checking with interest | ($14) |  | $59 |  | $45 |
Money market | 55 |  | 156 |  | 211 |
Savings | (32) |  | 75 |  | 43 |
Time | 226 |  | 155 |  | 381 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 235 |  | 445 |  | 680 |
Short-term borrowed funds | (28) |  | — |  | (28) |
Long-term borrowed funds | (116) |  | 54 |  | (62) |
Total borrowed funds | (144) |  | 54 |  | (90) |
Total interest expense | 91 |  | 499 |  | 590 |
Net interest income | ($414) |  | ($194) |  | ($608) |

(1) Volume and rate changes are allocated on a consistent basis using the respective percentage changes in average balances and average rates.
(2) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Balance Sheets during 2024.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 43

Noninterest Income

Table 4: Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | Percent
Service charges and fees | $420 |  |  | $410 |  |  | $10 |  |  | 2 | %
Capital markets fees | 467 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 46 |
Card fees | 368 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 24 |
Wealth fees(1) | 294 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 14 |
Mortgage banking fees | 209 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (33) |  |  | (14) |
Foreign exchange and derivative products | 146 |  |  | 183 |  |  | (37) |  |  | (20) |
Letter of credit and loan fees | 175 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Securities gains, net | 18 |  |  | 28 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (36) |
Other income(2) | 79 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Noninterest income | $2,176 |  |  | $1,983 |  |  | $193 |  |  | 10 | %

(1) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Statements of Operations during 2024.
(2) Includes bank-owned life insurance income and other income for all periods presented.
The primary drivers for the change in noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023, are described below.
•Capital markets fees increased given higher underwriting, M&A advisory and loan syndication fees.
•Card fees increased driven primarily by higher credit card fees, including favorable vendor contract negotiations.
•Wealth fees reflect increased sales activity and higher asset management fees.
•Foreign exchange and derivative products revenue decreased given reduced client activity related to interest rate and commodities hedging.
•Mortgage banking fees declined reflecting lower production and servicing fees and a decline in MSR valuation, net of hedge impact.
Noninterest Expense

Table 5: Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | Percent
Salaries and employee benefits | $2,657 |  |  | $2,599 |  |  | $58 |  |  | 2 | %
Equipment and software | 769 |  |  | 756 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |
Outside services | 639 |  |  | 687 |  |  | (48) |  |  | (7) |
Occupancy | 447 |  |  | 492 |  |  | (45) |  |  | (9) |
Other operating expense | 722 |  |  | 973 |  |  | (251) |  |  | (26) |
Noninterest expense | $5,234 |  |  | $5,507 |  |  | ($273) |  |  | (5 | %)

The decrease in noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023, was driven primarily by other operating expense associated with FDIC deposit insurance, reflecting an estimate of CBNA’s special assessment of $31 million and $225 million, respectively, recognized in 2024 and 2023. Other operating expense also reflects lower fraud losses and marketing and travel-related expenses. These decreases were partially offset by salaries and employee benefits reflecting hiring related to our Private Bank and Private Wealth build-out and commercial middle market bankers in expansion markets, and equipment and software given technology investments and maintenance.
For more information regarding CBNA’s special assessment, see “Regulation and Supervision - Deposit Insurance” in Item 1.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 44

Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is the result of a detailed analysis performed to estimate our ACL. The total provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded commitments. Refer to “Analysis of Financial Condition — Credit Quality” for more information.
Provision expense of $687 million for 2024 was stable compared to 2023. The provision expense for 2024 reflects higher reserves against the CRE office portfolio, primarily driven by elevated interest rates and return-to-office dynamics and unsecured products and education loans given recent inflationary pressures and government actions, partially offset by a decline in total loans and leases.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense of $379 million decreased $43 million and our effective income tax rate of 20.1% decreased from 20.8% compared to 2023. These decreases reflect a higher benefit from tax-advantaged investments.
Business Operating Segments
We have three business operating segments: Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Non-Core. See Note 26 for more information regarding our business operating segments.
The following table presents certain financial data of our business operating segments. Total business operating segment financial results differ from total consolidated financial results. These differences are reflected in Other non-segment operations.

Table 6: Selected Financial Data for Business Operating Segments |  |  |  |
| Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Non-Core
| Year Ended December 31, |  | Year Ended December 31, |  | Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net interest income | $4,565 |  |  | $4,187 |  |  | $1,950 |  |  | $2,292 |  |  | ($117) |  |  | ($129) |
Noninterest income | 1,131 |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 784 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total revenue | 5,696 |  |  | 5,254 |  |  | 2,858 |  |  | 3,076 |  |  | (117) |  |  | (129) |
Noninterest expense | 3,678 |  |  | 3,542 |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 123 |
Profit (loss) before credit losses | 2,018 |  |  | 1,712 |  |  | 1,617 |  |  | 1,781 |  |  | (215) |  |  | (252) |
Net charge-offs | 331 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 78 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 1,687 |  |  | 1,432 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | (276) |  |  | (330) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 434 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 378 |  |  | (70) |  |  | (86) |
Net income (loss) | $1,253 |  |  | $1,059 |  |  | $973 |  |  | $1,153 |  |  | ($206) |  |  | ($244) |
Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $75,037 |  |  | $72,693 |  |  | $68,478 |  |  | $76,028 |  |  | $8,942 |  |  | $13,745 |
Total loans and leases(1) | 68,681 |  |  | 66,356 |  |  | 65,481 |  |  | 72,937 |  |  | 8,902 |  |  | 13,669 |
Deposits | 121,745 |  |  | 116,980 |  |  | 44,472 |  |  | 47,155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest-earning assets | 69,272 |  |  | 66,999 |  |  | 65,982 |  |  | 73,321 |  |  | 8,902 |  |  | 13,675 |

(1) Includes LHFS.
Consumer Banking
Net interest income increased $378 million compared to 2023, driven by higher net interest margin reflecting higher interest-earning asset yields and growth in average interest-earning assets. These increases were partially offset by higher funding costs.
Noninterest income increased $64 million compared to 2023, driven by wealth fees reflecting increased sales activity and higher asset management fees, higher credit card fees, and service charges and fees given higher overdraft and cash management fees. These increases were partially offset by mortgage banking fees reflecting lower production and servicing fees and a decline in MSR valuation, net of hedge impact.
Noninterest expense increased $136 million compared to 2023, driven primarily by salaries and benefits reflecting our Private Bank and Private Wealth build-out.
Net charge-offs increased $51 million compared to 2023, driven primarily by other retail and education.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 45

Commercial Banking
Net interest income decreased $342 million compared to 2023, driven by lower net interest margin, a decline in average interest-earning assets and higher funding costs.
Noninterest income increased $124 million compared to 2023, driven by capital markets fees reflecting higher underwriting, M&A advisory and loan syndication fees, partially offset by foreign exchange and derivative products revenue given reduced client activity related to interest rate and commodities hedging.
Noninterest expense decreased $54 million compared to 2023, driven primarily by salaries and employee benefits reflecting lower headcount.
Net charge-offs increased $103 million compared to 2023, driven by the office segment of CRE, partially offset by a decline in commercial and industrial.
Non-Core
Net interest income increased $12 million compared to 2023, driven by a decline in funding costs relative to the highest-cost marginal funding sources during 2024, including secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans and FHLB advances.
Average loans and leases decreased $4.8 billion compared to 2023, driven by planned Non-Core portfolio runoff.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — 2023 compared with 2022
For a description of our results of operations for 2023, see the “Results of Operations — 2023 compared with 2022” section of Item 7 in our 2023 Form 10-K.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 46

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
Securities

Table 7: Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Amortized Cost(1) | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost(1) | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and other | $3,631 |  | $3,525 |  |  | $4,493 |  | $4,380 |
State and political subdivisions | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 30,897 |  | 28,795 |  |  | 26,289 |  | 24,477 |
Other/non-agency | 273 |  | 260 |  |  | 279 |  | 255 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 31,170 |  | 29,055 |  |  | 26,568 |  | 24,732 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 184 |  | 184 |  |  | 667 |  | 664 |
Total debt securities available for sale | $34,986 |  | $32,765 |  |  | $31,729 |  | $29,777 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | $8,187 |  | $7,136 |  |  | $8,696 |  | $7,887 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 8,187 |  | 7,136 |  |  | 8,696 |  | 7,887 |
Asset-backed securities | 412 |  | 404 |  |  | 488 |  | 463 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $8,599 |  | $7,540 |  |  | $9,184 |  | $8,350 |
Total debt securities available for sale and held to maturity | $43,585 |  | $40,305 |  |  | $40,913 |  | $38,127 |
Equity securities, at cost(2) | $710 |  | $710 |  |  | $869 |  | $869 |
Equity securities, at fair value(2) | 220 |  | 220 |  |  | 173 |  | 173 |

(1) Excludes portfolio level basis adjustments of $(75) million and $60 million, respectively, for securities designated in active fair value hedge relationships under the portfolio layer method at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(2) Included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The primary objective of our securities portfolio is to provide a readily available source of liquidity. The portfolio primarily includes high quality, highly liquid investments reflecting our ongoing commitment to maintain strong contingent liquidity levels and pledging capacity.
As of December 31, 2024, U.S. Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities issued by GNMA and GSEs represented 98% of the fair value of our debt securities portfolio, with approximately $36.0 billion of unencumbered high-quality liquid securities serving as potential collateral for borrowings from the FHLB, FRB discount window, and the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation bilateral repurchase agreement market.
For further discussion of the use of our securities as liquidity collateral and liquidity requirements, see the “Liquidity Risk Management and Governance” and “Regulation and Supervision — Liquidity Requirements” sections in this document.
We manage our securities portfolio duration and convexity risk through asset selection and securities structure, and maintain duration levels within our risk appetite in the context of our broader interest rate risk framework and limits. As of December 31, 2024, the portfolio’s average effective duration, including recent hedging actions to reduce duration, was 3.7 years compared to 3.9 years as of December 31, 2023.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 47

Table 8: Amortized Cost of AFS and HTM Securities by Contractual Maturity |  |  |  |
| As of December 31, 2024
| Distribution of Maturities(1)
| 1 Year or Less |  | After 1 Year Through 5 Years |  | After 5 Years Through 10 Years |  | After 10 Years |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | Amount | Yield(2) |  | Amount | Yield(2) |  | Amount | Yield(2) |  | Amount | Yield(2) |  | Amount | Yield(2)
Amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other | $— |  | — | % |  | $3,115 |  | 2.71 | % |  | $516 |  | 4.11 | % |  | $— |  | — | % |  | $3,631 |  | 2.97 | %
State and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 2.60 |  |  | 1 |  | 2.60 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  |  | 2,221 |  | 3.20 |  |  | 1,151 |  | 2.81 |  |  | 27,525 |  | 4.17 |  |  | 30,897 |  | 4.05 |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 273 |  | 2.65 |  |  | 273 |  | 2.65 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 100 |  | 6.29 |  |  | 84 |  | 6.14 |  |  | 184 |  | 6.23 |
Total debt securities available for sale | — |  | — |  |  | 5,336 |  | 2.92 |  |  | 1,767 |  | 3.45 |  |  | 27,883 |  | 4.16 |  |  | 34,986 |  | 3.94 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 8,187 |  | 2.30 |  |  | 8,187 |  | 2.30 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | — |  |  | 412 |  | 3.81 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 412 |  | 3.81 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | — |  | — |  |  | 412 |  | 3.81 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 8,187 |  | 2.30 |  |  | 8,599 |  | 2.37 |
Total debt securities | $— |  | — | % |  | $5,748 |  | 2.98 | % |  | $1,767 |  | 3.45 | % |  | $36,070 |  | 3.74 | % |  | $43,585 |  | 3.63 | %

(1) Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without incurring penalties.
(2) The weighted-average yield is computed based on a constant effective interest rate over the contractual life of each security and considers the contractual
coupon, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Yields exclude the impact of related hedging derivatives.
Loans and Leases

Table 9: Composition of Loans and Leases, Excluding LHFS |  |  |  |
| December 31, |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | Percent
Commercial and industrial | $42,551 |  |  | $44,974 |  |  | ($2,423) |  |  | (5) | %
Commercial real estate | 27,225 |  |  | 29,471 |  |  | (2,246) |  |  | (8) |
Total commercial | 69,776 |  |  | 74,445 |  |  | (4,669) |  |  | (6) |
Residential mortgages | 32,726 |  |  | 31,332 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 4 |
Home equity | 16,495 |  |  | 15,040 |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | 10 |
Automobile | 4,744 |  |  | 8,258 |  |  | (3,514) |  |  | (43) |
Education | 10,812 |  |  | 11,834 |  |  | (1,022) |  |  | (9) |
Other retail | 4,650 |  |  | 5,050 |  |  | (400) |  |  | (8) |
Total retail | 69,427 |  |  | 71,514 |  |  | (2,087) |  |  | (3) |
Total loans and leases | $139,203 |  |  | $145,959 |  |  | ($6,756) |  |  | (5 | %)

See Note 1 for a description of changes made to the Company’s loans and leases presentation during 2024.
The decrease in total loans and leases as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 reflects a $4.7 billion decrease in commercial given market conditions resulting in relatively low client demand and lower line of credit utilization, partially offset by growth in the Private Bank. Retail decreased $2.1 billion, primarily driven by planned Non-Core portfolio runoff, partially offset by growth in home equity and mortgage, including the Private Bank.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 48

Table 10: Fixed and Variable Rate Loans and Leases by Maturity
| December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | 1 Year or Less(1) | After 1 Year Through 5 Years(1) | After 5 Years Through 15 Years(1) | After 15 Years(1) | Total Loans and Leases
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $1,075 |  | $2,376 |  | $527 |  | $22 |  | $4,000 |
Commercial real estate | 1,557 |  | 3,143 |  | 2,586 |  | 30 |  | 7,316 |
Total commercial fixed rate | 2,632 |  | 5,519 |  | 3,113 |  | 52 |  | 11,316 |
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 10,208 |  | 26,012 |  | 2,321 |  | 10 |  | 38,551 |
Commercial real estate | 9,581 |  | 9,095 |  | 1,206 |  | 27 |  | 19,909 |
Total commercial variable rate(2) | 19,789 |  | 35,107 |  | 3,527 |  | 37 |  | 58,460 |
Total commercial | 22,421 |  | 40,626 |  | 6,640 |  | 89 |  | 69,776 |
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 657 |  | 2,630 |  | 7,005 |  | 8,911 |  | 19,203 |
Home equity | 74 |  | 146 |  | 180 |  | 14 |  | 414 |
Automobile | 1,735 |  | 3,003 |  | 6 |  | — |  | 4,744 |
Education | 793 |  | 3,193 |  | 5,774 |  | 182 |  | 9,942 |
Other retail | 910 |  | 1,016 |  | 94 |  | 67 |  | 2,087 |
Total retail fixed rate | 4,169 |  | 9,988 |  | 13,059 |  | 9,174 |  | 36,390 |
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 188 |  | 771 |  | 3,465 |  | 9,099 |  | 13,523 |
Home equity | 403 |  | 3,223 |  | 11,989 |  | 466 |  | 16,081 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Education | 101 |  | 347 |  | 408 |  | 14 |  | 870 |
Other retail | 2,556 |  | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,563 |
Total retail variable rate | 3,248 |  | 4,348 |  | 15,862 |  | 9,579 |  | 33,037 |
Total retail | 7,417 |  | 14,336 |  | 28,921 |  | 18,753 |  | 69,427 |
Total loans and leases | $29,838 |  | $54,962 |  | $35,561 |  | $18,842 |  | $139,203 |

(1) Maturity is based on scheduled principal repayment date.
(2) Includes floating-rate commercial loans hedged to fixed rate to manage our exposure to the variability in interest cash flows. See “Market Risk” for additional information regarding our use of interest rate derivatives to hedge our loan portfolio.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 49

Credit Quality
See Note 1 for a description of changes made to the Company’s loans and leases presentation during 2024.
The ACL is comprised of the ALLL and the allowance for unfunded lending commitments. As described in Note 6, the ACL is maintained at a level the Company believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of a loan or lease and on unfunded lending commitments, inclusive of recoveries. We consider extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that we offer to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default.
Management evaluates the appropriateness of the ACL on a quarterly basis. The evaluation of both quantitative and qualitative information is performed by assessing groups of assets that share similar risk characteristics as well as certain individual loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collective group. Loans are generally grouped by product type and are assessed for credit losses using econometric models.
The quantitative evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL utilizes a single economic forecast as its foundation and is primarily based on econometric models that use known or estimated data as of the balance sheet date and forecasted data over the reasonable and supportable period. Known and estimated data include current PD, LGD and EAD for commercial loans, timing and amount of expected draws for unfunded lending commitments, and FICO, LTV, and term for retail loans. The mix and level of loan balances, delinquency levels, assigned risk ratings, previous loss experience, current business conditions, amount and timing of expected future cash flows, and factors specific to commercial credits such as competition, business and management performance are also considered. Forward-looking economic assumptions include real GDP, unemployment rate, interest rate curve, and changes in collateral values. Historical information, such as financial statements for commercial customers or consumer credit ratings, may not be as relevant in estimating future expected losses as forecasted inputs to the models during volatile economic time periods.
Management additionally considers qualitative factors in determining the adequacy of the ACL. Qualitative adjustments are used to capture characteristics in the loan and lease portfolio that impact expected credit losses which are not fully reflected within our expected credit loss models. These factors include, but are not limited to: model imprecision, uncertainty in economic scenario assumptions, and emerging risks related to either changes in the economic environment that are affecting specific portfolios, or changes in portfolio concentrations over time that may affect model performance, credit underwriting policy exceptions, and results of internal audit and quality control reviews. The consideration of these qualitative items results in adjustments to amounts included in our ACL for each loan portfolio. The qualitative component of the ACL as of December 31, 2024 did not change significantly from December 31, 2023.
Loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually assessed for expected credit losses. Nonaccrual commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans with an outstanding balance of $5 million or greater are assessed on an individual basis. Generally, measurement of the ACL on an individual loan or lease is the present value of its future cash flows or the fair value of its underlying collateral, if the loan or lease is collateral dependent.
The Company estimates expected credit losses associated with off-balance sheet financial instruments such as standby letters of credit, financial guarantees and unfunded loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. Off-balance sheet financial instruments are subject to individual reviews and are analyzed and segregated by risk according to the Company’s internal risk rating scale. These risk classifications, in conjunction with historical loss experience, current and future economic conditions, timing and amount of expected draws, and performance trends within specific portfolio segments, are considered to estimate the allowance for unfunded lending commitments. The Company does not recognize a reserve for future draws from credit lines that are unconditionally cancellable (e.g., credit cards).
For additional information regarding the ACL, see “Critical Accounting Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Note 6.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 50

Table 11: Allocation of the ALLL
| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
(dollars in millions) | Allowance | % of Total Loans and Leases(1) |  | Allowance | % of Total Loans and Leases(1)
Commercial and industrial | $480 |  | 31 | % |  | $587 |  | 31 | %
Commercial real estate | 660 |  | 19 |  |  | 663 |  | 20 |
Total commercial | 1,140 |  | 50 |  |  | 1,250 |  | 51 |
Residential mortgages | 194 |  | 24 |  |  | 181 |  | 22 |
Home equity | 112 |  | 12 |  |  | 100 |  | 10 |
Automobile | 24 |  | 3 |  |  | 57 |  | 6 |
Education | 292 |  | 8 |  |  | 259 |  | 8 |
Other retail | 299 |  | 3 |  |  | 251 |  | 3 |
Total retail | 921 |  | 50 |  |  | 848 |  | 49 |
Total loans and leases | $2,061 |  | 100 | % |  | $2,098 |  | 100 | %

(1) Represents the percentage of each loan category to total loans and leases.

Table 12: ACL and Related Coverage Ratios by Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
(dollars in millions) | Loans and Leases | Allowance | Coverage |  | Loans and Leases | Allowance | Coverage
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $42,551 |  | $480 |  | 1.13 | % |  | $44,974 |  | $587 |  | 1.31 | %
Commercial real estate | 27,225 |  | 660 |  | 2.42 |  |  | 29,471 |  | 663 |  | 2.25 |
Total commercial | 69,776 |  | 1,140 |  | 1.63 |  |  | 74,445 |  | 1,250 |  | 1.68 |
Residential mortgages | 32,726 |  | 194 |  | 0.59 |  |  | 31,332 |  | 181 |  | 0.58 |
Home equity | 16,495 |  | 112 |  | 0.68 |  |  | 15,040 |  | 100 |  | 0.66 |
Automobile | 4,744 |  | 24 |  | 0.51 |  |  | 8,258 |  | 57 |  | 0.69 |
Education | 10,812 |  | 292 |  | 2.70 |  |  | 11,834 |  | 259 |  | 2.18 |
Other retail | 4,650 |  | 299 |  | 6.44 |  |  | 5,050 |  | 251 |  | 4.98 |
Total retail | 69,427 |  | 921 |  | 1.33 |  |  | 71,514 |  | 848 |  | 1.19 |
Total loans and leases | $139,203 |  | $2,061 |  | 1.48 | % |  | $145,959 |  | $2,098 |  | 1.44 | %
Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial(1) |  | $155 |  | 1.86 | % |  |  | $175 |  | 1.91 | %
Retail(2) |  | 43 |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 45 |  | 1.25 |
Total allowance for unfunded lending commitments |  | 198 |  |  |  |  | 220 |  |
Allowance for credit losses | $139,203 |  | $2,259 |  | 1.62 | % |  | $145,959 |  | $2,318 |  | 1.59 | %

(1) Coverage ratio includes total commercial allowance for unfunded lending commitments and total commercial allowance for loan and lease losses in the numerator and total commercial loans and leases in the denominator.
(2) Coverage ratio includes total retail allowance for unfunded lending commitments and total retail allowance for loan losses in the numerator and total retail loans in the denominator.
The ACL as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 decreased $59 million, driven by a $130 million decline in commercial reflecting lower loan balances and charge-offs. Retail increased $71 million driven by higher reserves related to unsecured products and education loans given recent inflationary pressures and government actions.

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Table 13: Nonaccrual Loans and Leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | Percent
Commercial and industrial | $241 |  |  | $297 |  |  | ($56) |  |  | (19 | %)
Commercial real estate | 776 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 63 |
Total commercial | 1,017 |  |  | 774 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 31 |
Residential mortgages | 192 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 8 |
Home equity | 283 |  |  | 285 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Automobile | 48 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (21) |
Education | 56 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 100 |
Other retail | 68 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 74 |
Total retail | 647 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 10 |
Nonaccrual loans and leases | $1,664 |  |  | $1,364 |  |  | $300 |  |  | 22 | %
Nonaccrual loans and leases to total loans and leases | 1.20 | % |  | 0.93 | % |  | 27 | bps |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to nonaccrual loans and leases | 124 |  |  | 154 |  |  | (30 | %) |  |
Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans and leases | 136 |  |  | 170 |  |  | (34 | %) |  |

The increase in nonaccrual loans and leases as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the general office segment of CRE.

Table 14: Ratio of Net Charge-Offs to Average Loans and Leases
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
(dollars in millions) | Net Charge-Offs | Average Balance | Ratio |  | Net Charge-Offs | Average Balance | Ratio
Commercial and industrial | $76 |  | $44,174 |  | 0.17 | % |  | $106 |  | $49,998 |  | 0.21 | %
Commercial real estate | 300 |  | 28,430 |  | 1.05 |  |  | 161 |  | 29,206 |  | 0.56 |
Total commercial | 376 |  | 72,604 |  | 0.52 |  |  | 267 |  | 79,204 |  | 0.34 |
Residential mortgages | — |  | 31,916 |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 30,660 |  | — |
Home equity | (7) |  | 15,603 |  | (0.04) |  |  | (10) |  | 14,475 |  | (0.07) |
Automobile | 41 |  | 6,404 |  | 0.65 |  |  | 55 |  | 10,374 |  | 0.53 |
Education | 105 |  | 11,340 |  | 0.93 |  |  | 92 |  | 12,333 |  | 0.74 |
Other retail | 231 |  | 4,837 |  | 4.75 |  |  | 203 |  | 5,171 |  | 3.93 |
Total retail | 370 |  | 70,100 |  | 0.53 |  |  | 342 |  | 73,013 |  | 0.47 |
Total loans and leases | $746 |  | $142,704 |  | 0.52 | % |  | $609 |  | $152,217 |  | 0.40 | %

For the year ended December 31, 2024, net charge-offs increased $137 million and the net charge-off ratio increased 12 basis points compared to 2023. The increase in retail net charge-offs was driven by unsecured products in other retail, and education, partially offset by a decline in auto. The increase in commercial net charge-offs was primarily driven by the office segment of CRE, partially offset by a decline in commercial and industrial.
Commercial Loan Asset Quality
Our commercial portfolio consists of traditional commercial and industrial loans, commercial leases, and commercial real estate loans. We utilize internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on internal risk ratings see Note 6.
Total commercial criticized balances of $7.1 billion at December 31, 2024 decreased $1.3 billion compared to December 31, 2023.
Commercial and industrial criticized balances of $2.6 billion at December 31, 2024 decreased from $3.5 billion at December 31, 2023, primarily driven by declines in the healthcare and wholesale trade sectors.
Commercial real estate criticized balances of $4.5 billion at December 31, 2024 decreased from $5.0 billion at December 31, 2023, attributable to the continued impacts of interest rates and return-to-office dynamics on the Office sector and the continued impacts of interest rates on the Multi-family sector. Approximately 96% of commercial real estate loans remain current on payments as of December 31, 2024.
For more information on the distribution of commercial loans by vintage date and regulatory classification rating, see Note 6.

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Table 15: Commercial and Industrial Loans by Industry Sector |  |  |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Balance | % of Total Loans and Leases |  | Balance | % of Total Loans and Leases
Industry sector |  |  |  |  |
Finance and insurance |  |  |  |  |
Capital call facilities | $6,070 |  | 4 | % |  | $5,780 |  | 4 | %
Other finance and insurance | 6,446 |  | 5 |  |  | 6,021 |  | 4 |
Other manufacturing | 3,491 |  | 3 |  |  | 3,748 |  | 2 |
Technology | 2,818 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,351 |  | 2 |
Accommodation and food services | 2,599 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,948 |  | 2 |
Health, pharma, and social assistance | 2,322 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,598 |  | 2 |
Wholesale trade | 2,010 |  | 1 |  |  | 2,467 |  | 2 |
Retail trade | 2,000 |  | 1 |  |  | 2,379 |  | 2 |
Professional, scientific, and technical services | 2,313 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,339 |  | 2 |
Other services | 2,061 |  | 1 |  |  | 2,168 |  | 1 |
Energy and related | 2,085 |  | 1 |  |  | 2,034 |  | 1 |
Arts, entertainment, and recreation | 1,509 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,602 |  | 1 |
Administrative and waste management | 1,352 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,599 |  | 1 |
Rental and leasing | 923 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,073 |  | 1 |
Consumer products manufacturing | 710 |  | 1 |  |  | 984 |  | 1 |
Automotive | 1,026 |  | 1 |  |  | 898 |  | 1 |
Other | 2,816 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,985 |  | 2 |
Total commercial and industrial | $42,551 |  | 31 | % |  | $44,974 |  | 31 | %

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Table 16: Commercial Real Estate by Property Type and State |  |  |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Balance | % of Total Loans and Leases |  | Balance | % of Total Loans and Leases
Property type |  |  |  |  |
Multi-family | $9,791 |  | 7 | % |  | $9,367 |  | 6 | %
Office |  |  |  |  |
Credit tenant lease and life sciences(1) | 2,135 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,268 |  | 2 |
Other general office | 2,930 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,648 |  | 3 |
Retail | 2,940 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,407 |  | 2 |
Industrial | 3,575 |  | 3 |  |  | 3,981 |  | 3 |
Co-op | 1,802 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,796 |  | 1 |
Data center | 1,024 |  | 1 |  |  | 841 |  | 1 |
Hospitality | 418 |  | — |  |  | 608 |  | — |
Other | 2,610 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,555 |  | 2 |
Total commercial real estate | $27,225 |  | 20 | % |  | $29,471 |  | 20 | %
State |  |  |  |  |
New York | $6,643 |  | 5 | % |  | $7,035 |  | 5 | %
New Jersey | 3,370 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,829 |  | 3 |
Pennsylvania | 2,594 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,613 |  | 2 |
California | 2,398 |  | 2 |  |  | 2,314 |  | 1 |
Texas | 1,571 |  | 1 |  |  | 2,163 |  | 1 |
Massachusetts | 1,682 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,897 |  | 1 |
Florida | 1,123 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,087 |  | 1 |
Other Southeast(2) | 2,789 |  | 2 |  |  | 3,056 |  | 2 |
Other | 5,055 |  | 4 |  |  | 5,477 |  | 4 |
Total commercial real estate | $27,225 |  | 20 | % |  | $29,471 |  | 20 | %

(1) Credit tenant lease includes loans to nationally recognized tenants with high credit ratings and life sciences includes loans to provide lab and office space for tenants involved in the study and development of scientific discoveries.
(2) Includes Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 54

Retail Loan Asset Quality
We utilize credit scores provided by FICO, which are generally refreshed on a quarterly basis, and payment and delinquency status, among other data points, to monitor credit quality for retail loans. FICO credit scores represent current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data, which management believes are the strongest indicator of potential credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and a good predictor of a borrower’s future payment performance.

Table 17: Retail Loan Portfolio Analysis |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |  |  | Days Past Due and Accruing |
| Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual |  | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual
Residential mortgages | 97.81 | % | 0.77 | % | 0.28 | % | 0.55 | % | 0.59 | % |  | 97.34 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.38 | % | 0.82 | % | 0.56 | %
Home equity | 97.59 |  | 0.53 |  | 0.16 |  | — |  | 1.72 |  |  | 97.34 |  | 0.55 |  | 0.22 |  | — |  | 1.89 |
Automobile | 96.18 |  | 2.11 |  | 0.70 |  | — |  | 1.01 |  |  | 96.94 |  | 1.74 |  | 0.58 |  | — |  | 0.74 |
Education | 98.83 |  | 0.42 |  | 0.21 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.52 |  |  | 99.14 |  | 0.41 |  | 0.19 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.24 |
Other retail | 96.86 |  | 0.99 |  | 0.67 |  | 0.02 |  | 1.46 |  |  | 97.02 |  | 0.97 |  | 0.67 |  | 0.57 |  | 0.77 |
Total retail | 97.75 | % | 0.76 | % | 0.30 | % | 0.26 | % | 0.93 | % |  | 97.56 | % | 0.85 | % | 0.36 | % | 0.40 | % | 0.83 | %

Table 18: Retail Asset Quality Metrics |  |  |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Average refreshed FICO for total portfolio | 775 |  |  | 772 |
CLTV ratio for secured real estate(1) | 50 | % |  | 50 | %

(1) The real estate secured portfolio CLTV is calculated as the mortgage and second lien loan balance divided by the most recently available value of the property.
For more information on the aging of accruing and nonaccrual retail loans, and the distribution of retail loans by vintage date and FICO score, see Note 6.
Deposits

Table 19: Composition of Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 | % of Total Deposits |  | December 31, 2023 | % of Total Deposits |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $36,920 |  | 21 | % |  | $37,107 |  | 21 | % |  |  |  |
Money market | 55,321 |  | 32 |  |  | 53,812 |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest | 33,246 |  | 19 |  |  | 31,876 |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |
Savings | 25,976 |  | 15 |  |  | 27,983 |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |
Time | 23,313 |  | 13 |  |  | 26,564 |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | $174,776 |  | 100 | % |  | $177,342 |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

Total deposits as of December 31, 2024 decreased compared to December 31, 2023, reflecting a decline in higher-cost Treasury deposits and lower commercial balances, largely offset by growth in Private Bank deposits.

Table 20: Uninsured and Insured/Secured Deposits |  |
(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023
Total deposits | $174,776 |  | $177,342 |
Estimated uninsured deposits(1) | 76,764 |  | 73,584 |
Less: Uninsured affiliate deposits eliminated in consolidation | 12,705 |  | 14,650 |
Less: Preferred deposits(1)(2) | 6,902 |  | 7,486 |
CFG adjusted estimated uninsured deposits, excluding preferred deposits | 57,157 |  | 51,448 |
Total estimated insured/secured deposits | $117,619 |  | $125,894 |
Insured/secured deposits to total deposits | 67 | % | 71 | %

(1) As reported on CBNA’s Call Report.
(2) Represents uninsured deposits of states and political subdivisions that are secured or collateralized as required under state law.

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Table 21: Time Deposits in Excess of the FDIC Insurance Limit by Remaining Maturity
(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024
Three months or less | $1,499 |
After three months through six months | 936 |
After six months through twelve months | 597 |
After twelve months | 19 |
Total time deposits(1) | $3,051 |

(1) Includes time deposits per account in excess of $250,000.
Borrowed Funds
Total borrowed funds of $12.4 billion as of December 31, 2024 decreased $1.6 billion compared to December 31, 2023, driven by a decline of approximately $4.2 billion in FHLB advances, partially offset by the issuance of senior debt and secured borrowings collateralized by loans. For more information regarding our borrowed funds, see “Liquidity” and Note 13.
CAPITAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS
As a BHC and FHC, we are subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. Our banking subsidiary, CBNA, is a national banking association primarily regulated by the OCC. Our regulation and supervision continues to evolve as the legal and regulatory frameworks governing our operations continue to change. See the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1 for more information.
Capital Adequacy Process
Our assessment of capital adequacy begins with our Board-approved risk appetite and risk management framework. This framework provides for the identification, measurement and management of material risks. Capital requirements are determined for actual and forecasted risk portfolios using applicable regulatory capital methodologies. The assessment also considers the possible impacts of approved and proposed changes to regulatory capital requirements. Key analytical frameworks, including scenario analysis and stress testing, supplement our base line forecast to help inform a range of potential outcomes. A governance framework supports our capital planning process, including capital management policies and procedures that document capital adequacy metrics and limits, as well as our Capital Contingency Plan and the active engagement of both the Board and senior management in oversight and decision-making.
Forward-looking assessments of capital adequacy provide for the development of a single capital plan, which is periodically submitted to the FRB, that covers both us and our banking subsidiary. We prepare this plan in accordance with the Capital Plan Rule and we participate annually in the FRB’s horizontal capital review as part of their normal supervisory process, which includes an assessment of specific capital planning areas.
The FRB regularly supervises and evaluates our capital adequacy and capital planning processes, including the submission of an annual capital plan approved by our Board of Directors or one of its committees. Under the FRB’s capital requirements, we must maintain capital ratios above the sum of the regulatory minimum and SCB requirement to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. The FRB utilizes the supervisory stress test to determine our SCB, which is re-calibrated with each biennial supervisory stress test and updated annually to reflect our planned common stock dividends. As an institution subject to Category IV standards, we are subject to biennial supervisory stress testing in even-numbered years. Our SCB associated with the 2024 CCAR supervisory stress test was 4.5%, effective October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025.
Regulations relating to capital planning, regulatory reporting, stress testing and capital buffer requirements applicable to firms like us are presently subject to rule-making and potential further guidance and interpretation by the applicable federal regulators. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these and any other prudential regulatory changes, including their potential resultant changes in our regulatory and compliance costs and expenses.
Regulatory Capital Ratios and Capital Composition
Under the current U.S. Basel III capital framework, we and our banking subsidiary, CBNA, must meet the following specific minimum requirements: CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, total capital ratio of 8.0% and tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. As a BHC, our SCB of 4.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above and a CCB of 2.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above for CBNA.

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For additional discussion of the U.S. Basel III capital framework and its related application, see the “Regulation and Supervision” section in Item 1. The table below presents the regulatory capital ratios for CFG and CBNA under the U.S. Basel III Standardized rules:

Table 22: Regulatory Capital Ratios Under the U.S. Basel III Standardized Rules |  |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
(dollars in millions) | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Required Minimum Capital Ratio(1)
CET1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | $17,900 |  | 10.8 | % |  | $18,358 |  | 10.6 | % |  | 9.0 | %
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 12.3 |  |  | 19,411 |  | 11.3 |  |  | 7.0 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,013 |  | 12.1 |  |  | 20,372 |  | 11.8 |  |  | 10.5 |
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 12.3 |  |  | 19,411 |  | 11.3 |  |  | 8.5 |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 23,232 |  | 14.0 |  |  | 23,608 |  | 13.7 |  |  | 12.5 |
CBNA | 23,362 |  | 14.2 |  |  | 22,453 |  | 13.0 |  |  | 10.5 |
Tier 1 leverage |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,013 |  | 9.4 |  |  | 20,372 |  | 9.3 |  |  | 4.0 |
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 9.6 |  |  | 19,411 |  | 8.9 |  |  | 4.0 |
Risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 165,699 |  |  |  | 172,601 |  |  |  |
CBNA | 164,986 |  |  |  | 172,094 |  |  |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 212,555 |  |  |  | 219,591 |  |  |  |
CBNA | 211,849 |  |  |  | 218,974 |  |  |  |

(1) Represents minimum requirement under the current capital framework plus the SCB of 4.5% and CCB of 2.5% for CFG and CBNA, respectively. The SCB and CCB are not applicable to the Tier 1 leverage ratio.
(2) Represents total average assets less certain amounts deducted from Tier 1 capital.
At December 31, 2024, CFG’s CET1 and tier 1 capital ratios increased compared to December 31, 2023. Net income and a $6.9 billion decrease in RWA was partially offset by common share repurchases, dividends, and a decrease in the modified CECL transition amount as we entered the third year of the CECL three-year transition period. Lower commercial and auto loans were the key drivers for the decline in RWA. An increase in preferred stock was also a contributing factor to the tier 1 capital ratio increase.
At December 31, 2024, CBNA’s CET1 and tier 1 capital ratios increased compared to December 31, 2023. Net income and a $7.1 billion decrease in RWA, primarily driven by lower commercial and auto loans, was partially offset by dividend payments to the Parent Company and a decrease in the modified CECL transition amount as we entered the third year of the CECL three-year transition period.
At December 31, 2024, CFG’s and CBNA’s total capital ratios increased compared to December 31, 2023, driven by their respective changes in CET1 and tier 1 capital described above and a reduction in the modified AACL transition amount.
At December 31, 2024, CFG’s and CBNA’s tier 1 leverage ratios increased compared to December 31, 2023, reflecting a decline in quarterly adjusted average assets and their respective changes in tier 1 capital described above.

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Table 23: Capital Composition Under the U.S. Basel III Capital Framework |  |
(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Total common stockholders’ equity | $22,141 |  |  | $22,328 |
Exclusions: |  |  |
Modified CECL transitional amount | 96 |  |  | 192 |
Net unrealized (gains)/losses recorded in AOCI, net of tax: |  |  |
Debt securities | 2,369 |  |  | 2,338 |
Derivatives | 925 |  |  | 1,087 |
Unamortized net periodic benefit costs | 301 |  |  | 333 |
Deductions: |  |  |
Goodwill, net of deferred tax liability | (7,768) |  |  | (7,779) |
Other intangible assets, net of deferred tax liability | (128) |  |  | (134) |
Deferred tax assets that arise from tax loss and credit carryforwards | (36) |  |  | (7) |
Total common equity tier 1 capital | 17,900 |  |  | 18,358 |
Qualifying preferred stock | 2,113 |  |  | 2,014 |
Total tier 1 capital | 20,013 |  |  | 20,372 |
Qualifying subordinated debt(1) | 1,232 |  |  | 1,319 |
Allowance for credit losses | 2,259 |  |  | 2,318 |
Exclusions from tier 2 capital: |  |  |
Modified AACL transitional amount | (125) |  |  | (249) |
Allowance on PCD assets | (147) |  |  | (152) |
Adjusted allowance for credit losses | 1,987 |  |  | 1,917 |
Total capital | $23,232 |  |  | $23,608 |

(1) As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amount of non-qualifying subordinated debt excluded from regulatory capital was $469 million and $482 million, respectively. See Note 13 for more details on our outstanding subordinated debt.
Capital Transactions
We completed the following capital transactions during 2024:
•Repurchased $1.1 billion of our outstanding common stock;
•Issued 400,000 shares of 7.375% fixed-rate non-cumulative perpetual Series H Preferred Stock at an aggregate offering price of $400 million;
•Redeemed all outstanding shares of the 9.205% floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series D Preferred Stock on July 8, 2024;
•Declared quarterly common stock dividends of $0.42 per share, aggregating to $769 million; and
•Declared preferred stock dividends aggregating to $137 million.
For additional detail regarding our common and preferred stock dividends see Note 17.
On June 28, 2024, our Board of Directors increased the capacity of our common share repurchase program to $1.25 billion, an increase of $656 million above the $594 million of capacity remaining under the prior February 2023 authorization. All future capital distributions are subject to consideration and approval by our Board of Directors prior to execution. The timing and amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including our capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations.
AOCI Impact on Regulatory Capital
Under the current applicable regulatory capital rules we have made the AOCI opt-out election, which enables us to exclude components of AOCI from regulatory capital. As noted in the “Capital and Stress Testing Requirements” section of “Regulation and Supervision” in Item 1, the regulatory agencies are considering the inclusion of AOCI components in regulatory capital for Category IV firms like us, notably the AOCI relative to securities and pension.

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The following table presents our regulatory capital ratios including the AOCI impact from securities and pension, which we believe provides useful information in light of recent events and the potential for change in the regulatory capital framework.

Table 24: AOCI Impact on Regulatory Capital |  |
| December 31, 2024
| CFG |  | CBNA
(dollars in millions) | CET1 | Tier 1 | Total |  | CET1 | Tier 1 | Total
Regulatory capital, including AOCI impact: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory capital (as reported) | $17,900 |  | $20,013 |  | $23,232 |  |  | $20,250 |  | $20,250 |  | $23,362 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and pension | (2,670) |  | (2,670) |  | (2,670) |  |  | (2,651) |  | (2,651) |  | (2,651) |
Deferred tax assets - securities and pension AOCI | (33) |  | (33) |  | (33) |  |  | (34) |  | (34) |  | (34) |
Regulatory capital, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP) | $15,197 |  | $17,310 |  | $20,529 |  |  | $17,565 |  | $17,565 |  | $20,677 |
Risk-weighted assets, including AOCI impact: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-weighted assets (as reported) | $165,699 |  | $165,699 |  | $165,699 |  |  | $164,986 |  | $164,986 |  | $164,986 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and pension | (702) |  | (702) |  | (702) |  |  | (683) |  | (683) |  | (683) |
Deferred tax assets - securities and pension AOCI | 2,198 |  | 2,198 |  | 2,198 |  |  | 2,179 |  | 2,179 |  | 2,179 |
Risk-weighted assets, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP) | $167,195 |  | $167,195 |  | $167,195 |  |  | $166,482 |  | $166,482 |  | $166,482 |
Ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory capital ratio (as reported) | 10.8 | % | 12.1 | % | 14.0 | % |  | 12.3 | % | 12.3 | % | 14.2 | %
Regulatory capital ratio, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP) | 9.1 | % | 10.4 | % | 12.3 | % |  | 10.6 | % | 10.6 | % | 12.4 | %

LIQUIDITY
We consider the effective and prudent management of liquidity fundamental to our safety and soundness. We define liquidity as our ability to meet our obligations when they come due. As a financial institution, we must maintain operating liquidity to meet expected daily and forecasted cash-flow requirements, as well as contingent liquidity to meet unexpected (stress scenario) funding requirements. Reflecting the importance of meeting all unexpected and stress-scenario funding requirements, we identify and manage contingent liquidity, consisting of cash balances at the FRB, unencumbered high-quality liquid securities and unused FHLB borrowing capacity. Separately, we also identify and manage asset liquidity as a subset of contingent liquidity, consisting of cash balances at the FRB and unencumbered high-quality liquid securities. We maintain additional secured borrowing capacity at the FRB discount window, but do not view this as a primary means of funding, but rather a potential source in a stressed environment or during a market disruption. We manage liquidity at the consolidated enterprise level and at each material legal entity.
Parent Company Liquidity
Our Parent Company’s primary sources of cash are dividends and interest received from CBNA resulting from investing in bank equity and subordinated debt as well as externally issued preferred stock, senior debt and subordinated debt. Uses of cash include the routine cash flow requirements as a bank holding company, including periodic share repurchases and payments of dividends, interest and expenses; the needs of subsidiaries, including CBNA for additional equity and, as required, its need for debt financing; and the support for extraordinary funding requirements when necessary. To the extent the Parent Company relies on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Parent Company completed the following transactions:
•Issued $1.25 billion of 5.841% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2030;
•Issued $750 million of 6.645% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2035;
•Issued 400,000 shares of 7.375% fixed-rate non-cumulative perpetual Series H Preferred Stock at an aggregate offering price of $400 million;
•Redeemed all outstanding shares of the 9.205% floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series D Preferred Stock on July 8, 2024; and
•Issued $1.25 billion of 5.718% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2032.
Our Parent Company’s cash and cash equivalents represent a source of liquidity that can be used to meet various needs and totaled $2.7 billion and $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Parent Company declared dividends on common stock of $769 million and $808 million, respectively, and declared dividends on preferred stock of $137 million and $117 million, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Parent Company repurchased $1.1 billion of its outstanding common stock.
CBNA Liquidity
As CBNA’s primary business involves taking deposits and making loans, a key role of liquidity management is to ensure that customers have timely access to funds. Liquidity management also involves maintaining sufficient liquidity to repay wholesale borrowings, pay operating expenses and support extraordinary funding requirements when necessary. In the ordinary course of business, the liquidity of CBNA is managed by matching sources and uses of cash. The primary sources of bank liquidity include deposits from our consumer and commercial customers; payments of principal and interest on loans and debt securities; and wholesale borrowings, as needed, and as described under “Liquidity Risk Management and Governance.” The primary uses of bank liquidity include withdrawals and maturities of deposits; payment of interest on deposits; funding of loans and related commitments; and funding of securities purchases. To the extent that CBNA relies on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest. For further information on CBNA’s outstanding debt see Note 13.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, CBNA completed the following transactions:
•Issued $2.7 billion of secured borrowings collateralized by loans;
•Redeemed $650 million of 4.119% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2025; and
•Redeemed $600 million of 6.064% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2025.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk arising from the inability to meet our obligations when they come due. We must maintain adequate funding to meet current and future obligations, including customer loan requests, deposit maturities and withdrawals, debt service, leases, and other cash commitments, under both normal operating conditions and periods of company-specific and/or market stress.
We rely on customer deposits to be our primary stable and low-cost source of funding. Our funding sources also include our ability to securitize loans in secondary markets, raise funds in the debt and equity capital markets, pledge loans and/or securities for borrowing from the FHLB, pledge securities as collateral for borrowing under repurchase agreements, and sell AFS securities.

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Credit ratings assigned by agencies such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch impact our access to unsecured wholesale market funds and to large uninsured customer deposits and are presented in the table below.

Table 25: Credit Ratings |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2024
| Moody’s |  | Standard and Poor’s |  | Fitch
Citizens Financial Group, Inc.: |  |  |  |  |
Long-term issuer | Baa1 |  | BBB+ |  | BBB+
Short-term issuer | NR |  | A-2 |  | F1
Subordinated debt | Baa1 |  | BBB |  | BBB
Preferred Stock | Baa3 |  | BB+ |  | BB
Citizens Bank, National Association: |  |  |  |  |
Long-term issuer | A3 |  | A- |  | BBB+
Short-term issuer | (P) P-2 |  | A-2 |  | F1
Long-term deposits | A1 |  | NR |  | A-
Short-term deposits | P-1 |  | NR |  | F1

NR = Not Rated
We currently have a “stable” outlook at Standard & Poor’s, a “negative” outlook at Moody’s and a “positive” outlook at Fitch. Changes in our public credit ratings could affect both the cost and availability of our wholesale funding.
Existing and evolving regulatory liquidity requirements represent another key driver of systemic liquidity conditions and liquidity management practices. The FRB and OCC regularly evaluate our liquidity as part of the overall supervisory process. In addition, we are subject to existing and evolving regulatory liquidity requirements, some of which are subject to further rulemaking, guidance and interpretation by the applicable federal regulators. For further discussion, see the “Liquidity Requirements” section under “Regulation and Supervision” in Item 1.
Liquidity Risk Management and Governance
Liquidity risk is measured and managed by the Funding and Liquidity unit within our Treasury group in accordance with policy guidelines promulgated by our Board and the Asset Liability Committee. The Funding and Liquidity unit is responsible for maintaining a liquidity management framework that effectively manages liquidity risk. Processes within this framework include, but are not limited to, regular and comprehensive reporting, including current levels versus threshold limits for a broad set of liquidity metrics and early warning indicators, explanatory commentary relating to emerging risk trends and, as appropriate, recommended remedial strategies, liquidity stress testing, contingency funding plans, and collateral management.
Our Funding and Liquidity unit’s primary goals are to deliver and maintain prudent levels of operating liquidity to support expected and projected funding requirements, contingent liquidity to support unexpected funding requirements resulting from idiosyncratic, systemic, and combination stress events, and regulatory liquidity requirements in a timely manner from stable and cost-efficient funding sources. We seek to accomplish these goals by funding loans with stable deposits, by prudently controlling dependence on wholesale funding, particularly short-term unsecured funding, and by maintaining ample available liquidity, including a contingent liquidity buffer of unencumbered high-quality loans and securities.
We maintain a contingency funding plan designed to ensure that liquidity sources are sufficient to meet ongoing obligations and commitments, particularly in a stressed environment or during a market disruption. The plan identifies members of the liquidity contingency team and provides a framework for management to follow, including notification and escalation of potential liquidity stress events.

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As of December 31, 2024:
•Organically generated deposits continue to be our primary source of funding, resulting in a consolidated period-end loans-to-deposits ratio, excluding LHFS, of 79.6%;
◦Estimated insured/secured deposits comprise 67% of our consolidated deposit base of $174.8 billion.
•Our total available liquidity, comprised of contingent liquidity and available discount window capacity, was approximately $83.1 billion;
◦Contingent liquidity was $66.2 billion, consisting of unencumbered high-quality liquid securities of $36.0 billion, unused FHLB capacity of $21.1 billion, and our cash balances at the FRB of $9.1 billion; and
◦Available discount window capacity was $16.9 billion, defined as available total borrowing capacity from the FRB based on identified collateral, which is primarily secured by non-mortgage commercial and retail loans.
For a summary of our sources and uses of cash by type of activity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, see the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8.
The Funding and Liquidity unit monitors a variety of liquidity and funding metrics and early warning indicators and metrics, including specific risk thresholds limits. These monitoring tools are broadly classified as follows:
•Current liquidity sources and capacities, including cash balances at the FRB, free and liquid securities, and secured borrowing capacity at the FHLB and FRB discount window;
•Liquidity stress sources, including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined stresses, in addition to evolving regulatory requirements; and
•Current and prospective exposures, including secured and unsecured wholesale funding, and spot and cumulative cash-flow gaps across a variety of horizons.
Further, certain of these metrics are monitored individually for CBNA and for our consolidated enterprise on a daily basis, including cash position, unencumbered securities, asset liquidity and available FHLB borrowing capacity. In order to identify emerging trends and risks and inform funding decisions, specific metrics are also forecasted over a one-year horizon.
Contractual Obligations
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual obligations that may require future cash payments, including customer deposit maturities and withdrawals, debt service, lease obligations and other cash commitments. For more information regarding these obligations, see Notes 9, 12 and 13.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We engage in a variety of activities that are not reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets that are generally referred to as “off-balance sheet arrangements.” For more information on these types of activities, see Note 19.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to establish accounting policies and make estimates that affect amounts reported in our audited Consolidated Financial Statements.
An accounting estimate requires assumptions and judgments about uncertain matters that could have a material effect on our audited Consolidated Financial Statements. Estimates are made using facts and circumstances known at a point in time. Changes in those facts and circumstances could produce results substantially different from those estimates. Our most significant accounting policies and estimates and their related application are discussed below. See Note 1 for further discussion of our significant accounting policies.

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Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL of $2.3 billion at December 31, 2024 remained stable compared to December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, the ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period was consistent with December 31, 2023, with peak unemployment of approximately 5.1% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.4%. These forecasts reflect a mild recession over the two-year reasonable and supportable period.
Our determination of the ACL is sensitive to changes in forecasted macroeconomic conditions during the reasonable and supportable forecast period. To illustrate the sensitivity, we applied a more pessimistic scenario than that described above which reflects deeper real GDP contraction across our two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with peak unemployment of approximately 6.0% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 2.0%. Excluding consideration of qualitative adjustments, this scenario would result in a quantitative lifetime loss estimate of approximately 1.2x our modeled period-end ACL, or an increase of approximately $400 million. This analysis relates only to the modeled credit loss estimate and not to the overall period-end ACL, which includes qualitative adjustments.
Because several quantitative and qualitative factors are considered in determining the ACL, this sensitivity analysis does not necessarily reflect the nature and extent of future changes in the ACL or even what the ACL would be under these economic circumstances. The sensitivity analysis is intended to provide insights into the impact of adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment and the corresponding impact to modeled loss estimates. The hypothetical determination does not incorporate the impact of management judgment or other qualitative factors that could be applied in the actual estimation of the ACL and does not imply any expectation of future deterioration in our loss rates.
It remains difficult to estimate how changes in economic forecasts might affect our ACL because such forecasts consider a wide variety of variables and inputs, and changes in the variables and inputs may not occur at the same time or in the same direction, and such changes may have differing impacts by product type. The variables and inputs may be idiosyncratically affected by risks to the economy, including changing monetary and fiscal policies, impacts from the recent stress on the banking industry, and their impact on inflationary trends. Changes in one or multiple of the key macroeconomic variables may have a material impact on our estimation of expected credit losses.
For additional information regarding the ACL, see Note 6.
Goodwill
The acquisition method of accounting requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations are recorded at fair value. Business combinations typically result in goodwill, which is subject to ongoing periodic impairment tests based on the fair values of the reporting units to which the goodwill has been attributed. At December 31, 2024, goodwill totaled $8.2 billion and is assigned to our reporting units as follows: $5.5 billion to Commercial Banking and $2.7 billion to Consumer Banking.
The process of evaluating the fair value of a reporting unit is subjective, involving management assumptions, estimates and forecasts, and the use of external or internal valuations. Valuation techniques include discounted cash flow and market approach analysis. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the quantitative impairment test estimated the fair value of the reporting units using an equal weighting of an income approach (i.e., discounted cash flows method) and market-based approach (i.e., the guideline public company method). The guideline public company method utilizes comparable public company information and key valuation multiples, and considers a market control premium associated with cost synergies and other cash flow benefits that arise from obtaining control over a reporting unit, and guideline transactions, when applicable.
Under the income approach, cash flow projections are based on multi-year financial forecasts developed for each reporting unit that consider key business drivers such as new business initiatives, customer retention standards, market share changes, anticipated loan and deposit growth, fees and expenses, forward interest rates, historical performance, credit performance, and industry and economic trends, among other considerations. The projection of net interest income and noninterest expense are the most significant inputs to the financial projections of the Commercial Banking and Consumer Banking reporting units. Discount rates are estimated based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model, which considers the risk-free interest rate, market risk premium, beta, and unsystematic risk adjustments specific to a particular reporting unit. The discount rates are also calibrated based on risks related to the projected cash flows of each reporting unit.

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We performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of 2024 as part of our annual impairment assessment. Based on this quantitative assessment, we concluded that the estimated fair value of the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking reporting units exceeded their carrying value; therefore, goodwill is not impaired.
For additional information regarding Goodwill, see Note 10.
Fair Value
We assess the fair value of assets and liabilities by applying various valuation methodologies which may involve a significant degree of judgment, particularly when active markets do not exist for the items being valued. Quoted market prices are used to estimate the fair value of certain assets such as trading assets, investment securities and residential real estate LHFS. Assumptions are used to estimate the fair value of items for which an observable active market does not exist and include discount rates, rates of return on assets, repayment rates, cash flows, default rates, costs of servicing and liquidation values. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different fair value estimates, which could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or fair value disclosures.
We also assess whether there are any declines in fair value below the carrying value of assets that require recognition of a loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, including certain investments, loans, goodwill, and core deposit and other intangible assets.
For additional information regarding our fair value measurements, see Note 20.

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ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS
Accounting standards issued but not adopted as of December 31, 2024

Pronouncement | Summary of Guidance | Effects on Financial Statements
Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Issued December 2023 | •Requires an annual income tax rate reconciliation table that includes specific categories and other significant categories, disaggregated by nature, that exceed 5% of income tax expense at the statutory tax rate •Requires a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up more than 50% of the effect of the state and local income tax category •Requires description of the nature, effect and underlying causes of the reconciling items and the judgment used in categorizing these items •Requires annual disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes, and further disaggregated by individual jurisdictions that exceed 5% of total income taxes paid, net of refunds received •Requires disclosure of 1) income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign, and 2) income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state and foreign •Eliminates the requirement to disclose the nature and estimate of the change in unrecognized tax benefits expected in the next twelve months •Eliminates the requirement to disclose the cumulative amount of each type of temporary difference when a deferred tax liability is not recognized because of the exceptions to comprehensive recognition of deferred taxes related to subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures | •Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. •Adoption is expected to have a meaningful impact on our required income tax disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses Issued November 2024 | •Requires tabular disclosure of the following expense categories: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities •Within the same tabular disclosure, include certain expenses, gains, and losses that are already required to be disclosed •Requires a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively •Requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses | •Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2027, and interim reporting periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. •We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our required expense disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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RISK GOVERNANCE
We are committed to maintaining a strong, integrated and proactive approach to the management of all risks to which we are exposed in pursuit of our business objectives. A key aspect of our Board’s responsibility as the main decision-making body is setting our risk appetite to ensure that the levels of risk that we are willing to accept in the attainment of our strategic business and financial objectives are clearly understood.
To enable our Board to carry out its objectives, it has delegated authority for risk management activities, as well as governance and oversight of those activities, to a number of Board and executive management level risk committees. The Executive Risk Committee, chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, is responsible for oversight of risk across the enterprise and actively considers our inherent material risks, analyzes our overall risk profile and seeks confirmation that the risks are being appropriately identified, assessed and mitigated. Reporting to the Executive Risk Committee are the following committees covering specific areas of risk: Compliance and Operational Risk, Model Risk, Credit Policy, Asset Liability, Business Initiatives Review, and Conduct and Ethics.
Risk Framework
Our risk management framework is embedded in our business through a “Three Lines of Defense” model which defines responsibilities and accountabilities for risk management activities.
First Line of Defense
The business lines, including their associated support functions, are the first line of defense and are accountable for identifying, assessing, managing, and controlling the risks associated with the products and services they provide. The business lines are responsible for performing regular risk assessments to identify and assess the material risks that arise in their area of responsibility, complying with relevant risk policies, testing and certifying the adequacy and effectiveness of their operational and financial reporting controls on a regular basis, establishing and documenting operating procedures, and establishing a governance structure for identifying and managing risk.
Second Line of Defense
The second line of defense includes independent monitoring and control functions accountable for the development of risk and control frameworks and related policies, and their associated implementation. This centralized risk function is independent from the business and is accountable for overseeing and challenging our business lines on the effective management of their risks including, but not limited to, credit, market, operational, regulatory, reputational, interest rate, liquidity, legal and strategic risks.
Third Line of Defense
Our Internal Audit function is the third line of defense providing independent assurance of the effectiveness of our internal controls and governance practices so that risk is managed appropriately for the size, complexity, and risk profile of the organization. Internal Audit has complete and unrestricted access to all of our records, physical properties and personnel. Internal Audit issues a report following each internal review and provides an audit opinion to the Board’s Audit Committee on a quarterly basis.
Credit Review reports to the Chief Audit Executive and provides the Board, senior management and other stakeholders with independent assurance on the quality of credit portfolios and adherence to agreed Credit Risk Appetite and Credit Policies and processes. In line with its procedures and regulatory expectations, the Credit Review function undertakes a program of portfolio testing, assessing and reporting through four Risk Pillars of Asset Quality, Rating and Data Integrity, Risk Management and Credit Risk Appetite.
Risk Appetite
Risk appetite is a strategic business and risk management tool. We define our risk appetite as the maximum limit of acceptable risk beyond which we could be unable to achieve our strategic objectives and capital adequacy obligations.

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Our principal non-market risks include credit, operational, regulatory, reputational, liquidity and strategic risks. We are also subject to certain market risks which include potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices and/or other relevant market rates or prices. Market risk in our business arises from trading activities that serve customer needs, including interest rate hedging, foreign exchange risk and non-trading activities within capital markets. We have established enterprise-wide policies and methodologies to identify, measure, monitor and report on market risk. We actively manage both trading and non-trading market risks. See “Market Risk” for further information. Our risk appetite is reviewed and approved annually by the Board Risk Committee.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk represents the potential for loss arising from the failure of a customer, counterparty, or issuer to perform in accordance with the contractual terms of an obligation. While the majority of our credit risk is associated with lending activities, we do engage with other financial counterparties for a variety of purposes including investing, asset and liability management, and trading activities. Given the financial impact of credit risk on our earnings and balance sheet, the assessment, approval and management of credit risk represents a significant part of our overall risk-management responsibility.
Our independent Credit Risk Function is responsible for reviewing and approving the credit risk appetite across all lines of business and credit products, approving larger and higher-risk credit transactions, monitoring portfolio performance, identifying problem credit exposures, and ensuring remedial management. Credit Risk actively monitors and manages concentrations of loan limits, loan types, industries, and geographies to ensure that our risk appetite is well balanced to achieve our goals.
Management and oversight of credit risk is the responsibility of each respective business line and the second line of defense. Our second line of defense, the independent Credit Risk Function, is led by the Chief Credit Officer who oversees all credit risk and reports to the Chief Risk Officer. The Chief Credit Officer, acting in a manner consistent with Board policies, has responsibility for, among other things, the governance process around policies, procedures, risk acceptance criteria, credit risk appetite, limits and authority delegation. The Chief Credit Officer and team also have responsibility for credit approvals for larger and higher-risk transactions and oversight of line of business credit risk activities. Reporting to the Chief Credit Officer are the heads of the second line of defense credit functions specializing in: Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, Private Banking, Citizens Restructuring Management, Portfolio and Corporate Reporting, ACL Analytics, Current Expected Credit Loss, and Credit Policy and Administration. Each team under these leaders is composed of experienced credit professionals.
The primary mechanisms that govern our risk management include, but are not limited to, credit assessments, models, scorecards, credit limits, exposure management, concentration limits, balance sheet diversification, portfolio management, collateral requirements and individual credit policies tailored for Consumer and Commercial lending. Our policies outline the minimum acceptable lending standards and their alignment with our desired risk appetite. Material changes in our business model and strategies that identify a need to change our risk appetite or highlight a risk not previously contemplated are identified by the individual committees and presented to the Credit Policy Committee, Executive Risk Committee and the Board Risk Committee for approval, as appropriate.
We employ a comprehensive and integrated risk control program to proactively identify, measure, monitor, and mitigate existing and emerging credit risks across the credit life cycle including origination, account/portfolio management, and loss mitigation and recovery.
Consumer
We utilize several distinct business processes and channels to originate consumer credit, including traditional branch lending and mobile and online banking. Each distinct underwriting and origination activity includes unique credit risk characteristics, with loan pricing commensurate with the differing risk profiles. Consumer credit approvals are typically based on the financial strength and payment history of the borrower, type of exposure, and transaction structure, among other factors.

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Lending authority is granted to each first line approver by the second line of defense credit risk function to ensure proper oversight of the underwriting teams. We periodically evaluate the performance of each first line approver and annually reauthorize their delegated authority. Only senior members of the second line of defense credit risk function are authorized to approve significant exceptions to credit policies, which are not uncommon when compensating factors are present. Established exception limits, when reached or exceeded, trigger a comprehensive analysis.
For Consumer Banking, our teams use models to evaluate consumer loans across their life cycle. Credit scoring models are used to forecast the probability of default of an applicant prior to origination. When approving customers for a new loan or extension of an existing credit line, credit scores are used in conjunction with other credit risk variables such as affordability, length of term, collateral value, collateral type, and lien subordination.
Our consumer banking portfolio is comprised of five categories of loans to consumers: residential mortgages, home equity, education, automobile, and other retail.
Residential Mortgages and Home Equity
Residential mortgages are loans to consumers to purchase or refinance 1-4 family residential properties and are generally structured with repayment terms ranging from 15 to 30 years. We originate both fixed- and adjustable-rate (traditional and interest-only) residential mortgages, with the properties securing such mortgages primarily located within our geographic footprint. We do not originate residential mortgages that allow negative amortization or multiple payment options. Residential mortgage applications are underwritten using consistent credit policies and processes, with a focus on higher-quality borrowers.
Residential mortgages are originated based on an appraisal completed during the credit underwriting process, with borrower performance tracked monthly by segmenting the mortgage portfolio into pools based on product type. The portfolio is also segmented based upon delinquency, nonperforming status, modification and bankruptcy status, FICO scores, LTV and geographic concentrations as part of our overall risk management analysis and monitoring.
Home equity loans primarily include lines of credit secured by a first- or second-lien on the borrower’s residence, which enable the customer to borrow against the equity in their home or refinance existing mortgage debt. The product is a variable-rate, interest-only line of credit that allows the borrower to draw against the available line with no required principal payments during an initial 10-year revolving period. At the end of the revolving period, the home equity line of credit converts into a 15-year amortizing structure.
Home equity applications are underwritten using full income and credit standards with underwriting criteria based on minimum credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and combined LTV ratios utilizing current collateral valuations. The underwriting for variable-rate lines of credit also incorporates a stress analysis for rising interest rates. We actively manage lines of credit and adjust their lending limit when we believe it is necessary based on a borrower’s FICO score and any associated credit deterioration.
Borrower performance of the home equity portfolio is tracked on a monthly basis for internal reporting and risk management purposes by segmenting the portfolio into pools, which are typically based on origination vintage tranches. The performance of any related mortgage loans is also tracked regardless of whether we hold a lien on such loans. A third-party service provider is utilized to obtain updated loan information, including lien and collateral data that is aggregated from both public and private sources.
LTV information on our outstanding residential mortgages and home equity portfolios is updated quarterly based on a combination of automated valuation model updates and relevant home price indices. LTV is the ratio of the loan’s outstanding principal balance to the current property value estimate. For home equity and second mortgages, CLTV is the ratio of the first mortgage original principal balance and the second lien outstanding principal balance combined to the current property value estimate.
Property values for both residential mortgages and home equity loans are refreshed quarterly after an account is established to allow for proactive identification of changing levels of credit risk and to facilitate our portfolio management, including workout and loss mitigation functions. Our approach to managing credit risk is highly analytical and, where appropriate, is automated to ensure consistency and efficiency.

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Education
The education portfolio is primarily comprised of two products, in-school loans and education refinance loans. An in-school loan is generally financed over a 5, 10, or 15-year term and provides for fixed or variable rate financing to students while enrolled in school, with the option to pay while in school or to defer payment until after graduation. An education refinance loan provides a refinancing option on an existing education loan for students and parents, with 5 to 20-year terms and fixed or variable rates.
The performance of the education portfolio is measured monthly, including updated FICO, or equivalent, scores. We analyze the portfolio by product channel and type, and regularly evaluate default and delinquency experience for internal reporting and risk management purposes.
Automobile
The automobile portfolio consists of loans originated primarily through independent franchised dealers, including some located in select states outside of our primary geographic footprint. This portfolio is in runoff as we discontinued the origination of automobile loans in 2023.
The performance of the automobile loan portfolio is measured monthly, including updated collateral values and FICO, or equivalent, scores. We analyze the portfolio by product channel and type and regularly evaluate default and delinquency experience for internal reporting and risk management purposes.
Other Retail
Other retail loans primarily consist of unsecured consumer lending products, including credit cards and point-of-sale loans originated through partnerships with third-party companies. These loans are underwritten in accordance with our established credit policies and guidelines. Certain point-of-sale loans originated with third-party companies include credit loss protection agreements provided by those companies, which mitigate our risk of loss. Given the variable nature of the credit card portfolio, we actively monitor interest rate impacts and portfolio performance to ensure alignment with our risk tolerance.
Commercial
Our commercial banking portfolio consists of traditional commercial and industrial loans, commercial leases, and commercial real estate loans.
For Commercial Banking, risk management includes defined credit products and policies and is separated into commercial and industrial loans, CRE and leases. Separate verticals are established within commercial and industrial loans and leases for certain specialty products. Substantially all activity that falls under a defined industry or product is managed through a specialty vertical and a stand-alone team of industry, product, and credit risk specialists. CRE also operates as a specialty vertical.
Commercial transactions are subject to individual analysis and approval before origination and, with few exceptions, are subject to a formal annual review requirement. The underwriting process includes the establishment and approval of credit grades that establish the probability of default and loss given default. Material transactions require both a business line approver and an independent credit approver with the requisite level of delegated authority as determined by the size of the credit relationship as well as the probability of default. Checks and balances in the credit process and the independence of the credit approver function are designed to appropriately assess and sanction the level of credit risk being accepted, actively monitor the portfolio to facilitate the early recognition of credit problems, and provide for effective problem asset management and resolution. Authority to grant credit is delegated through the independent Credit Risk Function and is closely monitored and updated annually, at a minimum.
The primary factors considered in commercial credit approvals are the financial strength of the borrower, assessment of the borrower’s management capabilities, cash flows from operations, industry sector trends, type and sufficiency of collateral, type of exposure, geography, transaction structure including loan covenants, and the general economic outlook. While these are the primary factors considered, there are a number of other factors that may be considered in the decision process. In addition to the credit analysis conducted during the approval process before origination and during an annual review, our Credit Review group performs testing to provide an independent review and assessment of the quality of the portfolio and new originations. This group conducts portfolio reviews on a risk-based cycle to evaluate individual loans and validate risk ratings, as well as tests the consistency of the credit processes and the effectiveness of credit risk management.

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Credit exposure to individual borrowers is managed by policy guidelines based on the perceived risk of each borrower, or related group of borrowers, with concentration risk managed through limits on industry sectors, asset classes and loan quality factors.
Our standardized loan grading system considers many components that directly correlate to loan quality and likelihood of repayment. Substantially all loans categorized as Classified are managed by Citizens Restructuring Management, a specialized group of credit professionals that handle the day-to-day management of loan workouts, commercial recoveries, and problem loan sales to reduce losses and maximize recoveries. Their responsibilities include developing and implementing action plans, assessing risk ratings, and determining the adequacy of the ACL, accrual status, and ultimate collectability of the Classified loan portfolio.
Commercial and Industrial
The commercial and industrial portfolio includes both loans and leases made to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases, capital call facilities, or other projects/acquisitions. The loans and leases are generally underwritten individually to assess the quality of multiple sources of repayment including cash flow for debt service, collateral, and any guarantees from the business owner. Although real estate exists as collateral for these loans, the operation, sale, rental, or refinancing of the real estate is not considered the primary repayment source.
The risks inherent in the commercial and industrial portfolio are managed through origination policies, a defined loan concentration policy with established limits, ongoing loan- and portfolio-level reviews, recourse requirements, and continuous portfolio risk management activities. Our origination policies for the commercial and industrial portfolio include policies specific to loan product type, such as LTV and debt service coverage ratios, as applicable.
Commercial Real Estate
The CRE portfolio consists of both commercial property and construction loans that support a wide range of property development and investment activities including, but not limited to, multi-family, office spaces, industrial facilities, and retail shopping centers. These loans are typically repaid through cash flows generated from the operation, sale, or refinance of the property. Risk on these loans is mitigated by requiring collateral values that exceed the loan amount and underwriting the loan with projected cash flow in excess of the debt service requirement.
Our CRE construction portfolio primarily consists of multi-family, warehouse, office and data center property types. Loans in this portfolio are generally for construction projects that have been pre-sold or pre-leased, have secured permanent financing, or are made to real estate companies with significant equity invested in the project. A specialized real estate lending group is responsible for this portfolio and actively monitors the construction phase and manages the loan disbursements according to the predetermined construction schedule. Construction loans, which are generally short term in nature, are utilized to fund the development or renovation of real estate, with repayment often tied to the successful completion and stabilization of the property.
Risks inherent in this portfolio are managed by focusing on the financial strength and experience of the developer, market conditions and other specific attributes associated with each project. We limit our loan amounts based on appraised values, minimum equity investments by our borrowers, and adequate cash flows to support the debt.
Both macro- and loan-level stress-test scenarios based on existing and forecasted market conditions are part of the ongoing portfolio management process for the CRE portfolio. Ongoing portfolio-level reviews are performed that generate action plans based on occupancy levels or leasing revenues associated with the projects being reviewed. This highly individualized process requires working closely with all of our borrowers, as well as an in-depth knowledge of CRE project lending and the current market environment.
Property-type concentrations and both geographic and property-type performance metrics are actively monitored for all CRE loan types, with a focus on loans identified as higher risk based on our risk rating methodology. The portfolio is diversified by property type and loan size, representing a significant portion of the credit risk management strategies employed for this portfolio. Subsequent to the origination, the Credit Review group provides an independent review and assessment of the quality of the underwriting and risk from new loan originations.

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Appraisal values are obtained in conjunction with all originations and renewals, and on an as-needed basis, to both comply with regulatory requirements and to ensure appropriate decisions regarding the ongoing management of the portfolio with respect to changing market conditions. Appraisals are obtained from approved vendors and are reviewed by an internal appraisal review group, which is composed of certified appraisers to ensure the quality of the valuation used in the underwriting process.
MARKET RISK
Market risk refers to potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices and/or other relevant market rates or prices. Modest market risk arises from trading activities that serve customer needs, including the hedging of interest rate and foreign exchange risk. As described below, the market risk arising from our non-trading banking activities, such as the origination of loans and deposit-gathering, is more significant. We have established enterprise-wide policies and methodologies to identify, measure, monitor and report market risk. We actively manage market risk for both non-trading and trading activities.
Non-Trading Risk
Our non-trading banking activities expose us to market risk. This market risk is composed of interest rate risk, as we have no commodity risk and de minimis direct currency and equity risk. We also have market risk related to capital markets loan originations, as well as the valuation of our MSRs.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk emerges from the balance sheet after the aggregation of our assets, liabilities and equity. We refer to this non-trading risk embedded in the balance sheet as “structural interest rate risk” or “interest rate risk in the banking book.”
A major source of structural interest rate risk is a difference in the repricing of assets relative to liabilities and equity. There are differences in the timing and drivers of rate changes reflecting the maturity and/or repricing of assets and liabilities. There may also be differences in the drivers of rate changes. Loans may be tied to a specific index rate such as SOFR or Prime, while deposits may not be as correlated with such rates and more dependent upon competitive demand. Due to these basis differences, net interest income is sensitive to changes in spreads between certain indices or repricing rates.
A primary source of our structural interest rate risk relates to faster repricing of floating-rate loans relative to core deposit funding. This source of asset sensitivity is more biased toward the short end of the yield curve.
The secondary source of our interest rate risk is driven by longer term rates comprising the rollover or reinvestment risk on fixed-rate loans, as well as prepayment risk on mortgage-related loans and securities funded by non-rate sensitive deposits and equity.
Another important source of structural interest rate risk relates to the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options. For example, most consumer loans can be prepaid without penalty and most consumer deposits can be withdrawn without penalty. The exercise of such options by customers can exacerbate the timing differences discussed above.
The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk within policy limits approved by our Board. These limits and guidelines reflect our tolerance for interest rate risk over both short- and long-term horizons. To ensure that exposure to interest rate risk is managed within our risk appetite, we measure the exposure and hedge it, as necessary. The Treasury Asset and Liability Management team is responsible for measuring, monitoring and reporting on our structural interest rate risk position. These exposures are reported on a monthly basis to the Asset Liability Committee and at Board meetings.
We measure structural interest rate risk through a variety of metrics intended to quantify both short- and long-term exposures. The primary method we use to quantify interest rate risk is simulation analysis in which we model net interest income from assets, liabilities and hedge derivative positions under various interest rate scenarios over a three-year horizon. Exposure to interest rate risk is reflected in the variation of forecasted net interest income across these scenarios.

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Key assumptions in this simulation analysis relate to the behavior of interest rates and spreads, changes in product balances and the behavior of our loan and deposit customers in different rate environments. Repricing characteristics and balance fluctuations of deposits with indeterminate (i.e., non-contractual) maturities, as well as the pace of mortgage prepayments are the most significant behavioral assumptions. We utilize product level models that consider specific product characteristics and composition of the deposit portfolio, along with current and forward-looking market dynamics, to project deposit rates. Similarly, we employ dynamic prepayment and mortgage rate models to project prepayment behaviors specific to each of our product offerings. These models are developed based on internal performance data over prior interest rate cycles and calibrated to our experience and outlook for rates across a diverse set of market environments. We assess our models and assumptions periodically by running sensitivity analyses to determine the impact of changes to inputs or assumptions on our risk results, which are reported to the Asset Liability Committee.
Since we cannot predict the future path of interest rates, we use simulation analysis to project net interest income under various interest rate scenarios including a “most likely” (implied forward) scenario, as well as a variety of extreme and unlikely scenarios. These scenarios may assume gradual ramping of the overall level of interest rates, immediate shocks to the level of rates and various yield curve twists in which movements in short- or long-term rates predominate. Generally, projected net interest income in any interest rate scenario is compared to net interest income in a base case where market-forward rates are realized.
The table below presents the sensitivity of net interest income to various parallel yield curve shifts from the market implied forward yield curve. Our policies involve measuring exposures as a percentage change in net interest income over the next year due to either instantaneous or gradual parallel changes in rates relative to the market implied forward yield curve. As the following table illustrates, our balance sheet is asset sensitive; net interest income would benefit from an increase in interest rates, while exposure to a decline in interest rates is within limits established and monitored by senior management. While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates is included in this analysis, we believe that any actual shift in interest rates would be more gradual and, therefore, have a more modest impact.

Table 26: Sensitivity of Net Interest Income |  |  |
| Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income over 12 Months
| December 31,
Basis points | 2024 |  | 2023
Instantaneous Change in Interest Rates |  |  |
+200 | 1.8 | % |  | — | %
+100 | 1.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
-100 | (1.3) |  |  | (1.5) |
-200 | (3.3) |  |  | (3.0) |
Gradual Change in Interest Rates |  |  |
+200 | 2.2 | % |  | 0.4 | %
+100 | 1.0 |  |  | 0.5 |
-100 | (0.9) |  |  | (1.0) |
-200 | (1.8) |  |  | (1.9) |

We continue to manage asset sensitivity within the scope of our policy, changing market conditions and changes in our balance sheet. The Company’s base case net interest income assumes the forward-rate path implied by the period-end yield curve is realized. The rate risk exposure is then measured based on assumed changes from that base case rate path.
Our risk position is slightly asset sensitive to a gradual change in rates as of December 31, 2024, compared to our broadly neutral position as of December 31, 2023. Our interest rate sensitivity incorporates the impacts of changes in our balance sheet mix, including securities, loans, deposits, borrowed funds and hedge activity, which is primarily comprised of received fixed swaps that offset our naturally asset-sensitive balance sheet.

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We use a valuation measure of exposure to structural interest rate risk, EVE, as a supplement to net interest income simulations. EVE complements net interest income simulation analysis as it estimates risk exposure over a long-term horizon. EVE measures the extent to which the economic value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments may change in response to fluctuations in interest rates. This analysis is highly dependent upon assumptions applied to assets and liabilities with non-contractual maturities. We employ sophisticated models for prepayments and deposit pricing and attrition, which provide a granular view of cash flows based on the unique characteristics of the underlying products and customer segments. The change in value is expressed as a percentage of regulatory capital.
We use interest rate contracts as part of our ALM strategy to manage exposure to the variability in the interest cash flows on our floating-rate assets and wholesale funding, the variability in the fair value of AFS securities, and to hedge market risk on fixed-rate capital markets debt issuances.
The following table presents interest rate derivative contracts that we have entered into as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 27: Interest Rate Hedges Used to Manage Non-Trading Interest Rate Exposure |
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Weighted Average |  |  | Weighted Average
(dollars in millions) | Notional Amount | Maturity (Years) | Fixed Rate | Reset Rate |  | Notional Amount | Maturity (Years) | Fixed Rate | Reset Rate
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset conversion swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pay fixed/receive SOFR | $7,827 |  | 4.7 |  | 3.8 | % | 4.5 | % |  | $5,365 |  | 6.2 |  | 3.8 | % | 5.4 | %
Liability conversion swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowed funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive fixed/pay SOFR | 500 |  | 0.9 |  | 2.6 |  | 4.8 |  |  | 500 |  | 1.9 |  | 2.6 |  | 5.6 |
Total fair value hedges | 8,327 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,865 |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset conversion swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive fixed/pay SOFR | 26,250 |  | 1.7 |  | 3.1 |  | 4.5 |  |  | 17,780 |  | 0.8 |  | 4.0 |  | 5.4 |
Receive fixed/pay SOFR - forward-starting | 20,000 |  | 3.5 |  | 3.7 |  | 4.0 |  |  | 31,250 |  | 2.9 |  | 3.3 |  | 4.6 |
Basis swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive SOFR/pay 1-month term SOFR | 11,500 |  | 1.6 |  | — |  | 4.5/4.3 |  | 5,000 |  | 1.0 |  | — |  | 5.3/5.3
Receive SOFR/pay 1-month term SOFR - forward-starting | 3,000 |  | 2.4 |  | — |  | 4.0/4.0 |  | 14,000 |  | 2.7 |  | — |  | 5.2/5.1
|  |  | Floor Rate | Cap Rate |  |  |  | Floor Rate | Cap Rate
Options |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate collars(1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,000 |  | 1.5 |  | 2.5 |  | 3.7 |
Interest rate collars - forward-starting(1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 500 |  | 2.5 |  | 2.7 |  | 4.4 |
Floor spreads - forward-starting(2) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,500 |  | 2.8 |  | 2.2/3.2 | — |
Total cash flow hedges | 60,750 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,030 |  |  |  |
Total hedges | $69,077 |  |  |  |  |  | $77,895 |  |  |  |

(1) Weighted average floor and cap rates represent strike rates through which CFG will receive interest if the SOFR rate falls below the floor strike rate and pay interest if the SOFR rate exceeds the cap strike rate.
(2) Weighted average floor rate represents strike rates for the short and long interest rate floors, respectively. CFG will receive interest if the SOFR rate falls below the upper strike rate and pay interest if the SOFR rate falls below the lower strike rate, effectively hedging the corridor between the two strike rates. The structure also includes a short cap and a long floor which are utilized to neutralize the initial premium.

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The following table presents the average active notional amounts for our interest rate derivatives, based on contract effective date, for the next five years:

Table 28: Average Active Notional for Interest Rate Derivative Contracts
|  | Year Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 |
Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pay fixed/receive SOFR(1) |  | $7,821 |  | $7,594 |  | $5,847 |  | $4,991 |  | $3,448 |  |
Receive fixed/pay SOFR(2) |  | 441 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive fixed/pay SOFR(2) |  | 28,557 |  | 26,827 |  | 19,341 |  | 10,799 |  | 2,677 |  |
Receive SOFR/pay 1-month term SOFR |  | 12,096 |  | 8,847 |  | 1,952 |  | — |  | — |  |
Total |  | $48,915 |  | $43,268 |  | $27,140 |  | $15,790 |  | $6,125 |  |
Weighted average receive fixed rate |  | 3.2 | % | 3.5 | % | 3.6 | % | 3.6 | % | 3.6 | % |
Weighted average pay fixed rate |  | 3.8 |  | 3.8 |  | 3.8 |  | 3.7 |  | 3.7 |  |

(1) Pay fixed rate leg of the interest rate derivative contract is included in the computation of the weighted average pay fixed rate.
(2) Receive fixed rate leg of the interest rate derivative contract is included in the computation of the weighted average receive fixed rate.

Table 29: Pre-Tax Gains (Losses) Recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income on Cash Flow Hedges
| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Pre-tax net gains (losses) recognized in OCI | ($725) |  |  | ($145) |  |  |
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest income | (945) |  |  | (596) |  |  |
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest expense | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |

Using the December 31, 2024 interest rate curve we estimate that $718 million in pre-tax net losses related to cash flow hedge strategies will be reclassified from AOCI to net interest income over the next 12 months. These losses could differ from amounts recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations or the addition of other hedges after December 31, 2024.
Included in AOCI is a net loss from terminated swaps of $732 million that will reduce net interest income by $127 million in the first quarter of 2025, $119 million in the second quarter of 2025, $109 million in the third quarter of 2025, and $103 million in the fourth quarter of 2025. The remaining $274 million will reduce net interest income by $230 million in 2026 and $44 million after 2026.
Capital Markets
A key component of our capital markets activities is the underwriting and distribution of corporate credit facilities to finance merger and acquisition transactions for our clients. We have a rigorous risk management process around these activities, including a limit structure capping our underwriting risk, potential loss, and sub-limits for specific asset classes. Further, the ability to approve underwriting exposure is delegated only to senior level individuals in the credit risk management and capital markets organizations with each transaction adjudicated in the Loan Underwriting Approval Committee.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
We have market risk associated with the value of residential MSRs, which are impacted by various types of inherent risks, including duration, basis, convexity, volatility and yield curve.
As part of our overall risk management strategy we enter into various free-standing derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate futures and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities to economically hedge the changes in fair value of our MSRs. For more information regarding the fair value of our MSRs and associated derivatives see Note 8 and Note 14.
As with our traded market risk-based activities, earnings at risk excludes the impact of MSRs. MSRs are captured under our single price risk management framework that is used for calculating a management value at risk consistent with the definition used by banking regulators.

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Trading Risk
We are exposed to market risk primarily through client facilitation activities from certain derivative and foreign exchange products as well as underwriting and market making activities. Market risk exposure arises from fluctuations in interest rates, basis spreads, volatility, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, and credit spreads across various financial instruments. Securities underwriting and trading activities are conducted through CBNA and Citizens JMP Securities, LLC.
Client facilitation activities consist primarily of interest rate derivatives, financially settled commodity derivatives and foreign exchange contracts where we enter into offsetting trades with a separate counterparty or exchange to manage our market risk exposure. In addition, we operate trading desks covering secondary loans, corporate bonds, and equity securities, with the objective of meeting secondary liquidity needs of our issuing clients’ transactions and investor clients. We do not engage in any trading activities to benefit from short-term price differences.
Market Risk Governance
The process of setting our market risk limit is established in accordance with the formal enterprise risk appetite process and policy, which reflects the strategic and enterprise level articulation of opportunities for creating franchise value set to the boundaries of how much market risk to assume. Dealing authorities represent the key control tool in the management of market risk that allows the cascading of the risk appetite throughout the enterprise. A dealing authority sets the operational scope and tolerances within which a business and/or trading desk is permitted to operate, which is reviewed annually at a minimum. Dealing authorities are structured to accommodate client facing trades and hedges needed to manage the risk profile, with responsibility for remaining within established tolerances residing with the business. Key risk indicators, including VaR, open foreign currency positions and single name risk are monitored daily and reported against tolerances consistent with our risk appetite and business strategy to the appropriate business line management and risk counterparts.
Market Risk Measurement
We use VaR as a statistical measure for estimating the potential exposure of our traded market risk in normal market conditions. Our VaR framework for risk management and regulatory reporting is the same. Risk management VaR is based on a one-day holding period to a 99% confidence level and regulatory VaR is based on a ten-day holding period to the same confidence level. In addition to VaR, non-statistical measurements for measuring risk such as sensitivity analysis, market value and stress testing are employed.
Our market risk platform and associated market risk and valuation models capture correlation effects across all our “covered positions” and allow for aggregation of market risk across products, risk types, business lines and legal entities. We measure, monitor and report market risk for management and regulatory capital purposes.
VaR Overview
The market risk measurement model is based on historical simulation. The VaR measure estimates the extent of any fair value losses on trading positions that may occur due to broad market movements (General VaR) such as changes in the level of interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices. It is calculated on the basis that current positions remain relatively unaltered over the course of a given holding period with the assumption that markets are sufficiently liquid to allow the business to close its positions, if required, within this holding period. Based on the composition of our “covered positions,” we also use a standardized add-on approach for the loan trading and high yield bond desks’ Specific Risk capital, which estimates the extent of any losses that may occur from factors other than broad market movements. The General VaR approach is expressed in terms of a confidence level over the past 500 trading days. The internal VaR measure, used as the basis of the main VaR trading limits, is a 99% confidence level with a one-day holding period, indicating that a loss greater than the VaR is expected to occur, on average, on only one day in 100 trading days (i.e., 1% of the time). Theoretically, there should be a loss event greater than VaR two to three times per year. The regulatory measure of VaR is a 99% confidence level with a ten-day holding period. The historical market data applied to calculate the VaR is updated on a two-business day lag. Refer to “Market Risk Regulatory Capital” below for details of our ten-day VaR metrics for the quarters ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Market Risk Regulatory Capital
The U.S. banking regulators’ “Market Risk Rule” covers the calculation of market risk capital. Under this rule, all of our client facing trades and associated hedges maintain a net low risk and qualify as “covered positions.” The internal management VaR measure is calculated based on the same population of trades that is utilized for regulatory VaR.

Table 30: Results of Modeled and Non-Modeled Measures for Regulatory Capital Calculations |
(dollars in millions) |  | For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 |  | For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Market Risk Category |  | Period End |  | Average |  | High |  | Low |  | Period End |  | Average |  | High |  | Low
Interest Rate |  | $2 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $5 |  |  | $2 |
Foreign Exchange Currency Rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Credit Spread |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Commodity |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
General VaR |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Specific Risk VaR |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total VaR |  | $3 |  |  | $2 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $3 |
Stressed General VaR |  | $7 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $12 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $14 |  |  | $3 |
Stressed Specific Risk VaR |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Stressed VaR |  | $7 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $12 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $14 |  |  | $3 |
Market Risk Regulatory Capital |  | $28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $33 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specific Risk Not Modeled Add-on |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
de Minimis Exposure Add-on |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Market Risk Regulatory Capital |  | $53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market Risk-Weighted Assets |  | $665 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $643 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Stressed VaR
SVaR is an extension of VaR and utilizes a longer historical look-back horizon, fixed from January 3, 2005, to identify headline risks from more volatile periods and to provide a counterbalance to VaR, which may be low during periods of low volatility. The holding period for profit and loss determination is ten days. In addition to its utilization for risk management purposes, SVaR is a component of market risk regulatory capital. We calculate SVaR daily under its own dynamic window regime whereby values of the ten-day, 99% VaR are calculated over all 260-day periods that can be obtained from the complete historical data set. Refer to “Market Risk Regulatory Capital” above for SVaR metrics.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis is the measure of exposure to a single risk factor, such as a one basis point change in rates or credit spread. We conduct and monitor sensitivity on interest rates, basis spreads, foreign exchange exposures, option prices and credit spreads. Since VaR is based on previous moves in market risk factors over recent periods, it may not be an accurate predictor of future market moves. Sensitivity analysis complements VaR as it provides an indication of risk relative to each factor irrespective of historical market moves and is an effective tool in evaluating the appropriateness of hedging strategies and concentrations.
Stress Testing
Conducting a stress test of a portfolio consists of running risk models with the inclusion of key variables that simulate various historical or hypothetical scenarios. For historical stress tests, profit and loss results are simulated for select time periods corresponding to the most volatile underlying returns, while hypothetical stress tests aim to consider concentration risk, illiquidity under stressed market conditions and risk arising from our trading activities that may not be fully captured by our other risk-measurement methodologies. Hypothetical scenarios also assume that market moves occur simultaneously and no repositioning or hedging activity takes place to mitigate losses as market events unfold. Stress tests of our trading positions are generated daily.

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VaR Model Review and Validation
Our market risk measurement models are independently reviewed and subject to ongoing performance analysis by the model owners. This independent review and validation focuses on model methodology, market data and performance and is the responsibility of Citizens’ Model Risk Management and Validation team. This team challenges the assumptions used and quantitative techniques employed, including the theoretical justification supporting them, and performs an assessment of the soundness of the required data over time. The quantitative impact of the major underlying modeling assumptions is estimated (e.g., through developing alternative models), if possible. The market risk models may be periodically enhanced due to changes in market price levels and price action regime behavior. The Market Risk Management and Validation team conducts internal validation before a new or changed model element is implemented and before a change is made to market data mapping.
VaR Backtesting
Backtesting is one form of validation of the VaR model and is run daily. The Market Risk Rule requires a comparison of our internal VaR measure to the actual, aggregated net trading revenue (excluding fees, commissions, reserves, intra-day trading and net interest income) for each day over the preceding year (the most recent 250 business days). Any observed loss in excess of the combined portfolio’s VaR number is taken as an exception. The number of exceptions determines the multiplication factor used to derive the VaR and SVaR-based capital requirement for regulatory reporting purposes, when applicable. The multiplication factor, which increases from a minimum of three to a maximum of four, depending on the number of exceptions, did not change during 2024 based on the Company’s two observed exceptions during the year. Further, we perform sub-portfolio backtesting as required under the Market Risk Rule, using models approved by our banking regulators for interest rate, credit spread, commodity and foreign exchange positions.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS
For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Introduction — Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” included in this Report. The following table presents computations of non-GAAP financial measures representing our “Underlying” results used in the MD&A:
Table 31: Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Measures

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | Ref. | 2024 |  | 2023
Noninterest income, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Noninterest income (GAAP) | A | $2,176 |  |  | $1,983 |
Less: Notable items |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Noninterest income, Underlying (non-GAAP) | B | $2,161 |  |  | $1,983 |
Total revenue, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | C | $7,809 |  |  | $8,224 |
Less: Notable items |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) | D | $7,794 |  |  | $8,224 |
Noninterest expense, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | E | $5,234 |  |  | $5,507 |
Less: Notable items |  | 156 |  |  | 506 |
Noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | F | $5,078 |  |  | $5,001 |
Pre-provision profit: |  |  |  |
Total revenue (GAAP) | C | $7,809 |  |  | $8,224 |
Less: Noninterest expense (GAAP) | E | 5,234 |  |  | 5,507 |
Pre-provision profit (non-GAAP) |  | $2,575 |  |  | $2,717 |
Pre-provision profit, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) | D | $7,794 |  |  | $8,224 |
Less: Noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | F | 5,078 |  |  | 5,001 |
Pre-provision profit, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | $2,716 |  |  | $3,223 |
Income before income tax expense, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense (GAAP) | G | $1,888 |  |  | $2,030 |
Less: Income (expense) before income tax expense (benefit) related to notable items |  | (141) |  |  | (506) |
Income before income tax expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | H | $2,029 |  |  | $2,536 |
Income tax expense and effective income tax rate, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (GAAP) | I | $379 |  |  | $422 |
Less: Income tax expense (benefit) related to notable items |  | (43) |  |  | (149) |
Income tax expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) | J | $422 |  |  | $571 |
Effective income tax rate (GAAP) | I/G | 20.06 | % |  | 20.76 | %
Effective income tax rate, Underlying (non-GAAP) | J/H | 20.80 |  |  | 22.48 |
Net income, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | K | $1,509 |  |  | $1,608 |
Add: Notable items, net of income tax benefit |  | 98 |  |  | 357 |
Net income, Underlying (non-GAAP) | L | $1,607 |  |  | $1,965 |
Net income available to common stockholders, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders (GAAP) | M | $1,372 |  |  | $1,491 |
Add: Notable items, net of income tax benefit |  | 98 |  |  | 357 |
Net income available to common stockholders, Underlying (non-GAAP) | N | $1,470 |  |  | $1,848 |
Return on average common equity and return on average common equity, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | O | $21,881 |  |  | $21,592 |
Return on average common equity | M/O | 6.27 | % |  | 6.90 | %
Return on average common equity, Underlying (non-GAAP) | N/O | 6.72 |  |  | 8.56 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 78

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | Ref. | 2024 |  | 2023
Return on average tangible common equity and return on average tangible common equity, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Average common equity (GAAP) | O | $21,881 |  |  | $21,592 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 8,187 |  |  | 8,184 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 143 |  |  | 177 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) |  | 433 |  |  | 422 |
Average tangible common equity | P | $13,984 |  |  | $13,653 |
Return on average tangible common equity | M/P | 9.81 | % |  | 10.92 | %
Return on average tangible common equity, Underlying (non-GAAP) | N/P | 10.51 |  |  | 13.53 |
Return on average total assets and return on average total assets, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | Q | $219,024 |  |  | $222,221 |
Return on average total assets | K/Q | 0.69 | % |  | 0.72 | %
Return on average total assets, Underlying (non-GAAP) | L/Q | 0.73 |  |  | 0.88 |
Return on average total tangible assets and return on average total tangible assets, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Average total assets (GAAP) | Q | $219,024 |  |  | $222,221 |
Less: Average goodwill (GAAP) |  | 8,187 |  |  | 8,184 |
Less: Average other intangibles (GAAP) |  | 143 |  |  | 177 |
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) |  | 433 |  |  | 422 |
Average tangible assets | R | $211,127 |  |  | $214,282 |
Return on average total tangible assets | K/R | 0.71 | % |  | 0.75 | %
Return on average total tangible assets, Underlying (non-GAAP) | L/R | 0.76 |  |  | 0.92 |
Efficiency ratio and efficiency ratio, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio | E/C | 67.03 | % |  | 66.97 | %
Efficiency ratio, Underlying (non-GAAP) | F/D | 65.15 |  |  | 60.81 |
Noninterest income as a % of total revenue, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Noninterest income as a % of total revenue | A/C | 27.86 | % |  | 24.12 | %
Noninterest income as a % of total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) | B/D | 27.73 |  |  | 24.12 |
Operating leverage and operating leverage, Underlying: |  |  |  |
(Decrease) increase in total revenue |  | (5.04) | % |  | 2.53 | %
(Decrease) increase in noninterest expense |  | (4.95) |  |  | 12.58 |
Operating Leverage |  | (0.09) | % |  | (10.05) | %
(Decrease) increase in total revenue, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | (5.22) | % |  | 2.13 | %
Increase in noninterest expense, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | 1.54 |  |  | 8.00 |
Operating Leverage, Underlying (non-GAAP) |  | (6.76) | % |  | (5.87) | %
Tangible book value per common share: |  |  |  |
Common shares - at period end (GAAP) | S | 440,543,381 |  |  | 466,418,055 |
Common stockholders’ equity (GAAP) |  | $22,141 |  |  | $22,329 |
Less: Goodwill (GAAP) |  | 8,187 |  |  | 8,188 |
Less: Other intangible assets (GAAP) |  | 146 |  |  | 157 |
Add: Deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP) |  | 438 |  |  | 433 |
Tangible common equity | T | $14,246 |  |  | $14,417 |
Tangible book value per common share | T/S | $32.34 |  |  | $30.91 |
Net income per average common share - basic and diluted and net income per average common share - basic and diluted, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding - basic (GAAP) | U | 450,678,038 |  |  | 475,089,384 |
Average common shares outstanding - diluted (GAAP) | V | 453,510,245 |  |  | 476,693,148 |
Net income per average common share - basic (GAAP) | M/U | $3.05 |  |  | $3.14 |
Net income per average common share - diluted (GAAP) | M/V | 3.03 |  |  | 3.13 |
Net income per average common share-basic, Underlying (non-GAAP) | N/U | 3.26 |  |  | 3.89 |
Net income per average common share-diluted, Underlying (non-GAAP) | N/V | 3.24 |  |  | 3.88 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 79

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | Ref. | 2024 |  | 2023
Dividend payout ratio and dividend payout ratio, Underlying: |  |  |  |
Cash dividends declared and paid per common share | W | $1.68 |  |  | $1.68 |
Dividend payout ratio | W/(M/U) | 55 | % |  | 54 | %
Dividend payout ratio, Underlying (non-GAAP) | W/(N/U) | 52 |  |  | 43 |

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are presented in the “Market Risk” section of Part II, Item 7 and is incorporated herein by reference.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 80

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

|  | Page
Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |  | 82
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements (PCAOB ID No. 34) |  | 83
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |  | 86
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 87
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 88
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 89
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity |  | 90
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 91
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 93
Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies |  | 93
Note 2 - Acquisitions |  | 94
Note 3 - Cash and Due from Banks |  | 95
Note 4 - Securities |  | 95
Note 5 - Loans and Leases |  | 99
Note 6 - Credit Quality and the Allowance for Credit Losses |  | 101
Note 7 - Premises, Equipment and Software |  | 115
Note 8 - Mortgage Banking and Other Serviced Loans |  | 116
Note 9 - Leases |  | 118
Note 10 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets |  | 120
Note 11 - Variable Interest Entities |  | 121
Note 12 - Deposits |  | 124
Note 13 - Borrowed Funds |  | 125
Note 14 - Derivatives |  | 126
Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans |  | 130
Note 16 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 132
Note 17 - Stockholders’ Equity |  | 132
Note 18 - Share-Based Compensation |  | 134
Note 19 - Commitments and Contingencies |  | 135
Note 20 - Fair Value Measurements |  | 137
Note 21 - Noninterest Income |  | 143
Note 22 - Other Operating Expense |  | 145
Note 23 - Income Taxes |  | 145
Note 24 - Earnings Per Share |  | 148
Note 25 - Regulatory Matters |  | 149
Note 26 - Business Operating Segments |  | 150
Note 27 - Parent Company Financials |  | 153

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 81

REPORT OF MANAGEMENT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting is designed, under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their accompanying report appearing on page 86, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 82

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
Providence, Rhode Island
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 13, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 83

Allowance for Credit Losses - Refer to Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL. The ACL is maintained at a level the Company believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of a loan or lease and on the unfunded lending commitments. The determination of the ACL is based on periodic evaluation of the loan and lease portfolios and unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. A number of relevant underlying factors, including key assumptions and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information, are considered.
Key assumptions used in the ACL measurement process include the use of a two-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period followed by a one-year reversion period to historical credit loss information.
The quantitative evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL utilizes a single economic forecast as its foundation and is primarily based on econometric models that use known or estimated data as of the balance sheet date and forecasted data over the reasonable and supportable period. Known and estimated data include current PD, LGD and EAD for commercial loans, timing and amount of expected draws for unfunded lending commitments, FICO, LTV, and term for retail loans. The mix and level of loan balances, delinquency levels, assigned risk ratings, previous loss experience, current business conditions, amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, and factors particular to specific commercial credits such as competition, business and management performance are also considered. Forward-looking economic assumptions include real gross domestic product, unemployment rate, interest rate curve, and changes in collateral values. This data is accumulated to estimate expected credit losses over the contractual life of the loans and leases, adjusted for expected prepayments. Historical information, such as financial statements for commercial customers or consumer credit ratings, may not be as important to estimating future expected losses as forecasted inputs to the models during volatile economic time periods.
The ACL may also be affected by a variety of qualitative factors that the Company considers that are not measured in the statistical procedures including uncertainty related to the economic forecasts, loan growth, back testing results, regional geographic concentrations, credit underwriting policy exceptions, regulatory and audit findings, and peer comparisons. The qualitative allowance is further affected by sensitivity analysis for certain industry sectors or loan classes, including CRE office.
Given the size of the loan and lease portfolios and unfunded commitments and the subjective nature of estimating the ACL, including the estimated impact of the factors noted above and related economic forecasting uncertainty, auditing the ACL involved a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the ACL for the loan and lease portfolios and unfunded commitments included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the (i) selection of the economic forecasts, (ii) development, execution, and monitoring of the econometric models, (iii) estimation of management’s adjustments to the modeled reserves in the industry sectors facing challenges in the current macroeconomic environment, (iv) determination of the qualitative allowance, and (v) overall calculation and disclosure of the ACL.
•With the assistance of credit specialists, we (i) evaluated the reasonableness of the econometric models and related assumptions, (ii) assessed the reasonableness of design, theory, and logic of the econometric models for estimating expected credit losses, (iii) tested the accuracy of the data input into the econometric models, and (iv) tested the arithmetic accuracy of the models’ calculations of the expected credit losses.
•We (i) evaluated the appropriateness and relevance of the qualitative factors, including management’s consideration of the economic forecasting uncertainty and adjustments to the modeled reserves for the industry sectors facing challenges in the current macroeconomic environment, (ii) tested the accuracy and evaluated the relevance of the historical loss data used in determining the qualitative allowance, (iii) evaluated the reasonableness of the Company’s assessment and determination of the qualitative factors and related impact on the estimation of the qualitative allowance and (iv) tested the arithmetic accuracy of the calculation of the qualitative allowance.
•We tested the arithmetic accuracy of the calculation of the overall ACL and assessed the reasonableness of the related disclosures.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 84

Goodwill – Refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
Management has identified and assigned goodwill to two reporting units, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking.
Management reviews the goodwill of each reporting unit for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1st or more frequently if events or circumstances change that indicate an impairment may exist.
Management performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test associated with its annual impairment assessment date. The fair value of the Company’s reporting units was determined using a combination of income and market-based approaches. Under the income approach, key assumptions included cash flow projections based on multi-year forecasts, long-term earnings growth rate, and discount rates. Under the market-based approach, key assumptions included determination of comparable public companies, valuation multiples, and utilization of a market control premium associated with cost synergies and other cash flow benefits that arise from obtaining control over a reporting unit, and guideline transactions, when applicable.
We identified the goodwill impairment test as a critical audit matter because these fair value determinations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of our valuation specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the valuation of the Company’s reporting units included the following, among others:
•We tested the design, implementation, and operating effectiveness of internal controls over the goodwill impairment test, including controls over the (i) accounting and valuation conclusions reached by management, (ii) relevant business and valuation assumptions, and (iii) determination of its operating segments and reporting units.
•With the assistance of internal valuation specialists, we (i) evaluated the appropriateness of the valuation methodology used and the reasonableness of the valuation and business assumptions, including the selection of discount rates, market multiples, and long-term earnings growth rate, (ii) assessed the mathematical accuracy of the valuation calculations, and (iii) assessed the reasonableness of the consolidated Company valuation in comparison to the Company’s market capitalization.
•We tested the completeness and accuracy of the data used in the valuation of the commercial and consumer reporting units.
•We evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast by comparing actual results to management’s historical forecasts.
•We tested the reasonableness of management’s forecasts used in the valuation of the commercial and consumer reporting units.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 13, 2025
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2000.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 85

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
Providence, Rhode Island
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 13, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 13, 2025

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 86

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
(dollars in millions, except par value) | 2024 |  | 2023
ASSETS: |  |  |
Cash and due from banks(1) | $1,409 |  |  | $1,794 |
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks | 9,192 |  |  | 9,834 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks(1) | 635 |  |  | 405 |
Debt securities available for sale, at fair value (including $152 and $110 pledged to creditors, respectively)(2) | 32,765 |  |  | 29,777 |
Debt securities held to maturity (fair value of $7,540 and $8,350, respectively, and including $83 and $204 pledged to creditors, respectively)(2) | 8,599 |  |  | 9,184 |
Loans held for sale (includes $825 and $676, respectively, measured at fair value)(3) | 858 |  |  | 779 |
Loans and leases | 139,203 |  |  | 145,959 |
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses | (2,061) |  |  | (2,098) |
Net loans and leases(1) | 137,142 |  |  | 143,861 |
Derivative assets | 408 |  |  | 440 |
Premises and equipment, net | 875 |  |  | 895 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 3,364 |  |  | 3,291 |
Goodwill | 8,187 |  |  | 8,188 |
Other intangible assets(4) | 146 |  |  | 157 |
Other assets(1) | 13,941 |  |  | 13,359 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $217,521 |  |  | $221,964 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $36,920 |  |  | $37,107 |
Interest-bearing | 137,856 |  |  | 140,235 |
Total deposits | 174,776 |  |  | 177,342 |
Short-term borrowed funds | — |  |  | 505 |
Derivative liabilities | 1,220 |  |  | 1,562 |
Long-term borrowed funds(1) | 12,401 |  |  | 13,467 |
Other liabilities(1) | 4,870 |  |  | 4,746 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 193,267 |  |  | 197,622 |
Commitments and Contingencies (refer to Note 19) |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Preferred Stock: |  |  |
$25.00 par value,100,000,000 shares authorized; 2,150,000 and 2,050,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively | 2,113 |  |  | 2,014 |
Common stock: |  |  |
$0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 650,068,324 shares issued and 440,543,381 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 647,829,720 shares issued and 466,418,055 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 7 |  |  | 6 |
Additional paid-in capital | 22,364 |  |  | 22,250 |
Retained earnings | 10,412 |  |  | 9,816 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 209,524,943 and 181,411,665 shares at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively | (7,047) |  |  | (5,986) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (3,595) |  |  | (3,758) |
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 24,254 |  |  | 24,342 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $217,521 |  |  | $221,964 |

(1) Includes amounts in consolidated VIEs. See Note 11 for additional information.
(2) Includes only collateral pledged by the Company where counterparties have the right to sell or pledge the collateral.
(3) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Balance Sheets during 2024.
(4) Excludes MSRs, which are reported in Other assets.
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 87

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans and leases | $7,948 |  | $8,489 |  | $5,968 |
Interest and fees on loans held for sale(1) | 77 |  | 102 |  | 124 |
Investment securities | 1,658 |  | 1,162 |  | 840 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 503 |  | 451 |  | 128 |
Total interest income | 10,186 |  | 10,204 |  | 7,060 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |
Deposits | 3,825 |  | 3,145 |  | 651 |
Short-term borrowed funds | 15 |  | 43 |  | 23 |
Long-term borrowed funds | 713 |  | 775 |  | 374 |
Total interest expense | 4,553 |  | 3,963 |  | 1,048 |
Net interest income | 5,633 |  | 6,241 |  | 6,012 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 687 |  | 687 |  | 474 |
Net interest income after provision (benefit) for credit losses | 4,946 |  | 5,554 |  | 5,538 |
NONINTEREST INCOME: |  |  |
Service charges and fees | 420 |  | 410 |  | 420 |
Capital markets fees | 467 |  | 319 |  | 368 |
Card fees | 368 |  | 296 |  | 273 |
Wealth fees(1) | 294 |  | 259 |  | 249 |
Mortgage banking fees | 209 |  | 242 |  | 261 |
Foreign exchange and derivative products | 146 |  | 183 |  | 188 |
Letter of credit and loan fees | 175 |  | 168 |  | 159 |
Securities gains, net | 18 |  | 28 |  | 9 |
Other income | 79 |  | 78 |  | 82 |
Total noninterest income | 2,176 |  | 1,983 |  | 2,009 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 2,657 |  | 2,599 |  | 2,549 |
Equipment and software | 769 |  | 756 |  | 648 |
Outside services | 639 |  | 687 |  | 700 |
Occupancy | 447 |  | 492 |  | 410 |
Other operating expense | 722 |  | 973 |  | 585 |
Total noninterest expense | 5,234 |  | 5,507 |  | 4,892 |
Income before income tax expense | 1,888 |  | 2,030 |  | 2,655 |
Income tax expense | 379 |  | 422 |  | 582 |
NET INCOME | $1,509 |  | $1,608 |  | $2,073 |
Net income available to common stockholders | $1,372 | $1,491 | $1,960 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 450,678,038 |  | 475,089,384 |  | 475,959,815 |
Diluted | 453,510,245 |  | 476,693,148 |  | 477,803,142 |
Per common share information: |  |  |
Basic earnings | $3.05 |  | $3.14 |  | $4.12 |
Diluted earnings | 3.03 |  | 3.13 |  | 4.10 |

(1) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Statements of Operations during 2024.
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 88

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Net income | $1,509 |  | $1,608 |  | $2,073 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives arising during the period, net of income taxes of ($194), ($39) and ($466), respectively | (531) |  | (106) |  | (1,340) |
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses on cash flow hedge derivatives included in net income, net of income taxes of $253, $161 and $30, respectively | 693 |  | 435 |  | 85 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities arising during the period, net of income taxes of ($27), $119 and ($868), respectively | (90) |  | 350 |  | (2,608) |
Reclassification of net securities (gains) losses to net income, net of income taxes of $19, $28 and ($2), respectively | 59 |  | 83 |  | (7) |
Defined benefit plans: |  |  |
Actuarial gain (loss) arising during the period, net of income taxes of $7, $15 and ($15), respectively | 19 |  | 28 |  | (37) |
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss to net income, net of income taxes of $4, $5 and $2, respectively | 13 |  | 12 |  | 12 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes | 163 |  | 802 |  | (3,895) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $1,672 |  | $2,410 |  | ($1,822) |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 89

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock, at Cost | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total
(dollars and shares in millions) | Shares | Amount |  | Shares | Amount
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 2 |  | $2,014 |  |  | 422 |  | $6 |  | $19,005 |  | $7,978 |  | ($4,918) |  | ($665) |  | $23,420 |
Dividends declared - common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (779) |  | — |  | — |  | (779) |
Dividends declared - preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (113) |  | — |  | — |  | (113) |
Issuance of common stock - business acquisition | — |  | — |  |  | 72 |  | — |  | 3,036 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,036 |
Treasury stock purchased | — |  | — |  |  | (4) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (153) |  | — |  | (153) |
Share-based compensation plans | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 77 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 77 |
Employee stock purchase plan | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 24 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 24 |
Total comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,073 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,073 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,895) |  | (3,895) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,073 |  | — |  | (3,895) |  | (1,822) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 2 |  | $2,014 |  |  | 492 |  | $6 |  | $22,142 |  | $9,159 |  | ($5,071) |  | ($4,560) |  | $23,690 |
Dividends declared - common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (808) |  | — |  | — |  | (808) |
Dividends declared - preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (117) |  | — |  | — |  | (117) |
Treasury stock purchased | — |  | — |  |  | (29) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (906) |  | — |  | (906) |
Share repurchase excise tax | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9) |  | — |  | (9) |
Share-based compensation plans | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 81 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 81 |
Employee stock purchase plan | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | 27 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 27 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (26) |  | — |  | — |  | (26) |
Total comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,608 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,608 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 802 |  | 802 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,608 |  | — |  | 802 |  | 2,410 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 2 |  | $2,014 |  |  | 466 |  | $6 |  | $22,250 |  | $9,816 |  | ($5,986) |  | ($3,758) |  | $24,342 |
Dividends declared - common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (769) |  | — |  | — |  | (769) |
Dividends declared - preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (137) |  | — |  | — |  | (137) |
Preferred stock issued | — |  | 392 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 392 |
Preferred stock redemption | — |  | (293) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7) |  | — |  | — |  | (300) |
Treasury stock purchased | — |  | — |  |  | (28) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,050) |  | — |  | (1,050) |
Share repurchase excise tax | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11) |  | — |  | (11) |
Share-based compensation plans | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 89 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 90 |
Employee stock purchase plan | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | 25 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 25 |
Total comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,509 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,509 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 163 |  | 163 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,509 |  | — |  | 163 |  | 1,672 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 2 |  | $2,113 |  |  | 441 |  | $7 |  | $22,364 |  | $10,412 |  | ($7,047) |  | ($3,595) |  | $24,254 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 90

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $1,509 |  | $1,608 |  | $2,073 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net change due to operating activities: |  |  |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 687 |  | 687 |  | 474 |
Net change in loans held for sale | (24) |  | 98 |  | 1,733 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 498 |  | 478 |  | 565 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | (177) |  | (242) |  | 57 |
Share-based compensation | 97 |  | 87 |  | 84 |
Net gain on sale of assets | (18) |  | (28) |  | (9) |
Net (increase) decrease in other assets | (261) |  | 612 |  | (1,894) |
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities | (310) |  | (339) |  | 1,036 |
Net change due to operating activities | 2,001 |  | 2,961 |  | 4,119 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Investment securities: |  |  |
Purchases of debt securities available for sale | (9,755) |  | (10,087) |  | (10,776) |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities available for sale | 3,304 |  | 2,001 |  | 3,422 |
Proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale | 3,619 |  | 2,941 |  | 1,178 |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities held to maturity | 662 |  | 761 |  | 1,035 |
Net (increase) decrease in interest-bearing deposits in banks | (230) |  | (102) |  | 13 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(1) | — |  | — |  | (255) |
Purchases of loans | (655) |  | — |  | (1,007) |
Sales of loans | 207 |  | 2,793 |  | 2,677 |
Net (increase) decrease in loans and leases | 6,050 |  | 7,174 |  | (7,927) |
Capital expenditures, net | (122) |  | (172) |  | (126) |
Purchases of bank-owned life insurance | — |  | — |  | (100) |
Other | (93) |  | (61) |  | (771) |
Net change due to investing activities | 2,987 |  | 5,248 |  | (12,637) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits | (2,566) |  | (3,382) |  | 6,146 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowed funds | (505) |  | 502 |  | (95) |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds | 13,185 |  | 25,983 |  | 24,617 |
Repayments of long-term borrowed funds | (14,286) |  | (28,418) |  | (19,691) |
Treasury stock purchased | (1,050) |  | (906) |  | (153) |
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock | 392 |  | — |  | — |
Redemption of preferred stock | (300) |  | — |  | — |
Dividends paid to common stockholders | (769) |  | (808) |  | (779) |
Dividends paid to preferred stockholders | (134) |  | (120) |  | (113) |
Other | 18 |  | 21 |  | (25) |
Net change due to financing activities | (6,015) |  | (7,128) |  | 9,907 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents(2) | (1,027) |  | 1,081 |  | 1,389 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period(2) | 11,628 |  | 10,547 |  | 9,158 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period(2) | $10,601 |  | $11,628 |  | $10,547 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 91

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |
Interest paid | $4,375 |  | $3,640 |  | $989 |
Income taxes paid | 208 |  | 375 |  | 183 |
Non-cash items: |  |  |
Transfer of loans from loans held for investment to LHFS | $299 |  | $2,617 |  | $— |
Transfer of securities from AFS to HTM | — |  | — |  | 8,563 |
Loans securitized and transferred to AFS securities | 329 |  | 103 |  | 143 |
Investors Acquisition: |  |  |
Fair value of assets acquired, excluding cash and cash equivalents | — |  | — |  | 27,113 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets | — |  | — |  | 992 |
Fair value of liabilities assumed | — |  | — |  | 24,982 |
Common stock issued | — |  | — |  | 3,036 |
Replacement equity awards | — |  | — |  | 19 |

(1) Primarily includes cash paid of $355 million to acquire Investors less $287 million in cash acquired, and $143 million and $23 million of cash paid for the HSBC transaction and acquisition of DH Capital, LLC, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(2) Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and interest-bearing cash and due from banks as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 92

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
The Company is a regional bank holding company organized under Delaware law and headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island. Through its bank subsidiary, CBNA, the Company provides a broad range of retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, small businesses, middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions. The Company’s retail branch network is primarily located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions, with certain lines of business serving national markets.
Basis of Presentation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Parent Company and its subsidiaries, including VIEs in which the Company is a primary beneficiary, and are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Investments in VIEs in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are not consolidated. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
During 2024, the Company modified the presentation of its loans and leases portfolio to include leases in the commercial and industrial financing receivable class. In addition, LHFS, at fair value and Other LHFS were combined into LHFS in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information relative to the Company’s loans and leases portfolio. In the Consolidated Statements of Operations, Trust and investment services fees was renamed to Wealth fees to better reflect the broad range of wealth-related management fees and services provided to customers and Interest and fees on other LHFS is now included with Interest and fees on LHFS. Prior period results have been revised to conform to the new presentations.
Change in Accounting Principle
During 2024, the Company voluntarily changed its annual goodwill impairment assessment date from October 31st to October 1st to better align its testing procedures with its annual financial planning process and year-end reporting schedule. Less than 12 months elapsed between the Company’s previous annual assessment as of October 31, 2023, and the annual assessment performed as of October 1, 2024. This change in accounting principle did not result in any delay, acceleration or avoidance of a goodwill impairment charge. The Company continuously monitors each reporting unit for triggering events for the purpose of goodwill impairment testing.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACL, fair value measurements and the evaluation and measurement of goodwill impairment.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 93

Significant Accounting Policies
The following table identifies the Company’s significant accounting policies and the Note and Page where a detailed description of each policy can be found.

| Note | Page
Cash and Due From Banks | 3 | 95
Securities | 4 | 95
Loans and Leases | 5 | 99
Allowance for Credit Losses and FDMs | 6 | 101
Premises, Equipment and Software | 7 | 115
Mortgage Servicing Rights | 8 | 116
Leases | 9 | 118
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 10 | 120
Variable Interest Entities | 11 | 121
Derivative Instruments | 14 | 126
Employee Benefits | 15 | 130
Treasury Stock | 17 | 132
Employee Share-Based Compensation | 18 | 134
Fair Value Measurement | 20 | 137
Revenue Recognition | 21 | 143
Income Taxes | 23 | 145
Earnings Per Share | 24 | 148
Business Segments | 26 | 150

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2024

Pronouncement | Summary of Guidance | Effects on Financial Statements
Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures Issued November 2023 | •Requires disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM •Requires disclosure of an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition •Requires disclosure of the title and position of the CODM | •The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2024, effective for annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods beginning in 2025. •Required disclosures and discussion of significant accounting policies for business operating segments are included in Note 26.

NOTE 2 - ACQUISITIONS
Acquisition of HSBC
On February 18, 2022, CBNA closed on its HSBC transaction, which included 66 branches in the New York City metropolitan area, 9 branches in the Mid-Atlantic/Washington D.C. area, and 5 branches in Southeast Florida. The Company’s results of operations and balance sheets for all periods presented in this Report reflect the benefit of the HSBC transaction for the period since the transaction closed on February 18, 2022.
Investors Acquisition
On April 6, 2022, the Company completed its Investors acquisition, building the Company’s physical presence in the Mid-Atlantic region with the addition of 154 branches located in the greater New York City and Philadelphia metropolitan areas and across New Jersey.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 94

Upon closing of the acquisition, each share of Investors common stock was converted into 0.297 of a share of the Company’s common stock. In addition, stock options and restricted shares granted by Investors that were outstanding as of April 6, 2022 were converted into CFG awards and remained subject to their original terms and conditions. The Company issued 1,151,301 stock options and 259,316 restricted shares in connection with the conversion of equity awards. The conversion of Investors common stock, coupled with the conversion of equity awards, resulted in an increase of approximately 73.6 million basic and diluted shares. The Company also paid $1.46 in cash to shareholders of Investors for each share they owned.
The Company’s results of operations and balance sheets for all periods presented in this Report reflect the benefit of the Investors acquisition for the period since the acquisition closed on April 6, 2022.
NOTE 3 - CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS
For the purpose of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents have original maturities of three months or less and include cash and due from banks and interest-bearing cash and due from banks. The Company had no material restrictions on the use or availability of its cash as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
NOTE 4 - SECURITIES
Investments include debt, equity and other securities. The Company classifies debt securities as AFS, HTM, or trading based on management’s intent to hold to maturity at the time of purchase. Management reserves the right to change the initial classification of a security based on its intent to hold to maturity or as permitted by periodic changes in accounting guidance. Equity securities are recorded at fair value or at cost if there is not a readily determinable fair value.
Debt securities that will be held for indefinite periods of time and may be sold in response to changes in liquidity, interest rates or prepayment risk, among other factors, are classified as AFS and reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported in AOCI. Gains and losses on the sale of AFS securities are recognized in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and are computed using the specific identification method.
Debt securities for which the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as HTM and reported at amortized cost. Transfers of debt securities to the HTM classification are recognized at fair value at the date of transfer.
Interest income for AFS and HTM debt securities is recorded on the accrual basis, including the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts, utilizing the effective interest method over the estimated lives of the individual securities. The Company uses actual prepayment experience and estimates of future prepayments to determine the constant effective yield necessary to apply the effective interest method of income recognition. Estimates of future prepayments are based on the underlying collateral characteristics of each security and are derived from market sources. Judgment is involved in making determinations about prepayment expectations and in changing those expectations in response to changes in interest rates and macroeconomic conditions.
Securities classified as trading are held principally for sale in the near-term and carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on such securities are reported in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Equity securities primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock carried at cost and money market mutual fund investments held by the Company’s broker-dealers carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in noninterest income. Equity securities are recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with those carried at cost reviewed at least annually for impairment. Valuation adjustments, to the extent necessary, are reported in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 95

The following table presents the major components of securities at amortized cost and fair value:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Amortized Cost(1) | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost(1) | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and other | $3,631 |  | $3 |  | ($109) |  | $3,525 |  |  | $4,493 |  | $26 |  | ($139) |  | $4,380 |
State and political subdivisions | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 30,897 |  | 33 |  | (2,135) |  | 28,795 |  |  | 26,289 |  | 45 |  | (1,857) |  | 24,477 |
Other/non-agency | 273 |  | — |  | (13) |  | 260 |  |  | 279 |  | — |  | (24) |  | 255 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 31,170 |  | 33 |  | (2,148) |  | 29,055 |  |  | 26,568 |  | 45 |  | (1,881) |  | 24,732 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 184 |  | — |  | — |  | 184 |  |  | 667 |  | — |  | (3) |  | 664 |
Total debt securities available for sale, at fair value | $34,986 |  | $36 |  | ($2,257) |  | $32,765 |  |  | $31,729 |  | $71 |  | ($2,023) |  | $29,777 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | $8,187 |  | $— |  | ($1,051) |  | $7,136 |  |  | $8,696 |  | $9 |  | ($818) |  | $7,887 |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 8,187 |  | — |  | (1,051) |  | 7,136 |  |  | 8,696 |  | 9 |  | (818) |  | 7,887 |
Asset-backed securities | 412 |  | 1 |  | (9) |  | 404 |  |  | 488 |  | — |  | (25) |  | 463 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $8,599 |  | $1 |  | ($1,060) |  | $7,540 |  |  | $9,184 |  | $9 |  | ($843) |  | $8,350 |
Equity securities, at cost(2) | $710 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $710 |  |  | $869 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $869 |
Equity securities, at fair value(2) | 220 |  | — |  | — |  | 220 |  |  | 173 |  | — |  | — |  | 173 |

(1) Excludes portfolio level basis adjustments of $(75) million and $60 million, respectively, for securities designated in active fair value hedge relationships under the portfolio layer method at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(2) Included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Accrued interest receivable on debt securities totaled $125 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 96

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2024. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without incurring penalties.

| Distribution of Maturities
(dollars in millions) | 1 Year or Less | After 1 Year through 5 Years | After 5 Years through 10 Years | After 10 Years | Total
Amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other | $— |  | $3,115 |  | $516 |  | $— |  | $3,631 |
State and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | 2,221 |  | 1,151 |  | 27,525 |  | 30,897 |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  | — |  | 273 |  | 273 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  | — |  | 100 |  | 84 |  | 184 |
Total debt securities available for sale | — |  | 5,336 |  | 1,767 |  | 27,883 |  | 34,986 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8,187 |  | 8,187 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | 412 |  | — |  | — |  | 412 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | — |  | 412 |  | — |  | 8,187 |  | 8,599 |
Total amortized cost of debt securities | $— |  | $5,748 |  | $1,767 |  | $36,070 |  | $43,585 |
Fair value: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and other | $— |  | $3,008 |  | $517 |  | $— |  | $3,525 |
State and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | 2,135 |  | 1,079 |  | 25,581 |  | 28,795 |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  | — |  | 260 |  | 260 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  | — |  | 100 |  | 84 |  | 184 |
Total debt securities available for sale | — |  | 5,143 |  | 1,696 |  | 25,926 |  | 32,765 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,136 |  | 7,136 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | 404 |  | — |  | — |  | 404 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | — |  | 404 |  | — |  | 7,136 |  | 7,540 |
Total fair value of debt securities | $— |  | $5,547 |  | $1,696 |  | $33,062 |  | $40,305 |

Taxable interest income from investment securities as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $1.7 billion, $1.2 billion and $840 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following table presents realized gains and losses on sale of securities:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Gains | $32 |  |  | $36 |  |  | $13 |
Losses | (14) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (4) |
Securities gains, net | $18 |  |  | $28 |  |  | $9 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 97

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities pledged:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value
Pledged against derivatives, to qualify for fiduciary powers, or to secure public and other deposits as required by law | $3,975 |  | $3,644 |  |  | $5,619 |  | $5,305 |
Pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowing capacity | 237 |  | 224 |  |  | 242 |  | 220 |
Pledged against repurchase agreements | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |

From time to time, the Company may enter into security repurchase agreements with unrelated counterparties, which involve the transfer of a security from one party to another, and a subsequent transfer of substantially the same security back to the original party. These repurchase agreements are typically short-term in nature and are accounted for as secured borrowed funds in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognized no offsetting short-term receivables or payables associated with security repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Securitizations of mortgage loans retained in the investment portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $329 million and $102 million, respectively. These securitizations include a substantive guarantee by a third party. The guarantors were FNMA and FHLMC in 2024 and 2023. The debt securities received from the guarantors are classified as AFS.
Impairment
Upon purchase, and at each subsequent measurement date, the Company is required to evaluate HTM securities for risk of loss over their life and establish an associated reserve, if necessary. Recognition of a reserve for expected credit losses is not required if the Company does not expect to realize a loss (commonly referred to as “zero expected credit losses”). The Company evaluated its existing HTM portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that 95% of HTM securities met the zero expected credit loss criteria and, therefore, no ACL was recognized. Lifetime expected credit losses on the remainder of the HTM portfolio were determined to be insignificant based on the modeling of the Company’s credit loss position in the securities. The Company monitors the credit exposure through the use of credit quality indicators. For these securities, the Company uses external credit ratings or an internally derived credit rating when an external rating is not available. All securities were determined to be investment grade at December 31, 2024.
AFS debt securities are reviewed for impairment at the individual security level on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if a potential loss triggering event occurs. The initial indicator of impairment for AFS debt securities is a decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis. An impairment loss is recognized for any security that has declined in fair value below its amortized cost basis if management has the intent to sell the security or if it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis.
Estimating the recovery of the amortized cost basis of a debt security is based on an assessment of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the security’s original effective yield. If the present value of the cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis then impairment equal to the shortfall in cash flows has occurred and the Company must evaluate whether the impairment is attributable to credit-related factors. If credit-related factors exist, a credit-related impairment has occurred regardless of the Company’s intent to hold the security until it recovers.
The credit-related portion of impairment is recognized as provision expense through the establishment of an allowance for AFS securities, to the extent the allowance does not reduce the carrying value of the AFS security below its current fair value. The remaining non-credit related portion of impairment is recognized in OCI. Improvement in credit losses in subsequent periods results in a reversal of the allowance for AFS securities and a corresponding decrease to provision expense, to the extent the allowance does not become negative. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities is excluded from the balances used to calculate the allowance for AFS securities. All accrued and uncollected interest is immediately reversed against interest income when it is deemed uncollectible.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 98

The following tables present AFS debt securities with fair values below their respective carrying values, separated by the duration the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

| December 31, 2024
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury and other | $— |  | $— |  |  | $2,544 |  | ($109) |  |  | $2,544 |  | ($109) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 9,560 |  | (265) |  |  | 14,304 |  | (1,870) |  |  | 23,864 |  | (2,135) |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  |  | 260 |  | (13) |  |  | 260 |  | (13) |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 9,560 |  | (265) |  |  | 14,564 |  | (1,883) |  |  | 24,124 |  | (2,148) |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total | $9,560 |  | ($265) |  |  | $17,108 |  | ($1,992) |  |  | $26,668 |  | ($2,257) |

| December 31, 2023
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury and other | $49 |  | $— |  |  | $3,245 |  | ($139) |  |  | $3,294 |  | ($139) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities | 2,939 |  | (24) |  |  | 16,398 |  | (1,833) |  |  | 19,337 |  | (1,857) |
Other/non-agency | — |  | — |  |  | 255 |  | (24) |  |  | 255 |  | (24) |
Total mortgage-backed securities | 2,939 |  | (24) |  |  | 16,653 |  | (1,857) |  |  | 19,592 |  | (1,881) |
Collateralized loan obligations | 56 |  | — |  |  | 607 |  | (3) |  |  | 663 |  | (3) |
Total | $3,044 |  | ($24) |  |  | $20,505 |  | ($1,999) |  |  | $23,549 |  | ($2,023) |

The Company does not currently have the intent to sell these debt securities, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these debt securities prior to recovery of their amortized cost bases. The Company determined that credit losses are not expected to be incurred on the AFS debt securities identified with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2024. The unrealized losses on these debt securities reflect non-credit-related factors driven by changes in interest rates. Therefore, the Company determined that these debt securities are not impaired.
NOTE 5 - LOANS AND LEASES
Loans are classified as held for investment when management has the intent and ability to hold the loan for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff. Loans held for investment are reported at the amount of their outstanding principal, net of charge-offs, unearned income, deferred loan origination fees and costs, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Deferred loan origination fees and costs and premiums and discounts on purchased loans are amortized as an adjustment of yield over the life of the loan using the effective interest method. Unamortized amounts that remain when a loan is prepaid or sold are recorded as interest income or gain (loss) on sale, respectively. Credit card receivables include billed and uncollected interest and fees.
Interest income on loans is determined using the effective interest method, which calculates periodic interest income at a constant effective yield on the net investment in the loan, providing a constant rate of return over the loan term. Loans accounted for using the fair value option are measured at fair value with corresponding changes reported in mortgage banking fees and capital markets fees, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for residential mortgage LHFS and commercial LHFS.
Commitment fees for loans that are likely to be drawn down, along with other credit-related fees, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the effective interest rate over the loan term. Commitment fees are recognized over the commitment period on a straight-line basis if it is unlikely that a loan will be drawn down and are reported in letter of credit and loan fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Loans and leases are disclosed in portfolio segments and classes. The Company’s loan and lease portfolio segments are commercial and retail with the following classes: commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential mortgages, home equity, automobile, education and other retail.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 99

The following table presents loans and leases, excluding LHFS:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Commercial and industrial | $42,551 |  |  | $44,974 |
Commercial real estate | 27,225 |  |  | 29,471 |
Total commercial | 69,776 |  |  | 74,445 |
Residential mortgages | 32,726 |  |  | 31,332 |
Home equity | 16,495 |  |  | 15,040 |
Automobile | 4,744 |  |  | 8,258 |
Education | 10,812 |  |  | 11,834 |
Other retail | 4,650 |  |  | 5,050 |
Total retail | 69,427 |  |  | 71,514 |
Total loans and leases | $139,203 |  |  | $145,959 |

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases held for investment totaled $816 million and $875 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Loans pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily residential mortgages and home equity products, totaled $37.5 billion and $36.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Loans pledged as collateral to support the contingent ability to borrow at the FRB discount window, if necessary, were primarily comprised of education, commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans, and totaled $22.9 billion and $31.9 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Loans are classified as held for sale when management does not have the intent and ability to hold the loan for the foreseeable future. LHFS for which the fair value option is not elected are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value less costs to sell, with any write-downs or subsequent recoveries recognized in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company has elected to account for residential mortgage LHFS and certain commercial LHFS at fair value. See Note 20 for additional information.
The following table presents the composition of LHFS:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Residential Mortgages(1) | Commercial(2) | Total |  | Residential Mortgages(1) | Commercial(2) | Total
Loans held for sale at fair value | $633 |  | $192 |  | $825 |  |  | $614 |  | $62 |  | $676 |
Other loans held for sale | — |  | 33 |  | 33 |  |  | — |  | 103 |  | 103 |
Total loans held for sale | $633 |  | $225 |  | $858 |  |  | $614 |  | $165 |  | $779 |

(1) Residential mortgage LHFS at fair value are originated for sale.
(2) Commercial LHFS at fair value consist of loans managed by the Company’s commercial secondary loan desk. Other commercial LHFS primarily consist of loans associated with the Company’s syndication business.
The Company leases equipment for commercial use with a primary focus on middle-market and mid-corporate clients for large capital equipment acquisitions including railcars, trucks and trailers, and other equipment. The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease and the related lease classification are made at lease inception. Lease terms predominantly range from three to ten years and may include options to purchase the leased property prior to the end of the lease term. The Company does not have lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components.
A lessee is evaluated from a credit perspective using the same underwriting standards and procedures for a loan borrower. A lessee is expected to make rental payments based on its cash flows and the viability of its operations. Leases are not typically evaluated as collateral-based transactions and, therefore, the lessee’s overall financial strength is the most important credit evaluation factor.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 100

The components of the net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases, before ALLL, are presented below:

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Total future minimum lease rentals | $916 |  |  | $942 |
Estimated residual value of leased equipment (non-guaranteed) | 231 |  |  | 322 |
Initial direct costs | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Unearned income | (124) |  |  | (121) |
Total leases | $1,027 |  |  | $1,148 |

Interest income on direct financing and sales-type leases for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $41 million, $46 million and $46 million, respectively, and is reported within interest and fees on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
A maturity analysis of direct financing and sales-type lease receivables at December 31, 2024 is presented below:

Year | (dollars in millions)
2025 | $241 |
2026 | 198 |
2027 | 177 |
2028 | 126 |
2029 | 68 |
Thereafter | 106 |
Total undiscounted future minimum lease rentals | $916 |

NOTE 6 - CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL and considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default. The ACL is maintained at a level the Company believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of a loan or lease and on unfunded lending commitments. The determination of the ACL is based on periodic evaluation of loan and lease portfolios and unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. A number of relevant underlying factors, including key assumptions and the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information, are considered.
Key assumptions used in the ACL measurement process include the use of a two-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period followed by a one-year reversion period to historical credit loss information. The evaluation of quantitative and qualitative information is performed by assessing groups of assets that share similar risk characteristics and certain individual loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collective group. Loans are generally grouped by product type and are assessed for credit losses using econometric models.
The quantitative evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL utilizes a single economic forecast as its foundation and is primarily based on econometric models that use known or estimated data as of the balance sheet date and forecasted data over the reasonable and supportable period. Known and estimated data include current PD, LGD and EAD for commercial loans, timing and amount of expected draws for unfunded lending commitments, and FICO, LTV, and term for retail loans. The mix and level of loan balances, delinquency levels, assigned risk ratings, previous loss experience, current business conditions, amount and timing of expected future cash flows, and factors specific to commercial credits such as competition, business and management performance are also considered. Forward-looking economic assumptions include real GDP, unemployment rate, interest rate curve, and changes in collateral values. This data is accumulated to estimate expected credit losses over the contractual life of the loans and leases, adjusted for expected prepayments. Historical information, such as financial statements for commercial customers or consumer credit ratings, may not be as relevant in estimating future expected losses as forecasted inputs to the models during volatile economic time periods.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 101

The ACL may also be affected by a variety of qualitative factors that the Company considers that are not measured in the statistical procedures including uncertainty related to economic forecasts, loan growth, backtesting results, regional geographic concentrations, credit underwriting policy exceptions, regulatory and audit findings, and peer comparisons. The qualitative allowance is further affected by sensitivity analysis for certain industry sectors or loan classes, including CRE office.
The measurement process results in specific or pooled allowances for loans, leases and unfunded lending commitments, and qualitative allowances that are determined and applied across the portfolio.
Certain loan portfolios don’t require an econometric model to calculate expected credit losses. Approaches that are less data intensive and non-modeled are utilized to estimate credit losses for these portfolios, as they are considered more efficient and practical for portfolios that have outstanding balances that are not material (e.g., runoff or closed portfolios, new products or products that are not significant to the Company’s overall credit risk exposure).
Loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics are individually assessed for expected credit losses. Nonaccrual commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans with an outstanding balance of $5 million or greater are assessed on an individual basis. Generally, measurement of the ACL on an individual loan or lease is the present value of its future cash flows or the fair value of its underlying collateral, if the loan or lease is collateral dependent.
A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, rather than by cash flows from the borrower’s operations, income or other resources. Generally, this occurs when cash flows to repay the loan from all other available sources, including guarantors, are expected to be no more than nominal. Loans that are deemed to be collateral dependent are written down to fair value, less costs to sell, as of the evaluation date and are reassessed each subsequent period, which may result in an increase or decrease to the ACL based on the corresponding change in the fair value of the collateral during the period. Any decrease to the ACL would be limited to the amount previously written off for a given loan or lease.
Collateral values for residential mortgage and home equity loans are based on appraisals, which are updated every 90 days at a minimum, less estimated costs to sell. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $372 million and $556 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $295 million and $336 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Commercial loans are secured by various types of collateral, including real estate, inventory, equipment, accounts receivable, securities and cash, among others. Collateral values are generally based on appraisals for commercial real estate loans, which are updated based on management judgment on a case-by-case basis. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $607 million and $233 million, respectively.
Expected recoveries are considered in management’s estimate of the ACL and may result in a reduction to the ACL balance. A negative ACL for a collateral dependent loan exists if the fair value of the collateral increases in a subsequent reporting period and cannot exceed the total amount previously charged off. Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases is excluded from asset balances used to calculate the ACL.
The Company estimates expected credit losses associated with off-balance sheet financial instruments such as standby letters of credit, financial guarantees and unfunded loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. Off-balance sheet financial instruments are subject to individual reviews and are analyzed and segregated by risk according to the Company’s internal risk rating scale. These risk classifications, in conjunction with historical loss experience, current and future economic conditions, timing and amount of expected draws, and performance trends within specific portfolio segments, are considered to estimate the allowance for unfunded lending commitments. The Company does not recognize a reserve for future draws from credit lines that are unconditionally cancellable (e.g., credit cards).
The ALLL and the allowance for unfunded lending commitments are reported in the allowance for loan and lease losses and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The provision for credit losses related to loan and lease portfolios and unfunded lending commitments is reported in provision (benefit) for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 102

Loan Charge-Offs
Commercial loans are charged-off when available information indicates that a loan, or portion thereof, is determined to be uncollectible. The determination of whether to recognize a charge-off involves many factors, including the prioritization of the Company’s claim in bankruptcy, workout/restructuring expectations of the loan and valuation of the borrower’s equity or loan collateral.
Retail loans are generally charged-off or written down to the net realizable value of the underlying collateral, with an offset to the ALLL, upon reaching specified stages of delinquency in accordance with standards established by the FFIEC. Residential real estate, credit card and unsecured open-end loans are generally charged-off in the month when the account becomes 180 days past due. Auto, education and unsecured closed-end loans are generally charged off in the month when the account becomes 120 days past due. Certain retail loans will be charged-off or written down to their net realizable value earlier in the following circumstances:
•FDMs that are determined to be collateral dependent.
•Loans to borrowers who have experienced an event (e.g., bankruptcy) that suggests a loss is either known or highly certain.
◦Residential real estate and auto loans are written down to fair value less costs to sell within 60 days of receiving notification of the bankruptcy filing, unless repayment is likely to occur, or when the loan subsequently becomes 60 days past due.
◦Credit card loans are fully charged-off within 60 days of receiving notification of the bankruptcy filing or other event.
◦Education loans are generally charged-off when the loan becomes 60 days past due after receiving notification of a bankruptcy.
•Auto loans are written down to fair value less costs to sell upon repossession of the collateral.
The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $1,250 |  | $848 |  | $2,098 |
Charge-offs | (419) |  | (504) |  | (923) |
Recoveries | 43 |  | 134 |  | 177 |
Net charge-offs | (376) |  | (370) |  | (746) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases | 266 |  | 443 |  | 709 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 1,140 |  | 921 |  | 2,061 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 175 |  | 45 |  | 220 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | (20) |  | (2) |  | (22) |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 155 |  | 43 |  | 198 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $1,295 |  | $964 |  | $2,259 |

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net charge-offs of $746 million and a provision for expected credit losses of $687 million resulted in a decrease of $59 million to the ACL.
As of December 31, 2024, the ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period was consistent with December 31, 2023, with peak unemployment of approximately 5.1% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.4%. These forecasts reflect a mild recession over the two-year reasonable and supportable period.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 103

The following tables present a summary of changes in the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $1,060 |  | $923 |  | $1,983 |
Charge-offs | (285) |  | (472) |  | (757) |
Recoveries | 18 |  | 130 |  | 148 |
Net charge-offs | (267) |  | (342) |  | (609) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases | 457 |  | 267 |  | 724 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 1,250 |  | 848 |  | 2,098 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 207 |  | 50 |  | 257 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | (32) |  | (5) |  | (37) |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 175 |  | 45 |  | 220 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $1,425 |  | $893 |  | $2,318 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
(dollars in millions) | Commercial | Retail | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period | $821 |  | $937 |  | $1,758 |
Allowance on PCD loans and leases at acquisition | 99 |  | 2 |  | 101 |
Charge-offs(1) | (70) |  | (364) |  | (434) |
Recoveries | 18 |  | 146 |  | 164 |
Net charge-offs | (52) |  | (218) |  | (270) |
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases(2) | 192 |  | 202 |  | 394 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period | 1,060 |  | 923 |  | 1,983 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period | 153 |  | 23 |  | 176 |
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments | 53 |  | 27 |  | 80 |
Allowance on PCD unfunded lending commitments at acquisition | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period | 207 |  | 50 |  | 257 |
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period | $1,267 |  | $973 |  | $2,240 |

(1) Excludes $34 million of charge-offs previously taken by Investors or recognized upon completion of the Investors acquisition under purchase accounting for the year ended December 31, 2022. The initial allowance for loan and lease losses on PCD assets included these amounts and, after charging these amounts off upon acquisition, the net impact for PCD assets was $101 million of additional allowance for loan and lease losses.
(2) Includes $169 million of initial provision expense related to non-PCD loans and leases acquired from HSBC and Investors for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year and defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. Renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date, except for renewals of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, which are presented in the original vintage.
The Company utilizes internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. These ratings are assigned at loan origination and are reevaluated utilizing a risk-based approach annually, at a minimum, or any time management becomes aware of information affecting a borrower’s ability to fulfill their obligations. This process considers both quantitative and qualitative factors. The following categories are utilized to develop the ACL:
•Pass - includes obligations where the probability of default is considered low and repayment in full is expected in accordance with the contractual loan terms;
•Special Mention - includes obligations that have potential weakness that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the Company’s credit position at some future date;
•Substandard Accrual - includes obligations that have well-defined weaknesses that could hinder normal repayment or collection of the debt, but are currently performing;
•Nonaccrual - includes obligations where management has determined that full payment of principal and interest is in doubt. For more information on nonaccrual loans and leases see “Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets” below.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 104

For commercial and industrial loans, the performance of the borrower is monitored in a disciplined and regular manner based upon the level of credit risk inherent in the loan. An internal risk rating is assigned reflecting the borrower’s PD and LGD to evaluate the level of credit risk. This two-dimensional credit risk rating methodology provides granularity in the risk monitoring process. These ratings are generally reviewed at least annually. The combination of the PD and LGD assigned ratings, which reflect credit quality characteristics as of the reporting date and are used as inputs into the loss forecasting process, capture both the expectation of default and loss severity in the event of default. Each loan is periodically reviewed by management based on the amount of the lending arrangement and risk rating assessment, with priority given to those loans which are perceived to be of higher risk, or loans for which credit quality is weakening (e.g., payment delinquency). Loans are proactively managed by utilizing various procedures that are customized to the risk of a given loan, including ongoing outreach to the borrower, assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and appraisal of the collateral.
Credit risk associated with CRE loans is managed similar to commercial and industrial loans by evaluating PD and LGD. Risks associated with CRE activities are typically correlated to the loan structure, collateral location, project progress and business environment. As a result, these attributes are monitored and utilized in assessing credit risk. Periodic reviews are also performed to assess market/geographic risk and business unit/industry risk, which may result in increased scrutiny on loans that are perceived to be of higher risk, had adverse changes in risk ratings and/or areas that concern management. These reviews are designed to assess risk and facilitate actions to mitigate such risks.
Credit risk associated with leases is managed similar to commercial and industrial loans by evaluating PD and LGD. Reviews are generally performed annually based upon the dollar amount of the lease and the level of credit risk, and may be more frequent if circumstances warrant. The review process includes analysis of the following factors: equipment value/residual value, exposure levels, jurisdiction risk, industry risk, guarantor requirements, and regulatory compliance as applicable.
Commercial loans with renewal terms in the original contract are recognized as current year originations upon renewal unless the loan automatically renewed without a new credit decision. The Company generally reserves the right to not renew the loan or lease until current underwriting is completed and approved.
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2024:

| Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior to 2020 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $5,945 |  |  | $2,525 |  |  | $4,194 |  |  | $2,923 |  |  | $895 |  |  | $2,066 |  |  | $21,323 |  | $66 |  |  | $39,937 |
Special Mention | 2 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 211 |  | — |  |  | 722 |
Substandard Accrual | 9 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 697 |  | 13 |  |  | 1,651 |
Nonaccrual | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 34 |  | 6 |  |  | 241 |
Total commercial and industrial | 5,956 |  |  | 2,679 |  |  | 4,567 |  |  | 3,490 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 2,422 |  |  | 22,265 |  | 85 |  |  | 42,551 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 2,720 |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | 5,748 |  |  | 5,412 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | 4,199 |  |  | 1,434 |  | 4 |  |  | 22,741 |
Special Mention | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 911 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 80 |  | 6 |  |  | 1,792 |
Substandard Accrual | 3 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 875 |  |  | 9 |  | 120 |  |  | 1,916 |
Nonaccrual | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 776 |
Total commercial real estate | 2,724 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 7,107 |  |  | 6,085 |  |  | 2,459 |  |  | 5,801 |  |  | 1,525 |  | 130 |  |  | 27,225 |
Total commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 8,665 |  |  | 3,830 |  |  | 9,942 |  |  | 8,335 |  |  | 2,814 |  |  | 6,265 |  |  | 22,757 |  | 70 |  |  | 62,678 |
Special Mention | 3 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 1,009 |  |  | 598 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 291 |  | 6 |  |  | 2,514 |
Substandard Accrual | 12 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 522 |  |  | 414 |  |  | 1,128 |  |  | 706 |  | 133 |  |  | 3,567 |
Nonaccrual | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 525 |  |  | 36 |  | 6 |  |  | 1,017 |
Total commercial | $8,680 |  |  | $4,073 |  |  | $11,674 |  |  | $9,575 |  |  | $3,546 |  |  | $8,223 |  |  | $23,790 |  | $215 |  |  | $69,776 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 105

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2023:

| Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior to 2019 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $3,694 |  |  | $6,512 |  |  | $5,331 |  |  | $1,445 |  |  | $1,147 |  |  | $2,299 |  |  | $21,033 |  | $53 |  |  | $41,514 |
Special Mention | 59 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 368 |  | — |  |  | 1,196 |
Substandard Accrual | 8 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 792 |  | 11 |  |  | 1,967 |
Nonaccrual | 1 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 53 |  | 6 |  |  | 297 |
Total commercial and industrial | 3,762 |  |  | 6,994 |  |  | 6,077 |  |  | 1,697 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 2,801 |  |  | 22,246 |  | 70 |  |  | 44,974 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 1,906 |  |  | 5,791 |  |  | 6,062 |  |  | 2,555 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | 3,895 |  |  | 1,975 |  | 8 |  |  | 24,486 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | 713 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 75 |  | — |  |  | 1,992 |
Substandard Accrual | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 939 |  |  | 100 |  | — |  |  | 2,516 |
Nonaccrual | 1 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 477 |
Total commercial real estate | 1,907 |  |  | 6,847 |  |  | 6,806 |  |  | 3,269 |  |  | 3,149 |  |  | 5,332 |  |  | 2,153 |  | 8 |  |  | 29,471 |
Total commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 5,600 |  |  | 12,303 |  |  | 11,393 |  |  | 4,000 |  |  | 3,441 |  |  | 6,194 |  |  | 23,008 |  | 61 |  |  | 66,000 |
Special Mention | 59 |  |  | 934 |  |  | 894 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 443 |  | — |  |  | 3,188 |
Substandard Accrual | 8 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 687 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 892 |  | 11 |  |  | 4,483 |
Nonaccrual | 2 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 56 |  | 6 |  |  | 774 |
Total commercial | $5,669 |  |  | $13,841 |  |  | $12,883 |  |  | $4,966 |  |  | $4,476 |  |  | $8,133 |  |  | $24,399 |  | $78 |  |  | $74,445 |

For retail loans, the Company utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 106

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2024:

| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior to 2020 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | $1,230 |  |  | $1,302 |  |  | $3,299 |  |  | $5,109 |  |  | $2,919 |  |  | $3,869 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $17,728 |
740-799 | 1,757 |  |  | 873 |  |  | 1,568 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 1,923 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 9,672 |
680-739 | 425 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 938 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,278 |
620-679 | 31 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 494 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 964 |
<620 | 15 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 703 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,067 |
No FICO available(1) | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Total residential mortgages | 3,459 |  |  | 2,554 |  |  | 5,621 |  |  | 8,318 |  |  | 4,833 |  |  | 7,941 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 32,726 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 5,634 |  | 200 |  |  | 5,919 |
740-799 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 5,275 |  | 224 |  |  | 5,568 |
680-739 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 2,995 |  | 183 |  |  | 3,256 |
620-679 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 752 |  | 141 |  |  | 963 |
<620 | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 459 |  | 259 |  |  | 789 |
No FICO available(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total home equity | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 15,115 |  | 1,007 |  |  | 16,495 |
Automobile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,351 |
740-799 | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 581 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,340 |
680-739 | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 974 |
620-679 | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 519 |
<620 | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 560 |
No FICO available(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total automobile | — |  |  | 346 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | 2,041 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,744 |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 227 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 657 |  |  | 1,517 |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 1,475 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5,505 |
740-799 | 290 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 811 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,472 |
680-739 | 110 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 337 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,298 |
620-679 | 27 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 350 |
<620 | 5 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 151 |
No FICO available(1) | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Total education | 664 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 1,533 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 2,180 |  |  | 2,825 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 10,812 |
Other retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 186 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 512 |  | — |  |  | 835 |
740-799 | 259 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 895 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,339 |
680-739 | 201 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 845 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,206 |
620-679 | 97 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 335 |  | 1 |  |  | 526 |
<620 | 32 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 234 |  | 1 |  |  | 357 |
No FICO available(1) | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 382 |  | — |  |  | 387 |
Total other retail | 780 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 3,203 |  | 4 |  |  | 4,650 |
Total retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 1,644 |  |  | 1,805 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | 7,310 |  |  | 4,370 |  |  | 5,488 |  |  | 6,146 |  | 200 |  |  | 31,338 |
740-799 | 2,306 |  |  | 1,420 |  |  | 2,616 |  |  | 3,618 |  |  | 2,165 |  |  | 2,871 |  |  | 6,170 |  | 225 |  |  | 21,391 |
680-739 | 736 |  |  | 609 |  |  | 1,159 |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | 3,840 |  | 184 |  |  | 10,012 |
620-679 | 155 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 1,087 |  | 142 |  |  | 3,322 |
<620 | 52 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 863 |  |  | 693 |  | 260 |  |  | 2,924 |
No FICO available(1) | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 382 |  | — |  |  | 440 |
Total retail | $4,904 |  |  | $4,171 |  |  | $8,885 |  |  | $13,112 |  |  | $7,659 |  |  | $11,367 |  |  | $18,318 |  | $1,011 |  |  | $69,427 |

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 107

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2023:

| Term Loans by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior to 2019 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | $889 |  |  | $3,067 |  |  | $5,172 |  |  | $3,117 |  |  | $1,131 |  |  | $3,125 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $16,501 |
740-799 | 1,333 |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | 2,560 |  |  | 1,411 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 1,625 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 9,461 |
680-739 | 367 |  |  | 631 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 873 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,361 |
620-679 | 54 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 445 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,010 |
<620 | 9 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 561 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 978 |
No FICO available(1) | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Total residential mortgages | 2,653 |  |  | 5,821 |  |  | 8,761 |  |  | 5,180 |  |  | 2,274 |  |  | 6,643 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 31,332 |
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 5,078 |  | 222 |  |  | 5,404 |
740-799 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 4,708 |  | 241 |  |  | 5,038 |
680-739 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 2,693 |  | 202 |  |  | 2,998 |
620-679 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 718 |  | 137 |  |  | 944 |
<620 | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 332 |  | 230 |  |  | 656 |
No FICO available(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total home equity | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 13,529 |  | 1,032 |  |  | 15,040 |
Automobile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 81 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 1,062 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,259 |
740-799 | 134 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 1,038 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,435 |
680-739 | 147 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 708 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,841 |
620-679 | 94 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 958 |
<620 | 44 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 765 |
No FICO available(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total automobile | 500 |  |  | 2,335 |  |  | 3,444 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 196 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 8,258 |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 296 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 1,637 |  |  | 1,418 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 1,185 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5,807 |
740-799 | 368 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 678 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,009 |
680-739 | 143 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 298 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,470 |
620-679 | 30 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 360 |
<620 | 5 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 141 |
No FICO available(1) | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Total education | 852 |  |  | 1,737 |  |  | 3,114 |  |  | 2,622 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 11,834 |
Other retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 183 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 500 |  | — |  |  | 860 |
740-799 | 258 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 963 |  | 1 |  |  | 1,440 |
680-739 | 214 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 973 |  | 2 |  |  | 1,372 |
620-679 | 118 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 419 |  | 2 |  |  | 639 |
<620 | 31 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 251 |  | 2 |  |  | 357 |
No FICO available(1) | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 373 |  | — |  |  | 382 |
Total other retail | 811 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 3,479 |  | 7 |  |  | 5,050 |
Total retail |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
800+ | 1,449 |  |  | 4,351 |  |  | 7,913 |  |  | 4,939 |  |  | 1,913 |  |  | 4,466 |  |  | 5,578 |  | 222 |  |  | 30,831 |
740-799 | 2,093 |  |  | 3,393 |  |  | 4,696 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | 2,456 |  |  | 5,671 |  | 242 |  |  | 22,383 |
680-739 | 872 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 1,839 |  |  | 1,032 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 3,666 |  | 204 |  |  | 11,042 |
620-679 | 296 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 1,137 |  | 139 |  |  | 3,911 |
<620 | 89 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 583 |  | 232 |  |  | 2,897 |
No FICO available(1) | 18 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 373 |  | — |  |  | 450 |
Total retail | $4,817 |  |  | $10,219 |  |  | $15,492 |  |  | $9,169 |  |  | $4,095 |  |  | $9,675 |  |  | $17,008 |  | $1,039 |  |  | $71,514 |

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 108

The following tables present gross charge-offs by vintage date for the Company’s loan and lease portfolios:

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
| Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior to 2020 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $— |  |  | $— |  |  | $15 |  |  | $31 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $22 |  |  | $38 |  | $— |  |  | $107 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 143 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 312 |
Total commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 38 |  | — |  |  | 419 |
Residential mortgages | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |  | 2 |  |  | 18 |
Automobile | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 94 |
Education | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 126 |
Other retail | 42 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 167 |  | — |  |  | 262 |
Total retail | 43 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 178 |  | 2 |  |  | 504 |
Total loans and leases | $43 |  |  | $35 |  |  | $72 |  |  | $118 |  |  | $184 |  |  | $253 |  |  | $216 |  | $2 |  |  | $923 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year |  | Revolving Loans |  |
(dollars in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior to 2019 |  | Within the Revolving Period | Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $1 |  |  | $3 |  |  | $34 |  |  | $4 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $34 |  |  | $44 |  | $— |  |  | $121 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 164 |
Total commercial | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 44 |  | — |  |  | 285 |
Residential mortgages | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |
Automobile | 3 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 113 |
Education | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 111 |
Other retail | 49 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 121 |  | — |  |  | 230 |
Total retail | 52 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 129 |  | 1 |  |  | 472 |
Total loans and leases | $53 |  |  | $66 |  |  | $102 |  |  | $108 |  |  | $55 |  |  | $199 |  |  | $173 |  | $1 |  |  | $757 |

Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets
Nonaccrual loans and leases are those on which accrual of interest is suspended. Loans, other than certain retail loans insured by U.S. government agencies, are placed on nonaccrual status when full payment of principal and interest is in doubt, unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection.
When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status the accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income and the amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. Interest collected on nonaccrual loans and leases for which the ultimate collectability of principal is uncertain are generally applied to reduce the carrying value of the asset first. Otherwise, interest income may be recognized to the extent of the cash received if the loan is deemed fully collectible.
A loan or lease may be returned to accrual status if:
•no principal and interest payments are due and unpaid, and repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected;
•the loan or lease has otherwise become well-secured and in the process of collection; or
•the borrower has made regularly scheduled payments in full for the prior six months and it is reasonably assured that the loan or lease will be brought current within a reasonable period.
Upon return to accrual status, interest payments received and applied to the carrying value of a loan or lease while on nonaccrual status are accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the loan or lease using the effective interest method.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 109

Commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. Some of these loans may remain on accrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more if management considers the loan collectible.
Residential mortgages are generally placed on nonaccrual status when past due 120 days, or sooner if determined to be collateral dependent, unless repayment of the loan is fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA or USDA. Credit card balances are placed on nonaccrual status when past due 90 days or more and are restored to accrual status if they subsequently become less than 90 days past due. All other retail loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. Loans less than 90 days past due may be placed on nonaccrual status due to the death of the borrower, fraud or bankruptcy.
The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing and nonaccrual loans and leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| December 31, 2024
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total | Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial | $42,247 |  | $35 |  | $20 |  | $8 |  | $241 |  | $42,551 |  | $31 |
Commercial real estate | 26,212 |  | 204 |  | 27 |  | 6 |  | 776 |  | 27,225 |  | 32 |
Total commercial | 68,459 |  | 239 |  | 47 |  | 14 |  | 1,017 |  | 69,776 |  | 63 |
Residential mortgages | 32,011 |  | 251 |  | 93 |  | 179 |  | 192 |  | 32,726 |  | 142 |
Home equity | 16,097 |  | 88 |  | 27 |  | — |  | 283 |  | 16,495 |  | 182 |
Automobile | 4,563 |  | 100 |  | 33 |  | — |  | 48 |  | 4,744 |  | 6 |
Education | 10,686 |  | 45 |  | 23 |  | 2 |  | 56 |  | 10,812 |  | 4 |
Other retail | 4,504 |  | 46 |  | 31 |  | 1 |  | 68 |  | 4,650 |  | 1 |
Total retail | 67,861 |  | 530 |  | 207 |  | 182 |  | 647 |  | 69,427 |  | 335 |
Total | $136,320 |  | $769 |  | $254 |  | $196 |  | $1,664 |  | $139,203 |  | $398 |
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1) | $696 |  | $119 |  | $55 |  | $172 |  | $— |  | $1,042 |  | $— |

| December 31, 2023
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |  |
(dollars in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total | Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial | $44,591 |  | $62 |  | $18 |  | $6 |  | $297 |  | $44,974 |  | $30 |
Commercial real estate | 28,745 |  | 150 |  | 59 |  | 40 |  | 477 |  | 29,471 |  | 71 |
Total commercial | 73,336 |  | 212 |  | 77 |  | 46 |  | 774 |  | 74,445 |  | 101 |
Residential mortgages | 30,499 |  | 282 |  | 118 |  | 256 |  | 177 |  | 31,332 |  | 144 |
Home equity | 14,640 |  | 82 |  | 33 |  | — |  | 285 |  | 15,040 |  | 198 |
Automobile | 8,005 |  | 144 |  | 48 |  | — |  | 61 |  | 8,258 |  | 7 |
Education | 11,732 |  | 49 |  | 23 |  | 2 |  | 28 |  | 11,834 |  | 3 |
Other retail | 4,899 |  | 49 |  | 34 |  | 29 |  | 39 |  | 5,050 |  | — |
Total retail | 69,775 |  | 606 |  | 256 |  | 287 |  | 590 |  | 71,514 |  | 352 |
Total | $143,111 |  | $818 |  | $333 |  | $333 |  | $1,364 |  | $145,959 |  | $453 |
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1) | $675 |  | $128 |  | $76 |  | $243 |  | $— |  | $1,122 |  | $— |

(1) Guaranteed residential mortgages represent loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA and USDA, and are included in the amounts presented for Residential mortgages.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 110

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, are evaluated to determine whether the modification should be accounted for as a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The existing loan is derecognized and the restructured loan is accounted for as a new loan if the effective yield on the restructured loan is at least equal to the effective yield for comparable loans with similar collection risk and the modification to the original loan is more than minor. Any unamortized fees and costs from the original loan are recognized in interest income when the new loan is granted. If a loan restructuring does not meet these conditions, the existing loan’s amortized cost basis is carried forward and the modified loan is accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan. FDMs are generally accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan given the terms are typically not at market rates.
The Company offers loan modifications, characterized as FDMs, to retail and commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as a result of its loss mitigation activities that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Payment delays consist of modifications that result in a delay of contractual amounts due greater than three months over a rolling 12-month period. Term extensions consist of modifications that result in an extension of the contractual maturity date greater than three months or a significant deferral of principal payments relative to the total outstanding principal balance of the loan.
Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and generally include a payment delay, term extension and/or interest rate reduction. The Company does not typically offer principal forgiveness for commercial loans. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs, which are summarized below.
•Forbearance programs provide borrowers experiencing some form of hardship a period of time during which their contractual payment obligations are suspended, resulting in a payment delay and/or term extension.
•Other repayment plans are offered due to hardship and include an interest rate reduction and/or term extension designed to enable the borrower to return the loan to current status in an expeditious manner.
•Settlement agreements may be executed with borrowers experiencing a long-term hardship or who are delinquent, resulting in principal forgiveness. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the settlement agreement, the unpaid principal amount is forgiven resulting in a charge-off of the outstanding principal balance.
•Certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments may result in any one of the four modification types or some combination thereof.
Retail and commercial loans whose contractual terms have been modified in a FDM and are current at the time of the modification may remain on accrual status if there is demonstrated performance prior to the modification and payment in full is expected under the modified terms. Cash receipts on nonaccrual impaired loans, including nonaccrual loans involved in FDMs, are generally applied to reduce the unpaid principal balance. Certain FDMs that are current in payment status are classified as nonaccrual in accordance with regulatory guidance. Nonaccrual FDMs that meet the guidelines above for accrual status can be returned to accruing if supported by a well-documented evaluation of the borrowers’ financial condition and the borrower has been current for at least six months.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 111

The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period.

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Interest Rate Reduction | Term Extension | Payment Delay | Principal Forgiveness | Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  |  | Term Extension and Payment Delay |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction, Term Extension and Payment Delay | Total | Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial | $— |  | $235 |  | $99 |  | $— |  | $1 |  |  |  | $21 |  |  |  | $1 |  | $357 |  | 0.84 | %
Commercial real estate | — |  | 650 |  | 113 |  | — |  | 130 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |  | 1,027 |  | 3.77 |
Total commercial | — |  | 885 |  | 212 |  | — |  | 131 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,384 |  | 1.98 |
Residential mortgages | 6 |  | 74 |  | 12 |  | — |  | 16 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |  | 114 |  | 0.35 |
Home equity | 6 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | 23 |  | 0.14 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Education | 11 |  | 3 |  | 34 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  | 58 |  | 0.54 |
Other retail | 16 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | 16 |  | 0.34 |
Total retail | 39 |  | 80 |  | 47 |  | — |  | 29 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1 |  | 211 |  | 0.30 |
Total | $39 |  | $965 |  | $259 |  | $— |  | $160 |  |  |  | $170 |  |  |  | $2 |  | $1,595 |  | 1.15 | %

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Interest Rate Reduction | Term Extension | Payment Delay | Principal Forgiveness | Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  |  | Term Extension and Payment Delay |  |  |  | Total | Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial | $1 |  | $252 |  | $69 |  | $— |  | $1 |  |  |  | $2 |  |  |  |  | $325 |  | 0.74 | %
Commercial real estate | — |  | 522 |  | — |  | — |  | 70 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 593 |  | 2.01 |
Total commercial | 1 |  | 774 |  | 69 |  | — |  | 71 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 918 |  | 1.23 |
Residential mortgages | 8 |  | 77 |  | 3 |  | — |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 109 |  | 0.35 |
Home equity | 2 |  | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 15 |  | 0.10 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |
Education | 9 |  | — |  | 31 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 40 |  | 0.34 |
Other retail | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 0.22 |
Total retail | 30 |  | 82 |  | 34 |  | — |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 175 |  | 0.24 |
Total | $31 |  | $856 |  | $103 |  | $— |  | $99 |  |  |  | $4 |  |  |  |  | $1,093 |  | 0.75 | %

(1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 112

The following tables present the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable.

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1) | Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1) | Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1) | Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial | 3.78 | % | 15 | $4 |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | 2.83 |  | 17 | 1 |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 1.83 |  | 94 | — |  | — |
Home equity | 4.01 |  | 71 | — |  | — |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Education | 4.41 |  | 12 | — |  | — |
Other retail | 20.18 |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1) | Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1) | Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1) | Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial | 2.02 | % | 15 | $1 |  | $— |
Commercial real estate | 0.59 |  | 11 | — |  | — |
Residential mortgages | 1.58 |  | 50 | — |  | — |
Home equity | 2.64 |  | 120 | — |  | — |
Automobile | 3.60 |  | 18 | — |  | — |
Education | 4.76 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other retail | 18.68 |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |

(1) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost.
(2) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 113

The following tables present an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms.

| December 31, 2024
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |
(dollars in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total
Commercial and industrial | $290 |  | $3 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $64 |  | $357 |
Commercial real estate | 546 |  | 92 |  | — |  | 4 |  | 385 |  | 1,027 |
Total commercial | 836 |  | 95 |  | — |  | 4 |  | 449 |  | 1,384 |
Residential mortgages | 49 |  | 13 |  | 7 |  | 22 |  | 23 |  | 114 |
Home equity | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 13 |  | 23 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Education | 26 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 32 |  | 58 |
Other retail | 12 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 16 |
Total retail | 97 |  | 15 |  | 8 |  | 22 |  | 69 |  | 211 |
Total | $933 |  | $110 |  | $8 |  | $26 |  | $518 |  | $1,595 |

| December 31, 2023
|  | Days Past Due and Accruing |  |
(dollars in millions) | Current | 30-59 | 60-89 | 90+ | Nonaccrual | Total
Commercial and industrial | $211 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $114 |  | $325 |
Commercial real estate | 402 |  | 7 |  | — |  | 26 |  | 158 |  | 593 |
Total commercial | 613 |  | 7 |  | — |  | 26 |  | 272 |  | 918 |
Residential mortgages | 61 |  | 11 |  | 7 |  | 17 |  | 13 |  | 109 |
Home equity | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 10 |  | 15 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Education | 37 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 40 |
Other retail | 8 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 11 |
Total retail | 111 |  | 13 |  | 8 |  | 17 |  | 26 |  | 175 |
Total | $724 |  | $20 |  | $8 |  | $43 |  | $298 |  | $1,093 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 114

The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the period presented and were modified within the previous 12 months preceding the default, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs at the time of default. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status.

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Interest Rate Reduction | Term Extension | Payment Delay |  | Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $1 |  | $18 |  | $— |  |  | $— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $19 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 134 |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 154 |
Total commercial | 1 |  | 152 |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 173 |
Residential mortgages | — |  | 26 |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |
Home equity | — |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Education | 4 |  | — |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |
Other retail | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Total retail | 5 |  | 27 |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50 |
Total | $6 |  | $179 |  | $34 |  |  | $4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $223 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Interest Rate Reduction | Term Extension | Payment Delay |  | Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $— |  | $— |  | $43 |  |  | $— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $43 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 102 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102 |
Total commercial | — |  | 102 |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 145 |
Residential mortgages | 1 |  | 9 |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |
Home equity | — |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |
Automobile | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Education | — |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Other retail | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Total retail | 1 |  | 10 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |
Total | $1 |  | $112 |  | $44 |  |  | $7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $164 |

Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $206 million at December 31, 2024. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $221 million at December 31, 2023.
NOTE 7 - PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, including renewal options if exercise of those options is reasonably assured, or their estimated useful life, whichever is shorter.
The cost of major additions and improvements to premises and equipment is capitalized. Repairs and maintenance and other costs that do not improve the property, extend the useful life or otherwise do not meet capitalization criteria are charged to expense as incurred. The Company evaluates premises and equipment for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 115

A summary of the carrying value of premises and equipment is presented below:

|  |  | December 31,
(dollars in millions) | Useful Lives (years) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Land and land improvements | 10 - 75 |  | $144 |  |  | $143 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 5 - 60 |  | 887 |  |  | 875 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 4 - 20 |  | 601 |  |  | 613 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 53 |  |  | 77 |
Total premises and equipment, gross |  |  | 1,685 |  |  | 1,708 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (810) |  |  | (813) |
Total premises and equipment, net |  |  | $875 |  |  | $895 |

Depreciation charged to noninterest expense totaled $132 million, $115 million and $107 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in either occupancy or equipment expense, as applicable.
Software
Costs related to computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized if the projects improve functionality and provide long-term future operational benefits. Capitalized costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the asset’s expected useful life, which is based on the basic pattern of consumption and economic benefits provided by the asset. The amortization of software commences when the asset, or identifiable component of the asset, is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. All other costs incurred in connection with an internal-use software project are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company had capitalized software assets of $2.5 billion and $2.6 billion, respectively, and related accumulated amortization of $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Amortization expense was $268 million, $254 million and $243 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The estimated future amortization expense for capitalized software assets is presented below.

Year | (dollars in millions)
2025 | $244 |
2026 | 184 |
2027 | 129 |
2028 | 72 |
2029 | 16 |
Thereafter | — |
Total(1) | $645 |

(1) Excludes $222 million of in-process software at December 31, 2024.
NOTE 8 - MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER SERVICED LOANS
The Company sells residential mortgages into the secondary market and retains no beneficial interest in these sales, but may retain the servicing rights for the loans sold. The Company may exercise its option to repurchase eligible government guaranteed residential mortgages or may be obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a representation or warranty violation such as noncompliance with eligibility or servicing requirements, or customer fraud that should have been identified in a loan file review.
Mortgage LHFS are accounted for at fair value, with changes in fair value and realized gains and losses on the sale of mortgage loans reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 116

The following table summarizes activity related to residential mortgage loans sold with servicing rights retained:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash proceeds from residential mortgage loans sold with servicing retained | $7,306 |  |  | $9,124 |  |  | $17,025 |
Repurchased residential mortgages(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |
Gain on sales(2) | 63 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 86 |
Contractually specified servicing, late and other ancillary fees(2) | 309 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 287 |

(1) Includes government insured or guaranteed loans repurchased through the exercise of the Company’s removal of account provision option.
(2) Reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company recognizes the right to service residential mortgage loans for others, or MSRs, when purchased or when servicing is contractually separated from the underlying mortgage loans sold with servicing rights retained. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are measured using the fair value method, with changes in fair value recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans related to our MSRs was $95.6 billion and $97.4 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company manages the risk associated with changes in the value of the MSRs with an active economic hedging strategy, which includes the purchase of freestanding derivatives.
The following table summarizes changes in MSRs recorded using the fair value method:

| As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value as of beginning of the period | $1,552 |  |  | $1,530 |
Amounts capitalized | 106 |  |  | 127 |
Sales(1) | (99) |  |  | — |
Changes in unpaid principal balance during the period(2) | (176) |  |  | (166) |
Changes in fair value during the period(3) | 108 |  |  | 61 |
Fair value at end of the period | $1,491 |  |  | $1,552 |

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs related to certain FHLMC mortgages with a total unpaid principal balance of $17.8 billion.
(2) Represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period.
(3) Represents changes in value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The fair value of MSRs is estimated by using the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, contractual servicing fee income, servicing costs, default rates, ancillary income, and other economic factors determined based on current market interest rates. The valuation does not attempt to forecast or predict the future direction of interest rates.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 117

The sensitivity analysis below presents the impact of an immediate 10% and 20% adverse change in key economic assumptions to the current fair value of MSRs. These sensitivities are hypothetical, with the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the MSRs calculated independently without changing any other assumption. Changes in one factor may result in changes in another (e.g., changes in interest rates that drive changes in prepayment rates could result in changes in discount rates) and may amplify or counteract the sensitivities. The primary risk inherent in the Company’s MSRs is an increase in prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans serviced, which is largely dependent upon movements in market interest rates.

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Fair value | $1,491 |  | $1,552
Weighted average life (years) | 8.7 |  | 8.8
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 6.7% |  | 7.2%
Decline in fair value from 10% adverse change | $35 |  | $37
Decline in fair value from 20% adverse change | $67 |  | $71
Weighted average option adjusted spread | 632 bps |  | 630 bps
Decline in fair value from 10% adverse change | $42 |  | $43
Decline in fair value from 20% adverse change | $84 |  | $87

The Company has mortgage banking derivatives that include commitments to originate mortgages held for sale, certain loan sale agreements, and other financial instruments that meet the definition of a derivative. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.
Other Serviced Loans
The Company engages in other servicing relationships from time to time. The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of other serviced loans:

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Education | $420 |  |  | $502 |
Commercial and industrial(1) | 92 |  |  | 94 |

(1) Represents the government guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold to outside investors.
NOTE 9 - LEASES
Citizens as Lessee
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and records a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. A right-of-use asset represents the value of the Company’s contractual right to use an underlying leased asset and a lease liability represents the Company’s contractual obligation to make payments on the same asset. Operating and finance lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the non-cancelable lease term. In instances where the lease does not specify an implicit rate, the Company utilizes an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of the lease payments. The Company evaluates right-of-use assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.
The Company leases both equipment and real estate, including office and branch space, in the normal course of business. Lease terms predominantly range from one year to fifteen years and may include options to extend the lease, terminate the lease, or purchase the underlying asset at the end of the lease. Certain lease agreements include rental payments based on an index or are adjusted periodically for inflation. Lease components are accounted for as a single lease component when lease agreements contain lease and non-lease components and for certain real estate leases.
Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are recognized in occupancy expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company may also enter into subleases with third parties for certain leased real estate properties that are no longer occupied.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 118

The components of operating lease cost are presented below.

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease cost | $220 |  |  | $221 |  |  | $216 |
Short-term lease cost | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Variable lease cost | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 7 |
Sublease income | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Total | $223 |  |  | $227 |  |  | $224 |

Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in occupancy and equipment and software in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Supplemental information related to the Company’s operating lease arrangements is presented in the tables below:

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 | Affected Line Item in Consolidated Balance Sheets
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $869 |  |  | $885 |  | Other assets
Operating lease liabilities | 956 |  |  | 977 |  | Other liabilities
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | 7 |  | 7 | —
Weighted average discount rate | 3.51 | % |  | 3.10 | % | —

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $233 |  |  | $232 |  |  | $219 |
Supplemental non-cash information on lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets: |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | 84 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 408 |

Lease liabilities maturing under non-cancelable operating leases are presented below as of December 31, 2024.

Year | (dollars in millions)
2025 | $204 |
2026 | 193 |
2027 | 171 |
2028 | 140 |
2029 | 108 |
Thereafter | 267 |
Total lease payments | 1,083 |
Less: Interest | 127 |
Present value of lease liabilities | $956 |

Citizens as Lessor
Operating lease assets where Citizens was the lessor totaled $165 million and $254 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Operating lease rental income associated with these assets is recognized in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Depreciation expense associated with operating lease assets is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life and is included in other operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Operating lease assets are reviewed for impairment on a periodic basis, with an impairment loss recognized in other operating expense if the carrying amount of the leased asset exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. The carrying amount of a leased asset is not recoverable if its carrying value exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the lease payments and the estimated residual value of the asset.
For more information on direct finance and sales-type leases where Citizens is the lessor, see Note 5.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 119

NOTE 10 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill is the purchase premium associated with the acquisition of a business and is assigned to the Company’s reporting units at the acquisition date. A reporting unit is a business operating segment or a component of a business operating segment. The Company has identified and assigned goodwill to two reporting units, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking, based upon reviews of the structure of the Company’s executive team and supporting functions, resource allocations and financial reporting processes. Goodwill no longer retains its association with a particular acquisition once assigned to a reporting unit, and all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or organically grown, are available to support the value of the goodwill.
Goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test and not amortized. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 st and in interim periods when events or changes indicate the carrying value of one or more reporting units may not be recoverable. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than the carrying value. If it is more likely than not that the fair value exceeds the carrying value, then no further testing is necessary; otherwise, a quantitative assessment of goodwill must be performed.
The Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative assessment, which is used to identify potential impairment and involves comparing each reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value inclusive of goodwill, applicable goodwill is deemed not to be impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit inclusive of goodwill exceeds fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess, establishing a new basis in the goodwill, and cannot exceed the amount of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit. Subsequent reversal of goodwill impairment losses is not permitted.
The fair value of the Company’s reporting units is determined using a combination of income and market-based approaches. The Company relies on several assumptions to estimate the fair value of its reporting units under the income-based approach including discount rate, projected loan losses, income tax and capital retention rates.
The Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment during the year ended December 31, 2024 as part of its annual impairment assessment. Based on this quantitative assessment, the Company concluded that the estimated fair value of the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking reporting units exceeded their carrying value; therefore, the Company determined that there was no impairment to the carrying value of its goodwill as of December 31, 2024.
Changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $2,673 |  |  | $5,500 |  |  | $8,173 |
Business acquisitions | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 15 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $2,678 |  |  | $5,510 |  |  | $8,188 |
Divestitures | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $2,678 |  |  | $5,509 |  |  | $8,187 |

Accumulated impairment losses related to the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking reporting units totaled $5.9 billion and $50 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. No impairment was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
Other Intangibles
Other intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill if the asset arises as a result of contractual rights or if the asset is capable of being separated and sold, transferred or exchanged. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis with the exception of core deposits, which are amortized using an accelerated methodology, and are subject to an annual impairment evaluation. Amortization expense is recorded in other operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 120

A summary of the carrying value of intangible assets is presented below.

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Amortizable Lives (years) | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net |  | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net
Core deposits | 10 | $144 |  | $66 |  | $78 |  |  | $144 |  | $44 |  | $100 |
Acquired technology | 5 - 7 | 23 |  | 22 |  | 1 |  |  | 23 |  | 21 |  | 2 |
Acquired relationships | 2 - 15 | 52 |  | 31 |  | 21 |  |  | 52 |  | 26 |  | 26 |
Naming Rights | 5 - 10 | 33 |  | 16 |  | 17 |  |  | 33 |  | 12 |  | 21 |
Other | 2 - 8 | 42 |  | 13 |  | 29 |  |  | 18 |  | 10 |  | 8 |
Total |  | $294 |  | $148 |  | $146 |  |  | $270 |  | $113 |  | $157 |

As of December 31, 2024, all of the Company’s intangible assets are subject to amortization. Amortization expense recognized on intangible assets was $35 million, $42 million and $41 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s projection of amortization expense is based on balances as of December 31, 2024. Future amortization expense may vary from these projections.
Estimated intangible asset amortization expense for the next five years is as follows:

Year | (dollars in millions)
2025 | $33 |
2026 | 30 |
2027 | 26 |
2028 | 18 |
2029 | 9 |

NOTE 11 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company, in the normal course of business, engages in a variety of activities with entities that are considered VIEs, as defined by GAAP, with its variable interest arising from contractual, ownership or other monetary interests in the entity. A VIE typically does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, and must consolidate it, if its variable interest provides it with the power to direct the activities that significantly impact the VIE and it has the right to receive benefits, or the obligation to absorb losses, that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Both qualitative and quantitative factors are considered regarding the nature, size and form of involvement with the VIE to determine whether or not a variable interest held is significant to the VIE. The Company assesses whether or not it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis.
Transfers of financial assets in which the Company has not surrendered control over the transferred assets are accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral. Control is generally considered surrendered when 1) the transferred assets are legally isolated from the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy, 2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets it received, with no condition that constrains the transferee from taking advantage of this right or that provides more than a trivial benefit to the Company, and 3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred financial assets. Judgment is required to assess whether the Company maintains effective control over transferred financial assets.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 121

Consolidated VIEs
The Company has consolidated VIEs related to secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans. The following table summarizes the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for the Company’s consolidated VIEs:

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $— |  |  | $13 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks | 209 |  |  | 106 |
Net loans and leases | 3,843 |  |  | 3,194 |
Other assets | 21 |  |  | 14 |
Total assets | $4,073 |  |  | $3,327 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Long-term borrowed funds | $3,375 |  |  | $2,692 |
Other liabilities | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Total liabilities | $3,383 |  |  | $2,700 |

Secured Borrowings
The Company utilizes a portion of its auto loan portfolio to support certain secured borrowing arrangements, which provide a source of funding for the Company and involves the transfer of auto loans to bankruptcy remote special purpose entities (“SPEs”). These SPEs then issue asset-backed notes to third-parties collateralized by the transferred loans. The Company holds certain residual interests in the loans and, therefore, has a right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the SPEs. In addition, the Company retains servicing for the transferred loans and, therefore, holds the power to direct significant activities that impact the economic performance of the SPEs. As a result, the Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of these SPEs and, accordingly, consolidates these VIEs.
The assets of a particular VIE are the primary source of funds to settle its obligations. Creditors of these VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The performance of the loans transferred to the SPEs is the most significant driver impacting the economic performance of the VIEs.
Unconsolidated VIEs
The Company is involved with various VIEs that are not consolidated, including lending to special purpose entities, investments in asset-backed securities and investments in entities that sponsor affordable housing, renewable energy and economic development projects. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss resulting from its involvement with these entities is limited to the balance sheet carrying amount of its investments, unfunded commitments, and the outstanding principal balance of loans to special purpose entities.
A summary of these investments is presented below:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Lending to special purpose entities included in loans and leases | $4,215 |  |  | $4,760 |
LIHTC investments included in other assets | 2,631 |  |  | 2,444 |
LIHTC unfunded commitments included in other liabilities | 1,109 |  |  | 1,025 |
Asset-backed investments included in HTM securities | 412 |  |  | 488 |
Renewable energy investments included in other assets | 269 |  |  | 314 |
NMTC investments included in other assets | 2 |  |  | 3 |

Lending to Special Purpose Entities
The Company provides lending facilities to third-party sponsored special purpose entities. The sponsor for each respective entity has the power to direct how proceeds from the Company are utilized and maintains responsibility for any associated servicing commitments. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities and, accordingly, does not consolidate these VIEs. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the lending facilities had undrawn commitments to extend credit of $2.8 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. For more information on commitments to extend credit see Note 19.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 122

Asset-backed securities
The Company’s investments in asset-backed securities are collateralized by education loans sold to a third-party sponsored VIE. The Company acts as the primary servicer for the sold loans and receives a servicing fee. A third-party servicer is responsible for all loans that become significantly delinquent.
The Company’s investments in asset-backed securities, as well as the primary servicing fee, are considered variable interests in the VIE since some of the losses of the VIE could be absorbed by the Company’s interest in the asset-backed securities or the primary servicing fee. However, the Company does not control the determination of the assets purchased by the VIE and the servicing activities on significantly delinquent loans. Since these activities significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of this VIE and, accordingly, does not consolidate the VIE.
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships
The purpose of the Company’s LIHTC investments is to assist in achieving the goals of the CRA and to earn an adequate return of capital. LIHTC partnerships are managed by unrelated general partners that have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the partnerships. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these partnerships and, accordingly, does not consolidate these VIEs.
Renewable Energy Entities
The Company’s investments in certain renewable energy entities provide benefits from government incentives and other tax attributes (e.g., tax depreciation). As a tax equity investor, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of these entities. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities and, accordingly, does not consolidate these VIEs.
Contingent commitments related to the Company’s renewable energy investments were $49 million at December 31, 2024, and are expected to be paid in varying amounts through 2027. These payments are contingent upon the level of electricity production attained by the renewable energy entity relative to its targeted threshold and changes in the production tax credit rates set by the Internal Revenue Service.
New Markets Tax Credit Program
The Company participates in the NMTC program which provides a tax incentive for private sector investment into economic development projects and businesses located in low-income communities.
The Company’s investments in entities that sponsor economic development projects provide income tax credits to offset federal taxable income over a specified period of time. Independent third parties manage these entities and have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect their performance. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities and does not consolidate these VIEs as a result.
The Company applies the proportional amortization method to account for its LIHTC, renewable energy and NMTC investments. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company applies a practical expedient for its LIHTC and NMTC investments and amortizes the initial cost of qualifying investments in proportion to the income tax credits received in the current period as compared to the total income tax credits expected to be received over the life of the investment. For renewable energy investments, the Company amortizes the initial cost of qualifying investments in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received in the current period as compared to the total income tax credits and other income tax benefits expected to be received over the life of the investment. The net amortization and income tax credits and other income tax benefits received are included as a component of income tax expense (benefit).

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 123

The following table summarizes the impact to the Consolidated Statements of Operations relative to the Company’s tax credit programs for which it has elected to apply the proportional amortization method of accounting:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax credits recognized | $379 |  |  | $334 |  |  | $236 |
Other tax benefits recognized | 93 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 59 |
Amortization | (363) |  |  | (320) |  |  | (247) |
Net benefit (expense) included in income tax expense | 109 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 48 |
Other income | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Allocated income (loss) on investments | (12) |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |
Net benefit (expense) included in noninterest income | (8) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |
Net benefit (expense) included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations(1) | $101 |  |  | $80 |  |  | $48 |

(1) Includes the impact of tax credit investments when the election to apply the proportional amortization method was in effect during the periods presented. For 2024 and 2023, this includes LIHTC, renewable energy and NMTC investments, and for 2022, includes LIHTC investments.
The Company did not recognize impairment losses resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of income tax credits or other circumstances during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
NOTE 12 - DEPOSITS
The following table presents the major components of deposits:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Noninterest-bearing demand | $36,920 |  |  | $37,107 |
Money market | 55,321 |  |  | 53,812 |
Checking with interest | 33,246 |  |  | 31,876 |
Savings | 25,976 |  |  | 27,983 |
Time | 23,313 |  |  | 26,564 |
Total deposits | $174,776 |  |  | $177,342 |

The following table presents the maturity distribution of time deposits by year as of December 31, 2024:

Year | (dollars in millions)
2025 | $22,935 |
2026 | 241 |
2027 | 71 |
2028 | 36 |
2029 | 26 |
2030 and thereafter | 4 |
Total | $23,313 |

The following table presents the remaining maturities of time deposits with a denomination of $250,000 or more as of December 31, 2024:

(dollars in millions) |
Three months or less | $2,763 |
After three months through six months | 2,339 |
After six months through twelve months | 1,430 |
After twelve months | 50 |
Total time deposits | $6,582 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 124

NOTE 13 - BORROWED FUNDS
Short-term borrowed funds
The following table presents a summary of the Company’s short-term borrowed funds:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Other short-term borrowed funds | $— |  |  | $505 |
Total short-term borrowed funds | $— |  |  | $505 |

Long-term borrowed funds
The following table presents a summary of the Company’s long-term borrowed funds:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Parent Company: |  |  |
3.750% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due July 2024 | $— |  |  | $90 |
4.023% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due October 2024 | — |  |  | 17 |
4.350% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due August 2025 | 133 |  |  | 133 |
4.300% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due December 2025 | 336 |  |  | 336 |
2.850% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due July 2026 | 499 |  |  | 499 |
5.841% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due January 2030 | 1,245 |  |  | — |
2.500% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due February 2030 | 299 |  |  | 298 |
3.250% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due April 2030 | 747 |  |  | 746 |
3.750% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031 | 69 |  |  | 69 |
4.300% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031 | 135 |  |  | 135 |
4.350% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031 | 60 |  |  | 60 |
5.718% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due July 2032 | 1,243 |  |  | — |
2.638% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due September 2032 | 570 |  |  | 563 |
6.645% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due April 2035 | 745 |  |  | — |
5.641% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due May 2037 | 398 |  |  | 398 |
CBNA’s Global Note Program: |  |  |
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due April 2025 | 750 |  |  | 749 |
4.119% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due May 2025(1) | — |  |  | 649 |
6.064% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due October 2025(2) | — |  |  | 599 |
5.284% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due January 2026 | 350 |  |  | 349 |
3.750% senior unsecured notes, due February 2026 | 492 |  |  | 483 |
4.575% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due August 2028 | 798 |  |  | 798 |
Additional Borrowings by CBNA and Other Subsidiaries: |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, 3.243% weighted average rate, due through 2043(3) | 53 |  |  | 3,786 |
Secured borrowings, 5.690% weighted average rate, due through 2031(3)(4) | 3,461 |  |  | 2,692 |
Other | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Total long-term borrowed funds | $12,401 |  |  | $13,467 |

(1) Notes were redeemed on May 23, 2024.
(2) Notes were redeemed on October 24, 2024.
(3) Rate disclosed reflects the weighted average rate as of December 31, 2024.
(4) Collateralized by loans. See Note 11 for additional information.
At December 31, 2024, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $12.5 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $85 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($8) million. At December 31, 2023, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $13.6 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $74 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($17) million. See Note 14 for further information about the Company’s hedging of certain long-term borrowed funds.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 125

Advances, lines of credit and letters of credit from the FHLB are collateralized primarily by residential mortgages and home equity products sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level established by the FHLB. The utilized FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily for advances and letters of credit, was $4.6 billion and $9.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s available FHLB borrowing capacity was $21.1 billion and $15.9 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company can also borrow from the FRB discount window to meet short-term liquidity requirements. Collateral, including certain loans, is pledged to support this borrowing capacity. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s unused secured borrowing capacity was approximately $74.0 billion, which includes unencumbered securities, FHLB borrowing capacity, and FRB discount window capacity.
The following table presents a summary of maturities for the Company’s long-term borrowed funds at December 31, 2024:

(dollars in millions) | Parent Company | CBNA and Other Subsidiaries | Consolidated
Year |  |  |
2025 | $470 |  | $876 |  | $1,346 |
2026 | 499 |  | 1,902 |  | 2,401 |
2027 | — |  | 4 |  | 4 |
2028 | — |  | 2,700 |  | 2,700 |
2029 | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
2030 and thereafter | 5,510 |  | 439 |  | 5,949 |
Total | $6,479 |  | $5,922 |  | $12,401 |

NOTE 14 - DERIVATIVES
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into derivative transactions to meet the financing and hedging needs of its customers and reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These transactions include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate options, foreign exchange contracts, residential loan commitment rate locks, interest rate future contracts, swaptions, certain commodities, forward commitments to sell TBAs, forward sale contracts and purchase options. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes.
The Company’s derivative instruments are reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as derivative assets and derivative liabilities. Certain derivatives are cleared through central clearing houses. Cleared derivatives represent contracts executed bilaterally with counterparties in the OTC market that are novated to central clearing houses that become our counterparty. OTC-cleared derivative instruments are typically settled in cash each day based on their value from the previous day. Information regarding the valuation methodology and inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments is described in Note 20.
Derivative assets and liabilities are netted by counterparty in the Consolidated Balance Sheets if a “right of setoff” is established in a master netting agreement between the Company and the counterparty. This netted derivative asset or liability position is also netted against the fair value of any cash collateral that is pledged or received in accordance with a master netting agreement.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 126

The following table presents derivative instruments included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Notional Amount | Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities |  | Notional Amount | Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $69,077 |  | $402 |  | $5 |  |  | $86,895 |  | $173 |  | $44 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 171,193 |  | 160 |  | 905 |  |  | 185,993 |  | 291 |  | 1,105 |
Foreign exchange contracts | 34,749 |  | 472 |  | 411 |  |  | 32,528 |  | 434 |  | 378 |
Commodities contracts | 1,136 |  | 429 |  | 379 |  |  | 1,251 |  | 685 |  | 640 |
TBA contracts | 2,714 |  | 10 |  | 8 |  |  | 2,337 |  | 3 |  | 16 |
Other contracts | 615 |  | 3 |  | 2 |  |  | 549 |  | 7 |  | — |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 210,407 |  | 1,074 |  | 1,705 |  |  | 222,658 |  | 1,420 |  | 2,139 |
Total gross derivatives | 279,484 |  | 1,476 |  | 1,710 |  |  | 309,553 |  | 1,593 |  | 2,183 |
Less: Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets(1) |  | (391) |  | (391) |  |  |  | (471) |  | (471) |
Less: Cash collateral applied(1) |  | (677) |  | (99) |  |  |  | (682) |  | (150) |
Total net derivatives presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | $408 |  | $1,220 |  |  |  | $440 |  | $1,562 |

(1) Amounts represent the impact of enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to net settle positive and negative positions, as well as collateral paid and received.
The Company’s derivative transactions are internally divided into three sub-groups: institutional, customer facilitation and residential loan. Certain derivative transactions within these sub-groups are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, as described below:
Derivatives Designated As Hedging Instruments
The Company’s institutional derivatives qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The net interest accruals on interest rate swaps designated in a fair value or cash flow hedge relationship are treated as an adjustment to interest income or interest expense of the item being hedged. All hedging relationships are formally documented at inception, as well as risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various accounting hedges. In addition, the effectiveness of hedge relationships is monitored during the duration of the hedge period. The methods utilized to assess hedge effectiveness vary based on the hedge relationship and each relationship is monitored to ensure that management’s initial intent continues to be satisfied. Hedge accounting treatment is discontinued when the derivative is terminated or when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be, or has ceased to be, effective as a hedge. Changes in the fair value of a derivative are reflected in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.
Fair Value Hedges
In a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged asset or liability attributable to the risk being hedged are recognized in the same income statement line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when the changes in fair value occur. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has designated $4.7 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, of interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of its fixed-rate prepayable AFS securities using the portfolio layer method. This approach allows the Company to designate as the hedged item a stated amount of the assets that are not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. The Company has also entered into fair value hedges to manage interest rate risk within its nonprepayable fixed-rate AFS securities and long-term borrowed funds portfolios.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 127

The following table presents the effect of fair value hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the respective line items affected for each hedged item:

| Location and Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized
| Interest Income | Interest Expense
(dollars in millions) | Loans Held for Sale | Investment Securities | Long-Term Borrowed Funds
Year Ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |
Gains (losses) on fair value hedges recognized on: |  |  |
Hedged items | $— |  | ($142) |  | ($8) |
Derivatives | — |  | 147 |  | 8 |
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives | — |  | 107 |  | (14) |
Total net interest income recognized on fair value hedges | $— |  | $112 |  | ($14) |
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |
Gains (losses) on fair value hedges recognized on: |  |  |
Hedged items | $— |  | $50 |  | ($10) |
Derivatives | — |  | (48) |  | 10 |
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives | — |  | 10 |  | (16) |
Total net interest income recognized on fair value hedges | $— |  | $12 |  | ($16) |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |
Gains (losses) on fair value hedges recognized on: |  |  |
Hedged items | ($13) |  | ($29) |  | $68 |
Derivatives | 13 |  | 29 |  | (69) |
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives | — |  | (3) |  | 12 |
Total net interest income recognized on fair value hedges | $— |  | ($3) |  | $11 |

The following table reflects amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Debt securities available for sale(1) | Long-term borrowed funds |  |  | Debt securities available for sale(1) | Long-term borrowed funds
Carrying amount of hedged assets(2) | $9,557 |  | $— |  |  |  | $7,253 |  | $— |
Carrying amount of hedged liabilities | — |  | 491 |  |  |  | — |  | 483 |
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of the hedged items | (97) |  | (8) |  |  |  | 60 |  | (17) |

(1) Includes the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships under the portfolio layer method. The hedged item is a layer of the closed portfolio which is expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $6.4 billion and $5.9 billion, respectively, including associated cumulative basis adjustments of $(75) million and $39 million, respectively. The amount of the designated hedging instruments was $4.7 billion and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2) Carrying amount represents amortized cost.
Cash Flow Hedges
In a cash flow hedge the entire change in the fair value of the interest rate swap included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is initially recorded in OCI and is subsequently reclassified from AOCI into earnings in the period during which the hedged item affects earnings.
The Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements designed to hedge a portion of its floating-rate assets and liabilities. All of these swaps are deemed highly effective cash flow hedges. From time to time, the Company may also enter into certain interest rate option agreements that utilize interest rate floors and/or caps. Option premiums paid and received are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortized over the life of the instruments.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 128

The following table presents the pre-tax net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Pre-tax net gains (losses) recognized in OCI | ($725) |  |  | ($145) |  |  | ($1,806) |
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest income | (945) |  |  | (596) |  |  | (111) |
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest expense | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |

Using the December 31, 2024 interest rate curve, the Company estimates that $718 million in pre-tax net losses related to cash flow hedge strategies will be reclassified from AOCI to net interest income over the next 12 months. These losses could differ from amounts recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations or the addition of other hedges after December 31, 2024.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company offers derivatives to customers in connection with their risk management needs consisting primarily of interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity contracts. Market risk exposure from customer transactions is primarily managed by entering into a variety of hedging transactions with third-party dealers. Gains and losses on customer-related derivatives are reported in foreign exchange and derivatives products in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Residential mortgage loans that will be sold in the secondary market and the related loan commitments, which are considered derivatives, are accounted for at fair value. Forward contracts to sell mortgage-backed securities are utilized to hedge the fair value of the loans and related commitments. Gains and losses on the loans and related commitments, and the derivatives used to economically hedge them, are reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Residential MSRs are accounted for at fair value. Derivatives utilized to hedge the fair value of residential MSRs include interest rate futures, swaps, options, and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities. Gains and losses on residential MSRs and the related derivatives are reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table presents the effect of economic hedges on noninterest income:

| Amounts Recognized in Noninterest Income for the Year Ended December 31, | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Economic hedge type: |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer interest rate contracts | ($773) |  |  | ($505) |  |  | ($2,027) |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging interest rate risk | 805 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 2,090 |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Customer foreign exchange contracts | (223) |  |  | 94 |  |  | (180) |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging foreign exchange risk | 334 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 313 |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Customer commodity contracts | 23 |  |  | (900) |  |  | 1,121 |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging commodity price risk | (7) |  |  | 941 |  |  | (1,097) |  | Foreign exchange and derivative products
Residential loan commitments | (16) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (284) |  | Mortgage banking fees
Derivatives hedging residential loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value | 19 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 489 |  | Mortgage banking fees
Derivative contracts used to hedge residential MSRs | (91) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (313) |  | Mortgage banking fees
Total | $71 |  |  | $153 |  |  | $112 |  |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 129

NOTE 15 - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans
The Company maintains a non-contributory pension plan (the “Citizens Qualified Plan”) that was closed to new hires and re-hires effective January 1, 2009, and frozen to all participants effective December 31, 2012. Benefits under the Citizens Qualified Plan are based on employees’ years of service and highest 5-year average of eligible compensation. The Citizens Qualified Plan is funded on a current basis, in compliance with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
In connection with the Investors acquisition, effective June 30, 2022, the Company withdrew from a multi-employer plan and transferred the plan assets into a newly established defined benefit pension plan sponsored by the Company (the “Investors Qualified Plan”). The Investors Qualified Plan was closed to new hires and re-hires effective December 1, 2015, and future benefit accruals were frozen to all participants effective December 31, 2016.
The Citizens Qualified Plan and the Investors Qualified Plan are collectively referred to as the Company’s “Qualified Plans.”
The Company also provides an unfunded, non-qualified supplemental retirement plan which was closed and frozen effective December 31, 2012, as well as postretirement benefit plans. As part of the Investors acquisition in 2022, the Company also obtained other frozen, non-qualified supplemental retirement and postretirement benefit plans. These plans are collectively referred to as the Company’s “Non-Qualified Plans.”
The Company’s Qualified Plans and Non-Qualified Plans are collectively referred to as the Company’s “Pension Plans.” The Pension Plans’ investments include equity-oriented and fixed income-oriented investments including, but not limited to, government obligations, corporate bonds, and common and collective equity and fixed income funds.
The following table presents changes in the fair value of the Company’s Pension Plan assets, projected benefit obligation, funded status, and accumulated benefit obligation:

| Year Ended December 31,
| Qualified Plans |  | Non-Qualified Plans
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1 | $1,281 |  |  | $1,182 |  |  | $— |  |  | $— |
Return on plan assets | 86 |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employer contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 5 |
Settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |
Benefits and administrative expenses paid | (67) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (5) |
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31 | 1,300 |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Projected benefit obligation | 828 |  |  | 880 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 99 |
Pension asset (obligation) | $472 |  |  | $401 |  |  | ($84) |  |  | ($99) |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $828 |  |  | $880 |  |  | $84 |  |  | $99 |

Actuarial losses related to the Pension Plans recognized in AOCI at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $403 million and $446 million, respectively.
In 2025, the Company does not plan to contribute to the Qualified Plans and expects to contribute $10 million to the Non-Qualified Plans.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 130

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost (income) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI for the Company’s Pension Plans:

| Year Ended December 31,
| Qualified Plans |  | Non-Qualified Plans |  | Total
(dollars in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Service cost | $3 |  | $4 |  | $3 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $3 |  | $4 |  | $3 |
Interest cost | 45 |  | 46 |  | 34 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  | 50 |  | 51 |  | 37 |
Expected return on plan assets | (97) |  | (92) |  | (93) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (97) |  | (92) |  | (93) |
Amortization of actuarial loss | 13 |  | 15 |  | 11 |  |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  |  | 14 |  | 17 |  | 14 |
Settlement | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (income)(1) | (36) |  | (27) |  | (45) |  |  | 9 |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |  | (27) |  | (20) |  | (39) |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | (23) |  | (44) |  | 71 |  |  | (3) |  | 1 |  | (19) |  |  | (26) |  | (43) |  | 52 |
Amortization of actuarial loss | (13) |  | (15) |  | (11) |  |  | (1) |  | (2) |  | (3) |  |  | (14) |  | (17) |  | (14) |
Settlement | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (3) |  | — |  | — |  |  | (3) |  | — |  | — |
Total recognized in OCI | (36) |  | (59) |  | 60 |  |  | (7) |  | (1) |  | (22) |  |  | (43) |  | (60) |  | 38 |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost (income) and OCI | ($72) |  | ($86) |  | $15 |  |  | $2 |  | $6 |  | ($16) |  |  | ($70) |  | ($80) |  | ($1) |

(1) In the Consolidated Statements of Operations, service cost is presented in salaries and employee benefits and all other components of net periodic benefit cost (income) are presented in other operating expense.
Costs under the Company’s Pension Plans are actuarially computed and include current service costs and amortization of prior service costs over the participants’ average future working lifetime. The actuarial cost method used in determining the net periodic benefit cost is the projected unit method. During 2024, lump sum payments made under a Citizens Non-Qualified Plan triggered settlement accounting. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for defined benefit plans, the Company performed a remeasurement of the plan and recognized a settlement loss.
The following table presents the expected future benefit payments for the Company’s Pension Plans:

| (dollars in millions)
Expected benefit payments by fiscal year ending: |
December 31, 2025 | $72 |
December 31, 2026 | 73 |
December 31, 2027 | 74 |
December 31, 2028 | 73 |
December 31, 2029 | 73 |
December 31, 2030 - 2034 | 352 |

401(k) Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) Plan under which employee contributions are matched by the Company dollar for dollar up to 4% after the employee completes of one year of service. In addition, substantially all employees will receive an additional 1.5% of their eligible earnings after completion of one year of service, subject to limits set by the Internal Revenue Service. Amounts expensed by the Company were $84 million in 2024 compared to $78 million in 2023 and $86 million in 2022.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 131

NOTE 16 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following table presents the changes in the balances, net of income taxes, of each component of AOCI:

(dollars in millions) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities |  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Total AOCI
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  | ($161) |  |  | ($156) |  |  | ($348) |  |  | ($665) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (1,340) |  |  | (2,608) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (3,985) |
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 85 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 90 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (1,255) |  |  | (2,615) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (3,895) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | ($1,416) |  |  | ($2,771) |  |  | ($373) |  |  | ($4,560) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (106) |  |  | 350 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 272 |
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 435 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 530 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 329 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 802 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | ($1,087) |  |  | ($2,338) |  |  | ($333) |  |  | ($3,758) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (531) |  |  | (90) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (602) |
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 693 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 765 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 162 |  |  | (31) |  |  | 32 |  |  | 163 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | ($925) |  |  | ($2,369) |  |  | ($301) |  |  | ($3,595) |
Primary location in the Consolidated Statements of Operations of amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | Net interest income |  | Securities gains, net and Net interest income |  | Other operating expense |  |

NOTE 17 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
The following table summarizes the Company’s preferred stock:

|  |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | Liquidation value per share |  | Preferred Shares |  | Carrying Amount |  | Preferred Shares |  | Carrying Amount
Authorized ($25 par value per share) |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |  |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series B | $1,000 |  | 300,000 |  |  | $296 |  | 300,000 |  |  | $296
Series C | 1,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 297 |
Series D | 1,000 |  | (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  | (2) | 293 |
Series E | 1,000 |  | (1) | 450,000 |  | (3) | 437 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 437 |
Series F | 1,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 395 |
Series G | 1,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 296 |
Series H | 1,000 |  | (1) | 400,000 |  | (4) | 392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 2,150,000 |  |  | $2,113 |  | 2,050,000 |  |  | $2,014

(1) Equivalent to $25 per depositary share.
(2) Represented by 12,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series D Preferred Stock.
(3) Represented by 18,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series E Preferred Stock.
(4) Represented by 16,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series H Preferred Stock.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 132

On May 23, 2024, the Company issued $400 million, or 400,000 shares, of 7.375% fixed-rate non-cumulative perpetual Series H Preferred Stock, par value of $25.00 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (the “Series H Preferred Stock”). As a result of this issuance, the Company received net proceeds of $392 million after underwriting fees and other expenses. The Series H Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or other obligation of the Company. The Series H Preferred Stock is redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date on or after July 6, 2029 or, in whole but not in part, at any time within the 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends. The Company may not redeem shares of the Series H Preferred Stock without the prior approval of the FRB or other appropriate federal banking agency as required under applicable capital rules. Except in limited circumstances or otherwise required by law, holders of the Series H Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights.
On July 8, 2024, the Company redeemed all outstanding shares of the 9.205% floating rate non-cumulative perpetual Series D Preferred Stock.
The following table provides information related to the Company’s preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024:

Preferred Stock(1) | Issue Date | Number of Shares Issued | Dividend Dates(2) | Annual Per Share Dividend Rate | Optional Redemption Date(3)
Series B | May 24, 2018 | 300,000 | Semi-annually beginning January 6, 2019 until July 6, 2023 | 6.000% until July 6, 2023 | July 6, 2023
|  |  | Quarterly beginning October 6, 2023 | 3 Mo. CME Term SOFR plus 3.265% beginning July 6, 2023 |
Series C | October 25, 2018 | 300,000 | Quarterly beginning January 6, 2019 until April 6, 2024 | 6.375% until April 6, 2024 | April 6, 2024
|  |  | Quarterly beginning July 6, 2024 | 3 Mo. CME Term SOFR plus 3.419% beginning April 6, 2024 |
Series E | October 28, 2019 | 450,000(4) | Quarterly beginning January 6, 2020 | 5.000% | January 6, 2025
Series F | June 4, 2020 | 400,000 | Quarterly beginning October 6, 2020 until October 6, 2025 | 5.650% until October 6, 2025 | October 6, 2025
|  |  | Quarterly beginning January 6, 2026 | 5 Yr. US Treasury rate plus 5.313% beginning October 6, 2025 |
Series G | June 11, 2021 | 300,000 | Quarterly beginning October 6, 2021 until October 6, 2026 | 4.000% until October 6, 2026 | October 6, 2026
|  |  | Quarterly beginning January 6, 2027 | 5 Yr. US Treasury rate plus 3.215% beginning October 6, 2026 |
Series H | May 23, 2024 | 400,000(5) | Quarterly beginning October 6, 2024 | 7.375% | July 6, 2029

(1) Series B and C are non-cumulative fixed-to-floating rate perpetual preferred stock, Series E and H are non-cumulative fixed-rate perpetual preferred stock, and Series F and G are non-cumulative fixed-rate reset perpetual preferred stock. Except in limited circumstances, each series of preferred stock does not have voting rights.
(2) Dividends are payable when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors or an authorized committee thereof.
(3) Redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date on or after the date stated, or in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event as defined in the applicable certificate of designations, in each case at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. Under current rules, any redemption is subject to approval by the FRB.
(4) Represented by 18,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series E Preferred Stock.
(5) Represented by 16,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series H Preferred Stock.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 133

Dividends
The following table summarizes the Company’s dividend activity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(dollars in millions, except per share data) |  | Dividends Declared per Share | Dividends Declared | Dividends Paid |  | Dividends Declared per Share | Dividends Declared | Dividends Paid |  | Dividends Declared per Share | Dividends Declared | Dividends Paid
Common stock |  | $1.68 |  | $769 |  | $769 |  |  | $1.68 |  | $808 |  | $808 |  |  | $1.62 |  | $779 |  | $779 |
Preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series B |  | $84.92 |  | $25 |  | $26 |  |  | $74.49 |  | $22 |  | $25 |  |  | $60.00 |  | $18 |  | $18 |
Series C |  | 80.78 |  | 24 |  | 23 |  |  | 63.75 |  | 19 |  | 19 |  |  | 63.75 |  | 19 |  | 19 |
Series D |  | 39.66 |  | 12 |  | 17 |  |  | 63.50 |  | 19 |  | 19 |  |  | 63.50 |  | 19 |  | 19 |
Series E |  | 50.00 |  | 23 |  | 23 |  |  | 50.00 |  | 22 |  | 22 |  |  | 50.00 |  | 22 |  | 22 |
Series F |  | 56.50 |  | 23 |  | 23 |  |  | 56.50 |  | 23 |  | 23 |  |  | 56.50 |  | 23 |  | 23 |
Series G |  | 40.00 |  | 12 |  | 12 |  |  | 40.00 |  | 12 |  | 12 |  |  | 40.00 |  | 12 |  | 12 |
Series H |  | 45.68 |  | 18 |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total preferred stock |  |  | $137 |  | $134 |  |  |  | $117 |  | $120 |  |  |  | $113 |  | $113 |

Treasury Stock
The purchase of the Company’s common stock is recorded at cost. Upon retirement, or if subsequently reissued, treasury stock is reduced by the cost of such stock on a first-in, first-out basis with differences recorded in additional paid-in capital or retained earnings, as applicable.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased $1.1 billion, or 28,113,278 shares, and $906 million, or 28,473,805 shares, respectively, of its outstanding common stock, which are held in treasury stock.
NOTE 18 - SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company has share-based employee compensation plans as outlined below, pursuant to which awards are granted to employees and non-employee directors. The Company grants time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units, which represent the right to receive shares of stock on a future date subject to applicable vesting conditions.
Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan. The Company grants select employees time-based and performance-based restricted stock units under this plan. Time-based restricted stock units generally become vested ratably over a 3-year period and performance-based restricted stock units generally become vested in a single installment at the end of a 3-year performance period, depending on the level of performance achieved during such period relative to established targets. If a dividend is paid on shares underlying the awards prior to the date such shares are distributed, those dividends will be distributed following vesting in the same form as the dividend that was paid to common stockholders generally.
Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. The Company grants time-based restricted stock units to non-employee directors as compensation for their services under this plan. Restricted stock units granted to directors are fully vested on the grant date, with settlement of the awards deferred until a director’s cessation of service. If a dividend is paid on the shares underlying the awards prior to the date such shares are distributed, they are reinvested into additional restricted stock units.
Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. This plan provides eligible employees an opportunity to purchase CFG common stock at a 10% discount. Participants may contribute up to 10% of eligible compensation to the ESPP and may purchase up to $25,000 worth of stock in any calendar year. Offering periods under the ESPP are quarterly, with shares of CFG common stock purchased on the last day of each quarter at a 10% discount from the fair market value, defined as the closing price on the day of purchase. Prior to the date the shares are purchased, participants have no rights or privileges as a stockholder with respect to shares purchased at the end of the offering period.

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Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table presents the activity related to the Company’s restricted stock units:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Price |  | Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Price |  | Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Price
Outstanding, January 1 | 4,573,657 |  |  | $42.23 |  |  | 3,876,601 |  |  | $43.06 |  |  | 3,502,956 |  |  | $38.23 |
Granted | 4,080,812 |  |  | 33.62 |  |  | 2,575,234 |  |  | 39.88 |  |  | 1,844,352 |  |  | 48.12 |
Vested & Distributed | (1,791,746) |  |  | 43.12 |  |  | (1,729,136) |  |  | 40.84 |  |  | (1,359,543) |  |  | 37.47 |
Forfeited | (184,555) |  |  | 37.56 |  |  | (149,042) |  |  | 42.92 |  |  | (111,164) |  |  | 43.36 |
Outstanding, December 31 | 6,678,168 |  |  | $36.86 |  |  | 4,573,657 |  |  | $42.23 |  |  | 3,876,601 |  |  | $43.06 |

The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $77 million, $71 million, and $51 million, respectively.
There are 12,847,704 shares of common stock available for awards to be granted under the Omnibus Plan and Directors Plan. In addition, there are 7,709,853 shares available for issuance under the ESPP. Upon settlement of share-based awards, the Company generally issues new shares, but may also issue shares from treasury stock.
Compensation Expense
The Company measures compensation expense related to stock awards based upon the fair value of the awards on the grant date, with adjustments made for forfeitures as they occur. The expense is charged to earnings on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (i.e., vesting period) of the award. Compensation expense for performance-based stock awards is adjusted upward or downward based upon the probability of achievement of performance. Awards that continue to vest after retirement are expensed over the period of time from the grant date to the final vesting date or from the grant date to the date when an employee is retirement eligible, whichever is shorter. Awards granted to employees who are retirement eligible at the grant date are generally expensed immediately.
Share-based compensation expense was $97 million, $87 million and $84 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense for unvested awards granted was $105 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years.
The Company recognized income tax benefits related to share-based compensation arrangements of $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
NOTE 19 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
A summary of outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements is presented below:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Commitments to extend credit | $93,460 |  |  | $94,201 |
Letters of credit | 1,845 |  |  | 1,977 |
Loans sold with recourse | 93 |  |  | 96 |
Marketing rights | 14 |  |  | 18 |
Risk participation agreements | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Total | $95,413 |  |  | $96,295 |

Commitments to Extend Credit
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers in accordance with conditions contractually agreed upon in advance. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements.

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Letters of Credit
Letters of credit in the table above reflect commercial, standby financial and standby performance letters of credit. Financial and performance standby letters of credit are issued by the Company for the benefit of its customers. They are used as conditional guarantees of payment to a third party in the event the customer either fails to make specific payments (financial) or fails to complete a specific project (performance). The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of counterparty nonperformance in connection with the above instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Letters of credit are generally secured, with collateral including, but not limited to, cash, accounts receivable, inventory or investment securities. Credit risk associated with letters of credit is considered in determining the appropriate amount of allowances for unfunded commitments. Standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are issued for terms of up to two years and one year, respectively.
Other Commitments
The Company has additional off-balance sheet arrangements that are summarized below:
•Marketing Rights - During 2003, the Company entered into a 25-year agreement to acquire the naming and marketing rights of a baseball stadium in Pennsylvania.
•Loans sold with recourse - the Company is an originator and servicer of residential mortgages and routinely sells such mortgage loans in the secondary market and to GSEs. In the context of such sales, the Company makes certain representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the underlying loans and, as a result, may be contractually required to repurchase such loans or indemnify certain parties against losses for certain breaches of those representations and warranties. The Company also sells the government guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans to outside investors, for which it retains the servicing rights.
•Risk Participation Agreements - RPAs are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. The current amount of credit exposure is spread out over multiple counterparties. At December 31, 2024, the remaining terms on these RPAs ranged from less than one year to nine years.
Contingencies
The Company operates in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes it to potentially significant risks. A certain amount of litigation ordinarily results from the nature of the Company’s banking and other businesses. The Company is a party to legal proceedings, including class actions. The Company is also the subject of investigations, reviews, subpoenas, and regulatory matters arising out of its normal business operations which, in some instances, relate to concerns about fair lending, unfair and/or deceptive practices, and mortgage-related issues. In addition, the Company engages in discussions with relevant governmental and regulatory authorities on a regular and ongoing basis regarding various issues, and any issues discussed or identified may result in investigatory or other action being taken. Litigation and regulatory matters may result in settlements, damages, fines, penalties, public or private censure, increased costs, required remediation, restrictions on business activities, or other impacts on the Company.
In these disputes and proceedings, the Company contests liability and the amount of damages as appropriate. Given their complex nature, and based on the Company's experience, it may be years before some of these matters are finally resolved. Moreover, before liability can be reasonably estimated for a claim, numerous legal and factual issues may need to be examined, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal issues relevant to the proceedings in question. The Company cannot predict with certainty if, how, or when such claims will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, may be, particularly for claims that are at an early stage in their development or where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages. The Company recognizes a provision for a claim when, in the opinion of management after seeking legal advice, it is probable that a liability exists and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. In many proceedings, however, it is not possible to determine whether any loss is probable or to estimate the amount of any loss.
Based on information currently available, the advice of legal counsel and other advisers, and established reserves, management believes that the aggregate liabilities, if any, potentially arising from these proceedings will not have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTE 20 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Company measures or monitors many of its assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is used on a recurring basis for assets and liabilities for which fair value is the required or elected measurement basis of accounting. Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Fair value measurement guidance is also applied to determine amounts reported for certain disclosures in this Note for assets and liabilities that are not required to be reported at fair value in the financial statements.
Fair Value Option
The Company elected to account for residential mortgage LHFS and certain commercial LHFS at fair value. The election of the fair value option for financial assets and liabilities is optional and irrevocable. Applying fair value accounting to residential mortgage LHFS better aligns the reported results of the economic changes in the value of these loans and their related economic hedge instruments. Certain commercial LHFS are managed by a commercial secondary loan desk that provides liquidity to banks, finance companies and institutional investors. Fair value accounting is applied to these loans since the Company holds these loans with the intent to sell them in the near-term.
The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of LHFS measured at fair value:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Aggregate Fair Value | Aggregate Unpaid Principal | Aggregate Fair Value Greater (Less) Than Aggregate Unpaid Principal |  | Aggregate Fair Value | Aggregate Unpaid Principal | Aggregate Fair Value Greater (Less) Than Aggregate Unpaid Principal
Residential mortgage loans held for sale | $633 |  | $625 |  | $8 |  |  | $614 |  | $593 |  | $21 |
Commercial loans held for sale | 192 |  | 199 |  | (7) |  |  | 62 |  | 69 |  | (7) |

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of residential mortgage LHFS is derived from observable mortgage security prices and includes adjustments for loan servicing value, agency guarantee fees, and other loan level attributes which are observable in the marketplace. Credit risk does not have a significant impact on the valuation of these loans as they are sold shortly after origination. Residential mortgage LHFS are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy given the observable market inputs utilized to value these loans.
Residential mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value when the financial asset is originated or purchased. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Interest income on residential mortgage loans held for sale is calculated based on the contractual interest rate of the loan and is recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Commercial Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of commercial LHFS is estimated using observable prices of similar loans that transact in the marketplace. External pricing services that provide fair value estimates based on quotes from various dealers transacting in the market, sector curves or benchmarking techniques are also utilized. Commercial loans managed by the commercial secondary loan desk are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy given the observable market inputs utilized to value these loans.
These commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value when the financial asset is recognized. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in capital markets fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in the fair value of the commercial trading portfolio are due to changes in credit risk since the portfolio is comprised of floating-rate obligations only. These credit-related changes may include observed changes in overall credit spreads and/or changes to the creditworthiness of an individual borrower.

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Interest income on commercial LHFS is calculated based on the contractual interest rate of the loan and is recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is measured using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices in an active market, if available, or observable market-based inputs or independently sourced parameters if quoted prices are not available. Inputs may include prices for similar assets or liabilities, yield curves, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and foreign exchange rates.
The Company carries certain assets and liabilities at fair value and has elected to account for its residential mortgage LHFS and loans managed by the commercial secondary loan trading desk at fair value. Assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified in accordance with the three-level valuation hierarchy:
•Level 1. Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2. Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3. Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market information and that are significant to the fair value measurement.
Classification in the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. For instruments classified in Levels 1 and 2 where inputs are primarily based upon observable market data, there is less judgment applied in arriving at the fair value. For instruments classified in Level 3, management judgment is more significant due to the lack of observable market data.
Fair value hierarchy classifications are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. Changes related to the observability of inputs in fair value measurements may result in a reclassification between the fair value hierarchy levels and are recognized based on period-end balances.
A variety of valuation techniques are utilized to measure the Company’s assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, with those utilized for significant assets and liabilities presented below:
Debt Securities Available for Sale
AFS debt securities are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy if quoted prices in active markets are available. Classes of securities that are valued using this market approach include debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. The fair value of a security is estimated under the market or income approach using pricing models if quoted market prices are not available. These securities are classified as Level 2 since they trade in active markets and the inputs to their valuations are observable. The pricing models used to value securities generally commence with market prices, or rates, for similar instruments, with adjustments made based on the characteristics of the instrument being valued. These adjustments reflect assumptions made regarding the sensitivity of each security’s value to changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds. Classes of securities that are valued using this market approach include pooled mortgage “pass-through” securities, collateralized loan obligations, and other debt securities issued by U.S. GSEs and state and political subdivisions. The pricing models used to value securities under the income approach generally commence with the contractual cash flows of each security, with adjustments made based on forecasted prepayment speeds, default rates, and other market-observable information. The adjusted cash flows are then discounted at a rate derived from observed rates of return for comparable assets or liabilities that are traded in the market. Classes of instruments that are valued using this market approach include residential and commercial CMOs.
A majority of the Company’s Level 1 and 2 debt securities are priced using an external pricing service. The pricing accuracy of this service is verified on a quarterly basis and involves the use of a secondary external vendor to provide valuations for the Company’s securities portfolio for comparison purposes. Any valuation discrepancies exceeding a certain threshold are researched and, if necessary, corroborated by an independent outside broker.
In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation model, securities are classified as Level 3.

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Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices and, therefore, are classified as Level 3 since their valuation utilizes significant unobservable inputs. The fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model, which includes assumptions associated with weighted-average life, prepayment speed, and weighted-average option adjusted spread. The underlying assumptions and estimated values are corroborated by values received from independent third parties based on their review of the servicing portfolio and comparisons to market transactions. Refer to Note 8 for more information.
Derivatives
The Company’s interest rate derivatives are traded in OTC markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. Fair value is determined through models that primarily use market observable inputs, such as swap rates and yield curves. These pricing models determine the sum of each instrument’s fixed and variable cash flows, which are then discounted using an appropriate yield curve to arrive at the fair value of each derivative instrument. The pricing models do not contain a high level of subjectivity as the methodologies used do not require significant judgment. Certain adjustments to the modeled price that market participants would make when pricing each instrument are also considered, including a credit valuation adjustment that reflects the credit quality of the derivative counterparty. The effect of exposure to a particular counterparty’s credit is incorporated by netting their derivative contracts with the available collateral and calculating a credit valuation adjustment on the basis of the net position with the counterparty where permitted. This adjustment requires judgment on behalf of Company management; however, the total amount of this portfolio-level adjustment is not material to the total fair value of the interest rate derivative portfolio. Therefore, interest rate derivatives are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of commodity derivatives uses the mid-point of market observable quoted prices as an input into the fair value model. These observed market prices, combined with other market observed inputs to derive the fair value of the instrument, generally classifies the commodity derivative as a Level 2 instrument.
The fair value of foreign exchange derivatives uses the mid-point of daily quoted currency spot prices. The valuation model estimates fair value based on these quoted prices along with interest rate yield curves and forward currency rates. Since all of these inputs are observable in the market, foreign exchange derivatives are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of TBA contracts is estimated using observable prices of similar loan pools that transact in the marketplace, as well as sector curves and benchmarking techniques. Therefore, TBA contracts are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy given the observable market inputs.
Other contracts primarily consist of interest rate lock commitments, which are valued utilizing loan closing rate assumptions that are internally generated. These assumptions are a significant unobservable input and, therefore, interest rate lock commitments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Equity Securities, at fair value
The fair value of money market mutual fund investments is determined based on unadjusted quoted market prices and is considered a Level 1 fair value measurement.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments include corporate bonds and U.S. Treasury securities managed by the Company’s trading desks. U.S. Treasury securities are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy as quoted prices in active markets are readily available. The fair value of corporate bonds is estimated using a combination of direct market quotes for a particular bond, or a comparable bond if recent market data is not available, and a discounted cash flow model that incorporates certain credit attributes of the bond issuer. External pricing services are utilized to corroborate the fair value of corporate bonds, which may result in an adjustment to the underlying bond’s valuation if price differences exceed certain thresholds. Corporate bonds are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy given the observable market inputs utilized to value these instruments. Short-term investments are included in interest-bearing deposits in banks in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Short-Term Borrowed Funds
Short-term borrowed funds include short positions in corporate bonds held by the Company’s trading desks and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. See “Short-term investments” above for more information regarding the valuation techniques utilized to value corporate bonds.

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Other Liabilities
Other liabilities include short positions in commercial LHFS managed by the Company’s commercial secondary loan desk and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. See “Commercial Loans Held for Sale” above for more information regarding the valuation techniques utilized to value commercial LHFS.
The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024:

(dollars in millions) | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | $29,055 |  | $— |  | $29,055 |  | $— |
Collateralized loan obligations | 184 |  | — |  | 184 |  | — |
State and political subdivisions | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |
U.S. Treasury and other | 3,525 |  | 3,525 |  | — |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale | 32,765 |  | 3,525 |  | 29,240 |  | — |
Loans held for sale: |  |  |  |
Residential loans held for sale | 633 |  | — |  | 633 |  | — |
Commercial loans held for sale | 192 |  | — |  | 192 |  | — |
Total loans held for sale, at fair value | 825 |  | — |  | 825 |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 1,491 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,491 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 562 |  | — |  | 562 |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 472 |  | — |  | 472 |  | — |
Commodities contracts | 429 |  | — |  | 429 |  | — |
TBA contracts | 10 |  | — |  | 10 |  | — |
Other contracts | 3 |  | — |  | — |  | 3 |
Total derivative assets | 1,476 |  | — |  | 1,473 |  | 3 |
Equity securities, at fair value(1) | 162 |  | 162 |  | — |  | — |
Short-term investments | 53 |  | 40 |  | 13 |  | — |
Total assets | $36,772 |  | $3,727 |  | $31,551 |  | $1,494 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $910 |  | $— |  | $910 |  | $— |
Foreign exchange contracts | 411 |  | — |  | 411 |  | — |
Commodities contracts | 379 |  | — |  | 379 |  | — |
TBA contracts | 8 |  | — |  | 8 |  | — |
Other contracts | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Total derivative liabilities | 1,710 |  | — |  | 1,708 |  | 2 |
Short-term borrowed funds | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other liabilities | 101 |  | — |  | 101 |  | — |
Total liabilities | $1,811 |  | $— |  | $1,809 |  | $2 |

(1) Excludes investments of $58 million included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $24 million at December 31, 2024, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.

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The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023:

(dollars in millions) | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | $24,732 |  | $— |  | $24,732 |  | $— |
Collateralized loan obligations | 664 |  | — |  | 664 |  | — |
State and political subdivisions | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |
U.S. Treasury and other | 4,380 |  | 4,380 |  | — |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale | 29,777 |  | 4,380 |  | 25,397 |  | — |
Loans held for sale: |  |  |  |
Residential loans held for sale | 614 |  | — |  | 614 |  | — |
Commercial loans held for sale | 62 |  | — |  | 62 |  | — |
Total loans held for sale, at fair value | 676 |  | — |  | 676 |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 1,552 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,552 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 464 |  | — |  | 464 |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 434 |  | — |  | 434 |  | — |
Commodities contracts | 685 |  | — |  | 685 |  | — |
TBA contracts | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |
Other contracts | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |
Total derivative assets | 1,593 |  | — |  | 1,586 |  | 7 |
Equity securities, at fair value(1) | 115 |  | 115 |  | — |  | — |
Total assets | $33,713 |  | $4,495 |  | $27,659 |  | $1,559 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $1,149 |  | $— |  | $1,149 |  | $— |
Foreign exchange contracts | 378 |  | — |  | 378 |  | — |
Commodities contracts | 640 |  | — |  | 640 |  | — |
TBA contracts | 16 |  | — |  | 16 |  | — |
Other contracts | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities | 2,183 |  | — |  | 2,183 |  | — |
Total liabilities | $2,183 |  | $— |  | $2,183 |  | $— |

(1) Excludes investments of $58 million included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $28 million at December 31, 2023, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.
The following table presents a roll forward of the balance sheet amounts for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3:

| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
(dollars in millions) | Mortgage Servicing Rights |  | Other Derivative Contracts |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights |  | Other Derivative Contracts
Beginning balance | $1,552 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $1,530 |  |  | $1 |
Issuances | 106 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 64 |
Sales(1) | (99) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements(2) | (176) |  |  | (41) |  |  | (166) |  |  | (24) |
Changes in fair value during the period recognized in earnings(3) | 108 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (34) |
Ending balance | $1,491 |  |  | $1 |  |  | $1,552 |  |  | $7 |

(1) For MSRs, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs.
(2) For MSRs, represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period. For other derivative contracts, represents the closeout of interest rate lock commitments and other cash payments.
(3) Represents changes in value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in mortgage banking fees and other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs utilized to measure the fair of Level 3 assets and liabilities.

|  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
Financial Instrument(1) | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Mortgage servicing rights | Discounted Cash Flow | Constant prepayment rate | 5.08-16.32% CPR (6.70% CPR) |  | 6.70-14.55% CPR (7.23% CPR)
Option adjusted spread | 398-1,058 bps (632 bps) |  | 398-1,058 bps (630 bps)
Other derivative contracts | Internal Model | Pull through rate | 5.09-99.90% (83.06%) |  | 24.90-99.70% (80.34%)
MSR value | 23.91-171.64 bps (121.23 bps) |  | (8.90)-141.24 bps (88.04 bps)

(1) Disclosures related to the fair value measurement of financial instruments deemed immaterial are not included.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. The following valuation techniques are utilized to measure significant assets for which the Company utilizes fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
Collateral-Dependent Loans
The carrying amount of collateral-dependent loans is compared to the appraised value of the collateral less costs to dispose, with any excess charged to the ALLL, and is classified as Level 2.
The following table presents losses on assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recorded in earnings:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Collateral-dependent loans | ($200) |  |  | ($138) |  |  | ($4) |

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |  | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Collateral-dependent loans | $979 |  | $— |  | $979 |  | $— |  |  | $789 |  | $— |  | $789 |  | $— |

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following tables present the estimated fair value for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The carrying amounts are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the indicated captions:

| December 31, 2024
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(dollars in millions) | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities held to maturity | $8,599 |  | $7,540 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $8,187 |  | $7,136 |  |  | $412 |  | $404 |
Loans held for sale | 33 |  | 33 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 33 |  | 33 |
Net loans and leases | 137,142 |  | 136,293 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 979 |  | 979 |  |  | 136,163 |  | 135,314 |
Other assets | 710 |  | 710 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 689 |  | 689 |  |  | 21 |  | 21 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 174,776 |  | 174,651 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 174,776 |  | 174,651 |  |  | — |  | — |
Long-term borrowed funds | 12,401 |  | 12,247 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12,401 |  | 12,247 |  |  | — |  | — |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 142

| December 31, 2023
| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
(dollars in millions) | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities held to maturity | $9,184 |  | $8,350 |  |  | $— |  | $— |  |  | $8,696 |  | $7,887 |  |  | $488 |  | $463 |
Loans held for sale | 103 |  | 103 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 103 |  | 103 |
Net loans and leases | 143,861 |  | 140,504 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 789 |  | 789 |  |  | 143,072 |  | 139,715 |
Other assets | 869 |  | 869 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 851 |  | 851 |  |  | 18 |  | 18 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 177,342 |  | 177,096 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 177,342 |  | 177,096 |  |  | — |  | — |
Short-term borrowed funds | 505 |  | 505 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 505 |  | 505 |  |  | — |  | — |
Long-term borrowed funds | 13,467 |  | 13,012 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 13,467 |  | 13,012 |  |  | — |  | — |

NOTE 21 - NONINTEREST INCOME
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized based on the amount of consideration expected to be received upon the transfer of control of a good or service. The timing of recognition is dependent on whether a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to a customer over time or at a point in time. Judgments made include the timing of when performance obligations are satisfied and determination of the transaction price.
The following tables present the components of revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue stream and business operating segment:

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Non-Core | Other | Consolidated
Service charges and fees | $288 |  | $128 |  | $— |  | $1 |  | $417 |
Card fees | 284 |  | 54 |  | — |  | 24 |  | 362 |
Capital markets fees | — |  | 445 |  | — |  | — |  | 445 |
Wealth fees(1) | 294 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 294 |
Other banking fees | 3 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | 15 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | $869 |  | $639 |  | $— |  | $25 |  | $1,533 |
Total revenue from other sources(2) | 262 |  | 269 |  | — |  | 112 |  | 643 |
Total noninterest income | $1,131 |  | $908 |  | $— |  | $137 |  | $2,176 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Non-Core | Other | Consolidated
Service charges and fees | $277 |  | $131 |  | $— |  | $1 |  | $409 |
Card fees | 244 |  | 47 |  | — |  | — |  | 291 |
Capital markets fees | — |  | 293 |  | — |  | — |  | 293 |
Wealth fees(1) | 259 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 259 |
Other banking fees | 3 |  | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | 14 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | $783 |  | $482 |  | $— |  | $1 |  | $1,266 |
Total revenue from other sources(2) | 284 |  | 302 |  | — |  | 131 |  | 717 |
Total noninterest income | $1,067 |  | $784 |  | $— |  | $132 |  | $1,983 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 143

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking | Commercial Banking | Non-Core | Other | Consolidated
Service charges and fees | $291 |  | $124 |  | $— |  | $3 |  | $418 |
Card fees | 228 |  | 43 |  | — |  | — |  | 271 |
Capital markets fees | — |  | 341 |  | — |  | — |  | 341 |
Wealth fees(1) | 249 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 250 |
Other banking fees | 1 |  | 17 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 19 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | $769 |  | $526 |  | $— |  | $4 |  | $1,299 |
Total revenue from other sources(2) | 294 |  | 319 |  | — |  | 97 |  | 710 |
Total noninterest income | $1,063 |  | $845 |  | $— |  | $101 |  | $2,009 |

(1) See Note 1 for information regarding updates to the Consolidated Statements of Operations during 2024.
(2) Includes bank-owned life insurance income of $108 million, $93 million and $88 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company does not have any material contract assets, liabilities, or other receivables recorded on its Consolidated Balance Sheets related to revenues from contracts with customers as of December 31, 2024. The Company has elected to exclude disclosure of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and contracts for which the Company recognized revenue at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.
A description of the above components of revenue from contracts with customers is presented below:
Service Charges and Fees
Service charges and fees include fees earned from deposit products in lieu of compensating balances, service charges for deposit transactions performed by customers, and fees earned for cash management activities. Service charges on deposit products are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided and at a point in time upon completion of the requested service transaction. Fees on cash management products and servicing fees on loans sold without recognition of a servicing right are recognized over time as the services are provided.
Card Fees
Card fees include interchange income from credit and debit card transactions and are recognized upon settlement by the association network. Interchange rates are generally set by the association network based on purchase volume and other factors. Other card-related fees are recognized upon completion of the transaction. Costs related to card reward programs are recognized in current earnings as the rewards are earned by the customer and are presented as a reduction to card fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Capital Markets Fees
Capital markets fees include fees received from leading or participating in loan syndications, bond and equity underwriting services, and advisory fees. Loan syndication and underwriting fees are recognized as revenue when the Company has rendered all services to, and is entitled to collect the fee from, the borrower or the issuer, and there are no significant contingencies associated with the fee. Underwriting expenses passed through from the lead underwriter are recognized within other operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Advisory fees for mergers and acquisitions are recognized over time, while valuation services and fairness opinions are recognized upon completion of the advisory service.
Wealth Fees
Wealth fees include fees from investment management and brokerage services. Fees from investment management services are based on asset market values and are recognized over the period in which the related service is provided. Brokerage services include custody fees, commission income, trailing commissions and other investment services. Custody fees are recognized on a monthly basis and commission income is recognized on trade date. Trailing commissions, such as 12b-1 fees, insurance renewal income, and income based on asset or investment levels in future periods are recognized when the asset balance is known, or the renewal occurs and the income is no longer constrained. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized trailing commissions of $16 million, $15 million and $15 million, respectively, related to ongoing commissions from previous investment sales. Fees from other investment services are recognized upon completion of the service.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 144

O ther Banking Fees
Other banking fees include fees for various banking transactions such as letter of credit fees, foreign wire transfers and other services. These fees are recognized in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur and as services are provided.
Revenue from Other Sources
Letter of Credit and Loan Fees
Letter of credit and loan fees primarily include fees received from letter of credit agreements as well as loan fees received from lending activities that cannot be deferred. These fees are recognized upon execution of the contract.
Foreign Exchange and Derivative Products
Foreign exchange and derivative products primarily include fees received from foreign exchange and interest rate derivative contracts executed with customers to meet their hedging and financing needs. These fees are generally recognized upon execution of the contracts. Foreign exchange and derivative products also include mark-to-market gains and losses recognized on these customer contracts and offsetting derivative contracts that are executed with external counterparties to hedge the foreign exchange and interest rate risk associated with the customer contracts.
Mortgage Banking Fees
Mortgage banking fees primarily include gains, or losses, on the sale of residential mortgages originated with the intent to sell and servicing fees on mortgages serviced by the Company. Mortgage banking fees also include valuation adjustments for mortgage LHFS that are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, as well as mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell that are measured at fair value under the fair value option. Changes in the value of MSRs are reported in mortgage banking fees. For a further discussion of MSRs, see Note 8.
Other Income
Bank-owned life insurance is stated at its cash surrender value. The Company is the beneficiary of life insurance policies on current and former officers of the Company. Net changes in the carrying amount of the cash surrender value are an adjustment of premiums paid in determining the expense or income recognized under the life insurance policy for the period.
NOTE 22 - OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE
The following table presents the details of other operating expense:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Marketing | $170 |  |  | $187 |  |  | $166 |
Deposit insurance(1) | 193 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 96 |
Other | 359 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 323 |
Other operating expense | $722 |  |  | $973 |  |  | $585 |

(1) Includes an industry-wide FDIC special assessment of $31 million and $225 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NOTE 23 - INCOME TAXES
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, resulting in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period while deferred income tax expense results from changes in gross deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Gross deferred tax assets and liabilities represent changes in taxes expected to be paid in the future due to the reversal of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.
The Company assesses the probability that positions taken, or expected to be taken, in its income tax returns will be sustained by taxing authorities. A “more likely than not” (i.e., more than 50 percent) recognition threshold must be met before a tax benefit can be recognized. Tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained are reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 145

The following table presents total income tax expense:

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income tax expense | $379 |  |  | $422 |  |  | $582 |
Tax effect of changes in OCI | 62 |  |  | 289 |  |  | (1,319) |
Total comprehensive income tax expense (benefit) | $441 |  |  | $711 |  |  | ($737) |

The following table presents the components of income tax expense:

(dollars in millions) | Current | Deferred | Total
Year Ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |
U.S. federal | $447 |  | ($127) |  | $320 |
State and local | 109 |  | (50) |  | 59 |
Total | $556 |  | ($177) |  | $379 |
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |
U.S. federal | $497 |  | ($135) |  | $362 |
State and local | 167 |  | (107) |  | 60 |
Total | $664 |  | ($242) |  | $422 |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |
U.S. federal | $355 |  | $88 |  | $443 |
State and local | 170 |  | (31) |  | 139 |
Total | $525 |  | $57 |  | $582 |

The following table presents a reconciliation between the U.S. federal income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(dollars in millions) | Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate
U.S. federal income tax expense and tax rate | $396 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $426 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $558 |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and local income taxes (net of federal benefit) | 46 |  | 2.5 |  |  | 58 |  | 2.9 |  |  | 133 |  | 5.0 |
Bank-owned life insurance | (22) |  | (1.2) |  |  | (20) |  | (1.0) |  |  | (19) |  | (0.7) |
Tax-exempt interest | (12) |  | (0.7) |  |  | (12) |  | (0.6) |  |  | (8) |  | (0.3) |
Tax advantaged investments (including related credits) | (82) |  | (4.4) |  |  | (77) |  | (3.8) |  |  | (102) |  | (3.8) |
Other tax credits | (2) |  | (0.1) |  |  | (3) |  | (0.1) |  |  | (9) |  | (0.3) |
Adjustments for uncertain tax positions | — |  | — |  |  | 5 |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Non-deductible FDIC insurance premiums | 34 |  | 1.8 |  |  | 35 |  | 1.7 |  |  | 20 |  | 0.7 |
Legacy tax matters | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | 0.1 |
Other | 21 |  | 1.2 |  |  | 10 |  | 0.5 |  |  | 5 |  | 0.2 |
Total income tax expense and effective tax rate | $379 |  | 20.1 | % |  | $422 |  | 20.8 | % |  | $582 |  | 21.9 | %

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 146

The following table presents the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Other comprehensive income | $1,242 |  |  | $1,291 |
Allowance for credit losses | 552 |  |  | 555 |
Federal and state net operating and capital loss carryforwards | 69 |  |  | 79 |
Accrued expenses | 1,198 |  |  | 1,152 |
Investment and other tax credit carryforwards | 214 |  |  | 130 |
Partnerships | 4 |  |  | — |
Other | 10 |  |  | 9 |
Total deferred tax assets | 3,289 |  |  | 3,216 |
Valuation allowance | (120) |  |  | (137) |
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 3,169 |  |  | 3,079 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Leasing transactions | 208 |  |  | 297 |
Amortization of intangibles | 425 |  |  | 421 |
Depreciation | 570 |  |  | 532 |
Pension and other employee compensation plans | 146 |  |  | 130 |
Partnerships | — |  |  | 12 |
Deferred Income | 24 |  |  | 3 |
MSRs | 243 |  |  | 252 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 1,616 |  |  | 1,647 |
Net deferred tax asset (liability) | $1,553 |  |  | $1,432 |

Deferred tax assets are recognized for net operating loss carryforwards, capital loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are recorded, as necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that management concludes is more likely than not to be realized.
At December 31, 2024, the Company had federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards of $581 million, capital loss carryforwards of $132 million and federal and state tax credit carryforwards of $212 million. The majority of the federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards, if not utilized, will expire in varying amounts through 2043, while the capital loss and tax credit carryforwards expire in varying amounts through 2027 and 2044, respectively. Limitations on the ability to realize these carryforwards are reflected in the associated valuation allowance. At December 31, 2024, the Company had a valuation allowance of $120 million against various deferred tax assets related to federal and state net operating losses, capital losses and state tax credits, as the Company’s current assessment is that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to these items will not be realized.
Effective with the fiscal year ended September 30, 1997, the reserve method for bad debts was no longer permitted for tax purposes. The repeal of the reserve method required the recapture of the reserve balance in excess of certain base year reserve amounts attributable to years ended prior to 1988. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s base year loan loss reserves attributable to years ended prior to 1988, for which no deferred income taxes have been provided, was $557 million. This base year reserve may become taxable if certain distributions are made with respect to the stock of the Company or if CBNA ceases to qualify as a bank for tax purposes. No actions are planned that would cause any portion of this reserve to become taxable.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and local jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations by major tax authorities for years before 2021 and, with few exceptions, before 2020 for state and local jurisdictions.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 147

The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits:

| December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at the beginning of the year | $7 |  |  | $6 |  |  | $7 |
Gross increase for tax positions related to current year | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Gross increase for tax positions related to prior years | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Decrease for tax positions as a result of the lapse of the statutes of limitations | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Decrease for tax positions related to settlements with taxing authorities | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Balance at end of year | $5 |  |  | $7 |  |  | $6 |

Tax positions are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority. The difference between the benefit recognized and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit. Any adjustment to unrecognized tax benefits is recorded in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company does not expect the balance of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly change in the next twelve months.
Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are reported in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s liability for accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits was $1 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, the income tax expense (benefit) recognized for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits was $(1) million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022.
NOTE 24 - EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Net income available to common stockholders represents net income less preferred stock dividends and issuance costs associated with preferred stock redeemed. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, inclusive of potential dilutive shares such as share-based payment awards and warrants using the treasury stock method.

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $1,509 |  |  | $1,608 |  |  | $2,073 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends | 137 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 113 |
Net income available to common stockholders | $1,372 |  |  | $1,491 |  |  | $1,960 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic | 450,678,038 |  |  | 475,089,384 |  |  | 475,959,815 |
Dilutive common shares: share-based awards | 2,832,207 |  |  | 1,603,764 |  |  | 1,843,327 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted | 453,510,245 |  |  | 476,693,148 |  |  | 477,803,142 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $3.05 |  |  | $3.14 |  |  | $4.12 |
Diluted(1) | 3.03 |  |  | 3.13 |  |  | 4.10 |

(1) Potential dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS in the periods where the effect would be antidilutive. Excluded from the computation of diluted EPS were weighted-average antidilutive shares totaling 330,950, 2,210,857 and 949,606 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 148

NOTE 25 - REGULATORY MATTERS
As a BHC and FHC, the Company is subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. Our banking subsidiary, CBNA, is a national banking association primarily regulated by the OCC.
Under the current U.S. Basel III capital framework, the Company and CBNA must meet the following specific minimum requirements: CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, total capital ratio of 8.0% and tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. As a BHC, the Company’s SCB of 4.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above and a CCB of 2.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above for CBNA. The Company’s SCB is re-calibrated with each biennial supervisory stress test and updated annually to reflect the Company’s planned common stock dividends. In addition, the Company must not be subject to a written agreement, order or capital directive with any of its regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in the initiation of certain actions that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table presents the regulatory capital ratios for the Company and CBNA under the U.S. Basel III Standardized rules. The Company and CBNA have both declared as an “AOCI opt-out” institution, which means they are not required to recognize the AOCI impact of net unrealized gains and losses on debt securities and accumulated net gains and losses on cash flow hedges and certain defined benefit pension plan assets in regulatory capital. In addition, both entities elected to delay the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital for a two-year period ending December 31, 2021, followed by a three-year transition period ending December 31, 2024, to phase-in the aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay.

| Actual |  | Required Minimum Capital
(dollars in millions) | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio(1)
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
CET1 capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | $17,900 |  | 10.8 | % |  | $14,913 |  | 9.0 | %
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 12.3 |  |  | 11,549 |  | 7.0 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,013 |  | 12.1 |  |  | 17,398 |  | 10.5 |
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 12.3 |  |  | 14,024 |  | 8.5 |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 23,232 |  | 14.0 |  |  | 20,712 |  | 12.5 |
CBNA | 23,362 |  | 14.2 |  |  | 17,324 |  | 10.5 |
Tier 1 leverage |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,013 |  | 9.4 |  |  | 8,502 |  | 4.0 |
CBNA | 20,250 |  | 9.6 |  |  | 8,474 |  | 4.0 |
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
CET1 capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | $18,358 |  | 10.6 | % |  | $14,671 |  | 8.5 | %
CBNA | 19,411 |  | 11.3 |  |  | 12,047 |  | 7.0 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,372 |  | 11.8 |  |  | 17,260 |  | 10.0 |
CBNA | 19,411 |  | 11.3 |  |  | 14,628 |  | 8.5 |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 23,608 |  | 13.7 |  |  | 20,712 |  | 12.0 |
CBNA | 22,453 |  | 13.0 |  |  | 18,070 |  | 10.5 |
Tier 1 leverage |  |  |  |  |
CFG | 20,372 |  | 9.3 |  |  | 8,784 |  | 4.0 |
CBNA | 19,411 |  | 8.9 |  |  | 8,759 |  | 4.0 |

(1) Represents minimum requirement under the current capital framework plus the SCB of 4.5% and CCB of 2.5% for CFG and CBNA, respectively. The SCB and CCB are not applicable to the Tier 1 leverage ratio.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 149

The Company’s capital distributions are subject to the oversight of the FRB. Under the FRB’s SCB framework, failure to maintain risk-based capital ratios above the respective minimum requirements, including the SCB, would result in graduated restrictions on the Company’s ability to make certain discretionary bonus payments and capital distributions, including common stock dividends and share repurchases. The timing and amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including the Company’s capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations. All future capital distributions are subject to consideration and approval by the Board of Directors prior to execution. See Note 17 for more information regarding the Company’s common stock repurchases and dividends.
Dividends payable by CBNA, as a national bank subsidiary, are limited to the lesser of the amount calculated under a “recent earnings” test and an “undivided profits” test. Under the recent earnings test, a dividend may not be paid if the total of all dividends declared during any calendar year exceeds the sum of current year net income and retained net income of the two preceding years, less any required transfers to surplus, unless the national bank obtains the approval of the OCC. Under the undivided profits test, a dividend may not be paid in excess of the entity’s “undivided profits” (generally accumulated net profits that have not been paid out as dividends or transferred to surplus). Federal banking regulatory agencies have issued policy statements that provide that FDIC-insured depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends out of current operating earnings only.
NOTE 26 - BUSINESS OPERATING SEGMENTS
The Company is managed by its CODM, the Chief Executive Officer, on a segment basis. The Company’s three reportable business operating segments are Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Non-Core. The business operating segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served. Each business operating segment has a segment head that reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, who has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment. The business operating segments reflect this management structure and the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer.
The CODM utilizes segment pretax profit or loss as the primary measure to allocate resources to the Company’s business operating segments during the annual budgeting and forecasting process. This measure is also used to assess the performance of each segment, with a focus on monitoring net interest income, noninterest income, and noninterest expense. To ensure effective oversight, the CODM participates in monthly business review meetings, where budget-to-actual variances for pretax profit or loss and its components are analyzed. These evaluations inform the CODM’s decisions regarding the allocation of capital and resources across the business operating segments, ensuring alignment with the Company’s strategic objectives.
Developing and applying methodologies used to allocate items among the business operating segments is a dynamic process. Accordingly, financial results may be revised periodically as management systems are enhanced, methods of evaluating performance or product lines are updated, or organizational structure changes occur.
Reportable Segments
Segment results are determined based upon the Company’s organizational and management structure, with balance sheet and statement of operations items assigned to each of the business operating segments. The results are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. A description of each reportable business operating segment is presented below:
Consumer Banking
The Consumer Banking segment serves consumer customers and small businesses, offering traditional banking products and services including deposits, mortgage and home equity lending, credit cards, small business loans, education loans, point-of-sale finance loans, and wealth management and investment services. Citizens Private Bank integrates wealth management and banking services to serve high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals and families, as well as businesses.
The segment’s distribution channels include a branch network, ATMs and a workforce of experienced specialists covering lending, savings and investment needs as well as a broad range of small business products and services. The Company’s Consumer Banking value proposition is based on providing simple, easy to understand product offerings and a convenient banking experience with a more personalized approach.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 150

Commercial Banking
The Commercial Banking segment primarily serves companies and institutions and strives to be a trusted advisor to its clients and preferred provider for their banking needs. A broad complement of financial products and solutions are offered, including lending and leasing, deposit and treasury management services, foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity risk management solutions, as well as syndicated loans, corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and debt and equity capital markets capabilities.
The segment focuses on middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions and has dedicated teams with industry and product expertise in Aerospace, Defense and Government Services, Communications, Transportation and Logistics, Food and Restaurants, Human Capital Management, and Gaming. While the segment’s business development efforts are predominantly focused in the Company’s footprint, some of its specialized industry businesses also operate on a national basis. A key component of Commercial Banking’s growth strategy is to present clients with ideas that help their businesses thrive and, in doing so, expand the breadth and depth of our banking relationship with them.
Non-Core
The Non-Core segment includes the Company’s indirect auto and certain purchased consumer loan portfolios that the Company discontinued the origination of in 2023 as part of its balance sheet optimization strategy. These portfolios were transferred from the Consumer Banking segment into this segment during 2023.
Non-segment Operations
Other
Non-segment operations are classified as Other and include assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision (benefit) for credit losses, expenses and income tax expense not attributed to the Company’s Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, or Non-Core segments as well as treasury and community development.
Management accounting practices utilized by the Company to measure the performance and produce the results of its segments include the following:
Funds Transfer Pricing
The Company’s FTP, a component of net interest income, ensures consistent business segment pricing behavior by removing interest rate risk from business performance. This risk is centrally managed within the Treasury function and reported in Other non-segment operations. Business operating segments are provided an interest credit for funding it generates and an interest charge for assets it holds. The sum of interest income/expense and FTP charges/credits for each business operating segment is its designated net interest income. The offset to FTP charges and credits is recorded in Other non-segment operations.
The Company employs a matched maturity FTP methodology for the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking business operating segments with rates based on a product’s repricing frequency and interest sensitivity, as well as other factors. The FTP charge for the Non-Core business operating segment is based on an implied reference pool of high-cost funding sources. This method applies a waterfall marginal funding approach referencing the Company’s secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans, FHLB advances, and various other higher-cost deposit sources required to fully debt-fund the assets.
Provision for credit losses
The provision for credit losses for each business operating segment is based on actual net charge-offs recognized by the business operating segment. The difference between the consolidated provision for credit losses and total net charge-offs for all business operating segments is reflected in Other non-segment operations.
Income taxes
Income taxes are assessed to each business operating segment at a standard tax rate with the residual tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate included in Other non-segment operations.
Expenses
Noninterest expenses incurred by centrally-managed operations or business lines that directly support the operations of another business line are charged to the applicable business line based on its utilization of those services.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 151

Goodwill
Goodwill is allocated to the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking business operating segments for impairment testing purposes.
Substantially all revenues generated and long-lived assets held by the Company’s business operating segments are derived from customers that reside in the United States. No business operating segment earns revenue from a single external customer that represents ten percent or more of the Company’s total revenues.

| Year Ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Non-Core |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income | $4,565 |  |  | $1,950 |  |  | ($117) |  |  | ($765) |  |  | $5,633 |
Noninterest income | 1,131 |  |  | 908 |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |  |  | 2,176 |
Total revenue | 5,696 |  |  | 2,858 |  |  | (117) |  |  | (628) |  |  | 7,809 |
Direct expenses(1)(2) | 2,325 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | 5,234 |
Indirect expenses(3) | 1,353 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (1,853) |  |  | — |
Noninterest expense | 3,678 |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 5,234 |
Profit (loss) before provision (benefit) for credit losses | 2,018 |  |  | 1,617 |  |  | (215) |  |  | (845) |  |  | 2,575 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 331 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 687 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 1,687 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | (276) |  |  | (787) |  |  | 1,888 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 434 |  |  | 291 |  |  | (70) |  |  | (276) |  |  | 379 |
Net income (loss) | $1,253 |  |  | $973 |  |  | ($206) |  |  | ($511) |  |  | $1,509 |
Total average assets | $75,037 |  |  | $68,478 |  |  | $8,942 |  |  | $66,567 |  |  | $219,024 |

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business operating segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.
(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $113 million, $26 million and $312 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business operating segments.
(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as finance, risk, human resources, and information technology.

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Non-Core |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income | $4,187 |  |  | $2,292 |  |  | ($129) |  |  | ($109) |  |  | $6,241 |
Noninterest income | 1,067 |  |  | 784 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1,983 |
Total revenue | 5,254 |  |  | 3,076 |  |  | (129) |  |  | 23 |  |  | 8,224 |
Direct expenses(1)(2) | 2,244 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2,393 |  |  | 5,507 |
Indirect expenses(3) | 1,298 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 110 |  |  | (1,846) |  |  | — |
Noninterest expense | 3,542 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 5,507 |
Profit (loss) before provision (benefit) for credit losses | 1,712 |  |  | 1,781 |  |  | (252) |  |  | (524) |  |  | 2,717 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 280 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 687 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 1,432 |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | (330) |  |  | (603) |  |  | 2,030 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 373 |  |  | 378 |  |  | (86) |  |  | (243) |  |  | 422 |
Net income (loss) | $1,059 |  |  | $1,153 |  |  | ($244) |  |  | ($360) |  |  | $1,608 |
Total average assets | $72,693 |  |  | $76,028 |  |  | $13,745 |  |  | $59,755 |  |  | $222,221 |

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business operating segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.
(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $106 million, $30 million and $291 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business operating segments.
(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as finance, risk, human resources, and information technology.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 152

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
(dollars in millions) | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Non-Core |  | Other |  | Consolidated
Net interest income | $3,649 |  |  | $2,103 |  |  | $378 |  |  | ($118) |  |  | $6,012 |
Noninterest income | 1,063 |  |  | 845 |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 2,009 |
Total revenue | 4,712 |  |  | 2,948 |  |  | 378 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 8,021 |
Direct expenses(1)(2) | 2,103 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | 4,892 |
Indirect expenses(3) | 1,152 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 113 |  |  | (1,668) |  |  | — |
Noninterest expense | 3,255 |  |  | 1,223 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 4,892 |
Profit (loss) before provision (benefit) for credit losses | 1,457 |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (295) |  |  | 3,129 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 174 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 474 |
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) | 1,283 |  |  | 1,679 |  |  | 190 |  |  | (497) |  |  | 2,655 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 328 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 48 |  |  | (169) |  |  | 582 |
Net income (loss) | $955 |  |  | $1,304 |  |  | $142 |  |  | ($328) |  |  | $2,073 |
Total average assets | $68,027 |  |  | $74,919 |  |  | $18,121 |  |  | $53,994 |  |  | $215,061 |

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business operating segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.
(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $97 million, $27 million and $274 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business operating segments.
(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as finance, risk, human resources, and information technology.
NOTE 27 - PARENT COMPANY FINANCIALS
Condensed Balance Sheets

(dollars in millions) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS: |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $2,658 |  |  | $2,864 |
Loans and advances to: |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 3,326 |  |  | 1,152 |
Nonbank subsidiaries | 150 |  |  | 154 |
Investments in subsidiaries: |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 24,389 |  |  | 23,289 |
Nonbank subsidiaries | 334 |  |  | 291 |
Other assets | 237 |  |  | 194 |
Total assets | $31,094 |  |  | $27,944 |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Long-term borrowed funds | $6,480 |  |  | $3,344 |
Other liabilities | 360 |  |  | 258 |
Total liabilities | 6,840 |  |  | 3,602 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 24,254 |  |  | 24,342 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $31,094 |  |  | $27,944 |

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 153

Condensed Statements of Operations

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
OPERATING INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Income from bank subsidiaries, excluding equity in undistributed income: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends | $625 |  |  | $2,875 |  |  | $450 |
Interest | 139 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 39 |
Management and service fees | 67 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 69 |
Income from nonbank subsidiaries, excluding equity in undistributed income: |  |  |  |  |
Dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Interest | 9 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3 |
All other operating income | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total operating income | 841 |  |  | 2,996 |  |  | 605 |
OPERATING EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 36 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 43 |
Interest expense | 263 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 125 |
All other expenses | 32 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 28 |
Total operating expense | 331 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 196 |
Income (loss) before taxes and undistributed income | 510 |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | 409 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (24) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (13) |
Income before undistributed income of subsidiaries | 534 |  |  | 2,810 |  |  | 422 |
Equity in undistributed income (losses) of subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |
Bank | 939 |  |  | (1,163) |  |  | 1,724 |
Nonbank | 36 |  |  | (39) |  |  | (73) |
Net income | $1,509 |  |  | $1,608 |  |  | $2,073 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes(1) | 163 |  |  | 802 |  |  | (3,895) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $1,672 |  |  | $2,410 |  |  | ($1,822) |

(1) See Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for comprehensive income (loss) detail.
In accordance with federal and state banking regulations, dividends paid by CBNA to the Company are subject to certain limitations. See Note 25 for more information. Also, see Note 17 for more information regarding the Company’s common and preferred stock dividends.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 154

Condensed Cash Flow Statements

| Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $1,509 |  |  | $1,608 |  |  | $2,073 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net change due to operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | (10) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (11) |
Equity in undistributed (income) losses of subsidiaries | (975) |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | (1,651) |
Other, net | 108 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 92 |
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 92 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (7) |
Net (increase) decrease in other assets | (84) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (44) |
Net change due to operating activities | 640 |  |  | 2,902 |  |  | 452 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Investments in and advances to subsidiaries | (2,249) |  |  | (76) |  |  | (156) |
Repayment of investments in and advances to subsidiaries | 120 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 121 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Other investing, net | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Net change due to investing activities | (2,127) |  |  | (46) |  |  | (59) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds | 3,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 414 |
Repayments of long-term borrowed funds | (107) |  |  | — |  |  | (182) |
Treasury stock purchased | (1,050) |  |  | (906) |  |  | (153) |
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock | 392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redemption of preferred stock | (300) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends paid to common stockholders | (769) |  |  | (808) |  |  | (779) |
Dividends paid to preferred stockholders | (134) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (113) |
Other financing, net | 18 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (25) |
Net change due to financing activities | 1,281 |  |  | (1,813) |  |  | (838) |
Net change in cash and due from banks | (206) |  |  | 1,043 |  |  | (445) |
Cash and due from banks at beginning of year | 2,864 |  |  | 1,821 |  |  | 2,266 |
Cash and due from banks at end of year | $2,658 |  |  | $2,864 |  |  | $1,821 |

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 155

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, the Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting are included in Item 8.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
PART III
In Part III of this Report we refer to relevant sections of our 2025 Proxy Statement for the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the close of our 2024 fiscal year. Portions of our 2025 Proxy Statement, including the sections we refer to in this Report, are incorporated by reference into this Report.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information required by this item is presented under the captions “Corporate Governance Matters” — “Director Nominees” and “Executive Officers”, “Board Structure and Board Oversight Responsibilities” — “Corporate Governance Guidelines”, “Committees of the Board”, and “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics”, “Compensation Matters — Compensation Governance” — “Insider Trading Policies and Procedures”, and “Other Items” — “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” of our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated by reference into this item.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required by this item is presented under the captions “Compensation Matters” — “Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, “Compensation and HR Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”, “Compensation and HR Committee Report”, “Executive Compensation Tables”, “Termination of Employment and Change of Control”, “Role of Risk Management in Compensation”, and “Dodd Frank Compensation Disclosure” — “CEO Pay Ratio” and “Pay Versus Performance”, and “Corporate Governance Matters” - “Director Compensation” of our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated by reference into this item.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 156

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is presented under the caption “Other Items” - “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated by reference into this item.
Information regarding our compensation plans under which CFG equity securities are authorized for issuance is included in the table below, with additional information regarding these plans included in Note 18 in Item 8.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
At December 31, 2024

Plan Category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (#)(3) | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights ($)(4) | Number of securities remaining available (excluding securities reflected in first column) (#)(5)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 6,678,168 |  | — |  | 20,557,557 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | — |  | — |  | — |
Total(1)(2) | 6,678,168 |  | — |  | 20,557,557 |

(1) Excludes securities subject to the Investors Bancorp, Inc. 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and the Investors Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (“Investors Plans”). Although equity-based awards granted under the Investors Plans were converted into CFG awards and assumed in connection with the Investors acquisition in 2022, CFG does not intend to grant any awards under the Investors Plans. As of December 31, 2024, 40,574 stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $38.33 and 7,726 restricted shares were outstanding under the Investors Plans.
(2) Excludes securities subject to the JMP Group LLC Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (“JMP Plan”). Although equity-based awards granted under the JMP Plan were converted into CFG awards and assumed in connection with the JMP acquisition in 2021, CFG does not intend to grant any awards under the JMP Plan. As of December 31, 2024, 106,451 stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $19.45 were outstanding under the JMP Plan.
(3) Represents the number of shares of common stock associated with outstanding time-based and performance-based restricted stock units.
(4) Other than the stock options assumed in connection with the JMP and Investors acquisitions, CFG had no outstanding stock options.
(5) Represents the number of shares remaining available for future issuance under the Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (12,159,746 shares), the Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (7,709,853 shares), and the Amended & Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (687,958 shares).
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information required by this item is set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance Matters” — “Director Nominees” - “Director Independence” and “Related Person Transactions” of our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated by reference into this item.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information required by this item is presented under the captions “Audit Matters” — “Pre-approval of Independent Auditor Services” and “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees” of our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated by reference into this item.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements
The following report of our independent registered public accounting firm and the consolidated financial statements of Citizens Financial Group, Inc. are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements;
•Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023;
•Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022;
•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022;
•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022;
•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022; and
•Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

|  | Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 157

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All required financial statement schedules for the Registrant are included in the audited Consolidated Financial Statements or related footnotes in Item 8.
(a)(3) Exhibits
3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as in effect on the date hereof, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective July 8, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed July 9, 2024)
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (as amended and restated on February 16, 2023) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 17, 2023)
4.1 Senior Debt Indenture between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of October 28, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed October 29, 2015)
4.2 Subordinated Indenture between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of September 28, 2012 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed July 28, 2015)
4.3 Form of Certificate representing the Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 24, 2018)
4.4 Form of Deposit Agreement, by and among the Company, Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed October 25, 2019)
4.5 Form of Depositary Receipt (incorporated herein by reference as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 29, 2019)
4.6 Description of the Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Act of 1934*
4.7 Agreement to furnish to the SEC upon request a copy of instruments defining the rights of holders of certain long-term debt of the registrant and consolidated subsidiaries*
10.1 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed November 14, 2014)†
10.2 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan as of June 23, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 5, 2016)†
10.3 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan as of June 20, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 6, 2019)†
10.4 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan, amended and restated effective as of April 25, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 6, 2024)†
10.5 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement†*

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10.6 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Bruce Van Saun Relating to Annual Awards (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filed February 24, 2017)†
10.7 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement†*
10.8 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement for Bruce Van Saun Relating to Annual Awards (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filed February 24, 2017)†
10.9 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed September 26, 2014)†
10.10 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, amended and restated as of July 1, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 6, 2024)†
10.11 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Policy, amended and effective April 25, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 6, 2019)†
10.1 2 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Policy, amended and effective April 22, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 3, 2021)†
10.1 3 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Policy, amended and effective April 28, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 3, 2022)†
10.1 4 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Policy, amended and effective April 27, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 8, 2023)†
10.15 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Policy, amended and effective April 25, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 6, 2024)†
10.1 6 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed September 26, 2014)†
10.1 7 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan as of June 23, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 5, 2016)†
10.18 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan, amended and restated effective April 25, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 6, 2024)†
10.1 9 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 26, 2016)†
10.20 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 3, 2017)†

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10.21 Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors of Citizens Financial Group, Inc., effective January 1, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed August 15, 2014)†
10.2 2 Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed September 8, 2014)†
10.2 3 Amended and Restated CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2009 and amended and restated on September 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 3, 2015)†
10.2 4 First Amendment to the CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan dated March 1, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 24, 2020)†
10.2 5 Second Amendment to the CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan dated December 9, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 24, 2020)†
10.2 6 Third Amendment to the CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan dated March 4, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 23, 2021)†
10.2 7 Fourth Amendment to the CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan dated January 1, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 23, 2022)†
10.28 Fifth Amendment to the CFG Voluntary Executive Deferred Compensation Plan dated January 1, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 16, 2024)†
10.2 9 Amended and Restated Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed August 15, 2014)†
10.30 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Form of Deferred Cash Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 16, 2024)†
10.31 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Executive Severance Practice (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed August 15, 2014)†
10.3 2 Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 5, 2016, between the Registrant and Bruce Van Saun (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 9, 2016)†
10.3 3 Addendum to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2021 between the Registrant and Bruce Van Saun (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 3, 2021)†
10.3 4 Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 23, 2015, between the Registrant and Donald H. McCree III and subsequent addendum dated August 2, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 3, 2017)†
10.3 5 Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 6, 2014, between the Registrant and Malcolm Griggs and subsequent addendum dated August 14, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 21, 2019)†

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10.3 6 Executive Employment Agreement, dated December 13, 2016, between the Registrant and John F. Woods and subsequent addendum dated August 2, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 3, 2017)†
10.3 7 Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated December 20, 2021, between the Registrant and Brendan Coughlin (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.32 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 23, 2022)†
10.3 8 Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 5, 2013, between the Registrant and Elizabeth Johnson and subsequent addendums dated July 15, 2014 and August 28, 2017†*
10.39 Form of Restricted Cash Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 6, 2024)†
10.4 0 Form of Executive Letter Agreement for Stock Ownership Guidelines (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 6, 2024)†
19.1 Insider Trading Policy*
21.1 Subsidiaries of Registrant*
23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
24.1 Power of Attorney (contained herein on signature pages)
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
97.1 Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Clawback Policy, effective December 1, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 16, 2024)
101 The following materials from the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, formatted in XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements*
104 Cover page interactive data file in inline XBRL format, included in Exhibit 101 to this report*
† Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* Filed herewith.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 13, 2025.

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
(Registrant)
By: | /s/ Bruce Van Saun
| Name: Bruce Van Saun
| Title: Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)

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SIGNATURES
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned, being a director or officer of Citizens Financial Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), hereby constitutes and appoints Bruce Van Saun, John F. Woods, Robin S. Elkowitz, and Christopher J. Schnirel, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead in any and all capacities, to sign one or more Annual Reports for the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 on Form 10-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or such other form as any such attorney-in-fact may deem necessary or desirable, any amendments thereto, and all additional amendments thereto, each in such form as they or any one of them may approve, and to file the same with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done so that such Annual Report shall comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the applicable Rules and Regulations adopted or issued pursuant thereto, as fully and to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their substitute or resubstitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Bruce Van Saun |  |  |  |  |
Bruce Van Saun |  |  | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer |  | February 13, 2025
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer and Director) |  |
/s/ John F. Woods |  |  |  |  |
John F. Woods |  |  | Vice Chair and Chief Financial Officer |  | February 13, 2025
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Christopher J. Schnirel |  |  |  |  |
Christopher J. Schnirel |  |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller |  | February 13, 2025
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Lee Alexander |  |  |  |  |
Lee Alexander |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Tracy A. Atkinson |  |  |  |  |
Tracy A. Atkinson |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Christine M. Cumming |  |  |  |  |
Christine M. Cumming |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Kevin Cummings |  |  |  |  |
Kevin Cummings |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ William P. Hankowsky |  |  |  |  |
William P. Hankowsky |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Edward J. Kelly III |  |  |  |  |
Edward J. Kelly III |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Robert G. Leary |  |  |  |  |
Robert G. Leary |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Terrance J. Lillis |  |  |  |  |
Terrance J. Lillis |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Michele N. Siekerka |  |  |  |  |
Michele N. Siekerka |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Christopher J. Swift |  |  |  |  |
Christopher J. Swift |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Wendy A. Watson |  |  |  |  |
Wendy A. Watson |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025
/s/ Marita Zuraitis |  |  |  |  |
Marita Zuraitis |  |  | Director |  | February 13, 2025

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