10-Q 1 fcnca_10qx03312018.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________________________
x Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018
or
¨ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Commission File Number: 001-16715
____________________________________________________
First Citizens BancShares, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________________________

Delaware | 56-1528994
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
4300 Six Forks Road, Raleigh, North Carolina | 27609
(Address of principle executive offices) | (Zip code)

(919) 716-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
____________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files) Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “larger accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
Class A Common Stock—$1 Par Value—11,005,220 shares
Class B Common Stock—$1 Par Value—1,005,185 shares
(Number of shares outstanding, by class, as of May 2, 2018)

Table of Contents
INDEX

|  | Page No.
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 58
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 58
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 58
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 58
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 6. | Exhibits | 59

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PART I

Item 1. | Financial Statements

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 248,139 |  |  | $ | 336,150 |
Overnight investments | 1,946,882 |  |  | 1,387,927 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 110,107 |  |  | — |
Investment securities available for sale | 6,857,740 |  |  | 7,180,180 |
Investment securities held to maturity | 74 |  |  | 76 |
Loans held for sale | 46,660 |  |  | 51,179 |
Loans and leases | 23,611,977 |  |  | 23,596,825 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses | (223,116 | ) |  | (221,893 | )
Net loans and leases | 23,388,861 |  |  | 23,374,932 |
Premises and equipment | 1,140,820 |  |  | 1,138,431 |
Other real estate owned | 48,089 |  |  | 51,097 |
Income earned not collected | 96,607 |  |  | 95,249 |
FDIC shared-loss receivable | 3,636 |  |  | 2,223 |
Goodwill | 150,601 |  |  | 150,601 |
Other intangible assets | 68,668 |  |  | 73,096 |
Other assets | 329,553 |  |  | 686,371 |
Total assets | $ | 34,436,437 |  |  | $ | 34,527,512 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 12,000,741 |  |  | $ | 11,237,375 |
Interest-bearing | 17,968,504 |  |  | 18,028,900 |
Total deposits | 29,969,245 |  |  | 29,266,275 |
Short-term borrowings | 554,758 |  |  | 693,807 |
Long-term obligations | 194,413 |  |  | 870,240 |
FDIC shared-loss payable | 102,466 |  |  | 101,342 |
Other liabilities | 243,441 |  |  | 261,784 |
Total liabilities | 31,064,323 |  |  | 31,193,448 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |
Class A - $1 par value (16,000,000 shares authorized; 11,005,220 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017) | 11,005 |  |  | 11,005 |
Class B - $1 par value (2,000,000 shares authorized; 1,005,185 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017) | 1,005 |  |  | 1,005 |
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value (10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017) | — |  |  | — |
Surplus | 658,918 |  |  | 658,918 |
Retained earnings | 2,931,509 |  |  | 2,785,430 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (230,323 | ) |  | (122,294 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 3,372,114 |  |  | 3,334,064 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 34,436,437 |  |  | $ | 34,527,512 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data, unaudited) | 2018 |  | 2017
Interest income |  |  |
Loans and leases | $ | 251,982 |  |  | $ | 226,630 |
Investment securities and dividend income | 35,020 |  |  | 29,751 |
Overnight investments | 5,599 |  |  | 4,476 |
Total interest income | 292,601 |  |  | 260,857 |
Interest expense |  |  |
Deposits | 3,756 |  |  | 4,436 |
Short-term borrowings | 1,434 |  |  | 580 |
Long-term obligations | 2,974 |  |  | 5,498 |
Total interest expense | 8,164 |  |  | 10,514 |
Net interest income | 284,437 |  |  | 250,343 |
Provision for loan and lease losses | 7,605 |  |  | 8,231 |
Net interest income after provision for loan and lease losses | 276,832 |  |  | 242,112 |
Noninterest income |  |  |
Gain on acquisitions | — |  |  | 12,017 |
Cardholder services | 14,782 |  |  | 11,907 |
Merchant services | 6,177 |  |  | 6,693 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 26,543 |  |  | 22,142 |
Wealth management services | 23,569 |  |  | 20,962 |
Securities losses, net | — |  |  | (24 | )
Marketable equity securities gains, net | 971 |  |  | — |
Other service charges and fees | 7,480 |  |  | 7,601 |
Mortgage income | 4,237 |  |  | 7,576 |
Insurance commissions | 3,776 |  |  | 3,558 |
ATM income | 2,171 |  |  | 1,773 |
Adjustments to FDIC shared-loss receivable | (1,478 | ) |  | (1,628 | )
Net impact from FDIC shared-loss agreement termination | — |  |  | (45 | )
Gain on extinguishment of debt | 25,814 |  |  | — |
Other | 8,642 |  |  | 7,115 |
Total noninterest income | 122,684 |  |  | 99,647 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |
Salaries and wages | 129,203 |  |  | 116,362 |
Employee benefits | 32,091 |  |  | 27,178 |
Occupancy expense | 27,954 |  |  | 24,762 |
Equipment expense | 24,974 |  |  | 24,588 |
FDIC insurance expense | 5,733 |  |  | 5,593 |
Collection and foreclosure-related expenses | 4,146 |  |  | 3,763 |
Merger-related expenses | 598 |  |  | 833 |
Other | 43,364 |  |  | 33,621 |
Total noninterest expense | 268,063 |  |  | 236,700 |
Income before income taxes | 131,453 |  |  | 105,059 |
Income taxes | 31,222 |  |  | 37,438 |
Net income | $ | 100,231 |  |  | $ | 67,621 |
Average shares outstanding | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |
Net income per share | $ | 8.35 |  |  | $ | 5.63 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income | $ | 100,231 |  |  | $ | 67,621 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale: |  |  |
Change in unrealized securities available for sale (losses) gains arising during period | (78,634 | ) |  | 36,096 |
Tax effect | 18,088 |  |  | (13,419 | )
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in income before income taxes | — |  |  | 24 |
Tax effect | — |  |  | (9 | )
Total change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale, net of tax | (60,546 | ) |  | 22,692 |
Change in pension obligation: |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial losses and prior service cost | 3,337 |  |  | 2,500 |
Tax effect | (768 | ) |  | (941 | )
Total change in pension obligation, net of tax | 2,569 |  |  | 1,559 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income | (57,977 | ) |  | 24,251 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 42,254 |  |  | $ | 91,872 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | Class A Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock |  | Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 11,005 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 658,918 |  |  | $ | 2,476,691 |  |  | $ | (135,192 | ) |  | $ | 3,012,427 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,621 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,251 |  |  | 24,251 |
Cash dividends ($0.30 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,603 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,603 | )
Balance at March 31, 2017 | $ | 11,005 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 658,918 |  |  | $ | 2,540,709 |  |  | $ | (110,941 | ) |  | $ | 3,100,696 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 11,005 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 658,918 |  |  | $ | 2,785,430 |  |  | $ | (122,294 | ) |  | $ | 3,334,064 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-01 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,716 |  |  | (18,716 | ) |  | — |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2018-02 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,336 |  |  | (31,336 | ) |  | — |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,231 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57,977 | ) |  | (57,977 | )
Cash dividends ($0.35 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,204 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,204 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 11,005 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 658,918 |  |  | $ | 2,931,509 |  |  | $ | (230,323 | ) |  | $ | 3,372,114 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | 2018 |  | 2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 100,231 |  |  | $ | 67,621 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Provision for loan and lease losses | 7,605 |  |  | 8,231 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense | (5,573 | ) |  | 6,693 |
Net change in current taxes | 33,128 |  |  | 27,462 |
Depreciation | 23,179 |  |  | 22,616 |
Net increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable | (2,454 | ) |  | 150 |
Net increase in income earned not collected | (1,358 | ) |  | (617 | )
Gain on acquisitions | — |  |  | (12,017 | )
Securities losses | — |  |  | 24 |
Marketable equity securities gains, net | (971 | ) |  | — |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (25,814 | ) |  | — |
Loss on termination of FDIC shared-loss agreements | — |  |  | 45 |
Origination of loans held for sale | (131,353 | ) |  | (134,932 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale | 138,538 |  |  | 162,837 |
Gain on sale of loans held for sale | (2,666 | ) |  | (3,456 | )
Gain on sale of portfolio loans | — |  |  | (164 | )
Net write-downs/losses on other real estate | 1,210 |  |  | 1,717 |
Gain on sales of premises and equipment | — |  |  | (156 | )
Net accretion of premiums and discounts | (10,323 | ) |  | (10,985 | )
Amortization of intangible assets | 6,049 |  |  | 5,271 |
Net change in FDIC receivable for shared-loss agreements | (1,834 | ) |  | 2,591 |
Net change in FDIC payable for shared-loss agreements | 1,124 |  |  | 1,005 |
Net change in other assets | 342,312 |  |  | (15,078 | )
Net change in other liabilities | (12,642 | ) |  | 8,741 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 458,388 |  |  | 137,599 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net increase in loans outstanding | (7,283 | ) |  | (105,100 | )
Purchases of investment securities available for sale | (374,850 | ) |  | (871,698 | )
Purchases of marketable equity securities | (2,272 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities/calls of investment securities held to maturity | 2 |  |  | 15 |
Proceeds from maturities/calls of investment securities available for sale | 503,717 |  |  | 787,182 |
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale | — |  |  | 14,162 |
Proceeds from sales of marketable equity securities | 664 |  |  | — |
Net increase in overnight investments | (558,955 | ) |  | (856,442 | )
Proceeds from sales of portfolio loans | — |  |  | 32,294 |
Cash paid to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements | — |  |  | (2,760 | )
Net cash paid to the FDIC for termination of shared-loss agreements | — |  |  | (285 | )
Proceeds from sales of other real estate | 8,380 |  |  | 8,845 |
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment | 13 |  |  | 2,205 |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (24,081 | ) |  | (15,459 | )
Net cash acquired in business acquisitions | — |  |  | 25,646 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (454,665 | ) |  | (981,395 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net decrease in time deposits | (92,064 | ) |  | (107,339 | )
Net increase in demand and other interest-bearing deposits | 795,034 |  |  | 827,009 |
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings | (139,049 | ) |  | 87,100 |
Repayment of long-term obligations | (651,451 | ) |  | (442 | )
Cash dividends paid | (4,204 | ) |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (91,734 | ) |  | 806,328 |
Change in cash and due from banks | (88,011 | ) |  | (37,468 | )
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period | 336,150 |  |  | 539,741 |
Cash and due from banks at end of period | $ | 248,139 |  |  | $ | 502,273 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |
Transfers of loans to other real estate | $ | 6,582 |  |  | $ | 5,822 |
Dividends declared but not paid | 4,204 |  |  | 3,603 |
Reclassification of portfolio loans to loans held for sale | — |  |  | 32,130 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE A - ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (BancShares) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware and conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (FCB), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.
General
These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations have been made. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements included in BancShares' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Reclassifications
In certain instances, amounts reported in prior years' consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported cash flows, shareholders' equity or net income.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in BancShares' consolidated financial position, the consolidated results of its operations or related disclosures. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include:

• | Allowance for loan and lease losses;

• | Fair value of financial instruments, including acquired assets and assumed liabilities;

• | Pension plan assumptions;

• | Cash flow estimates on purchased credit-impaired loans;

• | Goodwill and other intangible assets;

• | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) shared-loss payable; and

• | Income tax assets, liabilities and expense

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
FASB ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10)
The amendments in this ASU provide clarification on certain aspects related to the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The areas for correction or improvement include (1) equity securities without a readily determinable fair value - discontinuation; (2) equity securities without a readily determinable fair value - adjustments; (3) forward contracts and purchased options; (4) presentation requirements for certain fair value option liabilities; (5) fair value option liabilities denominated in a foreign currency; and (6) transition guidance for equity securities without a readily determinable fair value.
This ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.
FASB ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
This ASU requires a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act), which
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was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act included a reduction to the corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. The amount of the reclassification would be the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted 21 percent corporate income tax rate.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. The change in accounting principle was accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet resulting in a $31.3 million increase to retained earnings and a corresponding decrease to AOCI on January 1, 2018.
FASB ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost
This ASU requires employers to present the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Employers will present the other components separately from the line item that includes the service cost. In addition, only the service cost component of net benefit cost is eligible for capitalization.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.
FASB ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
This ASU addresses the diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this ASU provide guidance on (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments; (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (6) distributions received from equity method investees; (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption did not have any impact on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
FASB ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
This ASU addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of certain financial instruments. The amendments in this ASU (1) require most equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; (2) simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without a readily determinable fair value; (3) eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; (4) require public business entities to use exit price notion, rather than entry prices, when measuring fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; (5) require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial assets on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; (6) require separate presentation in other comprehensive income of the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the organization has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; and (7) state that a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale securities should be evaluated in combination with other deferred tax assets.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. The change in accounting principle was accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet resulting in an $18.7 million increase to retained earnings and a decrease to AOCI on January 1, 2018. With the adoption of this ASU equity securities can no longer be classified as available for sale, as such marketable equity securities will be disclosed as a separate line item on the balance sheet with changes in the fair value of equity securities reflected in net income.
For equity investments without a readily determinable fair value, BancShares has elected to measure the equity investments using the measurement alternative which requires BancShares to make a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting period. Under the measurement alternative these investments will be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus
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or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, BancShares will estimate the investment's fair value in accordance with ASC 820 and, if the fair value is less than the investment's carrying value, recognize an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between carrying value and fair value. Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value are recorded within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
FASB ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)
In May 2014, the FASB issued a standard on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers with the core principle being for a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard, which provides a five step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized, also results in enhanced disclosures about revenue, provides guidance for transactions that were not previously addressed comprehensively and improves guidance for multiple-element arrangements.
Per ASU 2015-14, Deferral of the Effective Date, this guidance was deferred and is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2018. Our revenue is comprised primarily of net interest income on financial assets and liabilities, which is explicitly excluded from the scope of the new guidance, and noninterest income. The contracts that are in scope of the guidance are primarily related to cardholder and merchant services income, service charges on deposit accounts, wealth management services income, other service charges and fees, insurance commissions, ATM income, sales of other real estate and other. Based on our overall assessment of revenue streams and review of related contracts affected by the ASU, the adoption of this guidance did not change the method in which we currently recognize revenue.
We also completed an evaluation of the costs related to these revenue streams to determine whether such costs should be presented as expenses or contra-revenue (i.e., gross vs. net). Based on this evaluation, we determined that the classification of cardholder and merchant processing costs as well as expenses for cardholder reward programs should be netted against cardholder and merchant services income. We used the full retrospective method of adoption and restated the prior financial statements to net the cardholder and merchant processing costs against the related cardholder and merchant services income. These classification changes resulted in changes to both noninterest income and noninterest expense, however, there was no change to previously reported net income. Merchant processing expenses of $18.3 million have been reclassified and reported as a component of merchant services income for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Cardholder processing expenses of $6.8 million and cardholder reward programs expense of $2.5 million have been reclassified and reported as a component of cardholder services income for the three months ended March 31, 2017.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
FASB ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
This ASU eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this ASU, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This ASU eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative test.
This ASU will be effective for BancShares' annual or interim goodwill impairment tests for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We expect to adopt the guidance for our annual impairment test in fiscal year 2020. BancShares does not anticipate any impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations as a result of the adoption.
FASB ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
This ASU eliminates the delayed recognition of the full amount of credit losses until the loss was probable of occurring and instead will reflect an entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses. The amendments in this ASU broaden the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The
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ASU does not specify a method for measuring expected credit losses and allows an entity to apply methods that reasonably reflect its expectations of the credit loss estimate based on the entity's size, complexity and risk profile. In addition, the disclosures of credit quality indicators in relation to the amortized cost of financing receivables, a current disclosure requirement, are further disaggregated by year of origination.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt the guidance by the first quarter of 2020 with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. For BancShares, the standard will apply to loans, unfunded loan commitments and debt securities. We have formed a cross-functional team co-led by Corporate Finance and Risk Management with executive sponsorship and engaged a third party to assist with the adoption. The implementation team has developed a detailed project plan and is staying informed about the broader industry's perspective and insights, and identifying and researching key decision points. We have completed the readiness assessment and gap analysis related to data, modeling IT, accounting policy, controls and reporting which has enabled us to determine the areas of focus and estimate total body of work. Our current critical activities include model design, accounting policy development, data feasibility analysis, evaluation of reporting and disclosure solutions and completion of specific work stream project plans. We will continue to evaluate the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements as the final impact will be dependent, among other items, upon the loan portfolio composition and credit quality at the adoption date, as well as economic conditions, financial models used and forecasts at that time.
FASB ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)
This ASU increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The key difference between existing standards and this ASU is the requirement for lessees to recognize all lease contracts on their balance sheet. This ASU requires lessees to classify leases as either operating or finance leases, which are substantially similar to the current operating and capital leases classifications. The distinction between these two classifications under the new standard does not relate to balance sheet treatment, but relates to treatment in the statements of income and cash flows. Lessor guidance remains largely unchanged with the exception of how a lessor determines the appropriate lease classification for each lease to better align the lessor guidance with revised lessee classification guidance.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt during the first quarter of 2019. We expect an increase to the Consolidated Balance Sheets for right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities, as well as resulting depreciation expense of the right-of-use assets and interest expense of the lease liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Income, for arrangements previously accounted for as operating leases. Additionally, adding these assets to our balance sheet will impact our total risk-weighted assets used to determine our regulatory capital levels. Our impact analysis on this change in accounting principle estimates an increase to the Consolidated Balance Sheets for total lease liability ranging between $65.0 million and $85.0 million, as the initial gross up of both assets and liabilities. Capital is expected to be impacted by an estimated four to six basis points. These are preliminary estimates subject to change and will continue to be refined closer to adoption.
Revenue Recognition
The principles based standard requires disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information surrounding the amount, nature, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The core principle of the new standard is that revenue should be recognized when a company transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
Descriptions of our noninterest revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of the new revenue ASU is broadly segregated as follows:
Cardholder and Merchant Services - These represent interchange fees from customer debit and credit card transactions that are earned at the time a cardholder engages in a transaction with a merchant as well as fees charged to merchants for providing them the ability to accept and process the debit and credit card transaction. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation has been met as it is satisfied upon the completion of the card transaction. Additionally, ASU 2014-09 requires us to report costs associated with cardholder and merchant services transactions to be netted against the fees from such transactions.
Service Charges on Deposit Accounts - These deposit account-related fees represent monthly account maintenance and transaction-based service fees such as overdraft fees, stop payment fees and charges for issuing cashier's checks and money orders. For account maintenance services, revenue is recognized at the end of the statement period when our performance obligation has been satisfied. All other revenues from transaction-based services are recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation has been completed.
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Wealth Management Services - These primarily represent annuity fees, sales commissions, management fees, insurance sales, and trust and asset management fees. The performance obligation for wealth management services is the provision of services to place annuity products issued by the counterparty to investors, and the provision of services to manage the client’s assets, including brokerage custodial and other management services. Revenue is recognized over the period in which services are performed, are based on a percentage of the value of the assets under management/administration, and are fixed or variable based on account type, or are transaction-based.
Other Service Charges and Fees - These include, but are not limited to, check cashing fees, international banking fees, internet banking fees, wire transfer fees and safe deposit fees. These fees are charged, and revenue is recognized, at the point in time the service being requested by the customer is provided thus satisfying our performance obligation.
Insurance Commissions - These represent commissions earned on the issuance of insurance products and services. The performance obligation is generally satisfied upon the issuance of the insurance policy and revenue is recognized when the commission payment is remitted by the insurance carrier or policy holder depending on if the billing is performed by FCB or the carrier.
ATM Income - These represent fees imposed on customers and non-customers for engaging in an ATM transaction. Revenue is recognized at the time of the transaction as the performance obligation of rendering the ATM service has been met.
Sales of Other Real Estate - ORE property consists of foreclosed real estate used as collateral for loans, closed branches, land acquired and no longer intended for future use by FCB, and other real estate purchased for resale as ORE. Revenue is generally recognized on the date of sale where the performance obligation of providing access and transferring control of the specified ORE property to the buyer in good faith and good title is satisfied. This is recorded as a component of other noninterest income.
Other - This consists of several forms of recurring revenue such as external rental income, parking income, FHLB dividends, and income earned on changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance, all of which are outside the scope of ASU 2014-09. The remaining miscellaneous income is the result of immaterial transactions where revenue is recognized when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.
NOTE B - BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
HomeBancorp, Inc.
On May 1, 2018, FCB completed the merger of Tampa, Florida-based HomeBancorp, Inc. (HomeBancorp) and its subsidiary, HomeBanc, into FCB. Under the terms of the merger agreement, cash consideration of $15.03 was paid to the shareholders of HomeBancorp for each share of HomeBancorp's common stock, with total consideration paid of $113.7 million. The merger will allow FCB to expand its footprint in Florida by entering into two new markets in Tampa and Orlando. As of March 31, 2018, HomeBancorp had $912.6 million in consolidated assets, $597.7 million in loans and $647.1 million in deposits. Due to the close proximity of the acquisition date and the date that BancShares' financial statements were issued, preliminary fair value estimates are not available.

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NOTE C - INVESTMENTS
The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities classified as available for sale and held to maturity at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, are as follows:

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,557,991 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,098 |  |  | $ | 1,553,893 |
Government agency | 32,006 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 31,909 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,360,251 |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 154,585 |  |  | 5,206,667 |
Corporate bonds | 59,414 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 59,653 |
Other | 5,538 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,618 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,015,200 |  |  | $ | 1,412 |  |  | $ | 158,872 |  |  | $ | 6,857,740 |
| December 31, 2017
| Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,658,410 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 1,657,864 |
Government agency | 8,695 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 8,670 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,419,379 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | 80,152 |  |  | 5,340,756 |
Equity securities | 75,471 |  |  | 29,737 |  |  | — |  |  | 105,208 |
Corporate bonds | 59,414 |  |  | 557 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 59,963 |
Other | 7,645 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 7,719 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,229,014 |  |  | $ | 32,094 |  |  | $ | 80,928 |  |  | $ | 7,180,180 |
| March 31, 2018
| Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79 |
| December 31, 2017
| Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81 |

As a result of adopting ASU 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018, investments in marketable equity securities are no longer classified as investments available for sale. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $110.1 million and $105.2 million, respectively, in marketable equity securities recorded at fair value. Prior to January 1, 2018 equity securities were classified as available for sale and stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. A cumulative-effect adjustment of $18.7 million was recorded on January 1, 2018 to reclassify the net unrealized gains from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Investments in mortgage-backed securities primarily represent securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Investments in corporate bonds and marketable equity securities represent positions in securities of other financial institutions. Other investments include trust preferred securities of financial institutions. The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities on certain securities because borrowers and issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Repayments of mortgage-backed securities are dependent on the repayments of the underlying loan balances.
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| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Cost |  | Fair value |  | Cost |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-amortizing securities maturing in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One year or less | $ | 1,105,460 |  |  | $ | 1,103,291 |  |  | $ | 808,768 |  |  | $ | 808,301 |
One through five years | 453,082 |  |  | 451,152 |  |  | 850,532 |  |  | 850,450 |
Five through 10 years | 60,303 |  |  | 60,546 |  |  | 60,332 |  |  | 60,886 |
Over 10 years | 36,104 |  |  | 36,084 |  |  | 14,532 |  |  | 14,579 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,360,251 |  |  | 5,206,667 |  |  | 5,419,379 |  |  | 5,340,756 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,471 |  |  | 105,208 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,015,200 |  |  | $ | 6,857,740 |  |  | $ | 7,229,014 |  |  | $ | 7,180,180 |
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities held to maturity | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 81 |

There were no sales of investment securities available for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Gross gains and gross losses on sales of investment securities available for sale were $3 thousand and $27 thousand, respectively for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

The following table provides the realized and unrealized gains or losses on marketable equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018
Marketable equity securities gains, net |  | $ | 971 |
Less net gains recognized on marketable equity securities sold |  | 96 |
Unrealized gains recognized on marketable equity securities held |  | $ | 875 |

The following table provides information regarding securities available for sale with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| March 31, 2018
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,453,968 |  |  | $ | 4,049 |  |  | $ | 99,925 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 1,553,893 |  |  | $ | 4,098 |
Government agency | 12,059 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 14,218 |  |  | 109 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,404,338 |  |  | 58,606 |  |  | 2,535,662 |  |  | 95,979 |  |  | 4,940,000 |  |  | 154,585 |
Corporate bonds | 9,950 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,950 |  |  | 80 |
Total | $ | 3,880,315 |  |  | $ | 62,816 |  |  | $ | 2,637,746 |  |  | $ | 96,056 |  |  | $ | 6,518,061 |  |  | $ | 158,872 |
| December 31, 2017
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
| Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,408,166 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 249,698 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 1,657,864 |  |  | $ | 546 |
Government agency | 848 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 3,375 |  |  | 40 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,333,254 |  |  | 20,911 |  |  | 2,723,406 |  |  | 59,241 |  |  | 5,056,660 |  |  | 80,152 |
Corporate bonds | 5,025 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,025 |  |  | 8 |
Other | 5,349 |  |  | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,349 |  |  | 182 |
Total | $ | 3,752,642 |  |  | $ | 21,458 |  |  | $ | 2,975,631 |  |  | $ | 59,470 |  |  | $ | 6,728,273 |  |  | $ | 80,928 |

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Investment securities available for sale with an aggregate fair value of $2.64 billion and $2.98 billion had continuous unrealized losses for more than 12 months with a corresponding aggregate unrealized loss of $96.1 million and $59.5 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. As of March 31, 2018, 224 of these are government sponsored enterprise-issued mortgage-backed securities or government agency securities and 1 is a U.S. Treasury security.
None of the unrealized losses identified as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 relate to the marketability of the securities or the issuers' ability to honor redemption obligations. Rather, the unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates relative to when the debt securities were purchased. For all periods presented, BancShares had the ability and intent to retain these securities for a period of time sufficient to recover all unrealized losses. Therefore, none of the securities were deemed to be other than temporarily impaired.
Debt securities having an aggregate carrying value of $3.83 billion at March 31, 2018 and $4.59 billion at December 31, 2017 were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit and certain short-term borrowings, and for other purposes as required by law.
On May 1, 2018, mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $2.49 billion were transferred from investments available for sale to the held to maturity portfolio. At the time of transfer, the mortgage-backed securities had a fair value of $2.38 billion and a weighted average maturity of 13 years. FCB has the intent and ability to retain these securities until maturity.
NOTE D - LOANS AND LEASES
BancShares' accounting methods for loans and leases differ depending on whether they are purchased credit-impaired (PCI) or non-PCI. Non-PCI loans and leases include originated commercial and noncommercial, purchased non-impaired loans, purchased leases and certain purchased revolving credit. For purchased non-impaired loans to be included as non-PCI, it must be determined that the loans do not have any credit deterioration at the time of acquisition. Conversely, loans for which it is probable at acquisition that all required payments will not be collected in accordance with contractual terms are considered impaired and, therefore, classified as PCI loans. PCI loans are accounted for under the guidance in ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. PCI loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. No allowance for loan and lease losses is recorded on the acquisition date as the fair value of the acquired assets incorporates assumptions regarding credit risk over the life of the loans. An allowance is recorded if there is additional credit deterioration after the acquisition date.
BancShares reports PCI and non-PCI loan portfolios separately, and each portfolio is further divided into commercial and non-commercial based on the type of borrower, purpose, collateral, and/or our underlying credit management processes. Additionally, commercial and non-commercial loans are assigned to loan classes, which further disaggregate loans based upon common risk characteristics.
Commercial – Commercial loan classes include construction and land development, commercial mortgage, other commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, lease financing and other.
Construction and land development – Construction and land development consists of loans to finance land for development, investment, and use in a commercial business enterprise; multifamily apartments; and other commercial buildings that may be owner-occupied or income generating investments for the owner.
Commercial mortgage – Commercial mortgage consists of loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied nonresidential and investment properties. Investment properties include office buildings and other facilities that are rented or leased to unrelated parties.
Other commercial real estate – Other commercial real estate consists of loans secured by farmland (including residential farms and other improvements) and multifamily (5 or more) residential properties.
Commercial and industrial – Commercial and industrial consists of loans or lines of credit to finance corporate credit cards, accounts receivable, inventory and other general business purposes.
Lease financing – Lease financing consists solely of lease financing agreements for business equipment, vehicles and other assets.
Other – Other consists of all other commercial loans not classified in one of the preceding classes. These typically include loans to non-profit organizations such as churches, hospitals, educational and charitable organizations, and certain loans repurchased with government guarantees.
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Noncommercial – Noncommercial loan classes consist of residential and revolving mortgage, construction and land development, and consumer loans.
Residential mortgage – Residential real estate consists of loans to purchase, construct or refinance the borrower's primary dwelling, second residence or vacation home.
Revolving mortgage – Revolving mortgage consists of home equity lines of credit that are secured by first or second liens on the borrower's primary residence.
Construction and land development – Construction and land development consists of loans to construct the borrower's primary or secondary residence or vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date.
Consumer – Consumer loans consist of installment loans to finance purchases of vehicles, unsecured home improvements, student loans and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured, including personal credit cards.
Loans and leases outstanding included the following at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Non-PCI loans and leases: |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 738,413 |  |  | $ | 669,215 |
Commercial mortgage | 9,859,136 |  |  | 9,729,022 |
Other commercial real estate | 386,734 |  |  | 473,433 |
Commercial and industrial | 2,695,205 |  |  | 2,730,407 |
Lease financing | 910,589 |  |  | 894,801 |
Other | 281,485 |  |  | 302,176 |
Total commercial loans | 14,871,562 |  |  | 14,799,054 |
Noncommercial: |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 3,587,791 |  |  | 3,523,786 |
Revolving mortgage | 2,651,648 |  |  | 2,701,525 |
Construction and land development | 243,114 |  |  | 248,289 |
Consumer | 1,554,025 |  |  | 1,561,173 |
Total noncommercial loans | 8,036,578 |  |  | 8,034,773 |
Total non-PCI loans and leases | 22,908,140 |  |  | 22,833,827 |
PCI loans: |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |
Construction and land development | 9,316 |  |  | 10,135 |
Commercial mortgage | 325,073 |  |  | 358,103 |
Other commercial real estate | 16,179 |  |  | 17,124 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,732 |  |  | 6,374 |
Other | 1,628 |  |  | 1,683 |
Total commercial loans | 355,928 |  |  | 393,419 |
Noncommercial: |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 282,338 |  |  | 299,318 |
Revolving mortgage | 60,388 |  |  | 63,908 |
Construction and land development | 3,006 |  |  | 4,163 |
Consumer | 2,177 |  |  | 2,190 |
Total noncommercial loans | 347,909 |  |  | 369,579 |
Total PCI loans | 703,837 |  |  | 762,998 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 23,611,977 |  |  | $ | 23,596,825 |

At March 31, 2018, $65.5 million of total residential loans and leases were covered under shared-loss agreements with the FDIC, compared to $67.8 million at December 31, 2017. The shared-loss agreements, for their terms, protect BancShares from a substantial portion of the credit and asset quality risk that would otherwise be incurred.
At March 31, 2018, $9.11 billion in noncovered loans with a lendable collateral value of $6.26 billion were used to secure $85.2 million in Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) of Atlanta advances, resulting in additional borrowing capacity of $6.17 billion. At December 31, 2017, $8.75 billion in noncovered loans with a lendable collateral value of $6.08 billion were used to secure $835.2 million in FHLB of Atlanta advances, resulting in additional borrowing capacity of $5.24 billion. At March 31, 2018, $2.86 billion in noncovered loans with a lendable collateral value of $2.16 billion were used to secure additional borrowing capacity at the
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Federal Reserve Bank (FRB). At December 31, 2017, $2.77 billion in noncovered loans with a lendable collateral value of $2.08 billion were used to secure additional borrowing capacity at the FRB.
Certain residential real estate loans are originated to be sold to investors and are recorded in loans held for sale at fair value. Loans held for sale totaled $46.7 million and $51.2 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. In addition, we may change our strategy for certain portfolio loans and sell them in the secondary market. At that time, portfolio loans are transferred to loans held for sale at the lower of amortized cost or market. During the first quarter of 2018, total proceeds from sales of loans held for sale were $138.5 million and there were no transfers to loans held for sale from the residential mortgage portfolio. During the first quarter of 2017, total proceeds from sales of loans held for sale were $195.1 million of which $32.3 million in sales were transferred to loans held for sale from the residential mortgage portfolio, resulting in a gain of $164 thousand.
Net deferred fees on originated non-PCI loans and leases, including unearned income as well as unamortized costs and fees, were $1.5 million and $1.7 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The unamortized discount related to purchased non-PCI loans and leases in the Guaranty Bank (Guaranty), Cordia Bancorp Inc. (Cordia) and First Citizens Bancorporation, Inc. (Bancorporation) acquisitions was $13.3 million, $2.5 million and $16.4 million, respectively, at March 31, 2018. At December 31, 2017, the unamortized discount related to purchased non-PCI loans and leases from the Guaranty, Cordia and Bancorporation acquisitions was $14.2 million, $2.7 million and $18.1 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, accretion income on purchased non-PCI loans and leases was $2.9 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
Credit quality indicators
Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. The credit quality indicators used are dependent on the portfolio segment to which the loan relates. Commercial and noncommercial loans and leases have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan segment being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for non-PCI and PCI commercial loans and leases are developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated periodically with more frequent evaluations done on more severely criticized loans or leases. The credit quality indicators for non-PCI and PCI noncommercial loans are based on the delinquency status of the borrower. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases. The indicators represent the rating for loans or leases as of the date presented based on the most recent assessment performed. These credit quality indicators are defined as follows:
Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.
Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.
Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.
Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.
Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans that are not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit. The remaining balance is comprised of a small amount of commercial mortgage, lease financing and other commercial real estate loans.
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Non-PCI loans and leases outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by credit quality indicator are provided below:

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Non-PCI commercial loans and leases
Grade: | Construction and land development |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Total non-PCI commercial loans and leases
Pass | $ | 733,253 |  |  | $ | 9,661,079 |  |  | $ | 382,679 |  |  | $ | 2,476,337 |  |  | $ | 900,464 |  |  | $ | 278,367 |  |  | $ | 14,432,179 |
Special mention | 483 |  |  | 81,680 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 37,571 |  |  | 3,347 |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | 125,375 |
Substandard | 4,639 |  |  | 115,039 |  |  | 2,868 |  |  | 19,357 |  |  | 6,734 |  |  | 1,889 |  |  | 150,526 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | — |  |  | 836 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | 2,246 |
Ungraded | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,104 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 161,236 |
Total | $ | 738,413 |  |  | $ | 9,859,136 |  |  | $ | 386,734 |  |  | $ | 2,695,205 |  |  | $ | 910,589 |  |  | $ | 281,485 |  |  | $ | 14,871,562 |
| December 31, 2017
| Non-PCI commercial loans and leases
| Construction and land development |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Total non-PCI commercial loans and leases
Pass | $ | 665,197 |  |  | $ | 9,521,019 |  |  | $ | 468,942 |  |  | $ | 2,511,307 |  |  | $ | 883,779 |  |  | $ | 298,064 |  |  | $ | 14,348,308 |
Special mention | 691 |  |  | 78,643 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | 44,130 |  |  | 4,340 |  |  | 2,919 |  |  | 131,983 |
Substandard | 3,327 |  |  | 128,848 |  |  | 3,224 |  |  | 18,617 |  |  | 6,585 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 161,794 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  |  | 385 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 647 |
Ungraded | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 155,968 |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | 156,322 |
Total | $ | 669,215 |  |  | $ | 9,729,022 |  |  | $ | 473,433 |  |  | $ | 2,730,407 |  |  | $ | 894,801 |  |  | $ | 302,176 |  |  | $ | 14,799,054 |

| March 31, 2018
| Non-PCI noncommercial loans and leases
(Dollars in thousands) | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development |  | Consumer |  | Total non-PCI noncommercial loans and leases
Current | $ | 3,542,327 |  |  | $ | 2,628,122 |  |  | $ | 239,107 |  |  | $ | 1,541,749 |  |  | $ | 7,951,305 |
30-59 days past due | 23,833 |  |  | 9,364 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 6,935 |  |  | 43,017 |
60-89 days past due | 2,429 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,440 |  |  | 8,505 |
90 days or greater past due | 19,202 |  |  | 10,526 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 2,901 |  |  | 33,751 |
Total | $ | 3,587,791 |  |  | $ | 2,651,648 |  |  | $ | 243,114 |  |  | $ | 1,554,025 |  |  | $ | 8,036,578 |
| December 31, 2017
| Non-PCI noncommercial loans and leases
| Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development |  | Consumer |  | Total non-PCI noncommercial loans and leases
Current | $ | 3,465,935 |  |  | $ | 2,674,390 |  |  | $ | 239,648 |  |  | $ | 1,546,473 |  |  | $ | 7,926,446 |
30-59 days past due | 27,886 |  |  | 13,428 |  |  | 7,154 |  |  | 8,812 |  |  | 57,280 |
60-89 days past due | 8,064 |  |  | 3,485 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 2,893 |  |  | 14,550 |
90 days or greater past due | 21,901 |  |  | 10,222 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 2,995 |  |  | 36,497 |
Total | $ | 3,523,786 |  |  | $ | 2,701,525 |  |  | $ | 248,289 |  |  | $ | 1,561,173 |  |  | $ | 8,034,773 |

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PCI loans outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by credit quality indicator are provided below:

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | PCI commercial loans
Grade: | Construction and land development |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Other |  | Total PCI commercial loans
Pass | $ | 3,691 |  |  | $ | 157,187 |  |  | $ | 12,739 |  |  | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 175,513 |
Special mention | 338 |  |  | 61,443 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 63,504 |
Substandard | 4,231 |  |  | 101,734 |  |  | 2,615 |  |  | 1,492 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 110,518 |
Doubtful | 1,056 |  |  | 4,709 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,364 |
Ungraded | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Total | $ | 9,316 |  |  | $ | 325,073 |  |  | $ | 16,179 |  |  | $ | 3,732 |  |  | $ | 1,628 |  |  | $ | 355,928 |
| December 31, 2017
| PCI commercial loans
| Construction and land development |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Other |  | Total PCI commercial loans
Pass | $ | 1,817 |  |  | $ | 181,353 |  |  | $ | 13,830 |  |  | $ | 4,057 |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 201,332 |
Special mention | 320 |  |  | 61,295 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 945 |  |  | 63,257 |
Substandard | 5,792 |  |  | 106,807 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | 1,843 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 117,068 |
Doubtful | 2,206 |  |  | 8,648 |  |  | 808 |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,735 |
Ungraded | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
Total | $ | 10,135 |  |  | $ | 358,103 |  |  | $ | 17,124 |  |  | $ | 6,374 |  |  | $ | 1,683 |  |  | $ | 393,419 |

| March 31, 2018
| PCI noncommercial loans
(Dollars in thousands) | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development |  | Consumer |  | Total PCI noncommercial loans
Current | $ | 249,443 |  |  | $ | 53,885 |  |  | $ | 2,420 |  |  | $ | 2,095 |  |  | $ | 307,843 |
30-59 days past due | 9,196 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 10,917 |
60-89 days past due | 1,436 |  |  | 851 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,287 |
90 days or greater past due | 22,263 |  |  | 3,990 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 26,862 |
Total | $ | 282,338 |  |  | $ | 60,388 |  |  | $ | 3,006 |  |  | $ | 2,177 |  |  | $ | 347,909 |
| December 31, 2017
| PCI noncommercial loans
| Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development |  | Consumer |  | Total PCI noncommercial loans
Current | $ | 257,166 |  |  | $ | 55,871 |  |  | $ | 3,521 |  |  | $ | 2,074 |  |  | $ | 318,632 |
30-59 days past due | 10,525 |  |  | 2,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 13,343 |
60-89 days past due | 4,846 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 642 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 6,212 |
90 days or greater past due | 26,781 |  |  | 4,569 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 31,392 |
Total | $ | 299,318 |  |  | $ | 63,908 |  |  | $ | 4,163 |  |  | $ | 2,190 |  |  | $ | 369,579 |

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The aging of the outstanding non-PCI loans and leases, by class, at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is provided in the table below.
The calculation of days past due begins on the day after payment is due and includes all days through which all required interest or principal has not been paid. Loans and leases 30 days or less past due are considered current as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and still remain in compliance with the loan agreement.

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | 90 days or greater |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans and leases
Non-PCI loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 2,011 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 3,139 |  |  | $ | 735,274 |  |  | $ | 738,413 |
Commercial mortgage | 9,813 |  |  | 4,738 |  |  | 7,058 |  |  | 21,609 |  |  | 9,837,527 |  |  | 9,859,136 |
Other commercial real estate | 94 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 386,545 |  |  | 386,734 |
Commercial and industrial | 8,273 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,503 |  |  | 11,620 |  |  | 2,683,585 |  |  | 2,695,205 |
Lease financing | 3,677 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1,512 |  |  | 5,234 |  |  | 905,355 |  |  | 910,589 |
Residential mortgage | 23,833 |  |  | 2,429 |  |  | 19,202 |  |  | 45,464 |  |  | 3,542,327 |  |  | 3,587,791 |
Revolving mortgage | 9,364 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | 10,526 |  |  | 23,526 |  |  | 2,628,122 |  |  | 2,651,648 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 2,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 4,007 |  |  | 239,107 |  |  | 243,114 |
Consumer | 6,935 |  |  | 2,440 |  |  | 2,901 |  |  | 12,276 |  |  | 1,541,749 |  |  | 1,554,025 |
Other | 46 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 281,263 |  |  | 281,485 |
Total non-PCI loans and leases | $ | 66,931 |  |  | $ | 15,972 |  |  | $ | 44,383 |  |  | $ | 127,286 |  |  | $ | 22,780,854 |  |  | $ | 22,908,140 |
| December 31, 2017
| 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | 90 days or greater |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans and leases
Non-PCI loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 667,925 |  |  | $ | 669,215 |
Commercial mortgage | 12,288 |  |  | 2,375 |  |  | 6,490 |  |  | 21,153 |  |  | 9,707,869 |  |  | 9,729,022 |
Other commercial real estate | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 473,251 |  |  | 473,433 |
Commercial and industrial | 6,694 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 9,470 |  |  | 2,720,937 |  |  | 2,730,407 |
Lease financing | 2,983 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 973 |  |  | 4,123 |  |  | 890,678 |  |  | 894,801 |
Residential mortgage | 27,886 |  |  | 8,064 |  |  | 21,901 |  |  | 57,851 |  |  | 3,465,935 |  |  | 3,523,786 |
Revolving mortgage | 13,428 |  |  | 3,485 |  |  | 10,222 |  |  | 27,135 |  |  | 2,674,390 |  |  | 2,701,525 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 7,154 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 8,641 |  |  | 239,648 |  |  | 248,289 |
Consumer | 8,812 |  |  | 2,893 |  |  | 2,995 |  |  | 14,700 |  |  | 1,546,473 |  |  | 1,561,173 |
Other | 188 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 301,849 |  |  | 302,176 |
Total non-PCI loans and leases | $ | 80,031 |  |  | $ | 19,050 |  |  | $ | 45,791 |  |  | $ | 144,872 |  |  | $ | 22,688,955 |  |  | $ | 22,833,827 |

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The recorded investment, by class, in loans and leases on nonaccrual status, and loans and leases greater than 90 days past due and still accruing at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 for non-PCI loans and leases, were as follows:

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Nonaccrual loans and leases |  | Loans and leases > 90 days and accruing |  | Nonaccrual loans and leases |  | Loans and leases > 90 days and accruing
Non-PCI loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 1,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial mortgage | 20,505 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 22,625 |  |  | 397 |
Other commercial real estate | 616 |  |  | — |  |  | 916 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 2,928 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 428 |
Lease financing | 1,687 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage | 37,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,942 |  |  | — |
Revolving mortgage | 21,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,990 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 1,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,989 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 2,082 |  |  | 2,277 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | 2,153 |
Other | 202 |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | — |
Total non-PCI loans and leases | $ | 89,260 |  |  | $ | 3,030 |  |  | $ | 92,534 |  |  | $ | 2,978 |

The following table provides changes in the carrying value of PCI loans during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017:

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at January 1 | $ | 762,998 |  |  | $ | 809,169 |
Fair value of acquired loans | — |  |  | 85,149 |
Accretion | 17,973 |  |  | 19,351 |
Payments received and other changes, net | (77,134 | ) |  | (64,853 | )
Balance at March 31 | $ | 703,837 |  |  | $ | 848,816 |
Unpaid principal balance at March 31 | $ | 1,108,379 |  |  | $ | 1,155,034 |

The carrying value of loans on the cost recovery method was $1.3 million at March 31, 2018 and $1.1 million at December 31, 2017. The cost recovery method is applied to loans when the timing of future cash flows is not reasonably estimable due to borrower nonperformance or uncertainty in the ultimate disposition of the asset. The recorded investment of PCI loans on nonaccrual status was $1.6 million and $624 thousand at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, accretion income on PCI loans was $18.0 million and $19.4 million, respectively.
For PCI loans, improved credit loss expectations generally result in the reclassification of nonaccretable difference to accretable yield. Changes in expected cash flow not related to credit improvements or deterioration do not affect the nonaccretable difference.
The following table documents changes to the amount of accretable yield for the first three months of 2018 and 2017.

(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at January 1 | $ | 316,679 |  |  | $ | 335,074 |
Additions from acquisitions | — |  |  | 16,653 |
Accretion | (17,973 | ) |  | (19,351 | )
Reclassifications (to) from nonaccretable difference | (929 | ) |  | 11,277 |
Changes in expected cash flows that do not affect nonaccretable difference | 11,568 |  |  | (2,179 | )
Balance at March 31 | $ | 309,345 |  |  | $ | 341,474 |

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NOTE E - ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES (ALLL)
The following tables present the activity in the ALLL for non-PCI loan and lease losses by loan class for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017:

| Three months ended March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - non- commercial |  | Consumer |  | Total
Balance at January 1 | $ | 24,470 |  |  | $ | 45,005 |  |  | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 53,697 |  |  | $ | 6,127 |  |  | $ | 4,689 |  |  | $ | 15,706 |  |  | $ | 22,436 |  |  | $ | 3,962 |  |  | $ | 31,204 |  |  | $ | 211,867 |
Provision | 2,225 |  |  | (1,365 | ) |  | (1,293 | ) |  | (425 | ) |  | 987 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 1,512 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 2,923 |  |  | 5,251 |
Charge-offs | — |  |  | (46 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,475 | ) |  | (854 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (806 | ) |  | (992 | ) |  | (182 | ) |  | (5,255 | ) |  | (9,613 | )
Recoveries | 23 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 1,219 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,309 |  |  | 3,315 |
Balance at March 31 | $ | 26,718 |  |  | $ | 43,833 |  |  | $ | 3,423 |  |  | $ | 53,016 |  |  | $ | 6,301 |  |  | $ | 4,842 |  |  | $ | 16,489 |  |  | $ | 22,104 |  |  | $ | 3,913 |  |  | $ | 30,181 |  |  | $ | 210,820 |
| Three months ended March 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - non- commercial |  | Consumer |  | Total
Balance at January 1 | $ | 28,877 |  |  | $ | 48,278 |  |  | $ | 3,269 |  |  | $ | 50,225 |  |  | $ | 5,907 |  |  | $ | 3,127 |  |  | $ | 14,447 |  |  | $ | 21,013 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 28,287 |  |  | $ | 205,026 |
Provision | 2,536 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 3,592 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  | 550 |  |  | (83 | ) |  | 1,728 |  |  | 11,076 |
Charge-offs | (77 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (3,253 | ) |  | (173 | ) |  | (123 | ) |  | (250 | ) |  | (825 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,966 | ) |  | (8,709 | )
Recoveries | 55 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | 2,626 |
Balance at March 31 | $ | 31,391 |  |  | $ | 48,611 |  |  | $ | 3,572 |  |  | $ | 50,829 |  |  | $ | 6,315 |  |  | $ | 3,534 |  |  | $ | 15,835 |  |  | $ | 21,290 |  |  | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | 27,129 |  |  | $ | 210,019 |

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The following tables present the allowance for non-PCI loan and lease losses and the recorded investment in loans, by loan class, based on impairment method as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - non-commercial |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALLL for loans and leases individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 3,521 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,905 |  |  | $ | 1,053 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | 9,866 |
ALLL for loans and leases collectively evaluated for impairment | 26,547 |  |  | 40,312 |  |  | 3,117 |  |  | 52,395 |  |  | 5,807 |  |  | 4,842 |  |  | 13,584 |  |  | 21,051 |  |  | 3,831 |  |  | 29,468 |  |  | 200,954 |
Total allowance for loan and lease losses | $ | 26,718 |  |  | $ | 43,833 |  |  | $ | 3,423 |  |  | $ | 53,016 |  |  | $ | 6,301 |  |  | $ | 4,842 |  |  | $ | 16,489 |  |  | $ | 22,104 |  |  | $ | 3,913 |  |  | $ | 30,181 |  |  | $ | 210,820 |
Loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,131 |  |  | $ | 70,277 |  |  | $ | 1,499 |  |  | $ | 7,611 |  |  | $ | 2,166 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,347 |  |  | $ | 25,525 |  |  | $ | 3,803 |  |  | $ | 2,591 |  |  | $ | 155,950 |
Loans and leases collectively evaluated for impairment | 737,282 |  |  | 9,788,859 |  |  | 385,235 |  |  | 2,687,594 |  |  | 908,423 |  |  | 281,485 |  |  | 3,546,444 |  |  | 2,626,123 |  |  | 239,311 |  |  | 1,551,434 |  |  | 22,752,190 |
Total loan and leases | $ | 738,413 |  |  | $ | 9,859,136 |  |  | $ | 386,734 |  |  | $ | 2,695,205 |  |  | $ | 910,589 |  |  | $ | 281,485 |  |  | $ | 3,587,791 |  |  | $ | 2,651,648 |  |  | $ | 243,114 |  |  | $ | 1,554,025 |  |  | $ | 22,908,140 |
| December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Lease financing |  | Other |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - non-commercial |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALLL for loans and leases individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 3,648 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 9,728 |
ALLL for loans and leases collectively evaluated for impairment | 24,285 |  |  | 41,357 |  |  | 4,362 |  |  | 53,032 |  |  | 5,730 |  |  | 4,689 |  |  | 12,973 |  |  | 21,351 |  |  | 3,894 |  |  | 30,466 |  |  | 202,139 |
Total allowance for loan and lease losses | $ | 24,470 |  |  | $ | 45,005 |  |  | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 53,697 |  |  | $ | 6,127 |  |  | $ | 4,689 |  |  | $ | 15,706 |  |  | $ | 22,436 |  |  | $ | 3,962 |  |  | $ | 31,204 |  |  | $ | 211,867 |
Loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 73,655 |  |  | $ | 1,857 |  |  | $ | 7,974 |  |  | $ | 1,914 |  |  | $ | 521 |  |  | $ | 37,842 |  |  | $ | 23,770 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  | $ | 2,774 |  |  | $ | 155,646 |
Loans and leases collectively evaluated for impairment | 668,427 |  |  | 9,655,367 |  |  | 471,576 |  |  | 2,722,433 |  |  | 892,887 |  |  | 301,655 |  |  | 3,485,944 |  |  | 2,677,755 |  |  | 243,738 |  |  | 1,558,399 |  |  | 22,678,181 |
Total loan and leases | $ | 669,215 |  |  | $ | 9,729,022 |  |  | $ | 473,433 |  |  | $ | 2,730,407 |  |  | $ | 894,801 |  |  | $ | 302,176 |  |  | $ | 3,523,786 |  |  | $ | 2,701,525 |  |  | $ | 248,289 |  |  | $ | 1,561,173 |  |  | $ | 22,833,827 |

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The following tables show the activity in the allowance for PCI loan losses by loan class for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017.

| Three months ended March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - noncommercial |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
Balance at January 1 | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 6,564 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 2,117 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 10,026 |
Provision | 310 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 209 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | 2,354 |
Charge-offs | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (84 | )
Recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31 | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 8,088 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 2,381 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 12,296 |
| Three months ended March 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - noncommercial |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
Balance at January 1 | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 6,423 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 4,818 |  |  | $ | 956 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 13,769 |
Provision | (186 | ) |  | (1,230 | ) |  | (158 | ) |  | (142 | ) |  | (545 | ) |  | (550 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (2,845 | )
Charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31 | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 5,193 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 4,273 |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 10,924 |

The following tables show the ending balances of PCI loans and related allowance by class of loans as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - noncommercial |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
ALLL for loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 8,088 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 2,381 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 12,296 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 9,316 |  |  | 325,073 |  |  | 16,179 |  |  | 3,732 |  |  | 282,338 |  |  | 60,388 |  |  | 3,006 |  |  | 3,805 |  |  | 703,837 |
| December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Construction and land development - commercial |  | Commercial mortgage |  | Other commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial |  | Residential mortgage |  | Revolving mortgage |  | Construction and land development - noncommercial |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
ALLL for loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 6,564 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 2,117 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 10,026 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 10,135 |  |  | 358,103 |  |  | 17,124 |  |  | 6,374 |  |  | 299,318 |  |  | 63,908 |  |  | 4,163 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  | 762,998 |

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, $170.4 million and $279.8 million, respectively, in PCI loans experienced an adverse change in expected cash flows since the date of acquisition.
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The following tables provide information on non-PCI impaired loans and leases individually evaluated as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 including interest income recognized in the period during which the loans and leases were considered impaired.

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | With a recorded allowance |  | With no recorded allowance |  | Total |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Related allowance recorded
Non-PCI impaired loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 740 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 1,131 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |  |  | $ | 171 |
Commercial mortgage | 37,100 |  |  | 33,177 |  |  | 70,277 |  |  | 75,584 |  |  | 3,521 |
Other commercial real estate | 1,086 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 1,499 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | 306 |
Commercial and industrial | 5,514 |  |  | 2,097 |  |  | 7,611 |  |  | 10,882 |  |  | 621 |
Lease financing | 1,896 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 3,610 |  |  | 494 |
Residential mortgage | 23,417 |  |  | 17,930 |  |  | 41,347 |  |  | 44,065 |  |  | 2,905 |
Revolving mortgage | 9,998 |  |  | 15,527 |  |  | 25,525 |  |  | 27,948 |  |  | 1,053 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 1,294 |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | 3,803 |  |  | 4,620 |  |  | 82 |
Consumer | 1,744 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 2,591 |  |  | 2,872 |  |  | 713 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans and leases | $ | 82,789 |  |  | $ | 73,161 |  |  | $ | 155,950 |  |  | $ | 172,656 |  |  | $ | 9,866 |
| December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | With a recorded allowance |  | With no recorded allowance |  | Total |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Related allowance recorded
Non-PCI impaired loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |  |  | $ | 185 |
Commercial mortgage | 39,135 |  |  | 34,520 |  |  | 73,655 |  |  | 78,936 |  |  | 3,648 |
Other commercial real estate | 1,351 |  |  | 506 |  |  | 1,857 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 209 |
Commercial and industrial | 6,326 |  |  | 1,648 |  |  | 7,974 |  |  | 10,475 |  |  | 665 |
Lease financing | 1,890 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1,914 |  |  | 2,571 |  |  | 397 |
Other | — |  |  | 521 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 521 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage | 19,135 |  |  | 18,707 |  |  | 37,842 |  |  | 39,946 |  |  | 2,733 |
Revolving mortgage | 5,875 |  |  | 17,895 |  |  | 23,770 |  |  | 25,941 |  |  | 1,085 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 592 |  |  | 3,959 |  |  | 4,551 |  |  | 5,224 |  |  | 68 |
Consumer | 2,107 |  |  | 667 |  |  | 2,774 |  |  | 3,043 |  |  | 738 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans and leases | $ | 77,199 |  |  | $ | 78,447 |  |  | $ | 155,646 |  |  | $ | 170,034 |  |  | $ | 9,728 |

Non-PCI impaired loans less than $500,000 that are collectively evaluated were $46.9 million and $49.1 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The following tables show the average non-PCI impaired loan balance and the interest income recognized by loan class for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017:

| Three months ended March 31, 2018 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Average balance |  | Interest income recognized |  | Average balance |  | Interest income recognized
Non-PCI impaired loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 1,155 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 1,055 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Commercial mortgage | 72,267 |  |  | 711 |  |  | 75,310 |  |  | 642 |
Other commercial real estate | 1,713 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,584 |  |  | 8 |
Commercial and industrial | 7,524 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 11,529 |  |  | 104 |
Lease financing | 2,238 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,568 |  |  | 14 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 2 |
Residential mortgage | 38,724 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 32,963 |  |  | 253 |
Revolving mortgage | 24,792 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 7,969 |  |  | 57 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 4,104 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 2,605 |  |  | 33 |
Consumer | 2,508 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 23 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans and leases | $ | 155,025 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 136,679 |  |  | $ | 1,148 |

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Troubled Debt Restructurings
BancShares accounts for certain loan modifications or restructurings as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs). In general, the modification or restructuring of a loan is considered a TDR if, for economic reasons or legal reasons related to a borrower's financial difficulties, a concession is granted to the borrower that creditors would not otherwise consider. Concessions may relate to the contractual interest rate, maturity date, payment structure or other actions. In accordance with GAAP, loans acquired under ASC 310-30, excluding pooled loans, are not initially considered to be TDRs, but can be classified as such if a modification is made subsequent to acquisition. Subsequent modification of a PCI loan accounted for in a pool that would otherwise meet the definition of a TDR is not reported, or accounted for, as a TDR since pooled PCI loans are excluded from the scope of TDR accounting.
The following table provides a summary of total TDRs by accrual status.

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total |  | Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total
Commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | $ | 948 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 1,201 |  |  | $ | 4,089 |  |  | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 4,572 |
Commercial mortgage | 61,444 |  |  | 12,964 |  |  | 74,408 |  |  | 62,358 |  |  | 15,863 |  |  | 78,221 |
Other commercial real estate | 950 |  |  | 491 |  |  | 1,441 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | 788 |  |  | 1,800 |
Commercial and industrial | 7,000 |  |  | 1,049 |  |  | 8,049 |  |  | 7,598 |  |  | 910 |  |  | 8,508 |
Lease financing | 902 |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 1,770 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 521 |  |  | — |  |  | 521 |
Total commercial TDRs | 71,244 |  |  | 15,823 |  |  | 87,067 |  |  | 76,300 |  |  | 19,092 |  |  | 95,392 |
Noncommercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 36,432 |  |  | 9,651 |  |  | 46,083 |  |  | 34,067 |  |  | 9,475 |  |  | 43,542 |
Revolving mortgage | 19,267 |  |  | 5,364 |  |  | 24,631 |  |  | 17,673 |  |  | 5,180 |  |  | 22,853 |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | 2,914 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other | 2,063 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 2,351 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 2,774 |
Total noncommercial TDRs | 60,676 |  |  | 15,727 |  |  | 76,403 |  |  | 54,091 |  |  | 15,078 |  |  | 69,169 |
Total TDRs | $ | 131,920 |  |  | $ | 31,550 |  |  | $ | 163,470 |  |  | $ | 130,391 |  |  | $ | 34,170 |  |  | $ | 164,561 |

The majority of TDRs are included in the special mention, substandard or doubtful credit grading categories, which results in more elevated loss expectations when projecting the expected cash flows that are used to determine the allowance for loan losses associated with these loans. When a restructured loan subsequently defaults, it is evaluated and downgraded if appropriate. The more severely graded the loan, the lower the estimated expected cash flows and the greater the allowance recorded. Further, all TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment through a review of collateral values or analysis of cash flows at least annually.
The following table shows the accrual status of non-PCI and PCI TDRs.

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Accruing TDRs: |  |  |
PCI | $ | 18,380 |  |  | $ | 18,163 |
Non-PCI | 113,540 |  |  | 112,228 |
Total accruing TDRs | 131,920 |  |  | 130,391 |
Nonaccruing TDRs: |  |  |
PCI | 250 |  |  | 272 |
Non-PCI | 31,300 |  |  | 33,898 |
Total nonaccruing TDRs | 31,550 |  |  | 34,170 |
All TDRs: |  |  |
PCI | 18,630 |  |  | 18,435 |
Non-PCI | 144,840 |  |  | 146,126 |
Total TDRs | $ | 163,470 |  |  | $ | 164,561 |

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The following table provides the types of non-PCI TDRs made during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, as well as a summary of loans that were modified as a TDR during the twelve month periods ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017 that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017. BancShares defines payment default as movement of the TDR to nonaccrual status, which is generally 90 days past due for TDRs, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

| Three months ended March 31, 2018 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2017
| All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default |  | All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default
(Dollars in thousands) | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end
Non-PCI loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan term extension |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage | 1 |  | $ | 305 |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 305 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | — |
Other commercial real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 530 |
Commercial and industrial | 3 |  | 549 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 94 |  |  | — |  | — |
Residential mortgage | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 32 |  |  | 1 |  | 47 |
Revolving mortgage | 1 |  | 57 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | 1 |  | 21 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |
Total loan term extension | 6 |  | 932 |  |  | 1 |  | 305 |  |  | 5 |  | 140 |  |  | 2 |  | 577 |
Below market interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development - commercial | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 60 |  |  | — |  | — |
Commercial mortgage | 6 |  | 1,380 |  |  | 2 |  | 47 |  |  | 10 |  | 2,512 |  |  | 1 |  | 92 |
Other commercial real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 4 |  |  | — |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 8 |  | 361 |  |  | 4 |  | 11 |  |  | 3 |  | 108 |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Lease financing | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | 839 |  |  | 2 |  | 769 |
Residential mortgage | 22 |  | 2,189 |  |  | 10 |  | 1,277 |  |  | 30 |  | 1,543 |  |  | 15 |  | 824 |
Revolving mortgage | 25 |  | 1,659 |  |  | 11 |  | 431 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Construction and land development - noncommercial | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 412 |  |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | 5 |  | 71 |  |  | 3 |  | 48 |  |  | 2 |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 143 |  |  | — |  | — |
Total below market interest rate | 66 |  | 5,660 |  |  | 30 |  | 1,814 |  |  | 53 |  | 5,635 |  |  | 19 |  | 1,685 |
Discharged from bankruptcy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage | 1 |  | 140 |  |  | 2 |  | 502 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 190 |
Commercial and industrial | 14 |  | 474 |  |  | 16 |  | 177 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Lease financing | 5 |  | 304 |  |  | 2 |  | 73 |  |  | 16 |  | 227 |  |  | — |  | — |
Residential mortgage | 8 |  | 566 |  |  | 6 |  | 417 |  |  | 3 |  | 140 |  |  | 1 |  | 978 |
Revolving mortgage | 5 |  | 440 |  |  | 4 |  | 193 |  |  | 4 |  | 99 |  |  | 9 |  | 649 |
Consumer | 13 |  | 262 |  |  | 11 |  | 183 |  |  | 18 |  | 193 |  |  | 10 |  | 128 |
Total discharged from bankruptcy | 46 |  | 2,186 |  |  | 41 |  | 1,545 |  |  | 41 |  | 659 |  |  | 21 |  | 1,945 |
Total non-PCI restructurings | 118 |  | $ | 8,778 |  |  | 72 |  | $ | 3,664 |  |  | 99 |  | $ | 6,434 |  |  | 42 |  | $ | 4,207 |

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The following table provides the types of PCI TDRs made during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, as well as a summary of loans that were modified as a TDR during the twelve month periods ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017 that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017.

| Three months ended March 31, 2018 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2017
| All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default |  | All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default
(Dollars in thousands) | Number of loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of loans | Recorded investment at period end
PCI loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest only period provided |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 1 |  | $ | 644 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | — |
Total interest only | 1 |  | 644 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Below market interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 181 |  |  | 1 |  | 73 |
Total below market interest rate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 181 |  |  | 1 |  | 73 |
Discharged from bankruptcy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage | 2 |  | 1,627 |  |  | 2 |  | 1,627 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total discharged from bankruptcy | 2 |  | 1,627 |  |  | 2 |  | 1,627 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total PCI restructurings | 3 |  | $ | 2,271 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 1,627 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 181 |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 73 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, the pre-modification and post-modification outstanding recorded investments of loans modified as TDRs were not materially different.
NOTE F - OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED (OREO)
The following table explains changes in other real estate owned during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017.

(Dollars in thousands) | Total
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 61,231 |
Additions | 5,822 |
Sales | (8,845 | )
Write-downs | (1,717 | )
Balance at March 31, 2017 | $ | 56,491 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 51,097 |
Additions | 6,582 |
Sales | (8,380 | )
Write-downs | (1,210 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 48,089 |

At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, BancShares had $16.5 million and $19.8 million, respectively, of foreclosed residential real estate property in OREO. The recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure was $30.6 million and $26.9 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
NOTE G - FDIC SHARED-LOSS RECEIVABLE AND PAYABLE
BancShares completed six FDIC-assisted transactions with shared-loss agreements during the period beginning in 2009 through 2011. Prior to its merger into BancShares, Bancorporation completed three FDIC-assisted transactions with shared-loss agreements: Georgian Bank (acquired in 2009); Williamsburg First National Bank (acquired in 2010); and Atlantic Bank & Trust (acquired in 2011).
In 2016 and 2017, FCB entered into agreements with the FDIC to terminate the shared-loss agreements for Venture Bank, Temecula Valley Bank, Sun American Bank, Williamsburg First National Bank, Atlantic Bank & Trust and Colorado Capital Bank. As of
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March 31, 2018, shared-loss agreements are still active for First Regional Bank (FRB), Georgian Bank (GB) and United Western Bank (UWB). Shared-loss protection remains for single family residential loans acquired from UWB and GB in the amount of $65.5 million. FRB remained in a recovery period, where any recoveries were shared with the FDIC, through March 2018.
BancShares has a receivable from the FDIC for the expected reimbursement of losses on assets covered under the various shared-loss agreements. The shared-loss agreements are subject to interpretation by both the FDIC and BancShares, and disagreements may arise regarding coverage of losses, expenses and contingencies and requests for reimbursement may be delayed or disallowed for noncompliance.
The following table provides changes in the FDIC shared-loss receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017.

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning balance | $ | 2,223 |  |  | $ | 4,172 |
Accretion | (421 | ) |  | (600 | )
Net cash payments to FDIC | — |  |  | 2,760 |
Post-acquisition adjustments | 1,834 |  |  | (2,591 | )
Termination of FDIC shared-loss agreements | — |  |  | 240 |
Ending balance | $ | 3,636 |  |  | $ | 3,981 |

The shared-loss agreements for two FDIC-assisted transactions, FRB and UWB, include provisions related to payments that may be owed to the FDIC at the termination of the agreements (clawback liability). The clawback liability represents a payment by BancShares to the FDIC if actual cumulative losses on acquired covered assets are lower than the cumulative losses originally estimated by the FDIC at the time of acquisition and is recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a payable to the FDIC under the relevant shared-loss agreements. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the estimated clawback liability was $102.5 million and $101.3 million, respectively. The clawback liability payment dates for FRB and UWB are March 2020 and March 2021, respectively.
The following table provides changes in the FDIC shared-loss payable for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning balance | $ | 101,342 |  |  | $ | 97,008 |
Accretion | 992 |  |  | 954 |
Adjustments related to changes in assumptions | 132 |  |  | 51 |
Ending balance | $ | 102,466 |  |  | $ | 98,013 |

NOTE H - MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
Our portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for third parties was $2.85 billion and $2.81 billion as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These loans were originated by BancShares and sold to third parties on a non-recourse basis with servicing rights retained. These retained servicing rights are recorded as a servicing asset and reported in other intangible assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The mortgage servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and then carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair market value.
The activity of the servicing asset for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 is presented in the following table:

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning balance | $ | 21,945 |  |  | $ | 20,415 |
Servicing rights originated | 1,200 |  |  | 1,702 |
Amortization | (1,486 | ) |  | (1,350 | )
Valuation allowance reversal | — |  |  | 4 |
Ending balance | $ | 21,659 |  |  | $ | 20,771 |

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The amortization expense related to mortgage servicing rights, included as a reduction of mortgage income in the Consolidated Statements of Income was $1.5 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Mortgage income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 did not include any impairment compared to an impairment reversal of $4 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2017.
Contractually specified mortgage servicing fees, late fees, and ancillary fees earned for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were $1.9 million and $1.7 million, respectively, and reported in mortgage income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Valuation of mortgage servicing rights is performed using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and evaluated on a discounted earnings basis to determine the present value of future earnings. Key economic assumptions used to value mortgage servicing rights as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Discount rate - conventional fixed loans | 9.74 | % |  | 9.41 | %
Discount rate - all loans excluding conventional fixed loans | 10.74 | % |  | 10.41 | %
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 9.15 | % |  | 10.93 | %
Weighted average cost to service a loan | $ | 72.8 |  |  | $ | 64.03 |

The discount rate is based on the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate plus 700 basis points for conventional fixed loans and 800 basis points for all other loans. The 700 and 800 basis points are used as a risk premium when calculating the discount rate. The repayment rate is derived from the Public Securities Association Standard Prepayment model. The average cost to service a loan is based on the number of loans serviced and the total costs to service the loans.
NOTE I - REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
BancShares utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of customers and secure wholesale funding needs. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby BancShares offers to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates BancShares to repurchase the security on an agreed upon date at an agreed upon repurchase price plus interest at an agreed upon rate. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction and are generally reflected as short-term borrowings on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
BancShares monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintains records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security, and segregates the security from general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as additional collateral may be required based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with safekeeping agents. The carrying value of available for sale investment securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements was $535.6 million and $684.2 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase by class of collateral pledged included in borrowings on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is presented in the following tables.

| March 31, 2018
| Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(Dollars in thousands) | Overnight and continuous |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total
Repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 522,207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 522,207 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  | $ | 522,207 |
| December 31, 2017
| Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
| Overnight and continuous |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Total
Repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 556,171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 586,171 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  | $ | 586,171 |

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NOTE J - ESTIMATED FAIR VALUES
Fair value estimates are intended to represent the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. Where there is no active market for a financial instrument, BancShares has made estimates using discounted cash flows or other valuation techniques. Inputs used in these valuation techniques are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and require significant judgment and therefore can only be derived within a range of precision. Accordingly, the derived fair value estimates presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts BancShares would realize in a current market exchange.
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, indicates that assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value according to a fair value hierarchy comprised of three levels. The levels are based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The level within the fair value hierarchy for an asset or liability is based on the highest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement (with Level 1 considered highest and Level 3 considered lowest). A brief description of each level follows:

• | Level 1 values are based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• | Level 2 values are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

• | Level 3 values are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or assumptions are not observable in the market. These unobservable inputs and assumptions reflect estimates that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

BancShares' management reviews any changes to its valuation methodologies to ensure they are appropriate and justified, and refines valuation methodologies as more market-based data becomes available. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of the reporting period. There have been no changes during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017.
The methodologies used to estimate the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities are discussed below:
Investment securities available for sale. Investment securities available for sale are carried at fair value. U.S. Treasury, government agency and mortgage-backed securities are generally measured at fair value using a third party pricing service. The third party provider evaluates securities based on market data and utilizes pricing models that use a variety of inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids and offers. These securities are generally classified as Level 2. Corporate bonds and trust preferred securities are generally measured at fair value based on indicative bids from broker-dealers and are not directly observable. These securities are considered Level 3.
Marketable equity securities. Equity securities are measured at fair value using observable closing prices and the valuation also considers the amount of market activity by examining the trade volume of each security. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 if they are traded on a heavily active market and as Level 2 if the observable closing price is from a less than active market.
Loans held for sale. Certain residential real estate loans are originated to be sold to investors are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices for similar types of loans. Accordingly, the inputs used to calculate fair value of originated residential real estate loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 inputs. Portfolio loans that are subsequently transferred to held for sale to be sold in the secondary market are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. The fair value of the transferred portfolio loans is based on the quoted prices and is considered a Level 1 input.
Net loans and leases (PCI and Non-PCI). Fair value is estimated based on discounted future cash flows using the current interest rates at which loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality. The inputs used in the fair value measurements for loans and leases are considered Level 3 inputs.
FHLB stock. The carrying amount of FHLB stock is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these securities are not readily marketable and are evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience, when determining the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares believes its investment in FHLB stock is ultimately recoverable at par. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the FHLB stock are considered Level 2 inputs.
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Mortgage servicing rights. Mortgage servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market and are, therefore, carried at fair value only when fair value is less than the asset cost. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is performed using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a model that relies on discount rates, estimates of prepayment rates and the weighted average cost to service the loans is used to determine the fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for mortgage servicing rights are considered Level 3 inputs.
Deposits. For non-time deposits, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the interest rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for deposits are considered Level 2 inputs.
Long-term obligations. For fixed rate trust preferred securities, the fair values are determined based on recent trades of the actual security if available. For other long-term obligations, fair values are estimated by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for long-term obligations are considered Level 2 inputs.
Payable to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements. The fair value of the payable to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements is determined by the projected cash flows based on expected payments to the FDIC in accordance with the shared-loss agreements. Cash flows are discounted using current discount rates to reflect the timing of the estimated amounts due to the FDIC. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the payable to the FDIC are considered Level 3 inputs.
Off-balance-sheet commitments and contingencies. Carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of the fair values for such financial instruments. Carrying amounts include unamortized fee income and, in some cases, reserves for any credit losses from those financial instruments. These amounts are not material to BancShares' financial position.
For all other financial assets and financial liabilities, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The carrying value and fair value for these assets and liabilities are equivalent because they are relatively short term in nature and there is no interest rate or credit risk that would cause the fair value to differ from the carrying value. Cash and due from banks is classified on the fair value hierarchy as Level 1. Overnight investments, income earned not collected, short-term borrowings and accrued interest payable are considered Level 2. Lastly, the receivable from the FDIC for shared-loss agreements is designated as Level 3.

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Carrying value |  | Fair value |  | Carrying value |  | Fair value
Cash and due from banks | $ | 248,139 |  |  | $ | 248,139 |  |  | $ | 336,150 |  |  | $ | 336,150 |
Overnight investments | 1,946,882 |  |  | 1,946,882 |  |  | 1,387,927 |  |  | 1,387,927 |
Investment securities available for sale | 6,857,740 |  |  | 6,857,740 |  |  | 7,180,180 |  |  | 7,180,180 |
Investment securities held to maturity | 74 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 81 |
Marketable equity securities | 110,107 |  |  | 110,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 46,660 |  |  | 46,660 |  |  | 51,179 |  |  | 51,179 |
Net loans and leases | 23,388,861 |  |  | 22,672,287 |  |  | 23,374,932 |  |  | 22,257,803 |
Receivable from the FDIC for shared-loss agreements | 3,636 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | 2,223 |  |  | 2,223 |
Income earned not collected | 96,607 |  |  | 96,607 |  |  | 95,249 |  |  | 95,249 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 20,810 |  |  | 20,810 |  |  | 52,685 |  |  | 52,685 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 21,659 |  |  | 27,512 |  |  | 21,945 |  |  | 26,170 |
Deposits | 29,969,245 |  |  | 29,924,950 |  |  | 29,266,275 |  |  | 29,230,768 |
Short-term borrowings | 554,758 |  |  | 554,758 |  |  | 693,807 |  |  | 693,807 |
Long-term obligations | 194,413 |  |  | 203,061 |  |  | 870,240 |  |  | 852,112 |
Payable to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements | 102,466 |  |  | 103,440 |  |  | 101,342 |  |  | 102,684 |
Accrued interest payable | 1,498 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 3,952 |  |  | 3,952 |

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Among BancShares' assets and liabilities, investment securities available for sale, marketable equity securities and loans held for sale are reported at their fair values on a recurring basis. For assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis, the following table provides fair value information as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| March 31, 2018
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,553,893 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,553,893 |  |  | $ | — |
Government agency | 31,909 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,909 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,206,667 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,206,667 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 59,653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59,653 |
Other | 5,618 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,618 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 6,857,740 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,792,469 |  |  | $ | 65,271 |
Marketable equity securities | $ | 110,107 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 88,358 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale | $ | 46,660 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,660 |  |  | $ | — |
| December 31, 2017
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,657,864 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,657,864 |  |  | $ | — |
Government agency | 8,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,670 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,340,756 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,340,756 |  |  | — |
Equity securities | 105,208 |  |  | 19,341 |  |  | 85,867 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 59,963 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,963 |  |  | — |
Other | 7,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,719 |  |  | — |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,180,180 |  |  | $ | 19,341 |  |  | $ | 7,160,839 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale | $ | 51,179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,179 |  |  | $ | — |

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, there were transfers from Level 2 to Level 3 of $59.7 million and $5.6 million for corporate bonds and other investment securities available for sale, respectively. The transfers were due to a lack of observable inputs and trade activity for those securities. There were no transfers between levels for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | March 31, 2018
Level 3 assets |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Fair Value
Corporate bonds |  | Indicative bid provided by broker |  | Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the company |  | $ | 59,653 |
Other |  | Indicative bid provided by broker |  | Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the company |  | 5,618 |

Fair Value Option
BancShares has elected the fair value option for residential real estate loans originated to be sold. This election reduces certain timing differences in the Consolidated Statement of Income and better aligns with the management of the portfolio from a business perspective. The changes in fair value are recorded as a component of mortgage income and were a loss of $455 thousand and a gain of $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, respectively.
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The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance for residential real estate originated for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference
Originated loans held for sale | $ | 46,660 |  |  | $ | 45,732 |  |  | $ | 928 |
| December 31, 2017
| Fair Value |  | Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Difference
Originated loans held for sale | $ | 51,179 |  |  | $ | 49,796 |  |  | $ | 1,383 |

No originated loans held for sale were 90 or more days past due or on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
Certain other assets are adjusted to their fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including impaired loans, OREO, and goodwill, which are periodically tested for impairment, and mortgage servicing rights, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market. Non-impaired loans held for investment, deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term obligations are not reported at fair value.
Impaired loans are deemed to be at fair value if an associated allowance or current period charge-off has been recorded. The value of impaired loans is determined by either collateral valuations or discounted present value of the expected cash flow calculations. Collateral values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts generally between 6 and 11 percent applied for estimated holding and selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. Expected cash flows are determined using expected payment information at the individual loan level, discounted using the effective interest rate. The effective interest rate generally ranges between 2 and 18 percent.
OREO that has been acquired or written down in the current year is deemed to be at fair value, which uses asset valuations. Asset values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts generally between 6 and 11 percent applied for estimated holding and selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. Changes to the value of the assets between scheduled valuation dates are monitored through continued communication with brokers and monthly reviews by the asset manager assigned to each asset. If there are any significant changes in the market or the subject property, valuations are adjusted or new appraisals ordered to ensure the reported values reflect the most current information.
Mortgage servicing rights are carried at the lower of cost or market and are, therefore, carried at fair value only when fair value is less than the amortized asset cost. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is performed using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a discounted cash flow model, which takes into consideration discount rates, prepayment rates, and the weighted average cost to service the loans, is used to determine the fair value.
For financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, the following table provides fair value information as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| March 31, 2018
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Impaired loans | $ | 73,892 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,892 |
Other real estate remeasured during current year | 11,695 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,695 |
| December 31, 2017
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Impaired loans | $ | 72,539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,539 |
Other real estate remeasured during current year | 40,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,167 |

No financial liabilities were carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
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NOTE K - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
BancShares sponsors noncontributory defined benefit pension plans for its qualifying employees (BancShares Plan) and former First Citizens Bancorporation, Inc. employees (Bancorporation Plan). The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is included in salaries and wages while all other non-service cost components are included in other noninterest expense.
BancShares Plan
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Service cost | $ | 3,429 |  |  | $ | 3,376 |
Interest cost | 7,057 |  |  | 7,380 |
Expected return on assets | (11,957 | ) |  | (10,698 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | 20 |  |  | 52 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 3,246 |  |  | 2,234 |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 1,795 |  |  | $ | 2,344 |

Bancorporation Plan
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Service cost | $ | 662 |  |  | $ | 671 |
Interest cost | 1,587 |  |  | 1,683 |
Expected return on assets | (3,106 | ) |  | (2,796 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 71 |  |  | 214 |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (786 | ) |  | $ | (228 | )

No contributions were made during the three months ended March 31, 2018 to the BancShares or Bancorporation pension plans. Management evaluates the need for its pension plan contributions on a periodic basis based upon numerous factors including, but not limited to, the funded status of and returns to the BancShares Plan and Bancorporation Plan, discount rates and the current economic environment.
NOTE L - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
To meet the financing needs of its customers, BancShares and its subsidiaries have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and recourse obligations on mortgage loans sold. These instruments involve elements of credit, interest rate or liquidity risk.
Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of fees. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements. Established credit standards control the credit risk exposure associated with these commitments. In some cases, BancShares requires that collateral be pledged to secure the commitment, including cash deposits, securities and other assets.
Standby letters of credit are commitments guaranteeing performance of a customer to a third party. Those commitments are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, and the fair value of those commitments is not material. To mitigate its risk, BancShares’ credit policies govern the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit risk related to the issuance of these letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to clients and, therefore, these letters of credit are collateralized when necessary.
The following table presents the commitments to extend credit and unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Unused commitments to extend credit | $ | 9,994,802 |  |  | $ | 9,629,365 |
Standby letters of credit | 81,059 |  |  | 81,530 |
Unfunded commitments for investments in affordable housing projects | 63,803 |  |  | 61,819 |

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Affordable housing project investments were $134.4 million and $128.0 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Pursuant to standard representations and warranties relating to residential mortgage loan sales sold on a non-recourse basis, contingent obligations exist for various events that may occur following the loan sale. If underwriting or documentation deficiencies are discovered at any point in the life of the loan or if the loan fails to perform per the terms of the loan purchase agreement, typically within 180 days from the date of sale, the investor may require BancShares to repurchase the loan or to repay a portion of the sale proceeds. Other liabilities included reserves of $867 thousand and $882 thousand as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, for estimated losses arising from these standard representation and warranty provisions.
BancShares and various subsidiaries have been named as defendants in legal actions arising from their normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. BancShares is also exposed to litigation risk relating to the prior business activities of banks from which assets were acquired and liabilities assumed in the various merger transactions. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to such matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, any such liability will not have a material effect on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements.
NOTE M - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Accumulated other comprehensive loss included the following as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Deferred tax benefit |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Deferred tax benefit |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale | $ | (157,460 | ) |  | $ | (36,217 | ) |  | $ | (121,243 | ) |  | $ | (48,834 | ) |  | $ | (17,889 | ) |  | $ | (30,945 | )
Funded status of defined benefit plans | (141,662 | ) |  | (32,582 | ) |  | (109,080 | ) |  | (144,999 | ) |  | (53,650 | ) |  | (91,349 | )
Total | $ | (299,122 | ) |  | $ | (68,799 | ) |  | $ | (230,323 | ) |  | $ | (193,833 | ) |  | $ | (71,539 | ) |  | $ | (122,294 | )

The following table highlights changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017:

| Three months ended March 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) | Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale 1 |  | Defined benefit pension items 1 |  | Total
Beginning balance | $ | (30,945 | ) |  | $ | (91,349 | ) |  | $ | (122,294 | )
Cumulative effect adjustments | (29,752 | ) |  | (20,300 | ) |  | (50,052 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (60,546 | ) |  | — |  |  | (60,546 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | — |  |  | 2,569 |  |  | 2,569 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (60,546 | ) |  | 2,569 |  |  | (57,977 | )
Ending balance | $ | (121,243 | ) |  | $ | (109,080 | ) |  | $ | (230,323 | )
| Three months ended March 31, 2017
| Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale 1 |  | Defined benefit pension items 1 |  | Total
Beginning balance | $ | (45,875 | ) |  | $ | (89,317 | ) |  | $ | (135,192 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 22,677 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,677 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | 15 |  |  | 1,559 |  |  | 1,574 |
Net current period other comprehensive income | 22,692 |  |  | 1,559 |  |  | 24,251 |
Ending balance | $ | (23,183 | ) |  | $ | (87,758 | ) |  | $ | (110,941 | )

1 All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.
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The following table presents the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and the line item affected in the statement where net income is presented for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)1 |  | Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented
Amortization of defined benefit pension items |  |  |  |
Prior service costs |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | Salaries and wages
Actuarial losses |  | (3,317 | ) |  | Other
|  | (3,337 | ) |  | Income before income taxes
|  | 768 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | (2,569 | ) |  | Net income
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (2,569 | ) |  |
|  | Three months ended March 31, 2017
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)1 |  | Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented
Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | Securities losses, net
|  | 9 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | (15 | ) |  | Net income
Amortization of defined benefit pension items |  |  |  |
Prior service costs |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | Salaries and wages
Actuarial losses |  | (2,448 | ) |  | Other
|  | (2,500 | ) |  | Income before income taxes
|  | 941 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | (1,559 | ) |  | Net income
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (1,574 | ) |  |

1 Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to profit/loss.
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) of earnings and related financial data are presented to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries (BancShares). This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes presented within this report along with our financial statements and related MD&A of financial condition and results of operations included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Although certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to statement presentations for 2018, the reclassifications had no effect on shareholders’ equity or net income as previously reported. Unless otherwise noted, the terms “we,” “us” and “BancShares” refer to the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations for BancShares.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
BancShares’ earnings and cash flows are primarily derived from our commercial and retail banking activities. We gather deposits from retail and commercial customers and also secure funding through various non-deposit sources. We invest the liquidity generated from these funding sources in interest-earning assets, including loans and leases, investment securities and overnight investments. We also invest in bank premises, hardware, software, furniture and equipment used to conduct our commercial and retail banking business. We provide treasury services products, cardholder and merchant services, wealth management services and various other products and services typically offered by commercial banks.
BancShares conducts its banking operations through its wholly-owned subsidiary First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (FCB), a state-chartered bank organized under the laws of the state of North Carolina.
Interest rates have presented significant challenges to commercial banks' efforts to generate earnings and shareholder value. Our strategy continues to focus on maintaining an interest rate risk profile that will benefit net interest income in a rising rate environment. Management drives to this goal by focusing on core customer deposits and loans in the targeted interest rate risk profile. Additionally, our initiatives focus on growth of noninterest income sources, control of noninterest expenses, optimization of our branch network, and further enhancements to our technology and delivery channels. Refer to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for further discussion of our strategy.
Significant Events in 2018
On May 1, 2018, FCB completed the merger of Tampa, Florida-based HomeBancorp, Inc. (HomeBancorp) and its subsidiary, HomeBanc, into FCB. Under the terms of the merger agreement, cash consideration of $15.03 was paid to the shareholders of HomeBancorp for each share of HomeBancorp's common stock, with total consideration paid of $113.7 million. As of March 31, 2018, HomeBancorp had $912.6 million in consolidated assets, $597.7 million in loans and $647.1 million in deposits.
RECENT ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS
Various external factors influence the focus of our business efforts and the results of our operations can change significantly based on those external factors. First quarter 2018 national economic results indicate solid labor market conditions and strong gains in employment, counterpoised by moderated growth rates in household spending and business capital spending. The national unemployment rate in March 2018 remained unchanged at 4.1 percent compared to December 2017. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. economy added approximately 605,000 new nonfarm payroll jobs during the first quarter of 2018. The U.S. housing market remains stable as a result of solid housing demand fueled by low mortgage interest rates, economic growth and job creation.
The Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) indicated in the first quarter that the U.S. labor market continued to strengthen and economic activity has been rising at a moderate rate. In view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation, the FOMC decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points. In determining the timing and size of future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rates, the FOMC will assess realized and expected economic conditions relative to its objectives of maximum employment and 2.0 percent inflation. The FOMC expects that economic activity will expand at a moderate pace and labor market conditions will remain strong with further gradual increases in the federal funds rate.
The trends in the banking industry are similar to those of the broader economy as shown in the latest national banking results from the fourth quarter of 2017. FDIC-insured institutions reported a 40.9 percent decrease in net income compared to the fourth quarter of 2016 as a result of higher income taxes, reflecting income tax effects from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, higher noninterest expense and increased loan-loss provisions. Excluding changes from the income tax effects, estimated net income for the fourth quarter of 2017 would have decreased 2.3 percent compared to the same period in 2016. Banking industry average net interest margin was 3.31 percent in the fourth quarter of 2017, up from 3.16 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016. This is the highest quarterly net interest margin for the industry since fourth quarter of 2012. Total loans and leases increased by 1.7 percent
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from the third quarter of 2017 due to growth in all major loan categories with the largest increases seen in credit cards, commercial and industrial loans and residential mortgage loans.
EARNINGS PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
BancShares' consolidated net income for the first quarter of 2018 was $100.2 million, or $8.35 per share, compared to $54.4 million, or $4.53 per share, for the fourth quarter of 2017, and $67.6 million, or $5.63 per share, for the corresponding period of 2017. BancShares’ current quarter results generated an annualized return on average assets of 1.19 percent and an annualized return on average equity of 12.20 percent, compared to respective returns of 0.62 percent and 6.48 percent for the fourth quarter of 2017, and 0.82 percent and 8.96 percent for the first quarter of 2017. Net interest margin for the first quarter of 2018 was 3.57 percent, compared to 3.34 percent for the fourth quarter of 2017 and 3.25 percent for the first quarter of the prior year.
Earnings improvement for the comparative quarters was primarily driven by loan growth and improved loan and investment securities yields contributing to improved interest income and margins. Growth in several noninterest income categories also contributed to this quarter's strong results. Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2018 included a pre-tax gain of $25.7 million resulting from extinguishment of eight Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) debt obligations totaling $675.0 million. Current quarter earnings also benefited from a reduction in the statutory federal tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act), which was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act resulted in additional income tax expense of $25.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2017 primarily related to the re-measurement of deferred taxes. Earnings for the first quarter of 2017 included a pre-tax acquisition gain of $12.0 million recognized in connection with the January 13, 2017, FDIC-assisted transaction involving certain assets and liabilities assumed of Harvest Community Bank (HCB) of Pennsville, New Jersey.
Key highlights in the first quarter of 2018 include:

• | Since December 31, 2017, originated loans increased $74.3 million, or by 1.32% on an annualized basis, primarily due to growth in the commercial mortgage portfolio.

• | Deposits increased $703.0 million, or by 9.7 percent on an annualized basis, from December 31, 2017, primarily due to organic growth in demand deposit and interest-bearing savings and checking account balances.

• | Net interest income increased $9.7 million, or by 3.5 percent, compared to the fourth quarter of 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher non-purchased credit impaired (non-PCI) loan balances, higher loan and investment yields and a decline in interest expense.

• | The taxable-equivalent net interest margin increased 23 basis points to 3.57 percent, compared to the fourth quarter of 2017, primarily due to improved loan and investment yields and higher loan balances.

• | BancShares remained well capitalized under Basel III capital requirements with a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and common equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.38 percent, total risk-based capital ratio of 14.70 percent and leverage capital ratio of 10.02 percent at March 31, 2018.

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Table 1
Selected Quarterly Data

| 2018 |  | 2017
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First
(Dollars in thousands, except share data) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 292,601 |  |  | $ | 285,958 |  |  | $ | 284,333 |  |  | $ | 272,542 |  |  | $ | 260,857 |
Interest expense | 8,164 |  |  | 11,189 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 10,933 |  |  | 10,514 |
Net interest income | 284,437 |  |  | 274,769 |  |  | 273,175 |  |  | 261,609 |  |  | 250,343 |
Provision (credit) for loan and lease losses | 7,605 |  |  | (2,809 | ) |  | 7,946 |  |  | 12,324 |  |  | 8,231 |
Net interest income after provision for loan and lease losses | 276,832 |  |  | 277,578 |  |  | 265,229 |  |  | 249,285 |  |  | 242,112 |
Gain on acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122,728 |  |  | 12,017 |
Noninterest income excluding gain on acquisitions | 122,684 |  |  | 108,606 |  |  | 95,850 |  |  | 95,132 |  |  | 87,630 |
Noninterest expense | 268,063 |  |  | 263,073 |  |  | 257,430 |  |  | 255,266 |  |  | 236,700 |
Income before income taxes | 131,453 |  |  | 123,111 |  |  | 103,649 |  |  | 211,879 |  |  | 105,059 |
Income taxes | 31,222 |  |  | 68,704 |  |  | 36,585 |  |  | 77,219 |  |  | 37,438 |
Net income | $ | 100,231 |  |  | $ | 54,407 |  |  | $ | 67,064 |  |  | $ | 134,660 |  |  | $ | 67,621 |
Net interest income, taxable equivalent | $ | 285,248 |  |  | $ | 276,002 |  |  | $ | 274,272 |  |  | $ | 262,549 |  |  | $ | 251,593 |
PER SHARE DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 8.35 |  |  | $ | 4.53 |  |  | $ | 5.58 |  |  | $ | 11.21 |  |  | $ | 5.63 |
Cash dividends | 0.35 |  |  | 0.35 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 0.30 |
Market price at period end (Class A) | 413.24 |  |  | 403.00 |  |  | 373.89 |  |  | 372.70 |  |  | 335.37 |
Book value at period end | 280.77 |  |  | 277.60 |  |  | 275.91 |  |  | 269.75 |  |  | 258.17 |
SELECTED QUARTERLY AVERAGE BALANCES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 34,267,495 |  |  | $ | 34,864,720 |  |  | $ | 34,590,503 |  |  | $ | 34,243,527 |  |  | $ | 33,494,500 |
Investment securities | 7,053,001 |  |  | 7,044,534 |  |  | 6,906,345 |  |  | 7,112,267 |  |  | 7,084,986 |
Loans and leases (1) | 23,666,098 |  |  | 23,360,235 |  |  | 22,997,195 |  |  | 22,575,323 |  |  | 21,951,444 |
Interest-earning assets | 32,320,431 |  |  | 32,874,233 |  |  | 32,555,597 |  |  | 32,104,717 |  |  | 31,298,970 |
Deposits | 29,472,125 |  |  | 29,525,843 |  |  | 29,319,384 |  |  | 29,087,852 |  |  | 28,531,166 |
Long-term obligations | 404,065 |  |  | 866,198 |  |  | 887,948 |  |  | 799,319 |  |  | 816,953 |
Interest-bearing liabilities | 19,031,404 |  |  | 19,425,404 |  |  | 19,484,663 |  |  | 19,729,956 |  |  | 19,669,075 |
Shareholders' equity | $ | 3,333,114 |  |  | $ | 3,329,562 |  |  | $ | 3,284,044 |  |  | $ | 3,159,004 |  |  | $ | 3,061,099 |
Shares outstanding | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |
SELECTED QUARTER-END BALANCES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 34,436,437 |  |  | $ | 34,527,512 |  |  | $ | 34,584,154 |  |  | $ | 34,769,850 |  |  | $ | 33,928,405 |
Investment securities | 6,967,921 |  |  | 7,180,256 |  |  | 6,992,955 |  |  | 6,596,530 |  |  | 7,029,944 |
Loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 703,837 |  |  | 762,998 |  |  | 834,167 |  |  | 894,863 |  |  | 848,816 |
Non-PCI | 22,908,140 |  |  | 22,833,827 |  |  | 22,314,906 |  |  | 21,976,602 |  |  | 21,057,633 |
Deposits | 29,969,245 |  |  | 29,266,275 |  |  | 29,333,949 |  |  | 29,456,338 |  |  | 29,002,768 |
Long-term obligations | 194,413 |  |  | 870,240 |  |  | 866,123 |  |  | 879,957 |  |  | 727,500 |
Shareholders' equity | $ | 3,372,114 |  |  | $ | 3,334,064 |  |  | $ | 3,313,831 |  |  | $ | 3,239,851 |  |  | $ | 3,100,696 |
Shares outstanding | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |  |  | 12,010,405 |
SELECTED RATIOS AND OTHER DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rate of return on average assets (annualized) | 1.19 |  | % | 0.62 |  | % | 0.77 |  | % | 1.58 |  | % | 0.82 |
Rate of return on average shareholders' equity (annualized) | 12.20 |  |  | 6.48 |  |  | 8.10 |  |  | 17.10 |  |  | 8.96 |
Net yield on interest-earning assets (taxable equivalent) | 3.57 |  |  | 3.34 |  |  | 3.35 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  | 3.25 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to total loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 1.75 |  |  | 1.31 |  |  | 1.55 |  |  | 1.51 |  |  | 1.29 |
Non-PCI | 0.92 |  |  | 0.93 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 1.00 |
Total | 0.94 |  |  | 0.94 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.01 |
Ratio of total nonperforming assets to total loans, leases and other real estate owned | 0.59 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 0.63 |  |  | 0.65 |  |  | 0.66 |
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | 13.38 |  |  | 12.88 |  |  | 12.95 |  |  | 12.69 |  |  | 12.57 |
Common equity Tier 1 ratio | 13.38 |  |  | 12.88 |  |  | 12.95 |  |  | 12.69 |  |  | 12.57 |
Total risk-based capital ratio | 14.70 |  |  | 14.21 |  |  | 14.34 |  |  | 14.07 |  |  | 13.99 |
Leverage capital ratio | 10.02 |  |  | 9.47 |  |  | 9.43 |  |  | 9.33 |  |  | 9.15 |
Dividend payout ratio | 4.19 |  |  | 7.73 |  |  | 5.38 |  |  | 2.68 |  |  | 5.33 |
Average loans and leases to average deposits | 80.30 |  |  | 79.12 |  |  | 78.44 |  |  | 77.61 |  |  | 76.94 |

(1) Average loan and lease balances include PCI loans, non-PCI loans and leases, loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans and leases.
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BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
On May 1,2018, FCB completed the merger of Tampa, Florida-based HomeBancorp, Inc. (HomeBancorp) and its subsidiary, HomeBanc, into FCB. Under the terms of the merger agreement, cash consideration of $15.03 was paid to the shareholders of HomeBancorp for each share of HomeBancorp's common stock, with total consideration paid of $113.7 million. The merger will allow FCB to expand its footprint in Florida by entering into two new markets in Tampa and Orlando. As of March 31, 2018, HomeBancorp had $912.6 million in consolidated assets, $597.7 million in loans and $647.1 million in deposits. Due to the close proximity of the acquisition date and the date that BancShares' financial statements were issued, preliminary fair value estimates are not available.

FDIC-Assisted Transactions
BancShares completed eleven FDIC-assisted transactions during the period beginning in 2009 through 2017. These transactions provided us significant contributions to capital and earnings. Prior to its merger into BancShares in 2014, First Citizens Bancorporation, Inc. (Bancorporation) completed three FDIC-assisted transactions: Georgian Bank of Atlanta, Georgia (acquired in 2009); Williamsburg First National Bank of Williamsburg, South Carolina (acquired in 2010); and Atlantic Bank & Trust of Charleston, South Carolina (acquired in 2011). Nine of the fourteen FDIC-assisted transactions (including the three completed by Bancorporation) included shared-loss agreements that, for their terms, protect us from a substantial portion of the credit and asset quality risk we would otherwise incur.
In 2016 and 2017, FCB entered into agreements with the FDIC to terminate the shared-loss agreements for Venture Bank, Temecula Valley Bank, Sun American Bank, Williamsburg First National Bank, Atlantic Bank & Trust and Colorado Capital Bank. As of March 31, 2018, shared-loss agreements are still active for First Regional Bank (FRB), Georgian Bank (GB) and United Western Bank (UWB). Shared-loss protection remains for single family residential loans acquired from UWB and GB in the amount of $65.5 million. FRB remained in a recovery period, where any recoveries were shared with the FDIC, through March 2020.
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Table 2
Consolidated Quarter-to-Date Average Taxable-Equivalent Balance Sheets

| Three months ended |
| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017 |
|  |  | Interest |  |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  |
| Average |  | Income/ |  | Yield/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Yield/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Yield/ |
(Dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Expense |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Rate |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases | $ | 23,666,098 |  |  | $ | 252,627 |  |  | 4.32 |  | % | $ | 23,360,235 |  |  | $ | 248,151 |  |  | 4.22 |  | % | $ | 21,951,444 |  |  | $ | 227,792 |  |  | 4.20 |  | %
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U. S. Treasury | 1,567,388 |  |  | 6,774 |  |  | 1.75 |  |  | 1,627,968 |  |  | 4,784 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | 1,644,598 |  |  | 4,199 |  |  | 1.04 |  |
Government agency | 14,952 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 2.67 |  |  | 9,659 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 2.85 |  |  | 53,545 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 1.53 |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,295,273 |  |  | 27,093 |  |  | 2.05 |  |  | 5,233,293 |  |  | 25,351 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 5,241,296 |  |  | 24,322 |  |  | 1.86 |  |
Corporate bonds and other | 66,009 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 6.12 |  |  | 63,911 |  |  | 991 |  |  | 6.20 |  |  | 57,104 |  |  | 980 |  |  | 6.87 |  |
Marketable equity securities | 109,379 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 109,703 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 0.89 |  |  | 88,443 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 0.61 |  |
Total investment securities | 7,053,001 |  |  | 35,186 |  |  | 2.00 |  |  | 7,044,534 |  |  | 31,441 |  |  | 1.78 |  |  | 7,084,986 |  |  | 29,839 |  |  | 1.69 |  |
Overnight investments | 1,601,332 |  |  | 5,599 |  |  | 1.42 |  |  | 2,469,464 |  |  | 7,599 |  |  | 1.22 |  |  | 2,262,540 |  |  | 4,476 |  |  | 0.80 |  |
Total interest-earning assets | 32,320,431 |  |  | $ | 293,412 |  |  | 3.67 |  | % | 32,874,233 |  |  | $ | 287,191 |  |  | 3.47 |  | % | 31,298,970 |  |  | $ | 262,107 |  |  | 3.39 |  | %
Cash and due from banks | 299,052 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 316,851 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 496,929 |  |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment | 1,142,704 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,137,075 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,130,049 |  |  |  |  |  |
FDIC shared-loss receivable | 3,376 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,456 |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses | (221,690 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (232,653 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (220,811 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | 49,568 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52,103 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,034 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 674,054 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 712,007 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 723,873 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 34,267,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,864,720 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,494,500 |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest | $ | 5,091,670 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | 0.02 |  | % | $ | 5,028,978 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | 0.02 |  | % | $ | 4,834,779 |  |  | $ | 252 |  |  | 0.02 |  | %
Savings | 2,378,499 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 2,337,993 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 2,160,689 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 0.03 |  |
Money market accounts | 8,139,405 |  |  | 1,749 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 8,047,691 |  |  | 1,732 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 8,343,092 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 0.09 |  |
Time deposits | 2,340,698 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 2,421,749 |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 2,815,682 |  |  | 2,141 |  |  | 0.31 |  |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 17,950,272 |  |  | 3,756 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 17,836,411 |  |  | 3,789 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 18,154,242 |  |  | 4,436 |  |  | 0.10 |  |
Repurchase agreements | 585,627 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 0.37 |  |  | 615,244 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 669,923 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 0.24 |  |
Other short-term borrowings | 91,440 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 3.88 |  |  | 107,551 |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | 3.77 |  |  | 27,957 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 2.51 |  |
Long-term obligations | 404,065 |  |  | 2,974 |  |  | 2.94 |  |  | 866,198 |  |  | 5,747 |  |  | 2.61 |  |  | 816,953 |  |  | 5,498 |  |  | 2.69 |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 19,031,404 |  |  | 8,164 |  |  | 0.17 |  |  | 19,425,404 |  |  | 11,189 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 19,669,075 |  |  | 10,514 |  |  | 0.22 |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 11,521,853 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,689,432 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,376,924 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 381,124 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 420,322 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 387,402 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity | 3,333,114 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,329,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,061,099 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 34,267,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,864,720 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,494,500 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  | 3.50 |  | % |  |  |  |  | 3.24 |  | % |  |  |  |  | 3.17 |  | %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets |  |  | $ | 285,248 |  |  | 3.57 |  | % |  |  | $ | 276,002 |  |  | 3.34 |  | % |  |  | $ | 251,593 |  |  | 3.25 |  | %

Loans and leases include PCI loans, non-PCI loans, nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale. Yields related to loans, leases and securities exempt from both federal and state income taxes, federal income taxes only, or state income taxes only are stated on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming statutory federal income tax rates of 21.0 percent, 35.0 percent and 35.0 percent as well as state income tax rates of 3.4 percent, 3.1 percent and 3.1 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $811, $1,233 and $1,250 for the three months ended March 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.

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Table 3
Changes in Consolidated Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Income

| Three months ended March 31, 2018
| Change from prior year period due to:
(Dollars in thousands) | Volume |  | Yield/Rate |  | Total Change
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases | $ | 18,049 |  |  | $ | 6,786 |  |  | $ | 24,835 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |
U. S. Treasury | (251 | ) |  | 2,826 |  |  | 2,575 |
Government agency | (203 | ) |  | 98 |  |  | (105 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 266 |  |  | 2,505 |  |  | 2,771 |
Corporate bonds and other | 145 |  |  | (115 | ) |  | 30 |
Marketable equity securities | 36 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 76 |
Total investment securities | (7 | ) |  | 5,354 |  |  | 5,347 |
Overnight investments | (1,820 | ) |  | 2,943 |  |  | 1,123 |
Total interest-earning assets | $ | 16,222 |  |  | $ | 15,083 |  |  | $ | 31,305 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Savings | 2 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (13 | )
Money market accounts | (78 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | (110 | )
Time deposits | (342 | ) |  | (256 | ) |  | (598 | )
Total interest-bearing deposits | (391 | ) |  | (289 | ) |  | (680 | )
Repurchase agreements | (60 | ) |  | 204 |  |  | 144 |
Other short-term borrowings | 504 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 710 |
Long-term obligations | (2,906 | ) |  | 382 |  |  | (2,524 | )
Total interest-bearing liabilities | (2,853 | ) |  | 503 |  |  | (2,350 | )
Change in net interest income | $ | 19,075 |  |  | $ | 14,580 |  |  | $ | 33,655 |

The rate/volume variance is allocated equally between the changes in volume and rate.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income and Margin
First Quarter 2018
Compared to the fourth quarter of 2017, net interest income increased $9.7 million, or by 3.5 percent, to $284.4 million for the first quarter of 2018. On a taxable-equivalent basis, net interest income increased $9.2 million, or by 3.3 percent, to $285.2 million during the first quarter of 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher non-PCI loan interest income of $4.7 million from improved yields and higher loan balances and an increase in investment securities interest income of $3.7 million resulting from higher investment yields. A $3.0 million decrease in interest expense as a result of lower borrowing balances and lower interest bearing deposit costs also contributed to the improvement in net interest income. These favorable impacts were offset by a decrease in interest income earned on overnight investments of $2.0 million primarily due to lower balances.
Compared to the first quarter of 2017, net interest income increased $34.1 million, or by 13.6 percent. On a taxable-equivalent basis, net interest income increased $33.7 million, or by 13.4 percent, to $285.2 million during the first quarter of 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $26.8 million increase in non-PCI loan interest income resulting from originated loan growth and improved yields as well as the contribution from the Guaranty Bank of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Guaranty) acquisition in the second quarter of 2017. Also contributing to the improvement in net interest income was an increase in investment securities interest income of $5.3 million due to improved yields, an increase in overnight investments interest income of $1.1 million and a decline in interest expense of $2.4 million. These positive impacts were partially offset by a decline in PCI loan interest income of $1.5 million as a result of continued PCI loan portfolio run-off.
The taxable-equivalent net interest margin was 3.57 percent for the first quarter of 2018, an increase of 23 basis points from the fourth quarter of 2017 and an increase of 32 basis points from the same quarter in the prior year. The margin improvement for both periods was primarily due to improved loan and investment yields and higher loan balances.
For the first quarter of 2018, average interest earning assets decreased by $553.8 million since the fourth quarter of 2017, reflecting a $868.1 million decrease in average overnight investments primarily related to the use of funds for the extinguishment of eight
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FHLB debt obligations totaling $675.0 million, offset by a $305.9 million increase in average loans outstanding, due to originated loan growth, and a $8.4 million increase in average investment securities. For the first quarter of 2018, average interest earning assets increased by $1.02 billion compared to the same quarter in the prior year. Within interest-earning assets, loans experienced a $1.71 billion net increase primarily due to originated loan growth and the Guaranty transaction. Offsetting this increase were decreases in average overnight investments of $661.2 million primarily related to the use of funds for the extinguishment of debt obligations and average investment securities of $32.0 million. The rate on interest-earning assets was 3.67 percent, an increase from 3.47 percent and 3.39 percent for the fourth and first quarters of 2017, respectively.
For the first quarter of 2018, average interest-bearing liabilities decreased by $393.9 million since the fourth quarter of 2017, due to a $462.1 million decrease in average long-term obligations resulting from the extinguishment of eight FHLB debt obligations totaling $675.0 million in the first quarter of 2018 and a $45.7 million decrease in average short-term borrowings. These decreases were offset by a $113.9 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits resulting from organic growth. For the first quarter of 2018, average interest-bearing liabilities decreased $637.7 million compared to the same quarter in the prior year due to decreases in average long-term obligations of $412.9 million, average interest-bearing deposits of $204.0 million and average short-term borrowings of $20.8 million. The rate on interest-bearing liabilities was 0.17 percent, a decrease from 0.23 percent and 0.22 percent for the fourth and first quarters of 2017, respectively.
Noninterest Income
Table 4
Noninterest Income

| Three months ended
(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017
Gain on acquisitions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,017 |
Cardholder services | 14,782 |  |  | 14,728 |  |  | 11,907 |
Merchant services | 6,177 |  |  | 5,593 |  |  | 6,693 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 26,543 |  |  | 27,246 |  |  | 22,142 |
Wealth management services | 23,569 |  |  | 22,603 |  |  | 20,962 |
Debt securities losses, net | — |  |  | (371 | ) |  | (24 | )
Marketable equity securities gains, net | 971 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other service charges and fees | 7,480 |  |  | 7,019 |  |  | 7,601 |
Mortgage income | 4,237 |  |  | 3,934 |  |  | 7,576 |
Insurance commissions | 3,776 |  |  | 3,450 |  |  | 3,558 |
ATM income | 2,171 |  |  | 2,261 |  |  | 1,773 |
Adjustments to FDIC receivable for shared-loss agreements | (1,478 | ) |  | (1,561 | ) |  | (1,628 | )
Net impact from FDIC shared-loss termination | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45 | )
Recoveries of PCI loans previously charged off | 5,693 |  |  | 6,342 |  |  | 5,224 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | 25,814 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | 2,949 |  |  | 17,362 |  |  | 1,891 |
Total noninterest income | $ | 122,684 |  |  | $ | 108,606 |  |  | $ | 99,647 |

Noninterest income is an essential component of our total revenue and is critical to our ability to sustain adequate profitability levels. The primary sources of noninterest income have traditionally consisted of gains on acquisitions, gains on the sale of investment securities as well as fees and service charges generated from cardholder services, merchant services, deposit accounts, wealth management services and mortgage lending and servicing. Recoveries on PCI loans that have been previously charged-off are additional sources of noninterest income.
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Total noninterest income for the first quarter of 2018 was $122.7 million, compared to $108.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of $14.1 million, or by 12.96%. The most significant components of the change were as follows:

• | Gain on extinguishment of debt was $25.8 million for the first quarter of 2018, primarily due to a $25.7 million gain resulting from extinguishment of eight Federal Home Loan Bank debt obligations totaling $675.0 million.

• | Wealth management fees increased by $1.0 million primarily due to higher volume.

• | Gain related to the early termination of two forward-starting advances was $12.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2018 was $122.7 million, compared to $99.6 million for the same period of 2017, an increase of $23.0 million, or by 23.12%. Excluding acquisition gains of $12.0 million on the Guaranty acquisition in the first quarter of 2017, total noninterest income increased $35.1 million, or by 40.00%. The increase was primarily attributable to the following drivers:

• | Gain on extinguishment of debt was $25.8 million for the first quarter of 2018, primarily due to a $25.7 million gain resulting from extinguishment of eight Federal Home Loan Bank debt obligations totaling $675.0 million.

• | Service charges on deposit accounts increased by $4.4 million primarily related to the Guaranty acquisition.

• | Wealth management income increased by $2.6 million primarily due to higher trust income and growth in assets under management.

• | Cardholder and merchant income increased by $2.4 million due to higher sales volume and customer growth within those business lines.

• | Mortgage income decreased by $3.3 million resulting from lower hedge income primarily due to higher interest rates related to lock commitments, partially offset by higher pipeline balances.

Noninterest Expense
The primary components of noninterest expense are salaries and related employee benefits, occupancy costs, facilities and equipment expense.
Table 5
Noninterest Expense

| Three months ended
(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017
Salaries and wages | $ | 129,203 |  |  | $ | 127,534 |  |  | $ | 116,362 |
Employee benefits | 32,091 |  |  | 28,000 |  |  | 27,178 |
Occupancy expense | 27,954 |  |  | 27,275 |  |  | 24,762 |
Equipment expense | 24,974 |  |  | 24,349 |  |  | 24,588 |
FDIC insurance expense | 5,733 |  |  | 5,444 |  |  | 5,593 |
Collection and foreclosure-related expenses | 4,146 |  |  | 4,825 |  |  | 3,763 |
Merger-related expenses | 598 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 833 |
Processing fees paid to third parties | 8,196 |  |  | 6,749 |  |  | 4,316 |
Telecommunications | 2,690 |  |  | 2,109 |  |  | 3,612 |
Consultant expense | 3,006 |  |  | 5,750 |  |  | 1,879 |
Advertising expense | 2,551 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 2,500 |
Core deposit intangible amortization | 4,142 |  |  | 4,337 |  |  | 3,921 |
Other | 22,779 |  |  | 22,943 |  |  | 17,393 |
Total noninterest expense | $ | 268,063 |  |  | $ | 263,073 |  |  | $ | 236,700 |

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Noninterest expense was $268.1 million in the first quarter of 2018, compared to $263.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of $5.0 million, or by 1.90%. The change was attributable to the following drivers:

• | Personnel expense, which includes salaries, wages and employee benefits, increased by $5.8 million primarily driven by payroll incentive plans, higher payroll taxes and 401(K) matching expense.

• | Processing fees paid to third parties increased by $1.4 million largely due to core processing expenses related to the acquisition of Guaranty.

• | Consultant services decreased by $2.7 million primarily due to regulatory, accounting and compliance-related services that were completed in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Noninterest expense was $268.1 million in the first quarter of 2018, compared to $236.7 million for the same period in 2017, an increase of $31.4 million, or by 13.25%. The change was attributable to the following drivers:

• | Personnel expense increased by $17.8 million largely due to higher wages and benefits from the Guaranty acquisition, increased headcount, merit and incentive increases and an increase in benefit costs.

• | Processing fees paid to third parties increased by $3.9 million primarily related to the Guaranty acquisition and growth in the bill pay service provided to customers.

• | Occupancy expense increased by $3.2 million due to higher building maintenance and new expenses related to the Guaranty acquisition.

• | Consultant services increased by $1.1 million due to regulatory, accounting and compliance-related projects initiated in 2018.

• | Other expense increased by $5.4 million, primarily resulting from a $1.5 million reversal of a repurchase reserve on a Small Business Administration (SBA) guaranteed loan recorded in the first quarter of 2017, higher legal costs and operational loss increases.

Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $31.2 million, $68.7 million and $37.4 million for the first quarter of 2018, fourth quarter of 2017 and first quarter of 2017, representing effective tax rates of 23.8 percent, 55.8 percent and 35.6 percent during the respective periods. The income tax expense and effective tax rate increases during the fourth quarter of 2017 and subsequent decreases during the first quarter of 2018 were primarily due to the impact of the Tax Act. The reduction in the statutory federal tax rate to 21.0 percent on January 1, 2018 resulted in additional income tax expense of $25.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2017 primarily related to the re-measurement of deferred taxes.
We monitor and evaluate the potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expenses and income tax liabilities. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where BancShares is required to file income tax returns, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by tax auditors.
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS
Interest-earning assets include loans and leases, investment securities, and overnight investments, all of which reflect varying interest rates based on the risk level and repricing characteristics of the underlying asset. Riskier investments typically carry a higher interest rate but expose us to higher levels of market risk.
We have historically focused on maintaining high-asset quality, which results in a loan and lease portfolio subjected to strenuous underwriting and monitoring procedures. We avoid high-risk industry concentrations, but we do maintain a concentration of owner-occupied real estate loans to borrowers in medical and medical-related fields. Our focus on asset quality also influences the composition of our investment securities portfolio.
Interest-earning assets averaged $32.32 billion and $32.87 billion for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The $553.8 million decrease from December 31, 2017 was composed of an $868.1 million decline in overnight investments primarily related to the use of funds for the extinguishment of eight FHLB debt obligations totaling $675.0 million, offset by a $305.9 million increase in loans and leases as a result of originated loan growth and an $8.4 million increase in investment securities.
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Investment Securities
The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to generate incremental income by deploying excess funds into securities that have minimal liquidity and credit risk and low to moderate interest rate risk. Other objectives include acting as a stable source of liquidity, serving as a tool for asset and liability management and maintaining an interest rate risk profile compatible with BancShares' objectives. Additionally, purchases of equities and corporate bonds in other financial institutions have been made largely under a long-term earnings optimization strategy. Changes in the total balance of our investment securities portfolio result from trends in balance sheet funding and market performance. Generally, when inflows arising from deposit and treasury services products exceed loan and lease demand, we invest excess funds into the securities portfolio or into overnight investments. Conversely, when loan demand exceeds growth in deposits and short-term borrowings, we allow any overnight investments to decline and use proceeds from maturing securities and prepayments to fund loan demand. See Note C in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures regarding investment securities.
With the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, in the first quarter of 2018, marketable equity investments are no long classified as investments available for sale and the fair value changes in those investments is reflected in earnings. We recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet resulting in an $18.7 million increase to retained earnings and a decrease to AOCI on January 1, 2018. This applied to the equity securities held in our investment portfolio.
The fair value of total investment securities was $6.97 billion at March 31, 2018, a decrease of $212.3 million, when compared to $7.18 billion at December 31, 2017. The decrease in the portfolio from December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to only reinvesting a portion of the proceeds from sales, maturities and pay downs into the investment portfolio and a rise in unrealized losses on the available for sale portfolio. Investment securities decreased $57.8 million from March 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018 primarily due to an increase in the unrealized losses on the available for sale portfolio.
As of March 31, 2018, investment securities available for sale had a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $157.5 million, compared to a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $48.8 million as of December 31, 2017 and a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $58.8 million as of March 31, 2017. Available for sale securities are reported at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are included as a component of other comprehensive income, net of deferred taxes. Per the adoption of ASU 2016-01, our equity securities were no longer considered available for sale at March 31, 2018 and any unrealized gain or loss on equity securities is recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of equity securities was $110.1 million at March 31, 2018. After evaluating the securities with unrealized losses, management concluded that no other than temporary impairment existed as of March 31, 2018.
There were no sales of investment securities available for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to a net loss of $371 thousand and $24 thousand on sales of securities for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. The net marketable equity securities gains was $971 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and is recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
At March 31, 2018, mortgage-backed securities represented 74.7 percent of total investment securities, compared to U.S. Treasury, government agency securities, corporate bonds, other investments and marketable equity securities, which represented 22.3 percent, 0.5 percent, 0.9 percent, 0.1 percent and 1.5 percent of the total investment securities, respectively. Overnight investments are with the Federal Reserve Bank and other financial institutions.
Due primarily due to rising market rates in mortgage-backed securities products since December 31, 2017, the carrying value of mortgage-backed securities has decreased by $134.1 million. U.S. Treasury securities decreased $104.0 million primarily due to maturities with only a portion of the proceeds reinvested back into U.S. Treasury securities. Government agency securities increased $23.2 million due to new purchases during the first quarter of 2018. Equity securities, comprised of investments in other financial institutions, increased $4.9 million since December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher market prices at March 31, 2018.
On May 1, 2018, mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $2.49 billion were transferred from investments available for sale to the held to maturity portfolio. At the time of transfer, the mortgage-backed securities had a fair value of $2.38 billion and a weighted average maturity of 13 years. FCB has the intent and ability to retain these securities until maturity.
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Table 6
Investment Securities

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Cost |  | Fair value |  | Cost |  | Fair value |  | Cost |  | Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 1,557,991 |  |  | $ | 1,553,893 |  |  | $ | 1,658,410 |  |  | $ | 1,657,864 |  |  | $ | 1,619,380 |  |  | $ | 1,618,168 |
Government agency | 32,006 |  |  | 31,909 |  |  | 8,695 |  |  | 8,670 |  |  | 40,185 |  |  | 40,221 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 5,360,251 |  |  | 5,206,667 |  |  | 5,419,379 |  |  | 5,340,756 |  |  | 5,363,747 |  |  | 5,306,107 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,471 |  |  | 105,208 |  |  | 72,064 |  |  | 94,265 |
Corporate bonds | 59,414 |  |  | 59,653 |  |  | 59,414 |  |  | 59,963 |  |  | 49,370 |  |  | 49,565 |
Other | 5,538 |  |  | 5,618 |  |  | 7,645 |  |  | 7,719 |  |  | 11,702 |  |  | 11,535 |
Total investment securities available for sale | 7,015,200 |  |  | 6,857,740 |  |  | 7,229,014 |  |  | 7,180,180 |  |  | 7,084,384 |  |  | 7,025,596 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 79,458 |  |  | 110,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | 74 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 89 |
Total investment securities | $ | 7,094,732 |  |  | $ | 6,967,926 |  |  | $ | 7,229,090 |  |  | $ | 7,180,261 |  |  | $ | 7,084,467 |  |  | $ | 7,025,685 |

Loans and Leases
Loans and leases were $23.61 billion at March 31, 2018, a net increase of $15.1 million compared to December 31, 2017, representing growth of 0.2 percent on an annualized basis. Originated loans increased by $74.3 million, or by 1.32 percent on an annualized basis, primarily related to growth in the commercial mortgage portfolio. Originated loan growth was offset by a decline in purchased credit impaired (PCI) loans of $59.2 million primarily due to continued PCI loan portfolio run-off.
BancShares reports non-PCI and PCI loan portfolios separately and each portfolio is further divided into commercial and non-commercial. Additionally, loans are assigned to loan classes, which further disaggregate loans based upon common risk characteristics, such as commercial real estate, commercial and industrial or residential mortgage. Table 7 provides the composition of non-PCI and PCI loans and leases.
Non-PCI Loans and Leases
The non-PCI portfolio includes loans that management has the intent and ability to hold and is reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs. Non-PCI loans include originated commercial, originated noncommercial, purchased non-credit impaired loans and leases and certain purchased revolving credit. Purchased non-credit impaired loans included as non-PCI do not have evidence of credit deterioration at acquisition. Purchased non-impaired loans are initially recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition.
Non-PCI loans and leases at March 31, 2018 were $22.91 billion, representing 97.0 percent of total loans and leases, compared to $22.83 billion and $21.06 billion at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.
The non-PCI commercial loan portfolio is composed of Commercial Mortgage, Commercial and Industrial, Construction and Land Development, Lease Financing, Other Commercial Real Estate and Other Commercial loans. Non-PCI commercial loans were $14.87 billion at March 31, 2018, an increase of $72.5 million and $1.01 billion compared to December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively, primarily resulting from originated loan growth.
The non-PCI noncommercial loan portfolio is composed of Residential Mortgage, Revolving Mortgage, Consumer and Construction and Land Development loans. Non-PCI noncommercial loans were $8.04 billion at March 31, 2018, an increase of $1.8 million and $840.3 million compared to December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively, primarily resulting from originated loan growth. The increase from March 31, 2017 was also attributable to the impact of the Guaranty acquisition which contributed $413.9 million to the non-PCI noncommercial loan portfolio at March 31, 2018.
PCI Loans
The PCI portfolio includes loans acquired in a transfer, including business combinations, where there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that we will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. All nonrevolving loans are evaluated at acquisition and where a discount is required at least in part due to credit quality, the loans are accounted for under the guidance in ASC Topic 310-30. PCI loans are valued at fair value at the date of acquisition.
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PCI loans at March 31, 2018 were $703.8 million, representing 3.0 percent of total loans and leases, compared to $763.0 million and $848.8 million at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.
PCI commercial loans were $355.9 million at March 31, 2018, a decrease of $37.5 million since December 31, 2017 and $173.9 million since March 31, 2017, reflecting continued loan run-off. At March 31, 2018, PCI noncommercial loans were $347.9 million, a decrease of $21.7 million since December 31, 2017 and an increase of $28.9 million since March 31, 2017. The decrease from December 31, 2017 was due to continued loan run-off. The increase from March 31, 2017 reflects net loans acquired from Guaranty, offset by continued loan run-off.
Table 7
Loans and Leases

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017
Non-PCI loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 738,413 |  |  | $ | 669,215 |  |  | $ | 683,415 |
Commercial mortgage | 9,859,136 |  |  | 9,729,022 |  |  | 9,173,612 |
Other commercial real estate | 386,734 |  |  | 473,433 |  |  | 364,862 |
Commercial and industrial | 2,695,205 |  |  | 2,730,407 |  |  | 2,477,911 |
Lease financing | 910,589 |  |  | 894,801 |  |  | 840,201 |
Other | 281,485 |  |  | 302,176 |  |  | 321,352 |
Total commercial loans | 14,871,562 |  |  | 14,799,054 |  |  | 13,861,353 |
Noncommercial: |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 3,587,791 |  |  | 3,523,786 |  |  | 2,945,361 |
Revolving mortgage | 2,651,648 |  |  | 2,701,525 |  |  | 2,604,156 |
Construction and land development | 243,114 |  |  | 248,289 |  |  | 218,103 |
Consumer | 1,554,025 |  |  | 1,561,173 |  |  | 1,428,660 |
Total noncommercial loans | 8,036,578 |  |  | 8,034,773 |  |  | 7,196,280 |
Total non-PCI loans and leases | 22,908,140 |  |  | 22,833,827 |  |  | 21,057,633 |
PCI loans: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | 9,316 |  |  | 10,135 |  |  | 26,542 |
Commercial mortgage | 325,073 |  |  | 358,103 |  |  | 455,551 |
Other commercial real estate | 16,179 |  |  | 17,124 |  |  | 18,723 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,732 |  |  | 6,374 |  |  | 27,794 |
Other | 1,628 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 1,244 |
Total commercial loans | 355,928 |  |  | 393,419 |  |  | 529,854 |
Noncommercial: |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 282,338 |  |  | 299,318 |  |  | 275,904 |
Revolving mortgage | 60,388 |  |  | 63,908 |  |  | 40,345 |
Construction and land development | 3,006 |  |  | 4,163 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 2,177 |  |  | 2,190 |  |  | 2,713 |
Total noncommercial loans | 347,909 |  |  | 369,579 |  |  | 318,962 |
Total PCI loans | 703,837 |  |  | 762,998 |  |  | 848,816 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 23,611,977 |  |  | $ | 23,596,825 |  |  | $ | 21,906,449 |

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL)
The ALLL was $223.1 million at March 31, 2018, representing an increase of $1.2 million and $2.2 million since December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. The ALLL as a percentage of total loans and leases was 0.94 percent at March 31, 2018, compared to 0.94 percent and 1.01 percent at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.
At March 31, 2018, the ALLL allocated to total non-PCI loans and leases was $210.8 million, or 0.92 percent of non-PCI loans and leases, compared to $211.9 million, or 0.93 percent, at December 31, 2017 and $210.0 million, or 1.00 percent, at March 31, 2017. The ALLL for total non-PCI loans and leases decreased from December 31, 2017 primarily due to improvements in qualitative factors across multiple products and credit quality improvements within the commercial construction and land development as well as commercial real estate non-healthcare portfolios. The ALLL for total non-PCI loans and leases increased from March 31, 2017 primarily due to organic loan growth.
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The ALLL allocated to originated non-PCI loans and leases was 0.98 percent of originated non-PCI loans and leases at March 31, 2018, compared to 1.00 percent and 1.09 percent at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. Originated non-PCI loans were $21.36 billion, $21.13 billion and $19.24 billion at March 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively, and do not include purchased revolving, purchased non-PCI loans or PCI loans.
The remaining ALLL of $12.3 million relates to PCI loans at March 31, 2018, compared to $10.0 million and $10.9 million at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. The ALLL on the PCI loan portfolio increased from December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017 primarily due to updated cash flow estimates.
BancShares recorded a net provision expense of $7.6 million for loan and lease losses for the first quarter of 2018, compared to a net provision credit of $2.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. The $10.4 million increase in net provision expense was primarily due to higher PCI provision expense based on updated cash flow estimates and a decline in the magnitude of favorable experiences in certain loan loss factors that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2017, partially offset by lower loan growth in the current quarter. Net provision expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 remained relatively flat compared to $8.2 million for the same period of 2017.
On an annualized basis, total net charge-offs as a percentage of total average loans and leases for the first quarter of 2018 was 0.11 percent, compared to 0.12 percent in the fourth quarter of 2017 and 0.11 percent in the first quarter of 2017. Net charge-offs for non-PCI loans and leases were $6.3 million during the first quarter of 2018, compared to $6.8 million and $6.1 million during the fourth quarter of 2017 and first quarter of 2017, respectively. On an annualized basis, non-PCI net charge-offs as a percentage of non-PCI average loans and leases during the first quarter of 2018 were 0.11 percent, compared to 0.12 percent in both the fourth quarter of 2017 and first quarter of 2017.
The unamortized discount related to non-PCI loans and leases at March 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017 was $32.1 million, $35.0 million and $28.4 million, respectively. The unamortized discount related to PCI loans at March 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017 was $104.9 million, $111.3 million and $120.9 million, respectively.
Management considers the ALLL adequate to absorb estimated inherent losses that relate to loans and leases outstanding at March 31, 2018, although future adjustments may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions and other factors. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the ALLL as part of their exam process which could result in adjustments to the ALLL based on information available to them at the time of their examination.
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Table 8
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Components by Loan Class

| 2018 |  | 2017
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First
(Dollars in thousands) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter
Allowance for loan and lease losses at beginning of period | $ | 221,893 |  |  | $ | 231,842 |  |  | $ | 228,798 |  |  | $ | 220,943 |  |  | $ | 218,795 |
Non-PCI provision (credit) for loan and lease losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total commercial | 243 |  |  | (8,615 | ) |  | 2,233 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | 7,530 |
Total noncommercial | 5,008 |  |  | 8,443 |  |  | 6,250 |  |  | 5,768 |  |  | 3,546 |
Non-PCI provision (credit) for loan and lease losses | 5,251 |  |  | (172 | ) |  | 8,483 |  |  | 9,752 |  |  | 11,076 |
PCI provision (credit) for loan losses | 2,354 |  |  | (2,637 | ) |  | (537 | ) |  | 2,572 |  |  | (2,845 | )
Non-PCI Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | (100 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (413 | ) |  | (77 | )
Commercial mortgage | (46 | ) |  | (110 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | (235 | ) |  | (37 | )
Other commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | )
Commercial and industrial | (1,475 | ) |  | (3,277 | ) |  | (1,275 | ) |  | (3,121 | ) |  | (3,253 | )
Lease financing | (854 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | (687 | ) |  | (97 | ) |  | (173 | )
Other | (3 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (666 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (123 | )
Total commercial | (2,378 | ) |  | (3,584 | ) |  | (2,676 | ) |  | (3,930 | ) |  | (3,668 | )
Noncommercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | (806 | ) |  | (300 | ) |  | (604 | ) |  | (222 | ) |  | (250 | )
Revolving mortgage | (992 | ) |  | (1,045 | ) |  | (218 | ) |  | (280 | ) |  | (825 | )
Consumer | (5,255 | ) |  | (4,769 | ) |  | (4,996 | ) |  | (4,991 | ) |  | (3,966 | )
Total noncommercial | (7,235 | ) |  | (6,114 | ) |  | (5,818 | ) |  | (5,493 | ) |  | (5,041 | )
Total non-PCI charge-offs | (9,613 | ) |  | (9,698 | ) |  | (8,494 | ) |  | (9,423 | ) |  | (8,709 | )
Non-PCI Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | 23 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 55 |
Commercial mortgage | 239 |  |  | 301 |  |  | 1,446 |  |  | 731 |  |  | 364 |
Other commercial real estate | 145 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,219 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 2,392 |  |  | 265 |
Lease financing | 41 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Other | 42 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 13 |
Total commercial | 1,709 |  |  | 1,441 |  |  | 2,069 |  |  | 3,385 |  |  | 707 |
Noncommercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 77 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 287 |
Revolving mortgage | 194 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 552 |
Construction and land development | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer | 1,309 |  |  | 1,227 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,080 |
Total noncommercial | 1,606 |  |  | 1,413 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 1,919 |
Total non-PCI recoveries | 3,315 |  |  | 2,854 |  |  | 3,592 |  |  | 4,954 |  |  | 2,626 |
Non-PCI loans and leases charged off, net | (6,298 | ) |  | (6,844 | ) |  | (4,902 | ) |  | (4,469 | ) |  | (6,083 | )
PCI loans charged off, net | (84 | ) |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Allowance for loan and lease losses at end of period | $ | 223,116 |  |  | $ | 221,893 |  |  | $ | 231,842 |  |  | $ | 228,798 |  |  | $ | 220,943 |
Reserve for unfunded commitments | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 1,309 |  |  | $ | 1,133 |  |  | $ | 1,198 |

First Quarter 2018 to Fourth Quarter 2017
Provision expense for non-PCI commercial loans was $243 thousand in the first quarter of 2018, compared to provision credit of $8.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. This increase of $8.9 million was primarily due to organic loan growth in the construction and land development as well as commercial mortgage loan portfolios and a decline in the magnitude of favorable experiences in certain loan loss factors that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2017.
Provision expense for non-PCI noncommercial loans was $5.0 million in the first quarter of 2018, compared to $8.4 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. This decrease of $3.4 million was primarily due to declines in provision for construction and land development as well as consumer portfolios resulting from updated loan loss factors given a decrease in loss experience. Declines in loan balances also contributed to the provision decrease.
First Quarter 2018 to First Quarter 2017
Provision expense in the first quarter of 2018 for non-PCI commercial loans was $243 thousand, down $7.3 million from $7.5 million in the first quarter of 2017 resulting from declines in the commercial mortgage, other commercial real estate, as well as commercial and industrial portfolios due to updated loan loss factors given a decrease in loss experience, offset by loan growth.
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Provision expense in the first quarter of 2018 for non-PCI noncommercial loans was $5.0 million, an increase of $1.5 million from $3.5 million in the first quarter of 2017 primarily due to organic loan growth in the consumer portfolio as well as an increase in the loss rate as a result of updating loan loss factors in the fourth quarter of 2017.
Table 9
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Metrics and Ratios

| 2018 |  | 2017 |
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First |
(Dollars in thousands) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |
Average loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | $ | 733,830 |  |  | $ | 799,399 |  |  | $ | 865,580 |  |  | $ | 858,053 |  |  | $ | 857,501 |  |
Non-PCI | 22,932,268 |  |  | 22,560,836 |  |  | 22,131,615 |  |  | 21,717,270 |  |  | 21,093,943 |  |
Loans and leases at period-end: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 703,837 |  |  | 762,998 |  |  | 834,167 |  |  | 894,863 |  |  | 848,816 |  |
Non-PCI | 22,908,140 |  |  | 22,833,827 |  |  | 22,314,906 |  |  | 21,976,602 |  |  | 21,057,633 |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses allocated to loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 12,296 |  |  | 10,026 |  |  | 12,959 |  |  | 13,496 |  |  | 10,924 |  |
Non-PCI | 210,820 |  |  | 211,867 |  |  | 218,883 |  |  | 215,302 |  |  | 210,019 |  |
Total | $ | 223,116 |  |  | $ | 221,893 |  |  | $ | 231,842 |  |  | $ | 228,798 |  |  | $ | 220,943 |  |
Net charge-offs (annualized) to average loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 0.05 |  | % | 0.15 |  | % | — |  | % | — |  | % | — |  | %
Non-PCI | 0.11 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.12 |  |
Total | 0.11 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.11 |  |
ALLL to total loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 1.75 |  |  | 1.31 |  |  | 1.55 |  |  | 1.51 |  |  | 1.29 |  |
Non-PCI | 0.92 |  |  | 0.93 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | 1.00 |  |
Total | 0.94 |  |  | 0.94 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.01 |  |

Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and leases and OREO resulting from both non-PCI and PCI loans. At March 31, 2018, BancShares’ nonperforming assets were $138.9 million, down from $144.3 million and $144.0 million at December 31, 2017 at March 31, 2017, respectively.
At March 31, 2018, OREO totaled $48.1 million, representing declines of $3.0 million and $8.4 million since December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively, as sales and write-downs outpaced additions. Nonaccrual non-PCI loans and leases at March 31, 2018 decreased $3.2 million to $89.3 million compared to $92.5 million at December 31, 2017 primarily due to commercial and residential mortgage loans returning to accrual status. Nonaccrual non-PCI loans and leases increased $3.2 million from $86.1 million at March 31, 2017 as a result of an increase in revolving mortgage loans moving to nonaccrual status, offset by problem asset resolutions in the commercial mortgage loans portfolio. Nonaccrual PCI loans at March 31, 2018 were up $1.0 million and $122 thousand from December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively.
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Table 10
Nonperforming Assets

| 2018 |  | 2017
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First
(Dollars in thousands) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter
Nonaccrual loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCI | $ | 89,260 |  |  | $ | 92,534 |  |  | $ | 90,064 |  |  | $ | 88,067 |  |  | $ | 86,086 |
PCI | 1,580 |  |  | 624 |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 1,458 |
Other real estate | 48,089 |  |  | 51,097 |  |  | 53,988 |  |  | 60,781 |  |  | 56,491 |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 138,929 |  |  | $ | 144,255 |  |  | $ | 145,069 |  |  | $ | 150,160 |  |  | $ | 144,035 |
Loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCI | $ | 22,908,140 |  |  | $ | 22,833,827 |  |  | $ | 22,314,906 |  |  | $ | 21,976,602 |  |  | $ | 21,057,633 |
PCI | 703,837 |  |  | 762,998 |  |  | 834,167 |  |  | 894,863 |  |  | 848,816 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 23,611,977 |  |  | $ | 23,596,825 |  |  | $ | 23,149,073 |  |  | $ | 22,871,465 |  |  | $ | 21,906,449 |
Accruing loans and leases 90 days or more past due |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCI | $ | 3,030 |  |  | $ | 2,978 |  |  | $ | 3,449 |  |  | $ | 4,192 |  |  | $ | 2,982 |
PCI | 48,229 |  |  | 58,740 |  |  | 64,801 |  |  | 72,586 |  |  | 75,576 |
Ratio of total nonperforming assets to total loans, leases and other real estate owned | 0.59 | % |  | 0.61 | % |  | 0.63 | % |  | 0.65 | % |  | 0.66 | %

Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)
We have selectively agreed to modify existing loan terms to provide relief to customers who are experiencing financial difficulties or other circumstances that could affect their ability to meet debt obligations. Typical modifications include short-term deferral of interest or modification of payment terms. Nonperforming TDRs that are not accruing interest are included as nonperforming assets within nonaccrual loans and leases. TDRs that are accruing at the time of restructure and continue to perform based on the restructured terms are considered performing.
Table 11
Troubled Debt Restructurings

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017
Accruing TDRs: |  |  |  |  |
PCI | $ | 18,380 |  |  | $ | 18,163 |  |  | $ | 20,296 |
Non-PCI | 113,540 |  |  | 112,228 |  |  | 102,460 |
Total accruing TDRs | 131,920 |  |  | 130,391 |  |  | 122,756 |
Nonaccruing TDRs: |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 250 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 298 |
Non-PCI | 31,300 |  |  | 33,898 |  |  | 25,989 |
Total nonaccruing TDRs | 31,550 |  |  | 34,170 |  |  | 26,287 |
All TDRs: |  |  |  |  |
PCI | 18,630 |  |  | 18,435 |  |  | 20,594 |
Non-PCI | 144,840 |  |  | 146,126 |  |  | 128,449 |
Total TDRs | $ | 163,470 |  |  | $ | 164,561 |  |  | $ | 149,043 |

INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES
Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term obligations. Interest-bearing liabilities were $18.72 billion and $19.59 billion at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The $875.2 million decline from December 31, 2017 was due to decreases in long-term obligations, shot-term borrowings and interest-bearing deposits of $675.8 million, $139.0 million and $60.4 million, respectively. Interest-bearing liabilities decreased $1.01 billion to $18.72 billion at March 31, 2018 from $19.73 billion at March 31, 2017 due to a $533.1 million decrease in long-term obligations, a $240.8 million decrease in short-term borrowings and a decrease of $236.7 million in interest-bearing deposits.
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Deposits
At March 31, 2018, total deposits were $29.97 billion, an increase of $703.0 million, or 2.4 percent, compared to December 31, 2017 and an increase of $966.5 million, or 3.3 percent, when compared to March 31, 2017. The increase from both periods was primarily the result of organic growth in demand deposit and interest-bearing savings and checking account balances, offset by run-off in time deposits and lower money market account balances.
Due to our focus on maintaining a strong liquidity position, core deposit retention remains a key business objective. We believe that traditional bank deposit products remain an attractive option for many customers but, as economic conditions improve, we recognize that our liquidity position could be adversely affected as bank deposits are withdrawn and invested elsewhere. Our ability to fund future loan growth is significantly dependent on our success at retaining existing deposits and generating new deposits at a reasonable cost.
Short-Term Borrowings
At March 31, 2018, short-term borrowings were $554.8 million compared to $693.8 million and $795.6 million at December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2017, respectively. The $139.0 million decrease from December 31, 2017 was due to FHLB borrowing maturities of $75.0 million, the maturity of a $30.0 million repurchase agreement and lower customer repurchase agreement balances. The $240.8 million decrease from March 31, 2017 was due to FHLB borrowing maturities of $85.1 million, the maturity of a $30.0 million repurchase agreement and lower customer repurchase agreement balances, offset by reclassifications of $15.0 million in FHLB borrowings and subordinated notes payable of $15.0 million from long-term obligations.
Long-Term Obligations
Long-term obligations were $194.4 million at March 31, 2018, down $675.8 million from December 31, 2017 primarily due to prepayments on FHLB borrowings totaling $675.0 million and a redemption of $2.0 million aggregate principal amount of Trust Preferred Securities issued by FCB/NC Capital Trust III, partially offset by the addition of a capital lease for $1.5 million. Long-term obligations decreased $533.1 million from March 31, 2017 primarily due to prepayments on FHLB borrowings totaling $675.0 million, reclassifications of $15.0 million in FHLB borrowings and subordinated notes payable of $15.0 million from long-term obligations to short-term borrowings, as well as redemptions of $5.0 million and $2.0 million aggregate principal amount of Trust Preferred Securities issued by FCB/SC Capital Trust II and FCB/NC Capital Trust III, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by new FHLB borrowings of $175.0 million coupled with the addition of a capital lease for $1.5 million.
BancShares owns three special purpose entities – FCB/NC Capital Trust III, FCB/SC Capital Trust II and SCB Capital Trust I (the Trusts). Long-term obligations included junior subordinated debentures representing obligations to the Trusts, which may be redeemed at par in whole or in part at any time. BancShares has guaranteed all obligations of the Trusts. BancShares had the following issues of trust preferred securities and subordinated debentures owed to the Trusts:
Table 12
Trust Preferred Securities and Subordinated Debentures

|  | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Subordinated Debentures Owed to Trust |  | Trust Preferred Securities of the Trusts |  | Subordinated Debentures Owed to Trust |  | Trust Preferred Securities of the Trusts |  | Subordinated Debentures Owed to Trust |  | Trust Preferred Securities of the Trusts |  | Maturity Date
FCB/NC Capital Trust III |  | $ | 88,145 |  |  | $ | 85,500 |  |  | $ | 90,207 |  |  | $ | 87,500 |  |  | $ | 90,206 |  |  | $ | 87,500 |  |  | June 30, 2036
FCB/SC Capital Trust II |  | 19,588 |  |  | 19,000 |  |  | 19,588 |  |  | 19,000 |  |  | 24,743 |  |  | 24,000 |  |  | June 15, 2034
SCB Capital Trust I |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | April 7, 2034
|  | $ | 118,043 |  |  | $ | 114,500 |  |  | $ | 120,105 |  |  | $ | 116,500 |  |  | $ | 125,259 |  |  | $ | 121,500 |  |  |

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Shareholders' Equity and Capital Adequacy
BancShares and FCB are required to meet minimum capital requirements set forth by regulatory authorities. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may result in certain actions by regulators that could have a direct material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), the unrealized gains and losses on certain assets and liabilities, net of deferred taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) within shareholders' equity. These amounts are excluded from shareholders' equity in the calculation of our capital ratios under current regulatory guidelines. Shareholders' equity for the first quarter of 2018 was also impacted by cumulative effect adjustments of $50.0 million related to the adoption of ASU 2016-01 for the accounting of equity investments and ASU 2018-02 for the accounting of stranded tax effects in AOCI resulting from the 2017 Tax Act. In the aggregate, the unrealized gains and losses and cumulative effect adjustments represented a net reduction in shareholders' equity of $230.3 million at March 31, 2018, compared to a net reduction of $122.3 million at December 31, 2017 and $110.9 million at March 31, 2017. The $108.0 million decrease in AOCI from December 31, 2017 was primarily driven by an increase in unrealized losses on investment securities as a result of lower market interest rates as well as the cumulative effect adjustments recorded in the current quarter. The $119.4 million decrease in AOCI from March 31, 2017 was primarily driven by the change in the discount rate used in our defined benefit pension plans, the unrealized loss position on our investment securities available for sale portfolio at March 31, 2018 as a result of higher market interest rates and the cumulative effect adjustments recorded in the current quarter.
Table 13
Analysis of Capital Adequacy

| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | March 31, 2017 |  | Regulatory minimum |  | Well-capitalized requirement
BancShares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-based capital ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 risk-based capital | 13.38 | % |  | 12.88 | % |  | 12.57 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 | 13.38 |  |  | 12.88 |  |  | 12.57 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 6.50 |
Total risk-based capital | 14.70 |  |  | 14.21 |  |  | 13.99 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 10.02 |  |  | 9.47 |  |  | 9.15 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 5.00 |
Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-based capital ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 risk-based capital | 13.00 | % |  | 12.54 | % |  | 12.41 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 | 13.00 |  |  | 12.54 |  |  | 12.41 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 6.50 |
Total risk-based capital | 13.92 |  |  | 13.46 |  |  | 13.37 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 9.74 |  |  | 9.22 |  |  | 9.04 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 5.00 |

Bank regulatory agencies approved regulatory capital guidelines (Basel III) aimed at strengthening existing capital requirements for banking organizations. The final rules set minimum requirements for both the quantity and quality of capital held by BancShares and FCB and included a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio. A capital conservation buffer was also established and was phased in beginning January 1, 2016 at 0.625 percent above minimum risk-based capital requirements and will increase each subsequent year by an additional 0.625 percent until reaching its final level of 2.50 percent on January 1, 2019. As such, the capital conservation buffer requirement was 1.88% percent effective January 1, 2018. BancShares and FCB had capital conservation buffers above minimum risk-based capital requirements of 6.70 percent and 5.92 percent, respectively, at March 31, 2018. The buffers exceeded the 1.88% percent requirement and, therefore, resulted in no limit on distributions.
As of March 31, 2018, BancShares and FCB continued to exceed minimum capital standards and remained well-capitalized under Basel III guidelines. BancShares had no trust preferred capital securities included in Tier 1 capital at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 under Basel III guidelines. Trust preferred capital securities continue to be a component of total risk-based capital.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is inherent in any business. Senior management has primary responsibility for day-to-day management of the risks we face with accountability of and support from all company associates. The Board of Directors strives to ensure that risk management is part of the business culture and that policies and procedures for identifying, assessing, measuring, monitoring, and managing risk are part of the decision-making process. The Board of Director’s role in risk oversight is an integral part of our overall Enterprise
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Risk Management Framework. The Board of Directors administers its risk oversight function primarily through the Board Risk Committee.
The Board Risk Committee structure is designed to allow for information flow and timely escalation of risk related issues. The Board Risk Committee is directed to monitor and advise the Board of Directors regarding risk exposures, including credit, market, capital, liquidity, operational, compliance, strategic, legal, and reputational risks; review, approve and monitor adherence to the risk appetite and supporting risk tolerance levels; and evaluate, monitor and oversee the adequacy and effectiveness of the Enterprise Risk Management Framework. The Board Risk Committee also reviews reports of examination by and communications from regulatory agencies; the results of internal and third party testing and assessments related to risk management; and any other matters within the scope of the Committee’s oversight responsibilities. The Board Risk Committee monitors management's response to certain risk related regulatory or audit issues. In addition, the Board Risk Committee may coordinate with the Audit Committee for the review of financial statements and related risks, information security and other areas of joint responsibility.
In combination with other risk management and monitoring practices, the results of enterprise wide stress testing activities are considered a key part of our risk management program. One key component of enterprise wide stress testing includes stress tests as mandated in the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act requires that stress tests be developed and performed to ensure that financial institutions have sufficient capital to absorb losses and support operations during multiple economic and bank scenarios. Bank holding companies with total consolidated assets between $10 billion and $50 billion, including BancShares, will undergo annual company-run stress tests. As directed by the Federal Reserve, summaries of BancShares’ results in the severely adverse stress tests are available to the public.
Credit risk management. Credit risk is the risk of not collecting payments pursuant to the contractual terms of loans, leases and certain investment securities. Loans and leases, other than acquired loans, are underwritten in accordance with our credit policies and procedures and are subject to periodic ongoing reviews. Acquired loans, regardless of whether PCI or non-PCI, are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date and are subject to periodic reviews to identify any further credit deterioration. Our independent credit review function conducts risk reviews and analyses of both acquired and originated loans to ensure compliance with credit policies and to monitor asset quality trends and borrower financial strength. The risk reviews include portfolio analysis by geographic location, industry, collateral type and product. We strive to identify potential problem loans as early as possible, to record charge-offs or write-downs as appropriate and to maintain an adequate ALLL that accounts for losses that are inherent in the loan and lease portfolio.
Interest rate risk management. Interest rate risk (IRR) results principally from assets and liabilities maturing or repricing at different points in time, from assets and liabilities repricing at the same point in time but in different amounts, and from short-term and long-term interest rates changing in different magnitudes.
We assess our short-term IRR by forecasting net interest income over 24 months under various interest rate scenarios and comparing those results to forecast net interest income assuming stable rates. Rate shock scenarios represent an instantaneous and parallel shift in rates, up or down, from a base yield curve. Despite the current increase in market interest rates, the overall rate on interest-bearing deposits remains relatively low and as such, it is unlikely that the rates on most interest-bearing deposits can decline materially from current levels. Our shock projections incorporate assumptions of likely customer migration from low rate deposit instruments to intermediate term fixed rate instruments, such as certificates of deposit, as rates rise. Various other IRR scenarios are modeled to supplement shock scenarios. This may include interest rate ramps, changes in the shape of the yield curve and changes in the relationships of FCB rates to market rates.
Table 14
Net Interest Income Sensitivity Simulation Analysis
This table provides the impact on net interest income over 24 months resulting from various instantaneous interest rate shock scenarios as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| Estimated percentage increase (decrease) in net interest income
Change in interest rate (basis points) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
-100 | (11.04 | )% |  | (12.25 | )%
+100 | 3.76 |  |  | 3.66 |
+200 | 4.89 |  |  | 4.61 |
+300 | 2.92 |  |  | 2.43 |

Net interest income sensitivity metrics at March 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 for all scenarios remained relatively stable with the slight increases primarily driven by an increase in overnight investments and a favorable change in the deposit mix from growth in non-interest bearing deposits.
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Table 15
Economic Value of Equity Modeling Analysis
Long-term interest rate risk exposure is measured using the economic value of equity (EVE) sensitivity analysis to study the impact of long-term cash flows on earnings and capital. EVE represents the difference between the sum of the present value of all asset cash flows and the sum of the present value of the liability cash flows. EVE sensitivity analysis involves discounting cash flows of balance sheet items under different interest rate scenarios. Cash flows will vary by interest rate scenario, resulting in variations in EVE. The base-case measurement and its sensitivity to shifts in the yield curve allow management to measure longer-term repricing and option risk in the balance sheet. This table presents the EVE profile as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| Estimated percentage increase (decrease) in EVE
Change in interest rate (basis points) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
-100 | (13.25 | )% |  | (15.44 | )%
+100 | 2.57 |  |  | 3.38 |
+200 | (0.33 | ) |  | 1.06 |
+300 | (7.56 | ) |  | (5.52 | )

The economic value of equity metrics at March 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 declined in the +100 bps, +200 bps and +300 bps scenarios primarily due to prepayment of eight FHLB debt obligations totaling $675.0 million in the first quarter of 2018. While the extinguishment of debt did have a negative impact on the EVE in rising shock scenarios, it did remove the impact of the associated interest expense on the FHLB debt obligations.
We do not typically utilize interest rate swaps, floors, collars or other derivative financial instruments to attempt to hedge our overall balance sheet rate sensitivity and interest rate risk.
Liquidity risk management. Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution is unable to generate or obtain sufficient cash or its equivalents on a cost-effective basis to meet commitments as they fall due. The most common sources of liquidity risk arise from mismatches in the timing and value of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet cash inflows and outflows. In general, on-balance sheet mismatches generate liquidity risk when the effective maturity of assets exceeds the effective maturity of liabilities. A commonly cited example of a balance sheet liquidity mismatch is when long-term loans (assets) are funded with short-term deposits (liabilities). Other forms of liquidity risk include market constraints on the ability to convert assets into cash at expected levels, an inability to access funding sources at sufficient levels at a reasonable cost, and changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, operational, legal and reputation risks that can affect an institution’s liquidity risk profile.
We utilize various limit-based measures to monitor, measure and control liquidity risk across three different types of liquidity:

• | Tactical liquidity measures the risk of a negative cash flow position whereby cash outflows exceed cash inflows over a short-term horizon out to nine weeks;

• | Structural liquidity measures the amount by which illiquid assets are supported by long-term funding; and

• | Contingent liquidity utilizes cash flow stress testing across three crisis scenarios to determine the adequacy of our liquidity.

We aim to maintain a diverse mix of liquidity sources to support the liquidity management function, while aiming to avoid funding concentrations by diversifying our external funding with respect to maturities, counterparties and nature. Our primary source of liquidity is our retail deposit book due to the generally stable balances and low cost it offers. Additional sources include cash in excess of our reserve requirement at the Federal Reserve Bank, and various other corresponding bank accounts and unencumbered securities, which totaled $4.63 billion at March 31, 2018 compared to $3.70 billion at December 31, 2017. Another source of available funds is advances from the FHLB of Atlanta. Outstanding FHLB advances were $85.2 million as of March 31, 2018, and we had sufficient collateral pledged to secure $6.17 billion of additional borrowings. Also, at March 31, 2018, $2.86 billion in noncovered loans with a lendable collateral value of $2.16 billion were used to create additional borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank. We also maintain Federal Funds lines and other borrowing facilities which had $665.0 million of available capacity at March 31, 2018.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
There have been no significant changes in our Critical Accounting Policies as described in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Statements in this Report and exhibits relating to plans, strategies, economic performance and trends, projections of results of specific activities or investments, expectations or beliefs about future events or results and other statements that are not descriptions
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of historical facts may be forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Forward-looking information is inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those currently anticipated due to a number of factors which include, but are not limited to, factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other documents filed by us from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Forward-looking statements may be identified by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “potential” or “continue,” or similar terms or the negative of these terms, or other statements concerning opinions or judgments of BancShares’ management about future events.
Factors that could influence the accuracy of those forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the financial success or changing strategies of our customers, customer acceptance of our services, products and fee structure, the competitive nature of the financial services industry, our ability to compete effectively against other financial institutions in our banking markets, actions of government regulators, the level of market interest rates and our ability to manage our interest rate risk, changes in general economic conditions that affect our loan and lease portfolio, the abilities of our borrowers to repay their loans and leases, the values of real estate and other collateral, the impact of the FDIC-assisted transactions, the risks discussed in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors and other developments or changes in our business that we do not expect.
Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, BancShares undertakes no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the potential economic loss resulting from changes in market prices and interest rates. This risk can either result in diminished current fair values of financial instruments or reduced net interest income in future periods. As of March 31, 2018, BancShares’ market risk profile has not changed significantly from December 31, 2017, as discussed in the Form 10-K. Changes in fair value that result from movement in market rates cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Therefore, the impact that future changes in market rates will have on the fair values of financial instruments is uncertain.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
BancShares' management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of BancShares' disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, in accordance with Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that BancShares' disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that it is able to record, process, summarize and report in a timely manner the information required to be disclosed in the reports it files under the Exchange Act.
No changes in BancShares' internal control over financial reporting occurred during the first quarter of 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, BancShares' internal control over financial reporting.
PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
BancShares and various subsidiaries have been named as defendants in various legal actions arising from our normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to those matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, no legal actions currently exist that are expected to have a material effect on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements. Additional information relating to legal proceedings is set forth in Note L of BancShares' Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None
Item 6. Exhibits

31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: | May 3, 2018 |  |  | FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES, INC.
|  |  |  | (Registrant)
|  | By: |  | /s/ CRAIG L. NIX
|  |  |  | Craig L. Nix
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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