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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________________________
☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
or
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Commission File Number: 001-16715
____________________________________________________
First Citizens BancShares, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________________________

Delaware | 56-1528994
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
4300 Six Forks Road | Raleigh | North Carolina | 27609
(Address of principle executive offices) | (Zip code)
|  | (919) | 716-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

____________________________________________________
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, Par Value $1 | FCNCA | Nasdaq Global Select Market
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of 5.375% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A | FCNCP | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Class B Common Stock, Par Value $1
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files) Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “larger accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Class A Common Stock—8,811,220 shares
Class B Common Stock—1,005,185 shares
(Number of shares outstanding, by class, as of April 30, 2021)

Table of Contents
INDEX

|  | Page No.
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 50
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 50
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 51
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 51
Item 6. | Exhibits | 52

2

Table of Contents
PART I
Item 1.Financial Statements
First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 410,495 |  |  | $ | 362,048 |
Overnight investments | 7,588,757 |  |  | 4,347,336 |
Investment in marketable equity securities (cost of $84,297 at March 31, 2021 and $84,837 at December 31, 2020) | 106,886 |  |  | 91,680 |
Investment securities available for sale (cost of $7,270,552 at March 31, 2021 and $6,911,965 at December 31, 2020) | 7,307,122 |  |  | 7,014,243 |
Investment securities held to maturity (fair value of $2,774,982 at March 31, 2021 and $2,838,499 at December 31, 2020) | 2,808,099 |  |  | 2,816,982 |
Loans held for sale | 129,334 |  |  | 124,837 |
Loans and leases | 33,180,851 |  |  | 32,791,975 |
Allowance for credit losses | (210,651) |  |  | (224,314) |
Net loans and leases | 32,970,200 |  |  | 32,567,661 |
Premises and equipment | 1,238,874 |  |  | 1,251,283 |
Other real estate owned | 48,512 |  |  | 50,890 |
Income earned not collected | 148,022 |  |  | 145,694 |
Goodwill | 350,298 |  |  | 350,298 |
Other intangible assets | 51,547 |  |  | 50,775 |
Other assets | 750,460 |  |  | 783,953 |
Total assets | $ | 53,908,606 |  |  | $ | 49,957,680 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 20,515,142 |  |  | $ | 18,014,029 |
Interest-bearing | 26,815,855 |  |  | 25,417,580 |
Total deposits | 47,330,997 |  |  | 43,431,609 |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | 680,705 |  |  | 641,487 |
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings | 648,671 |  |  | 655,175 |
Subordinated debt | 497,153 |  |  | 504,518 |
Other borrowings | 84,502 |  |  | 88,470 |
FDIC shared-loss payable | — |  |  | 15,601 |
Other liabilities | 345,178 |  |  | 391,552 |
Total liabilities | 49,587,206 |  |  | 45,728,412 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |
Class A - $1 par value (16,000,000 shares authorized; 8,811,220 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020) | 8,811 |  |  | 8,811 |
Class B - $1 par value (2,000,000 shares authorized; 1,005,185 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020) | 1,005 |  |  | 1,005 |
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value (10,000,000 shares authorized; 345,000 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; $1,000 per share liquidity preference) | 339,937 |  |  | 339,937 |
Retained earnings | 4,005,318 |  |  | 3,867,252 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | (33,671) |  |  | 12,263 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 4,321,400 |  |  | 4,229,268 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 53,908,606 |  |  | $ | 49,957,680 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data, unaudited) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases |  |  |  |  | $ | 323,023 |  |  | $ | 325,548 |
Investment securities interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  | 30,852 |  |  | 39,493 |
Overnight investments |  |  |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | 4,518 |
Total interest income |  |  |  |  | 355,323 |  |  | 369,559 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  | 8,793 |  |  | 24,194 |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  | 338 |  |  | 442 |
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  |  |  | 2,087 |  |  | 2,984 |
Subordinated debt |  |  |  |  | 4,188 |  |  | 2,755 |
Other borrowings |  |  |  |  | 265 |  |  | 784 |
Total interest expense |  |  |  |  | 15,671 |  |  | 31,159 |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | 339,652 |  |  | 338,400 |
Provision (credit) for credit losses |  |  |  |  | (10,974) |  |  | 28,355 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | 350,626 |  |  | 310,045 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wealth management services |  |  |  |  | 32,198 |  |  | 26,412 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  |  |  | 21,536 |  |  | 26,413 |
Cardholder services, net |  |  |  |  | 19,960 |  |  | 18,160 |
Mortgage income |  |  |  |  | 12,991 |  |  | 5,224 |
Merchant services, net |  |  |  |  | 8,917 |  |  | 5,888 |
Other service charges and fees |  |  |  |  | 8,489 |  |  | 7,792 |
Insurance commissions |  |  |  |  | 3,998 |  |  | 3,688 |
ATM income |  |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | 1,422 |
Marketable equity securities gains (losses), net |  |  |  |  | 16,011 |  |  | (51,408) |
Realized gains on investment securities available for sale, net |  |  |  |  | 9,207 |  |  | 19,795 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 1,860 |  |  | 625 |
Total noninterest income |  |  |  |  | 136,649 |  |  | 64,011 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and wages |  |  |  |  | 147,830 |  |  | 145,255 |
Employee benefits |  |  |  |  | 35,725 |  |  | 38,511 |
Occupancy expense |  |  |  |  | 29,743 |  |  | 27,480 |
Equipment expense |  |  |  |  | 29,803 |  |  | 27,850 |
Processing fees paid to third parties |  |  |  |  | 13,673 |  |  | 10,372 |
FDIC insurance expense |  |  |  |  | 3,218 |  |  | 3,466 |
Collection and foreclosure-related expenses |  |  |  |  | 2,198 |  |  | 4,054 |
Merger-related expenses |  |  |  |  | 6,819 |  |  | 4,232 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 26,917 |  |  | 38,751 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  |  |  | 295,926 |  |  | 299,971 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | 191,349 |  |  | 74,085 |
Income taxes |  |  |  |  | 44,033 |  |  | 16,916 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,316 |  |  | $ | 57,169 |
Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  | 4,636 |  |  | — |
Net income available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 142,680 |  |  | $ | 57,169 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  | 9,816,405 |  |  | 10,473,119 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  | $ | 14.53 |  |  | $ | 5.46 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,316 |  |  | $ | 57,169 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale arising during the period |  |  |  |  | (56,501) |  |  | 144,843 |
Tax effect |  |  |  |  | 12,995 |  |  | (33,313) |
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on securities available for sale included in income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | (9,207) |  |  | (19,795) |
Tax effect |  |  |  |  | 2,118 |  |  | 4,553 |
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale arising during the period, net of tax |  |  |  |  | (50,595) |  |  | 96,288 |
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for accretion of unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity |  |  |  |  | (475) |  |  | — |
Tax effect |  |  |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |
Total change in unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity, net of tax |  |  |  |  | (366) |  |  | — |
Change in pension obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial losses |  |  |  |  | 6,529 |  |  | 6,264 |
Tax effect |  |  |  |  | (1,502) |  |  | (1,441) |
Total change in pension obligation, net of tax |  |  |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | 4,823 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  | (45,934) |  |  | 101,111 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,382 |  |  | $ | 158,280 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | Class A Common Stock |  | Class B Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 9,624 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,081 |  |  | $ | 3,658,197 |  |  | $ | (126,723) |  |  | $ | 3,586,184 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 326 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,943 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,169 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101,111 |  |  | 101,111 |
Issuance of preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339,958 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339,958 |
Repurchase of 349,390 shares of Class A common stock | (349) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,081) |  |  | (115,274) |  |  | — |  |  | (159,704) |
Cash dividends declared ($0.40 per common share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,739) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,739) |
Class B common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (402) |  |  | — |  |  | (402) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 9,275 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 339,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,632,894 |  |  | $ | (25,612) |  |  | $ | 3,957,520 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 8,811 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 339,937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,867,252 |  |  | $ | 12,263 |  |  | $ | 4,229,268 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,316 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,316 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,934) |  |  | (45,934) |
Cash dividends declared ($0.47 per common share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,142) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,142) |
Class B common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (472) |  |  | — |  |  | (472) |
Preferred stock dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,636) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,636) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 8,811 |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 339,937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,005,318 |  |  | $ | (33,671) |  |  | $ | 4,321,400 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands, unaudited) | 2021 |  | 2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 147,316 |  |  | $ | 57,169 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses | (10,974) |  |  | 28,355 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) | 8,555 |  |  | (11,485) |
Net increase in current tax receivable | 26,703 |  |  | 11,829 |
Depreciation and amortization | 27,864 |  |  | 26,879 |
Net decrease in accrued interest payable | (4,264) |  |  | (4,624) |
Net increase in income earned not collected | (2,328) |  |  | (1,914) |
Contribution to pension plans | — |  |  | (100,000) |
Realized gains on investment securities available for sale, net | (9,207) |  |  | (19,795) |
Marketable equity securities (gains) losses, net | (16,011) |  |  | 51,408 |
Origination of loans held for sale | (315,451) |  |  | (205,986) |
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale | 279,180 |  |  | 201,886 |
Gain on sale of loans | (9,365) |  |  | (5,682) |
Net (gains) losses on other real estate owned | (527) |  |  | 1,419 |
Net accretion of premiums and discounts | 116 |  |  | 4,674 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 5,795 |  |  | 6,160 |
Origination of mortgage servicing rights, net of change in valuation allowance | (6,567) |  |  | 1,384 |
Net change in other assets | 17,535 |  |  | 4,067 |
Net change in other liabilities | (33,494) |  |  | (28,135) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 104,876 |  |  | 17,609 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net increase in loans outstanding | (383,507) |  |  | (202,667) |
Purchases of investment securities available for sale | (1,737,890) |  |  | (4,305,818) |
Purchases of investment securities held to maturity | (207,313) |  |  | (724,412) |
Purchases of marketable equity securities | (306) |  |  | (287,014) |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and principal repayments of investment securities held to maturity | 206,282 |  |  | 14,166 |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and principal repayments of investment securities available for sale | 1,079,216 |  |  | 572,937 |
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale | 351,984 |  |  | 3,156,988 |
Proceeds from sales of marketable equity securities | 1,111 |  |  | 2,438 |
Net (increase) decrease in overnight investments | (3,241,421) |  |  | 454,455 |
Cash paid to FDIC for settlement of shared-loss agreement | (16,103) |  |  | (99,468) |
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned | 10,011 |  |  | 5,265 |
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment | 1,143 |  |  | — |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (23,544) |  |  | (26,930) |
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (1,235) |
Other investing activities | (8,009) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (3,968,346) |  |  | (1,441,295) |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net decrease in time deposits | (159,035) |  |  | (310,224) |
Net increase in demand and other interest-bearing deposits | 4,058,956 |  |  | 1,017,371 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | 39,218 |  |  | (92,871) |
Repayment of long-term obligations | (17,973) |  |  | (38,583) |
Origination of long-term obligations | — |  |  | 745,886 |
Net proceeds from preferred stock issuance | — |  |  | 339,958 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | (156,094) |
Cash dividends paid | (9,249) |  |  | (4,256) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 3,911,917 |  |  | 1,501,187 |
Change in cash and due from banks | 48,447 |  |  | 77,501 |
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period | 362,048 |  |  | 376,719 |
Cash and due from banks at end of period | $ | 410,495 |  |  | $ | 454,220 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |
Cash paid (received) during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 19,935 |  |  | $ | 35,783 |
Income taxes | 11 |  |  | (592) |
Significant noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Transfers of loans to other real estate | 2,374 |  |  | 4,560 |
Dividends declared but not paid | 4,614 |  |  | 4,141 |
Unsettled call of investment securities | 3,000 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale exchanged for investment securities | 63,526 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of portfolio loans to loans held for sale | 22,655 |  |  | 1,304 |
Transfers of premises and equipment to other real estate | 4,732 |  |  | 1,427 |
Premises and equipment acquired through finance leases and other financing arrangements | — |  |  | 1,191 |
Unsettled common stock repurchases | — |  |  | 3,610 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE A - ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (“BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware and conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.
General
These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations have been made. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in BancShares’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Reclassifications
In certain instances, amounts reported in prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported cash flows, shareholders’ equity or net income.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions which affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The estimates BancShares considers significant are the allowance for credit losses, “ACL”, fair value measurements, and income taxes.
Share Repurchases
During the first quarter of 2021, BancShares did not repurchase shares of Class A common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, BancShares purchased a total of 349,390 shares of Class A common stock for $159.7 million at an average cost per share of $457.10.
During 2020, share repurchases included 45,000 shares of Class A common stock purchased from Ella Ann Holding, as trustee of her revocable trust. Mrs. Holding is the widow of BancShares’ former Executive Vice Chairman, Frank B. Holding, and the mother of Frank B. Holding, Jr. and Hope H. Bryant, BancShares’ Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman, respectively.
Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program
The Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program (“SBA-PPP”) is one of the centerpieces of the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which was passed on March 27, 2020 in response to the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and was supplemented with subsequent legislation. Overseen by the United States (“U.S.”) Treasury Department, the SBA-PPP offers cash-flow assistance to nonprofit and small business employers through guaranteed loans for expenses incurred between February 15, 2020, and August 8, 2020. Borrowers are eligible for forgiveness of principal and accrued interest on SBA-PPP loans to the extent that the proceeds were used to cover eligible payroll costs, interest costs, rent, and utility costs over a period of between eight and 24-weeks after the loan is made as long as the borrower retains its employees and their compensation levels. The CARES Act authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee these loans. The SBA began processing forgiveness payments during the fourth quarter of 2020.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 was signed into law during the fourth quarter of 2020 and contained provisions for a second round of funding of SBA-PPP loans. During the first quarter of 2021, BancShares originated over 9,600 SBA-PPP loans totaling over $1.1 billion.
Due to the unique nature of these provisions, SBA-PPP loans have been disclosed as a separate loan class. Origination fees received from the SBA are capitalized into the carrying amount of the loans. The deferred fee income, net of origination costs, is recognized over the life of the loans as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. As of March 31, 2021, SBA-PPP loans outstanding were $2.8 billion.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
There were no Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) issued during the first quarter of 2021 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) that will have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE B - BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
Recently Announced Business Combinations
CIT Group Inc.
On October 15, 2020, BancShares and CIT Group Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CIT”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among BancShares, FCB, FC Merger Subsidiary IX, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of FCB (“Merger Sub”), and CIT, the parent company of CIT Bank, N.A., a national banking association (“CIT Bank”). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into CIT, with CIT as the surviving entity (the “First-Step Merger”), and as soon as reasonably practicable following the effective time of the First-Step Merger, CIT will merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving entity (together with the First-Step Merger, the “Mergers”). The Merger Agreement further provides that immediately following the consummation of the Mergers, CIT Bank will merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving bank (together with the Mergers, the “Transaction”).
The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of each of BancShares and CIT. The Transaction was approved by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks on February 5, 2021, as well as the shareholders of both companies on February 9, 2021. The parties are continuing to work with other regulators on remaining approvals and anticipate closing in mid-2021 subject to regulatory approval and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the First-Step Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of CIT common stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (“CIT Common Stock”), except for certain shares of CIT Common Stock owned by CIT or BancShares, will be converted into the right to receive 0.06200 shares of BancShares Class A common stock, par value $1.00 per share. Holders of CIT Common Stock will receive cash in lieu of fractional shares.
In addition, at the Effective Time, each share of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share, of CIT and 5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $0.01 per share, of CIT issued and outstanding will automatically be converted into the right to receive one share of a newly created series of preferred stock, Series B, of BancShares and one share of a newly created series of preferred stock, Series C, of BancShares, respectively.
The Merger Agreement requires that, effective as of the Effective Time, the Boards of Directors of the combined company and the combined bank will consist of 14 directors, (i) 11 of whom will be members of the current Board of Directors of BancShares, and (ii) three of whom will be selected from among the current Board of Directors of CIT and will include as one of those three Ellen R. Alemany, Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer of CIT. BancShares intends to appoint Michael A. Carpenter and Vice Admiral John R. Ryan, USN (Ret.), as the two other members from CIT’s current Board of Directors who will join the Boards of Directors of the combined company and the combined bank .
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NOTE C - INVESTMENTS
The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were as follows:

| March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government agency | $ | 852,305 |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  | $ | 6,403 |  |  | $ | 846,686 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,736,893 |  |  | 47,742 |  |  | 26,046 |  |  | 4,758,589 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,096,259 |  |  | 14,619 |  |  | 11,891 |  |  | 1,098,987 |
Corporate bonds | 585,095 |  |  | 18,313 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 602,860 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,270,552 |  |  | $ | 81,458 |  |  | $ | 44,888 |  |  | $ | 7,307,122 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 84,297 |  |  | 22,872 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 106,886 |
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,740,314 |  |  | 5,191 |  |  | 20,510 |  |  | 1,724,995 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,065,778 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 17,811 |  |  | 1,047,980 |
Other | 2,007 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,007 |
Total investment securities held to maturity | 2,808,099 |  |  | 5,204 |  |  | 38,321 |  |  | 2,774,982 |
Total investment securities | $ | 10,162,948 |  |  | $ | 109,534 |  |  | $ | 83,492 |  |  | $ | 10,188,990 |
| December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 499,832 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 499,933 |
Government agency | 706,241 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 5,573 |  |  | 701,391 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,369,130 |  |  | 70,283 |  |  | 1,310 |  |  | 4,438,103 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 745,892 |  |  | 25,645 |  |  | — |  |  | 771,537 |
Corporate bonds | 590,870 |  |  | 14,437 |  |  | 2,028 |  |  | 603,279 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 6,911,965 |  |  | $ | 111,189 |  |  | $ | 8,911 |  |  | $ | 7,014,243 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 84,837 |  |  | 8,654 |  |  | 1,811 |  |  | 91,680 |
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,877,692 |  |  | 17,689 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895,381 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 937,034 |  |  | 3,884 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 940,862 |
Other | 2,256 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,256 |
Total investment securities held to maturity | 2,816,982 |  |  | 21,573 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 2,838,499 |
Total investment securities | $ | 9,813,784 |  |  | $ | 141,416 |  |  | $ | 10,778 |  |  | $ | 9,944,422 |

On November 1, 2020, mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $1.46 billion were transferred from investment securities available for sale to the held to maturity portfolio. At the time of transfer, the mortgage-backed securities had a fair value of $1.47 billion and a weighted average contractual maturity of 18 years. The unrealized gain on these securities at the date of transfer was $5.9 million, or $4.5 million net of tax, and was reported as a component of AOCI. This unrealized gain is accreted over the remaining expected life of the securities as an adjustment of yield.
Investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities represent securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Investments in government agency securities represent securities issued by the United States Small Business Administration. Investments in corporate bonds and marketable equity securities represent positions in securities of other financial institutions. Other held to maturity investments include certificates of deposit with other financial institutions.
BancShares also holds approximately 354,000 shares of Visa Class B common stock, which are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at $0. BancShares held FHLB stock of $40.6 million and $45.4 million and other non-marketable equity securities of $11.4 million and $11.6 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. These securities are recorded at cost within other assets.
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As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no ACL was required for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities. Accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were excluded from the estimate for credit losses. At March 31, 2021, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $21.3 million and $5.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $17.6 million and $5.4 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, no accrued interest was deemed uncollectible and written off against interest income.
The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity for investment securities available for sale and held to maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities on certain securities because issuers and borrowers of underlying collateral may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed and government agency securities are stated separately as they are not due at a single maturity date.

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Amortized cost |  | Fair value |  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-amortizing securities maturing in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One year or less | $ | 1,020 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 500,846 |  |  | $ | 500,954 |
One through five years | 72,340 |  |  | 74,536 |  |  | 72,565 |  |  | 73,881 |
Five through 10 years | 502,757 |  |  | 517,922 |  |  | 508,320 |  |  | 519,570 |
Over 10 years | 8,978 |  |  | 9,381 |  |  | 8,971 |  |  | 8,807 |
Government agency | 852,305 |  |  | 846,686 |  |  | 706,241 |  |  | 701,391 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,736,893 |  |  | 4,758,589 |  |  | 4,369,130 |  |  | 4,438,103 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,096,259 |  |  | 1,098,987 |  |  | 745,892 |  |  | 771,537 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,270,552 |  |  | $ | 7,307,122 |  |  | $ | 6,911,965 |  |  | $ | 7,014,243 |
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-amortizing securities maturing in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One year or less | 998 |  |  | 998 |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | 1,507 |
One through five years | 1,009 |  |  | 1,009 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 749 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,740,314 |  |  | 1,724,995 |  |  | 1,877,692 |  |  | 1,895,381 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,065,778 |  |  | 1,047,980 |  |  | 937,034 |  |  | 940,862 |
Total investment securities held to maturity | $ | 2,808,099 |  |  | $ | 2,774,982 |  |  | $ | 2,816,982 |  |  | $ | 2,838,499 |

The following table provides the gross realized gains and losses on the sales of investment securities available for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Gross realized gains on sales of investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,207 |  |  | $ | 20,474 |
Gross realized losses on sales of investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (679) |
Net realized gains on sales of investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,207 |  |  | $ | 19,795 |

The following table provides the realized and unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Marketable equity securities gains (losses), net |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,011 |  |  | $ | (51,408) |
Less net gains recognized on marketable equity securities sold |  |  |  |  | 263 |  |  | 323 |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on marketable equity securities held |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,748 |  |  | $ | (51,731) |

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The following table provides information regarding securities with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government agency | $ | 331,034 |  |  | $ | 3,501 |  |  | $ | 415,379 |  |  | $ | 2,902 |  |  | $ | 746,413 |  |  | $ | 6,403 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,345,301 |  |  | 26,001 |  |  | 12,495 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 2,357,796 |  |  | 26,046 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 685,575 |  |  | 11,891 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 685,575 |  |  | 11,891 |
Corporate bonds | 8,394 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 26,183 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 34,577 |  |  | 548 |
Total | $ | 3,370,304 |  |  | $ | 41,407 |  |  | $ | 454,057 |  |  | $ | 3,481 |  |  | $ | 3,824,361 |  |  | $ | 44,888 |
| December 31, 2020
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government agency | $ | 268,622 |  |  | $ | 3,197 |  |  | $ | 328,777 |  |  | $ | 2,376 |  |  | $ | 597,399 |  |  | $ | 5,573 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 433,816 |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 23,064 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 456,880 |  |  | 1,310 |
Corporate bonds | 57,715 |  |  | 2,028 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,715 |  |  | 2,028 |
Total | $ | 760,153 |  |  | $ | 6,466 |  |  | $ | 351,841 |  |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  | $ | 1,111,994 |  |  | $ | 8,911 |

As of March 31, 2021, there were 60 investment securities available for sale with continuous losses for more than 12 months, of which 54 were government sponsored enterprise-issued mortgage-backed securities or government agency securities and six were corporate bonds.
None of the unrealized losses identified as of March 31, 2021, or December 31, 2020, relate to the issuer’s ability to honor redemption obligations. Rather, the unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and do not indicate credit-related impairment. BancShares considered other factors including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors in this determination. As a result, none of the securities were deemed to require an allowance for credit losses. BancShares has the ability and intent to retain these securities for a period of time sufficient to recover all unrealized losses.
Investment securities having an aggregate carrying value of $4.8 billion at March 31, 2021, and $4.6 billion at December 31, 2020, were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit and certain short-term borrowings, and for other purposes as required by law.
BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, no further credit monitoring is performed on these portfolios. Should there be downgrades to the credit rating of the U.S. Treasury or losses reported on securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, BancShares will reevaluate its determination of zero expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities.
There were no debt securities held to maturity on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2021.
A security is considered past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement. There were no securities past due as of March 31, 2021.
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NOTE D - LOANS AND LEASES
BancShares’ accounting methods for loans and leases depends on whether they are originated or purchased, and if purchased, whether or not the loans reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, which is determined as of the acquisition date. Non purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans consist of loans originated by BancShares and loans purchased from other institutions, that do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration at acquisition. Purchased loans which reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration are classified as PCD and reported as a single loan segment or class. At the date of acquisition, all acquired loans are recorded at fair value.
Loans and leases outstanding included the following at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Commercial: |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 1,022,087 |  |  | $ | 985,424 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 11,340,966 |  |  | 11,165,012 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 3,017,898 |  |  | 2,987,689 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 4,946,445 |  |  | 5,013,644 |
SBA-PPP | 2,769,906 |  |  | 2,406,291 |
Total commercial loans | 23,097,302 |  |  | 22,558,060 |
Consumer: |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 5,566,026 |  |  | 5,561,686 |
Revolving mortgage | 1,938,422 |  |  | 2,052,854 |
Construction and land development | 336,065 |  |  | 348,123 |
Consumer auto | 1,271,586 |  |  | 1,255,402 |
Consumer other | 538,677 |  |  | 552,968 |
Total consumer loans | 9,650,776 |  |  | 9,771,033 |
PCD loans | 432,773 |  |  | 462,882 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 33,180,851 |  |  | $ | 32,791,975 |

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, accrued interest receivable on loans was $103.2 million and $107.7 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Certain residential real estate loans are originated to be sold to investors and are recorded in loans held for sale at fair value. In addition, BancShares may change its strategy for certain portfolio loans and decide to sell them in the secondary market. At that time, portfolio loans are transferred to loans held for sale at fair value. Loans held for sale totaled $129.3 million and $124.8 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
The following table presents selected components of the amortized cost of loans.

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Deferred fees, including unearned fees and unamortized costs on non-PCD loans |  |  |
Net deferred fees related to SBA-PPP loans | $ | 66,717 |  |  | $ | 41,064 |
Net deferred fees related to other portfolios | 11,932 |  | 9,153
Total net deferred fees | $ | 78,649 |  |  | $ | 50,217 |
Net unamortized discount on purchased loans |  |  |
Non-PCD | $ | 17,009 |  |  | $ | 19,473 |
PCD | 41,141 |  |  | 45,254 |
Total | $ | 58,150 |  |  | $ | 64,727 |

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The aging of the outstanding loans and leases, by class, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is provided in the tables below. Loans and leases past due less than 30 days are considered current as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and still remain in compliance with the loan agreement.

| March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | 90 days or greater |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans and leases
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | $ | 1,020,215 |  |  | $ | 1,022,087 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 13,153 |  |  | 2,996 |  |  | 11,028 |  |  | 27,177 |  |  | 11,313,789 |  |  | 11,340,966 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 5,046 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 8,917 |  |  | 14,266 |  |  | 3,003,632 |  |  | 3,017,898 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 13,284 |  |  | 4,771 |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | 21,304 |  |  | 4,925,141 |  |  | 4,946,445 |
SBA-PPP | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,769,906 |  |  | 2,769,906 |
Total commercial loans | 31,760 |  |  | 8,070 |  |  | 24,789 |  |  | 64,619 |  |  | 23,032,683 |  |  | 23,097,302 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 34,350 |  |  | 7,396 |  |  | 30,789 |  |  | 72,535 |  |  | 5,493,491 |  |  | 5,566,026 |
Revolving mortgage | 6,222 |  |  | 1,603 |  |  | 8,531 |  |  | 16,356 |  |  | 1,922,066 |  |  | 1,938,422 |
Construction and land development | 266 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | 334,203 |  |  | 336,065 |
Consumer auto | 4,432 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 860 |  |  | 6,306 |  |  | 1,265,280 |  |  | 1,271,586 |
Consumer other | 2,246 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 4,975 |  |  | 533,702 |  |  | 538,677 |
Total consumer loans | 47,516 |  |  | 12,170 |  |  | 42,348 |  |  | 102,034 |  |  | 9,548,742 |  |  | 9,650,776 |
PCD loans | 11,250 |  |  | 4,322 |  |  | 33,694 |  |  | 49,266 |  |  | 383,507 |  |  | 432,773 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 90,526 |  |  | $ | 24,562 |  |  | $ | 100,831 |  |  | $ | 215,919 |  |  | $ | 32,964,932 |  |  | $ | 33,180,851 |
| December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | 90 days or greater |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans and leases
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 956 |  |  | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 1,603 |  |  | $ | 3,086 |  |  | $ | 982,338 |  |  | $ | 985,424 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 8,757 |  |  | 2,232 |  |  | 14,082 |  |  | 25,071 |  |  | 11,139,941 |  |  | 11,165,012 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 12,370 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,973 |  |  | 18,343 |  |  | 2,969,346 |  |  | 2,987,689 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 14,532 |  |  | 2,842 |  |  | 3,243 |  |  | 20,617 |  |  | 4,993,027 |  |  | 5,013,644 |
SBA-PPP | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,406,291 |  |  | 2,406,291 |
Total commercial loans | 36,615 |  |  | 5,601 |  |  | 24,901 |  |  | 67,117 |  |  | 22,490,943 |  |  | 22,558,060 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 43,218 |  |  | 8,364 |  |  | 31,690 |  |  | 83,272 |  |  | 5,478,414 |  |  | 5,561,686 |
Revolving mortgage | 11,977 |  |  | 2,626 |  |  | 7,415 |  |  | 22,018 |  |  | 2,030,836 |  |  | 2,052,854 |
Construction and land development | 932 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 1,339 |  |  | 346,784 |  |  | 348,123 |
Consumer auto | 6,825 |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | 9,736 |  |  | 1,245,666 |  |  | 1,255,402 |
Consumer other | 3,610 |  |  | 1,464 |  |  | 1,505 |  |  | 6,579 |  |  | 546,389 |  |  | 552,968 |
Total consumer loans | 66,562 |  |  | 14,366 |  |  | 42,016 |  |  | 122,944 |  |  | 9,648,089 |  |  | 9,771,033 |
PCD loans | 18,322 |  |  | 6,076 |  |  | 31,026 |  |  | 55,424 |  |  | 407,458 |  |  | 462,882 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 121,499 |  |  | $ | 26,043 |  |  | $ | 97,943 |  |  | $ | 245,485 |  |  | $ | 32,546,490 |  |  | $ | 32,791,975 |

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The amortized cost, by class, of loans and leases on nonaccrual status, and loans and leases greater than 90 days past due and still accruing at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were as follows:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Nonaccrual loans and leases |  | Loans and leases > 90 days and accruing |  | Nonaccrual loans and leases |  | Loans and leases > 90 days and accruing
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,661 |  |  | $ | — |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 22,796 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 23,103 |  |  | 3,625 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 10,939 |  |  | 2,211 |  |  | 7,932 |  |  | 147 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 15,718 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 10,626 |  |  | 540 |
Total commercial loans | 51,101 |  |  | 4,218 |  |  | 43,322 |  |  | 4,312 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 61,907 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 66,345 |  |  | — |
Revolving mortgage | 23,952 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,236 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development | 566 |  |  | 543 |  |  | 652 |  |  | — |
Consumer auto | 3,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | — |
Consumer other | 816 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 823 |  |  | 1,195 |
Total consumer loans | 90,268 |  |  | 1,727 |  |  | 93,222 |  |  | 1,195 |
PCD loans | 53,165 |  |  | 1,432 |  |  | 54,939 |  |  | 355 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 194,534 |  |  | $ | 7,377 |  |  | $ | 191,483 |  |  | $ | 5,862 |

Credit Quality
Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. Commercial and consumer loans and leases have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan segments being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for commercial loans and leases are borrower risk classifications developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated at least annually, with more frequent evaluations done on criticized loans. Commercial loans are also updated if there is evidence of potential credit deterioration, such as delinquency. Commercial credit cards are included in the Commercial and industrial and leases segment, but are evaluated based primarily upon delinquency status. The risk classifications as of the date presented are based on the most recent assessment performed and are defined below:
Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.
Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.
Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.
Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.
Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans that are not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at March 31, 2021 relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit. The remaining balance is comprised of a small amount of commercial mortgage, lease financing and other commercial real estate loans.
The credit quality indicators for consumer and PCD loans are based on delinquency status of the borrower as of the date presented. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases.
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The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of March 31, 2021.

| March 31, 2021
| Commercial Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
Classification: | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior |  | Revolving |  | Revolving converted to term loans |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 46,039 |  |  | $ | 399,172 |  |  | $ | 310,753 |  |  | $ | 168,534 |  |  | $ | 48,089 |  |  | $ | 28,797 |  |  | $ | 12,548 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,013,932 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | 643 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 225 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 1,447 |  |  | 5,170 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,512 |
Total | 46,039 |  |  | 399,629 |  |  | 311,343 |  |  | 170,162 |  |  | 53,344 |  |  | 28,877 |  |  | 12,693 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,022,087 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 632,239 |  |  | 3,202,842 |  |  | 2,166,465 |  |  | 1,521,886 |  |  | 1,206,771 |  |  | 2,249,426 |  |  | 106,579 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 11,086,309 |
Special Mention | 687 |  |  | 10,398 |  |  | 29,975 |  |  | 39,868 |  |  | 12,074 |  |  | 37,441 |  |  | 2,974 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 133,489 |
Substandard | 3,564 |  |  | 9,322 |  |  | 14,441 |  |  | 9,287 |  |  | 26,702 |  |  | 49,856 |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,168 |
Total | 636,490 |  |  | 3,222,562 |  |  | 2,210,881 |  |  | 1,571,041 |  |  | 1,245,547 |  |  | 2,336,723 |  |  | 117,549 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 11,340,966 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 158,815 |  |  | 809,647 |  |  | 603,274 |  |  | 332,010 |  |  | 319,514 |  |  | 638,882 |  |  | 35,835 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,897,977 |
Special Mention | 794 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 880 |  |  | 10,778 |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 2,918 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,986 |
Substandard | 75 |  |  | 12,018 |  |  | 22,293 |  |  | 12,643 |  |  | 8,762 |  |  | 44,396 |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,935 |
Total | 159,684 |  |  | 822,341 |  |  | 626,447 |  |  | 355,431 |  |  | 329,716 |  |  | 686,196 |  |  | 38,083 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,017,898 |
Commercial and industrial and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 424,035 |  |  | 1,423,941 |  |  | 884,987 |  |  | 442,129 |  |  | 251,356 |  |  | 445,265 |  |  | 874,664 |  |  | 5,150 |  |  | 4,751,527 |
Special Mention | 102 |  |  | 10,601 |  |  | 22,183 |  |  | 8,335 |  |  | 6,160 |  |  | 7,764 |  |  | 11,376 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 66,715 |
Substandard | 5,507 |  |  | 15,179 |  |  | 4,398 |  |  | 5,572 |  |  | 3,950 |  |  | 5,597 |  |  | 24,608 |  |  | 1,410 |  |  | 66,221 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Ungraded | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,980 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,980 |
Total | 429,644 |  |  | 1,449,721 |  |  | 911,568 |  |  | 456,036 |  |  | 261,466 |  |  | 458,626 |  |  | 972,630 |  |  | 6,754 |  |  | 4,946,445 |
SBA-PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 936,012 |  |  | 1,833,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,769,906 |
Total commercial | $ | 2,207,869 |  |  | $ | 7,728,147 |  |  | $ | 4,060,239 |  |  | $ | 2,552,670 |  |  | $ | 1,890,073 |  |  | $ | 3,510,422 |  |  | $ | 1,140,955 |  |  | $ | 6,927 |  |  | $ | 23,097,302 |
| Consumer and PCD Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
Days Past Due: | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior |  | Revolving |  | Revolving converted to term loans |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 521,849 |  |  | $ | 1,810,979 |  |  | $ | 889,902 |  |  | $ | 561,267 |  |  | $ | 518,205 |  |  | $ | 1,166,958 |  |  | $ | 24,331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,493,491 |
30-59 days | 2,367 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 9,619 |  |  | 4,113 |  |  | 15,567 |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,350 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | 1,040 |  |  | 558 |  |  | 4,530 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,396 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 3,797 |  |  | 24,384 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,789 |
Total | 524,216 |  |  | 1,813,714 |  |  | 892,605 |  |  | 572,764 |  |  | 526,673 |  |  | 1,211,439 |  |  | 24,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,566,026 |
Revolving mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,772,173 |  |  | 149,893 |  |  | 1,922,066 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,877 |  |  | 2,345 |  |  | 6,222 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 699 |  |  | 904 |  |  | 1,603 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 4,419 |  |  | 8,531 |
Total | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,780,861 |  |  | 157,561 |  |  | 1,938,422 |
Construction and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 40,360 |  |  | 209,701 |  |  | 52,406 |  |  | 16,883 |  |  | 8,037 |  |  | 5,241 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 334,203 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 944 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | 543 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 652 |
Total | 40,360 |  |  | 210,592 |  |  | 52,559 |  |  | 17,003 |  |  | 8,492 |  |  | 5,484 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 336,065 |

16

Table of Contents

Consumer auto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 155,101 |  |  | 484,026 |  |  | 302,622 |  |  | 191,055 |  |  | 87,139 |  |  | 45,337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,265,280 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 962 |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 386 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,432 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | 433 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,014 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Total | 155,101 |  |  | 486,080 |  |  | 303,915 |  |  | 192,579 |  |  | 88,088 |  |  | 45,823 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,271,586 |
Consumer other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 20,879 |  |  | 45,239 |  |  | 22,631 |  |  | 8,552 |  |  | 6,246 |  |  | 34,873 |  |  | 395,282 |  |  | — |  |  | 533,702 |
30-59 days | 3 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,246 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,213 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,382 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,516 |
Total | 20,882 |  |  | 45,479 |  |  | 22,852 |  |  | 8,674 |  |  | 6,247 |  |  | 34,873 |  |  | 399,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 538,677 |
Total consumer | $ | 740,559 |  |  | $ | 2,555,865 |  |  | $ | 1,271,931 |  |  | $ | 791,020 |  |  | $ | 629,500 |  |  | $ | 1,297,619 |  |  | $ | 2,206,721 |  |  | $ | 157,561 |  |  | $ | 9,650,776 |
PCD loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,056 |  |  | $ | 24,347 |  |  | $ | 26,763 |  |  | $ | 24,879 |  |  | $ | 247,606 |  |  | $ | 11,788 |  |  | $ | 20,068 |  |  | $ | 383,507 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | 344 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 9,423 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 11,250 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 165 |  |  | 3,896 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | 4,322 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | 1,826 |  |  | 22,504 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | 33,694 |
Total PCD | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,745 |  |  | $ | 27,229 |  |  | $ | 31,582 |  |  | $ | 27,170 |  |  | $ | 283,429 |  |  | $ | 11,912 |  |  | $ | 21,706 |  |  | $ | 432,773 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 2,948,428 |  |  | $ | 10,313,757 |  |  | $ | 5,359,399 |  |  | $ | 3,375,272 |  |  | $ | 2,546,743 |  |  | $ | 5,091,470 |  |  | $ | 3,359,588 |  |  | $ | 186,194 |  |  | $ | 33,180,851 |

The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of December 31, 2020.

| December 31, 2020
| Commercial Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
Classification: | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Revolving |  | Revolving converted to term loans |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 342,183 |  |  | $ | 341,233 |  |  | $ | 190,429 |  |  | $ | 50,776 |  |  | $ | 23,969 |  |  | $ | 11,306 |  |  | $ | 10,969 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 970,865 |
Special Mention | 246 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,421 |  |  | 5,342 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,162 |
Substandard | 229 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 1,450 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,397 |
Total | 342,658 |  |  | 341,862 |  |  | 198,300 |  |  | 56,118 |  |  | 23,977 |  |  | 11,387 |  |  | 11,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 985,424 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 3,183,467 |  |  | 2,201,165 |  |  | 1,625,141 |  |  | 1,301,412 |  |  | 1,049,858 |  |  | 1,454,020 |  |  | 101,556 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 10,916,752 |
Special Mention | 6,274 |  |  | 20,702 |  |  | 36,739 |  |  | 12,387 |  |  | 17,699 |  |  | 25,693 |  |  | 5,115 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 124,681 |
Substandard | 10,280 |  |  | 19,052 |  |  | 9,842 |  |  | 20,928 |  |  | 13,736 |  |  | 41,303 |  |  | 8,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,579 |
Total | 3,200,021 |  |  | 2,240,919 |  |  | 1,671,722 |  |  | 1,334,727 |  |  | 1,081,293 |  |  | 1,521,016 |  |  | 115,109 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 11,165,012 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 865,514 |  |  | 609,975 |  |  | 378,136 |  |  | 331,800 |  |  | 282,810 |  |  | 391,517 |  |  | 32,149 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,891,901 |
Special Mention | 569 |  |  | 905 |  |  | 10,794 |  |  | 1,808 |  |  | 5,121 |  |  | 3,279 |  |  | 483 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,959 |
Substandard | 2,899 |  |  | 18,546 |  |  | 12,296 |  |  | 8,764 |  |  | 14,087 |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | 810 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,829 |
Total | 868,982 |  |  | 629,426 |  |  | 401,226 |  |  | 342,372 |  |  | 302,018 |  |  | 410,223 |  |  | 33,442 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,987,689 |
Commercial and industrial and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 1,620,622 |  |  | 983,852 |  |  | 504,463 |  |  | 310,468 |  |  | 234,735 |  |  | 286,996 |  |  | 899,978 |  |  | 5,520 |  |  | 4,846,634 |
Special Mention | 3,146 |  |  | 17,065 |  |  | 7,265 |  |  | 5,393 |  |  | 3,307 |  |  | 4,912 |  |  | 9,152 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 50,429 |
Substandard | 17,811 |  |  | 4,095 |  |  | 4,370 |  |  | 4,257 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 3,801 |  |  | 22,384 |  |  | 983 |  |  | 60,249 |
Ungraded | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,332 |
Total | 1,641,579 |  |  | 1,005,012 |  |  | 516,098 |  |  | 320,118 |  |  | 240,590 |  |  | 295,709 |  |  | 987,846 |  |  | 6,692 |  |  | 5,013,644 |
SBA-PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 2,406,291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,406,291 |
Total commercial | $ | 8,459,531 |  |  | $ | 4,217,219 |  |  | $ | 2,787,346 |  |  | $ | 2,053,335 |  |  | $ | 1,647,878 |  |  | $ | 2,238,335 |  |  | $ | 1,147,519 |  |  | $ | 6,897 |  |  | $ | 22,558,060 |

17

Table of Contents

| Consumer and PCD Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
Days Past Due: | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Revolving |  | Revolving converted to term loans |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 1,882,683 |  |  | $ | 978,298 |  |  | $ | 655,798 |  |  | $ | 596,309 |  |  | $ | 461,719 |  |  | $ | 878,634 |  |  | $ | 24,973 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,478,414 |
30-59 days | 2,278 |  |  | 4,573 |  |  | 11,463 |  |  | 3,772 |  |  | 8,613 |  |  | 12,299 |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,218 |
60-89 days | 30 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | 834 |  |  | 4,705 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,364 |
90 days or greater | 282 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | 4,015 |  |  | 5,689 |  |  | 13,723 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,690 |
Total | 1,885,273 |  |  | 987,802 |  |  | 671,657 |  |  | 605,545 |  |  | 476,855 |  |  | 909,361 |  |  | 25,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,561,686 |
Revolving mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,879,968 |  |  | 150,868 |  |  | 2,030,836 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,241 |  |  | 3,736 |  |  | 11,977 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 527 |  |  | 2,099 |  |  | 2,626 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,301 |  |  | 5,114 |  |  | 7,415 |
Total | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,891,037 |  |  | 161,817 |  |  | 2,052,854 |
Construction and land development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 215,112 |  |  | 85,707 |  |  | 24,860 |  |  | 10,269 |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | 2,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 346,784 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | 420 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 370 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 932 |
60-89 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |
90 days or greater | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |
Total | 215,112 |  |  | 86,127 |  |  | 24,981 |  |  | 10,648 |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 2,637 |  |  | 2,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 348,123 |
Consumer auto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 521,719 |  |  | 340,594 |  |  | 219,597 |  |  | 104,280 |  |  | 49,872 |  |  | 9,604 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,245,666 |
30-59 days | 2,175 |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,825 |
60-89 days | 329 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,835 |
90 days or greater | 170 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,076 |
Total | 524,393 |  |  | 343,683 |  |  | 221,383 |  |  | 105,530 |  |  | 50,627 |  |  | 9,786 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,255,402 |
Consumer other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 53,842 |  |  | 27,117 |  |  | 10,911 |  |  | 7,159 |  |  | 2,980 |  |  | 29,336 |  |  | 415,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 546,389 |
30-59 days | 322 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3,061 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,610 |
60-89 days | 102 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,464 |
90 days or greater | 53 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,505 |
Total | 54,319 |  |  | 27,335 |  |  | 11,009 |  |  | 7,195 |  |  | 2,994 |  |  | 29,366 |  |  | 420,750 |  |  | — |  |  | 552,968 |
Total consumer | $ | 2,679,097 |  |  | $ | 1,444,947 |  |  | $ | 929,030 |  |  | $ | 728,918 |  |  | $ | 536,569 |  |  | $ | 951,150 |  |  | $ | 2,339,505 |  |  | $ | 161,817 |  |  | $ | 9,771,033 |
PCD loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 31,475 |  |  | $ | 25,425 |  |  | $ | 27,183 |  |  | $ | 27,955 |  |  | $ | 28,995 |  |  | $ | 232,186 |  |  | $ | 13,212 |  |  | $ | 21,027 |  |  | $ | 407,458 |
30-59 days | 999 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 718 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  | 12,637 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 745 |  |  | 18,322 |
60-89 days | 447 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 4,098 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 6,076 |
90 days or greater | 721 |  |  | 2,325 |  |  | 4,755 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 19,963 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 31,026 |
Total PCD | $ | 33,642 |  |  | $ | 28,756 |  |  | $ | 33,051 |  |  | $ | 30,576 |  |  | $ | 31,330 |  |  | $ | 268,884 |  |  | $ | 13,488 |  |  | $ | 23,155 |  |  | $ | 462,882 |
Total loans and leases | $ | 11,172,270 |  |  | $ | 5,690,922 |  |  | $ | 3,749,427 |  |  | $ | 2,812,829 |  |  | $ | 2,215,777 |  |  | $ | 3,458,369 |  |  | $ | 3,500,512 |  |  | $ | 191,869 |  |  | $ | 32,791,975 |

The following table provides information regarding loans pledged as collateral for borrowing capacity through the FHLB of Atlanta and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
FHLB of Atlanta |  |  |
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans | $ | 8,847,178 |  |  | $ | 8,637,844 |
Less: Advances | 648,671 |  |  | 652,675 |
Available borrowing capacity | $ | 8,198,507 |  |  | $ | 7,985,169 |
Pledged non-PCD loans | $ | 12,327,626 |  |  | $ | 12,157,153 |
FRB |  |  |
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans | $ | 3,367,466 |  |  | $ | 3,321,762 |
Less: Advances | — |  |  | — |
Available borrowing capacity | $ | 3,367,466 |  |  | $ | 3,321,762 |
Pledged non-PCD loans | $ | 4,181,520 |  |  | $ | 4,104,866 |

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NOTE E - ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The ACL is calculated using a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, charge-off and recovery activity, loan growth, changes in macroeconomic factors, collateral type, estimated loan life and changes in credit quality. For the period ended March 31, 2021, the primary reason for the ACL change since December 31, 2020 was improvement in macroeconomic factors. Forecasted economic conditions are developed using third party macroeconomic scenarios adjusted based on management’s expectations over a forecast period of two years. For most pools, we use a 12-month straight-line reversion period to historical averages for model inputs; however for the consumer other, consumer card and commercial card pools, immediate reversion to historical net loss rates is utilized. Significant macroeconomic factors used in estimating the expected losses include unemployment, gross domestic product, home price index and commercial real estate index. Our ACL forecast considers a range of economic scenarios from an upside scenario to a severely adverse scenario, but the March 31, 2021 ACL forecast was calculated using the consensus baseline scenario. This scenario showed improvements in the most significant economic factors compared to what was used to generate the December 31, 2020 ACL. These loss estimates were also influenced by our strong credit quality, low net charge-offs and recent credit trends, which remained stable through the quarter ended March 31, 2021, despite potential impacts from COVID-19.
Activity in the ACL by portfolio segment is summarized as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  | PCD |  | Total
Balance at January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 119,485 |  |  | $ | 23,987 |  |  | $ | 224,314 |
Provision (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,922) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,504) |  |  | (1,548) |  |  | (10,974) |
Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,331) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,469) |  |  | (763) |  |  | (8,563) |
Recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 1,259 |  |  | 5,874 |
Balance at March 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,864 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 112,852 |  |  | $ | 22,935 |  |  | $ | 210,651 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  | PCD |  | Total
Balance at December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 142,369 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 75,236 |  |  | $ | 7,536 |  |  | $ | 225,141 |
Adoption of ASC 326 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87,554) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,629 |  |  | 19,001 |  |  | (37,924) |
Balance at January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,815 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 105,865 |  |  | 26,537 |  |  | 187,217 |
Provision (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,406 |  |  | (2,588) |  |  | 28,355 |
Initial allowance on PCD loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,193 |
Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,369) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,769) |  |  | (1,123) |  |  | (14,261) |
Recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,431 |  |  | 2,897 |  |  | 6,755 |
Balance at March 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 72,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 109,933 |  |  | $ | 26,916 |  |  | $ | 209,259 |

BancShares records an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments within other liabilities. Activity in the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments is summarized as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,814 |  |  | $ | 1,055 |
Adoption of ASC 326 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8,885 |
Adjusted beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,814 |  |  | $ | 9,940 |
Provision (credit) |  |  |  |  | (1,243) |  |  | 572 |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | 11,571 |  |  | 10,512 |

BancShares individually reviews loans greater than $500 thousand that are determined to be collateral-dependent. These collateral-dependent loans are evaluated based on the fair value of the underlying collateral as repayment of the loan is expected to be made through the operation or sale of the collateral. Commercial and industrial loans and leases are collateralized by business assets, while the remaining loan classes are collateralized by real property.
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The following table presents information on collateral-dependent loans by class and includes the amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans and leases, the net realizable value of the collateral, the extent to which collateral secures collateral-dependent loans and the associated ACL as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:

| March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) | Collateral-Dependant Loans |  | Net Realizable Value of Collateral |  | Collateral Coverage |  | Allowance for Credit Losses
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 1,795 |  |  | 126.1 | % |  | $ | — |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 11,886 |  |  | 16,417 |  |  | 138.1 |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 6,951 |  |  | 9,312 |  |  | 134.0 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 1,256 |  |  | 2,916 |  |  | 232.2 |  |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 21,517 |  |  | 30,440 |  |  | 141.5 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 21,303 |  |  | 27,279 |  |  | 128.1 |  |  | 120 |
Revolving mortgage | 1,385 |  |  | 1,724 |  |  | 124.5 |  |  | — |
Total consumer loans | 22,688 |  |  | 29,003 |  |  | 127.8 |  |  | 120 |
PCD loans | 20,361 |  |  | 35,016 |  |  | 172.0 |  |  | — |
Total collateral-dependent loans | $ | 64,566 |  |  | $ | 94,459 |  |  | 146.3 | % |  | $ | 120 |
| December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Collateral-Dependant Loans |  | Net Realizable Value of Collateral |  | Collateral Coverage |  | Allowance for Credit Losses
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 1,795 |  |  | 126.1 | % |  | $ | — |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 9,792 |  |  | 14,253 |  |  | 145.6 |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 5,556 |  |  | 7,577 |  |  | 136.4 |  |  | — |
Total commercial loans | 16,772 |  |  | 23,625 |  |  | 140.9 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 23,011 |  |  | 29,775 |  |  | 129.4 |  |  | 131 |
PCD loans | 19,042 |  |  | 27,872 |  |  | 146.4 |  |  | — |
Total collateral-dependent loans | $ | 58,825 |  |  | $ | 81,272 |  |  | 138.2 | % |  | $ | 131 |

Collateral-dependent nonaccrual loans with no recorded allowance totaled $61.7 million and $57.5 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. All other nonaccrual loans have a recorded allowance.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
BancShares accounts for certain loan modifications or restructurings as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). In general, the modification or restructuring of a loan is considered a TDR if, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, a concession is granted to the borrower that creditors would not otherwise consider. Concessions may relate to the contractual interest rate, maturity date, payment structure or other actions. Within BancShares’ ACL loss models, TDRs are not individually evaluated unless determined to be collateral-dependent. Consumer TDRs are included in the definition of default which provides for a 100% probability of default applied within the models. As a result, subsequent changes in credit quality metrics do not impact the calculation of the ACL on consumer TDRs. For commercial TDRs, the TDR distinction does impact the calculation of ACL, as the standard definition of default is utilized.
The Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus was published by banking regulators in April 2020 to clarify expectations around loan modifications and the determination of TDRs for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty due to COVID-19. BancShares applied this regulatory guidance during its TDR identification process for short-term loan forbearance agreements as a result of COVID-19 and in most cases did not record these as TDRs.
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The following tables provides a summary of total TDRs by accrual status:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total |  | Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  | Total
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 632 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 38,969 |  |  | 9,986 |  |  | 48,955 |  |  | 37,574 |  |  | 10,889 |  |  | 48,463 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 20,541 |  |  | 1,335 |  |  | 21,876 |  |  | 18,336 |  |  | 1,649 |  |  | 19,985 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 30,956 |  |  | 6,551 |  |  | 37,507 |  |  | 29,131 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 32,659 |
Total commercial loans | 90,995 |  |  | 17,913 |  |  | 108,908 |  |  | 85,619 |  |  | 16,120 |  |  | 101,739 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 25,323 |  |  | 20,802 |  |  | 46,125 |  |  | 29,458 |  |  | 19,380 |  |  | 48,838 |
Revolving mortgage | 18,729 |  |  | 7,331 |  |  | 26,060 |  |  | 20,124 |  |  | 7,128 |  |  | 27,252 |
Construction and land development | 1,501 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,582 |
Consumer auto | 2,173 |  |  | 668 |  |  | 2,841 |  |  | 2,018 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 2,714 |
Consumer other | 910 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 1,073 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 1,092 |
Total consumer loans | 48,636 |  |  | 28,973 |  |  | 77,609 |  |  | 54,128 |  |  | 27,350 |  |  | 81,478 |
PCD loans | 20,920 |  |  | 9,509 |  |  | 30,429 |  |  | 17,617 |  |  | 7,346 |  |  | 24,963 |
Total loans | $ | 160,551 |  |  | $ | 56,395 |  |  | $ | 216,946 |  |  | $ | 157,364 |  |  | $ | 50,816 |  |  | $ | 208,180 |

The following table provides the types of modifications designated as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, as well as a summary of loans modified as a TDR during the twelve-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020 that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020. BancShares defines payment default as movement of the TDR to nonaccrual status, which is generally 90 days past due for TDRs, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

| Three months ended March 31, 2021 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2020
| All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default |  | All restructurings |  | Restructurings with payment default
(Dollars in thousands) | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end |  | Number of Loans | Recorded investment at period end
Loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest only | 6 |  | $ | 6,947 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | 10 |  | $ | 3,986 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |
Loan term extension | 25 |  | 3,863 |  |  | 12 |  | 1,749 |  |  | 6 |  | 794 |  |  | 3 |  | 263 |
Below market interest rate | 53 |  | 8,122 |  |  | 20 |  | 1,428 |  |  | 88 |  | 8,165 |  |  | 29 |  | 1,421 |
Discharged from bankruptcy | 45 |  | 4,100 |  |  | 12 |  | 2,365 |  |  | 68 |  | 5,032 |  |  | 28 |  | 1,767 |
Total restructurings | 129 |  | $ | 23,032 |  |  | 46 |  | $ | 5,584 |  |  | 172 |  | $ | 17,977 |  |  | 60 |  | $ | 3,451 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, the pre-modification and post-modification outstanding amortized cost of loans modified as TDRs were not materially different.
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NOTE F - OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED
The following table explains changes in other real estate owned (“OREO”) during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | OREO
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 50,890 |
Additions | 7,106 |
Sales | (8,102) |
Write-downs/losses | (1,382) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 48,512 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 46,591 |
Additions | 5,987 |
Acquired in business combinations | 9,813 |
Sales | (5,321) |
Write-downs/losses | (1,363) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 55,707 |

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, BancShares had $6.5 million and $5.8 million, respectively, of foreclosed residential real estate property in OREO. The recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure was $27.1 million and $29.4 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Net gains recorded on the sale of OREO properties were $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Net losses recorded on the sale of OREO properties were $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
NOTE G - MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
BancShares originates certain residential mortgages loans to sell in the secondary market. BancShares’ portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for third parties was $3.3 billion as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. These loans are originated and sold to third parties on a non-recourse basis with servicing rights retained. The retained servicing rights are recorded as a servicing asset and are reported in other intangible assets. The associated amortization expense and any valuation allowance recognized were included as a reduction of mortgage income. Mortgage servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and then carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.
Contractually specified mortgage servicing fees, late fees and ancillary fees earned were $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and are reported in mortgage income.
The following table presents changes in the servicing asset during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,426 |  |  | $ | 22,963 |
Servicing rights originated |  |  |  |  | 3,444 |  |  | 1,583 |
Amortization |  |  |  |  | (2,248) |  |  | (1,823) |
Valuation allowance decrease (increase) |  |  |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | (2,967) |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,745 |  |  | $ | 19,756 |

The following table presents the activity in the servicing asset valuation allowance for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,365 |  |  | $ | 222 |
Valuation allowance (decrease) increase |  |  |  |  | (3,123) |  |  | 2,967 |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,242 |  |  | $ | 3,189 |

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Mortgage servicing rights valuations are performed using a pooling methodology where loans with similar risk characteristics are grouped together and evaluated using discounted cash flows to estimate the present value of future earnings. Key economic assumptions used to value mortgage servicing rights were as follows:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Discount rate - conventional fixed loans | 8.74 | % |  | 7.92 | %
Discount rate - all loans excluding conventional fixed loans | 9.74 | % |  | 8.92 | %
Weighted average constant prepayment rate | 16.54 | % |  | 20.62 | %
Weighted average cost to service a loan | $ | 87.58 |  |  | $ | 87.58 |

The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is sensitive to changes in assumptions and is determined by estimating the present value of the asset’s future cash flows by utilizing discount rates, prepayment rates, and other inputs. The discount rate is based on the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate plus a risk premium of 700 basis points for conventional fixed loans and 800 basis points for all other loans. The prepayment rate is derived from the Public Securities Association Standard Prepayment model. Generally, as interest rates decline, mortgage loan prepayments accelerate due to increased refinance activity, which results in a decrease in the fair value and may result in the recognition of a valuation allowance. The average cost to service a loan is based on the number of loans serviced and the total cost to service the loans.
NOTE H - REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
BancShares utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of customers and secure wholesale funding needs. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby BancShares offers to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon price, and which obligates BancShares to repurchase the security at an agreed upon date, repurchase price, and interest rate. These agreements are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction and are reflected as securities sold under customer repurchase agreements.
BancShares monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintains records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s interest in that security, and segregates the security from general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as additional collateral may be required based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements was $685.6 million and $689.3 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
At March 31, 2021, BancShares held $680.7 million of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, with overnight and continuous remaining contractual maturities, made up of $485.8 million collateralized by government agency securities and $194.9 million collateralized by commercial mortgage-backed securities. At December 31, 2020, BancShares held securities sold under agreements to repurchase of $641.5 million, with overnight and continuous remaining contractual maturities, made up of $432.8 million collateralized by government agency securities and $208.7 million collateralized by commercial mortgage-backed securities.
NOTE I - FDIC SHARED-LOSS PAYABLE
For certain FDIC-assisted transactions, the shared-loss agreement included a provision related to a payment owed to the FDIC at the termination of the agreement. As of March 31, 2021, these agreements have been satisfied following a $16.1 million payment made to the FDIC related to the final active agreement.
The following table provides changes in the FDIC shared-loss payable since December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 15,601 |
Accretion | 502 |
Payment made to the FDIC to settle shared-loss agreement | (16,103) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | — |

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NOTE J - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income included the following as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale | $ | 36,570 |  |  | $ | 8,411 |  |  | $ | 28,159 |  |  | $ | 102,278 |  |  | $ | 23,524 |  |  | $ | 78,754 |
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred from (to) held to maturity | 4,924 |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | 3,791 |  |  | 5,399 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 4,157 |
Defined benefit pension items | (85,222) |  |  | (19,601) |  |  | (65,621) |  |  | (91,751) |  |  | (21,103) |  |  | (70,648) |
Total | $ | (43,728) |  |  | $ | (10,057) |  |  | $ | (33,671) |  |  | $ | 15,926 |  |  | $ | 3,663 |  |  | $ | 12,263 |

The following table highlights changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Three months ended March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands, net of tax) | Unrealized gains on securities available for sale |  | Unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity |  |  |  | Defined benefit pension items |  | Total
Beginning balance | $ | 78,754 |  |  | $ | 4,157 |  |  |  |  | $ | (70,648) |  |  | $ | 12,263 |
Net unrealized losses arising during period | (43,506) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (43,506) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (7,089) |  |  | (366) |  |  |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | (2,428) |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (50,595) |  |  | (366) |  |  |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | (45,934) |
Ending balance | $ | 28,159 |  |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  |  |  | $ | (65,621) |  |  | $ | (33,671) |
| Three months ended March 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands, net of tax) | Unrealized gains on securities available for sale |  | Unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity |  |  |  | Defined benefit pension items |  | Total
Beginning balance | $ | 5,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (132,515) |  |  | $ | (126,723) |
Net unrealized gains arising during period | 111,530 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 111,530 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (15,242) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | (10,419) |
Net current period other comprehensive income | 96,288 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | 101,111 |
Ending balance | $ | 102,080 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (127,692) |  |  | $ | (25,612) |

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The following table presents the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and the line item affected in the statement where net income is presented for the three and three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2021
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale |  | $ | 9,207 |  |  | Realized gains on investment securities available for sale, net
|  | (2,118) |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | 7,089 |  |  |
Accretion of unrealized gains on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity |  | $ | 475 |  |  | Net interest income
|  | (109) |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | 366 |  |  |
Amortization of defined benefit pension actuarial losses |  | (6,529) |  |  | Other noninterest expense
|  | 1,502 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | (5,027) |  |  |
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | 2,428 |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2020
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale |  | $ | 19,795 |  |  | Realized gains on investment securities available for sale, net
|  | (4,553) |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | 15,242 |  |  |
Amortization of defined benefit pension actuarial losses |  | (6,264) |  |  | Other noninterest expense
|  | 1,441 |  |  | Income taxes
|  | $ | (4,823) |  |  |
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | 10,419 |  |  |

NOTE K - ESTIMATED FAIR VALUES
Fair value estimates are intended to represent the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. Where there is no active market for a financial instrument, BancShares has made estimates using discounted cash flows or other valuation techniques. Inputs used in these valuation techniques are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and require significant judgment and therefore can only be derived within a range of precision. Accordingly, the derived fair value estimates presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts BancShares would realize in a current market exchange.
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, indicates that assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value according to a fair value hierarchy comprised of three levels. The levels are based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The level within the fair value hierarchy for an asset or liability is based on the highest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement (with Level 1 considered highest and Level 3 considered lowest). A brief description of each level follows:
•Level 1 values are based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
•Level 2 values are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
•Level 3 values are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or assumptions are not observable in the market. These unobservable inputs and assumptions reflect estimates that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
BancShares’ management reviews any changes to its valuation methodologies to ensure they are appropriate and supportable, and refines valuation methodologies as more market-based data becomes available. Accuracy of the levels of the fair value hierarchy are validated and transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of the reporting period.
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The methodologies used to estimate the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities are discussed below:
Investment securities available for sale and held to maturity. The fair value of U.S. Treasury, government agency and mortgage-backed securities, municipal securities, as well as a portion of corporate bonds, is generally estimated using a third party pricing service. The third party provider evaluates securities based on comparable investments with trades and market data and will utilize pricing models that use a variety of inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids and offers as needed. These securities are generally classified as Level 2. The remaining corporate bonds held are generally measured at fair value based on indicative bids from broker-dealers which are unadjusted and are not directly observable. These securities are considered Level 3.
Investment in marketable equity securities. Equity securities are measured at fair value using observable closing prices and the market activity. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 if they are traded in an active market and as Level 2 if the observable closing price is from a less than active market.
Loans held for sale. Management elects the fair value option on certain residential real estate loans originated to be sold to investors. The loans are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices for similar types of loans. Accordingly, the inputs used to calculate fair value of originated residential real estate loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 inputs. Loans held for investment subsequently transferred to held for sale are carried at fair value when a firm commitment to purchase from a counterparty exists. The fair value of the transferred loans is based on the quoted prices and is considered a Level 1 input.
Net loans and leases. Fair value is estimated based on discounted future cash flows using the current interest rates at which loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality. The inputs used in the fair value measurements for loans and leases are considered Level 3 inputs.
FHLB stock. The carrying amount of FHLB stock is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these securities are not readily marketable and are evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience, when determining the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares believes its investment in FHLB stock is ultimately recoverable at par. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the FHLB stock are considered Level 2 inputs.
Mortgage and other servicing rights. Mortgage and other servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market value and are, therefore, carried at fair value only when fair value is less than the amortized cost. The fair value of mortgage and other servicing rights is performed using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a model that relies on discount rates, estimates of prepayment rates and the weighted average cost to service the loans is used to determine the fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for mortgage and other servicing rights are considered Level 3 inputs.
Deposits. For non-time deposits, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the interest rates currently offered for deposits with similar remaining maturities. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for deposits are considered Level 2 inputs.
Borrowings. For borrowings, the fair values are determined based on recent trades or sales of the actual security if available. Otherwise, fair values are estimated by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for FHLB borrowings, subordinated debentures, and other borrowings are considered Level 2 inputs.
Payable to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements. The fair value of the payable to the FDIC for shared-loss agreements was determined based on payments to the FDIC in accordance with the shared-loss agreements. Cash flows were discounted using current discount rates to reflect the timing of the estimated amounts due to the FDIC. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the payable to the FDIC were considered Level 3 inputs.
Off-balance-sheet commitments and contingencies. Carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of the fair values for such financial instruments. Carrying amounts include unamortized fee income and, in some cases, reserves for any credit losses from those financial instruments. These amounts are not material to BancShares’ financial position.
For all other financial assets and liabilities, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The carrying value and fair value for these assets and liabilities are equivalent because they are relatively short term in nature and there is no interest rate or credit risk that would cause the fair value to differ from the carrying value. Cash and due from banks is classified on the fair value hierarchy as Level 1. Overnight investments, income earned not collected, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, and accrued interest payable are considered Level 2.
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The table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values for financial instruments as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Carrying value |  | Fair value |  | Carrying value |  | Fair value
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 410,495 |  |  | $ | 410,495 |  |  | $ | 362,048 |  |  | $ | 362,048 |
Overnight investments | 7,588,757 |  |  | 7,588,757 |  |  | 4,347,336 |  |  | 4,347,336 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 106,886 |  |  | 106,886 |  |  | 91,680 |  |  | 91,680 |
Investment securities available for sale | 7,307,122 |  |  | 7,307,122 |  |  | 7,014,243 |  |  | 7,014,243 |
Investment securities held to maturity | 2,808,099 |  |  | 2,774,982 |  |  | 2,816,982 |  |  | 2,838,499 |
Loans held for sale | 129,334 |  |  | 129,334 |  |  | 124,837 |  |  | 124,837 |
Net loans and leases | 32,970,200 |  |  | 33,202,437 |  |  | 32,567,661 |  |  | 33,298,166 |
Income earned not collected | 148,022 |  |  | 148,022 |  |  | 145,694 |  |  | 145,694 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 40,563 |  |  | 40,563 |  |  | 45,392 |  |  | 45,392 |
Mortgage and other servicing rights | 23,728 |  |  | 24,322 |  |  | 19,628 |  |  | 20,283 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with no stated maturity | 44,601,552 |  |  | 44,601,552 |  |  | 40,542,596 |  |  | 40,542,596 |
Time deposits | 2,729,445 |  |  | 2,738,244 |  |  | 2,889,013 |  |  | 2,905,577 |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | 680,705 |  |  | 680,705 |  |  | 641,487 |  |  | 641,487 |
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings | 648,671 |  |  | 664,996 |  |  | 655,175 |  |  | 677,579 |
Subordinated debt | 497,153 |  |  | 517,091 |  |  | 504,518 |  |  | 525,610 |
Other borrowings | 84,502 |  |  | 85,067 |  |  | 88,470 |  |  | 89,263 |
FDIC shared-loss payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,601 |  |  | 15,843 |
Accrued interest payable | 5,149 |  |  | 5,149 |  |  | 9,414 |  |  | 9,414 |

For assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis, the following table provides fair value information as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government agency | $ | 846,686 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 846,686 |  |  | $ | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,758,589 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,758,589 |  |  | — |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,098,987 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,098,987 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 602,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 284,744 |  |  | 318,116 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,307,122 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,989,006 |  |  | $ | 318,116 |
Marketable equity securities | $ | 106,886 |  |  | $ | 43,677 |  |  | $ | 63,209 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale | $ | 129,334 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,334 |  |  | $ | — |
| December 31, 2020
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | $ | 499,933 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 499,933 |  |  | $ | — |
Government agency | 701,391 |  |  | — |  |  | 701,391 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,438,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,438,103 |  |  | — |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 771,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 771,537 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 603,279 |  |  | — |  |  | 286,655 |  |  | 316,624 |
Total investment securities available for sale | $ | 7,014,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,697,619 |  |  | $ | 316,624 |
Marketable equity securities | $ | 91,680 |  |  | $ | 32,855 |  |  | $ | 58,825 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale | $ | 124,837 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,837 |  |  | $ | — |

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The following tables summarize activity for Level 3 assets:

|  |  |  |  | Corporate bonds
|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 316,624 |  |  | $ | 69,685 |
Unrealized net losses (gains) included in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 2,333 |  |  | (4,366) |
Amounts included in net income |  |  |  |  | (91) |  |  | (85) |
Transfers in |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,782 |
Sales / Calls |  |  |  |  | (750) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 318,116 |  |  | $ | 67,016 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no transfers between levels. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were transfers from Level 2 to Level 3 of $1.8 million. The transfers were due to a lack of observable inputs and trade activity for those securities.
The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2021:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | March 31, 2021
Level 3 assets |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Fair Value
Corporate bonds |  | Indicative bid provided by broker |  | Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the issuer |  | $ | 318,116 |

Fair Value Option
BancShares has elected the fair value option for residential real estate loans originated to be sold. This election reduces certain timing differences in the Consolidated Statement of Income and better aligns with the management of the portfolio from a business perspective. The changes in fair value were recorded as a component of mortgage income and included a loss of $2.7 million and a gain of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest earned on loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance for residential real estate originated for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Aggregate unpaid principal balance |  | Difference
Originated loans held for sale | $ | 129,334 |  |  | $ | 126,113 |  |  | $ | 3,221 |
| December 31, 2020
| Fair value |  | Aggregate unpaid principal balance |  | Difference
Originated loans held for sale | $ | 124,837 |  |  | $ | 118,902 |  |  | $ | 5,935 |

No originated loans held for sale were 90 or more days past due or on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
We may be required to measure certain financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to impairment.
The population of loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is limited to collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually. These collateral-dependent loans are deemed to be at fair value if there is an associated ACL or if a charge-off has been recorded in the previous 12 months. Collateral values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property discounted based on estimated selling costs, generally between 6% and 10%, and immaterial adjustments for other external factors that may impact the marketability of the collateral. The weighted average discount for estimated selling costs applied was 6.81%.
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OREO acquired or written down within the previous 12 months is deemed to be at fair value. Asset valuations are determined by using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts generally between 6% and 15% applied for estimated selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. At March 31, 2021, the weighted average discount applied was 8.76%. Changes to the value of the assets between scheduled valuation dates are monitored through continued communication with brokers and monthly reviews by the asset manager assigned to each asset. If there are any significant changes in the market or the subject property, valuations are adjusted or new appraisals ordered to ensure the reported values reflect the most current information.
For financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, the following table provides fair value information as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
(Dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Collateral-dependent loans | $ | 10,247 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,247 |
Other real estate owned | 36,642 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,642 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 20,409 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,409 |
| December 31, 2020
|  |  | Fair value measurements using:
| Fair value |  | Level 1 inputs |  | Level 2 inputs |  | Level 3 inputs
Collateral-dependent loans | $ | 11,779 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,779 |
Other real estate owned | 40,115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,115 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 16,966 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,966 |

No financial liabilities were carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
NOTE L - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
BancShares sponsors noncontributory defined benefit pension plans for its qualifying employees. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is included in salaries and wages while all other non-service cost components are included in other noninterest expense.
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Service cost |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,653 |  |  | $ | 3,457 |
Interest cost |  |  |  |  | 7,404 |  |  | 8,531 |
Expected return on assets |  |  |  |  | (19,595) |  |  | (16,409) |
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  |  |  |  | 6,529 |  |  | 6,264 |
Net periodic (benefit) cost |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,009) |  |  | $ | 1,843 |

No discretionary contribution was made to the pension plans during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The funding policy of the pension plans is to contribute an amount each year to meet all Employee Retirement Income Security Act minimum requirements, including amounts to meet quarterly funding requirements, avoid “at-risk” status and avoid any benefit restrictions. BancShares may also contribute additional voluntary amounts each year (up to the maximum tax-deductible amount) in order to achieve certain target funding levels in the plans, with consideration also given to current and future cash flow and tax positions. No contributions are currently expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.
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NOTE M - LEASES
The following table presents right-of-use lease assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | Classification | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Assets: |  |  |  |
Operating | Other assets | $ | 65,330 |  |  | $ | 68,048 |
Finance | Premises and equipment | 5,936 |  |  | 6,478 |
Total leased assets |  | $ | 71,266 |  |  | $ | 74,526 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating | Other liabilities | $ | 65,841 |  |  | $ | 68,343 |
Finance | Other borrowings | 5,915 |  |  | 6,308 |
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 71,756 |  |  | $ | 74,651 |

NOTE N - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
To meet the financing needs of its customers, BancShares and its subsidiaries have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments involve elements of credit, interest rate or liquidity risk and include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.
Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of fees. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements. Established credit standards control the credit risk exposure associated with these commitments. In some cases, BancShares requires collateral be pledged to secure the commitment, including cash deposits, securities and other assets.
Standby letters of credit are commitments guaranteeing performance of a customer to a third party. Those commitments are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. To mitigate its risk, BancShares’ credit policies govern the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit risk related to the issuance of these letters of credit is essentially the same as in extending loans to clients and, therefore, these letters of credit are collateralized when necessary.
The following table presents the commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Unused commitments to extend credit | $ | 12,126,186 |  |  | $ | 12,098,417 |
Standby letters of credit | 139,572 |  |  | 129,819 |

BancShares has investments in qualified affordable housing projects primarily for the purposes of fulfilling Community Reinvestment Act requirements and obtaining tax credits. Affordable housing project investments were $162.4 million and $163.9 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and were recorded in other assets. Unfunded commitments to fund future investments in affordable housing projects totaled $49.7 million and $53.7 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and were recorded in other liabilities.
BancShares and various subsidiaries have been named as defendants in legal actions arising from their normal business activities in which damages in various amounts were claimed. BancShares has also been exposed to litigation risk relating to the prior business activities of banks from which assets were acquired and liabilities assumed in the various merger transactions. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to such matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, any such liability will not have a material effect on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements.
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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of earnings and related financial data are presented to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“BancShares”). This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes presented within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q along with our financial statements and related MD&A of financial condition and results of operations included in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Although certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to statement presentations for 2021, the reclassifications had no effect on shareholders’ equity or net income as previously reported. Unless otherwise noted, the terms “we,” “us” and “BancShares” refer to the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations for BancShares.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
BancShares conducts its banking operations through its wholly-owned subsidiary First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB”), a state-chartered bank organized under the laws of the state of North Carolina.
BancShares’ earnings and cash flows are primarily derived from our commercial and retail banking activities. We gather deposits from retail and commercial customers and also secure funding through various non-deposit sources. We invest the liquidity generated from these funding sources in interest-earning assets, including loans and leases, investment securities and overnight investments. We also invest in bank premises, hardware, software, furniture and equipment used to conduct our commercial and retail banking business. We provide treasury services products, cardholder and merchant services, wealth management services and various other products and services typically offered by commercial banks. The fees and service charges generated from these products and services are primary sources of noninterest income which is an essential component of our total revenue.
We are focused on expanding our position in legacy and target markets through organic growth and strategic acquisitions. We believe our franchise is positioned for continued growth as a result of our client centric banking principles, disciplined lending standards, and our people.
Refer to our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of our strategy.
RECENT ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS
During the first quarter of 2020, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) spread throughout the world, causing significant disruptions to the domestic and global economies which continue to date. In response to the outbreak, governments imposed restrictions resulting in business shutdowns, regional quarantines, disruptions of supply chains, changes in consumer behavior and overall economic instability. This uncertainty led to volatility in the financial markets. This impact was coupled with spikes in unemployment as a result of business shutdowns that continue to impact financial institutions operationally and financially. Vaccine distribution and other factors have improved the economic outlook, but uncertainty remains.
During the first quarter of 2021, the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) maintained the federal funds rate at a target range of 0.00% to 0.25%. The FOMC cited the effects of COVID-19 on economic activity and the risks posed to the economic outlook. The FOMC expects to maintain this target range until labor market conditions have reached levels consistent with the FOMC’s assessments of maximum employment and inflation has risen to 2% and is on track to moderately exceed 2% for some time.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was passed. The bill was designed to provide short-term economic relief to individuals and businesses most impacted by the fallout of the pandemic. Key provisions include: for individuals, economic impact payments and enhanced unemployment benefits; for small businesses, access to loans and support through the Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program (“SBA-PPP”), direct aid and loans to the medical industry and other affected sectors, and certain tax benefits that can be used in conjunction with the other aid mentioned. While direct aid to financial services entities is not a primary goal of the provisions, financial institutions will function to transmit funds from the Federal Reserve, SBA and United States (“U.S.”) Treasury to the public. This was supplemented by the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act, which was signed into law on June 5, 2020, and amended provisions of the SBA-PPP including timing of the program and changes to forgiveness criteria. In addition, there were other regulatory actions taken that may impact our business including changes in credit reporting on customer forbearance, federally backed mortgage forbearance, potential legal lending limit relaxation and other economic stabilization efforts.
The Consolidated Apportions Act 2021 was signed into law during the fourth quarter of 2020 and contained provisions for a second round of funding of SBA-PPP loans.
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BANCSHARES’ COVID-19 CONTINUED MONITORING AND RESPONSE
BancShares remains dedicated to serving our customers and communities through the COVID-19 crisis. Our branches have re-opened with enhanced safety protocols and our corporate locations remain at limited occupancy as we navigate the challenges of COVID-19.
During the first quarter of 2021 in the second round of SBA-PPP, BancShares originated approximately 9,600 SBA-PPP loans totaling $1.1 billion. We recorded $30.9 million of interest and fee income related to SBA-PPP loans for the quarter. As of March 31, 2021, remaining net deferred fees on SBA-PPP loans were $66.7 million.
With respect to the first round of SBA-PPP, we began accepting and processing applications for forgiveness during the third quarter of 2020. We have received approximately 12,000 forgiveness decisions from the SBA to date, representing over $1.4 billion in forgiveness payments. BancShares originated approximately 23,000 loans during round one totaling $3.2 billion.
Through March 31, 2021, approximately 98% of all COVID-19 related loan extensions have begun repayment. Delinquency trends among loans entering repayment are in line with the remainder of the portfolio, and we have not seen significant declines in overall credit quality.
During 2020, we recorded a $36.1 million reserve build due to uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 and its potential impact on our credit portfolio. Improved macroeconomic factors used as inputs into our ACL models and continued low net charge-offs during the first quarter of 2021 resulted in a provision credit of $11.0 million driven primarily by a $13.7 million reserve release during the quarter.
Table 1 provides a breakdown of the $2.8 billion of SBA-PPP loans outstanding by loan size as of March 31, 2021.
Table 1
SBA-PPP LOANS BY LOAN SIZE

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Loan Size | $ of Loans |  | % of Loans $
Less than $150,000 | $ | 793,559 |  |  | 28.7 | %
$150,000 to $2,000,000 | 1,465,863 |  |  | 52.9 |
Greater than $2,000,000 | 510,484 |  |  | 18.4 |
Total | $ | 2,769,906 |  |  | 100.0 | %

We began accepting and processing applications for forgiveness during the third quarter of 2020. Table 2 represents the forgiveness status of SBA-PPP loans as of March 31, 2021.
Table 2
SBA-PPP LOAN FORGIVENESS STATUS

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Forgiveness Status | $ of Loans |  | % of Round 1 Total
Received by FCB | $ | 2,222,139 |  |  | 69.2 | %
Submitted to SBA | 2,099,988 |  |  | 65.4 |
Approved by SBA | 1,458,983 |  |  | 45.4 |
Funds Received | 1,410,441 |  |  | 43.9 |

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN 2021
On October 15, 2020, BancShares and CIT Group Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CIT”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among BancShares, FCB, FC Merger Subsidiary IX, Inc., a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of FCB (“Merger Sub”), and CIT, the parent company of CIT Bank, N.A., a national banking association (“CIT Bank”). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into CIT, with CIT as the surviving entity (the “First-Step Merger”), and as soon as reasonably practicable following the effective time of the First-Step Merger, CIT will merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving entity (together with the First-Step Merger, the “Mergers”). The Merger Agreement further provides that immediately following the consummation of the Mergers, CIT Bank will merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving bank (together with the Mergers, the “Transaction”).
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The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of each of BancShares and CIT. The Transaction was approved by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks on February 5, 2021, as well as the shareholders of both companies on February 9, 2021. We are continuing to work with other regulators on remaining approvals and anticipate closing in mid-2021 subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the First-Step Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of CIT common stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (“CIT Common Stock”), except for certain shares of CIT Common Stock owned by CIT or BancShares, will be converted into the right to receive 0.06200 shares of BancShares Class A common stock, par value $1.00 per share. Holders of CIT Common Stock will receive cash in lieu of fractional shares.
In addition, at the Effective Time, each share of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share, of CIT and 5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $0.01 per share, of CIT issued and outstanding will automatically be converted into the right to receive one share of a newly created series of preferred stock, Series B, of BancShares and one share of a newly created series of preferred stock, Series C, of BancShares, respectively.
The Merger Agreement requires that, effective as of the Effective Time, the Boards of Directors of the combined company and the combined bank will consist of 14 directors, (i) 11 of whom will be members of the current Board of Directors of BancShares, and (ii) three of whom will be selected from among the current Board of Directors of CIT and will include as one of those three Ellen R. Alemany, Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer of CIT. We intend to appoint Michael A. Carpenter and Vice Admiral John R. Ryan, USN (Ret.), as the two other members from CIT’s current Board of Directors who will join the Boards of Directors of the combined company and the combined bank.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
First Quarter Highlights
•Net income for the first quarter of 2021 was $147.3 million, an increase of $90.1 million, or 157.7% compared to the same quarter in 2020. Net income available to common shareholders totaled $142.7 million for the first quarter of 2021. Net income per common share increased $9.07, or 166.1%, to $14.53 in the first quarter of 2021, from $5.46 per share during the same quarter in 2020.
•Return on average assets for the first quarter of 2021 was 1.16%, up from 0.57% in the first quarter of 2020. Return on average equity for the first quarter of 2021 was 14.70%, up from 6.34% during the same quarter of 2020.
•Net interest income was $339.7 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $1.3 million, or 0.4% compared to the same quarter in 2020. This was primarily due to interest and fee income on SBA-PPP loans, organic loan growth and lower rates paid on interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a decline in the yield on interest-earning assets. SBA-PPP loans contributed $30.9 million in interest and fee income during the quarter. The taxable-equivalent net interest margin (“NIM”) was 2.80% for the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of 75 basis points from 3.55% for the first quarter in 2020.
•Noninterest income was $136.6 million for the first quarter of 2021 , an increase of $72.6 million, or 113.5%, compared to $64.0 million for the same quarter of 2020.
•Noninterest expense was $295.9 million for the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of $4.0 million or by 1.3% compared to the same quarter of 2020,
•Total loans grew to $33.2 billion, an increase of $388.9 million, or by 4.8% on an annualized basis, since December 31, 2020. Excluding loans originated under the SBA-PPP, total loans increased $25.3 million, or by 0.3% on an annualized basis, since December 31, 2020. The net charge-off ratio was 0.03% for the first quarter of 2021, down from 0.06% for the fourth quarter of 2020 and 0.10% for the first quarter of 2020.
•Total deposits grew to $47.3 billion, an increase of $3.9 billion, or by 36.4% on an annualized basis, since December 31, 2020.
•At March 31, 2021, BancShares remained well capitalized with a total risk-based capital ratio of 14.1%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital of 12.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 11.0% and a leverage ratio of 7.8%.
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Table 3
SELECTED QUARTERLY DATA

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First |
(Dollars in thousands, except share data) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  |  |  |
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 355,323 |  |  | $ | 376,876 |  |  | $ | 374,334 |  |  | $ | 363,257 |  |  | $ | 369,559 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 15,671 |  |  | 18,160 |  |  | 20,675 |  |  | 25,863 |  |  | 31,159 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 339,652 |  |  | 358,716 |  |  | 353,659 |  |  | 337,394 |  |  | 338,400 |  |  |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses | (10,974) |  |  | 5,403 |  |  | 4,042 |  |  | 20,552 |  |  | 28,355 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 350,626 |  |  | 353,313 |  |  | 349,617 |  |  | 316,842 |  |  | 310,045 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income | 136,649 |  |  | 126,765 |  |  | 120,572 |  |  | 165,402 |  |  | 64,011 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense | 295,926 |  |  | 305,373 |  |  | 291,662 |  |  | 291,679 |  |  | 299,971 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 191,349 |  |  | 174,705 |  |  | 178,527 |  |  | 190,565 |  |  | 74,085 |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes | 44,033 |  |  | 36,621 |  |  | 35,843 |  |  | 36,779 |  |  | 16,916 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 147,316 |  |  | 138,084 |  |  | 142,684 |  |  | 153,786 |  |  | 57,169 |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 142,680 |  |  | $ | 133,448 |  |  | $ | 138,048 |  |  | $ | 148,996 |  |  | $ | 57,169 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income, taxable equivalent | $ | 340,271 |  |  | $ | 359,370 |  |  | $ | 354,256 |  |  | $ | 337,965 |  |  | $ | 339,174 |  |  |  |  |
PER COMMON SHARE DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 14.53 |  |  | $ | 13.59 |  |  | $ | 14.03 |  |  | $ | 14.74 |  |  | $ | 5.46 |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends on common shares | 0.47 |  |  | 0.47 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  |  |
Market price at period end (Class A) | 835.77 |  |  | 574.27 |  |  | 318.78 |  |  | 405.02 |  |  | 332.87 |  |  |  |  |
Book value at period-end | 405.59 |  |  | 396.21 |  |  | 380.43 |  |  | 367.57 |  |  | 351.90 |  |  |  |  |
SELECTED QUARTERLY AVERAGE BALANCES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 51,409,634 |  |  | $ | 49,557,803 |  |  | $ | 48,262,155 |  |  | $ | 45,553,502 |  |  | $ | 40,648,806 |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 9,757,650 |  |  | 9,889,124 |  |  | 9,930,197 |  |  | 8,928,467 |  |  | 7,453,159 |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases (1) | 33,086,656 |  |  | 32,964,390 |  |  | 32,694,996 |  |  | 31,635,958 |  |  | 29,098,101 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets | 48,715,279 |  |  | 46,922,823 |  |  | 45,617,376 |  |  | 42,795,781 |  |  | 38,004,341 |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 44,858,198 |  |  | 43,123,312 |  |  | 41,905,844 |  |  | 39,146,415 |  |  | 34,750,061 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities | 27,898,525 |  |  | 26,401,222 |  |  | 25,591,707 |  |  | 24,407,285 |  |  | 23,153,777 |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | 641,236 |  |  | 684,311 |  |  | 710,237 |  |  | 659,244 |  |  | 474,231 |  |  |  |  |
Other short-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,549 |  |  | 157,759 |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowings | 1,235,576 |  |  | 1,250,682 |  |  | 1,256,331 |  |  | 1,275,928 |  |  | 961,132 |  |  |  |  |
Common shareholders' equity | 3,935,267 |  |  | 3,786,158 |  |  | 3,679,138 |  |  | 3,648,284 |  |  | 3,625,975 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,275,204 |  |  | $ | 4,126,095 |  |  | $ | 4,019,075 |  |  | $ | 3,988,225 |  |  | $ | 3,682,634 |  |  |  |  |
Common shares outstanding | 9,816,405 |  |  | 9,816,405 |  |  | 9,836,629 |  |  | 10,105,520 |  |  | 10,473,119 |  |  |  |  |
SELECTED QUARTER-END BALANCES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 53,908,606 |  |  | $ | 49,957,680 |  |  | $ | 48,666,873 |  |  | $ | 47,866,194 |  |  | $ | 41,594,453 |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities | 10,222,107 |  |  | 9,922,905 |  |  | 9,860,594 |  |  | 9,508,476 |  |  | 8,845,197 |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases | 33,180,851 |  |  | 32,791,975 |  |  | 32,845,144 |  |  | 32,418,425 |  |  | 29,240,959 |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 47,330,997 |  |  | 43,431,609 |  |  | 42,250,606 |  |  | 41,479,245 |  |  | 35,346,711 |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | 680,705 |  |  | 641,487 |  |  | 693,889 |  |  | 740,276 |  |  | 540,362 |  |  |  |  |
Other short-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105,000 |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowings | 1,230,326 |  |  | 1,248,163 |  |  | 1,252,016 |  |  | 1,258,719 |  |  | 1,297,132 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,321,400 |  |  | $ | 4,229,268 |  |  | $ | 4,074,414 |  |  | $ | 3,991,444 |  |  | $ | 3,957,520 |  |  |  |  |
Common shares outstanding | 9,816,405 |  |  | 9,816,405 |  |  | 9,816,405 |  |  | 9,934,105 |  |  | 10,280,105 |  |  |  |  |
SELECTED RATIOS AND OTHER DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets (annualized) | 1.16 | % |  | 1.11 | % |  | 1.18 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 0.57 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average common shareholders’ equity (annualized) | 14.70 |  |  | 14.02 |  |  | 14.93 |  |  | 16.43 |  |  | 6.34 |  |  |  |  |
Net yield on interest-earning assets (taxable equivalent) | 2.80 |  |  | 3.02 |  |  | 3.06 |  |  | 3.14 |  |  | 3.55 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs to average loans and leases (annualized) | 0.03 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.10 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PCD | 5.30 |  |  | 5.18 |  |  | 5.07 |  |  | 5.07 |  |  | 4.80 |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCD | 0.57 |  |  | 0.62 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 0.64 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 0.63 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 0.69 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of total nonperforming assets to total loans, leases and other real estate owned | 0.73 |  |  | 0.74 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 0.79 |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | 14.14 |  |  | 13.81 |  |  | 13.70 |  |  | 13.63 |  |  | 13.65 |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 ratio | 12.02 |  |  | 11.63 |  |  | 11.48 |  |  | 11.38 |  |  | 11.43 |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital ratio | 11.00 |  |  | 10.61 |  |  | 10.43 |  |  | 10.32 |  |  | 10.36 |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio | 7.84 |  |  | 7.86 |  |  | 7.80 |  |  | 8.07 |  |  | 8.98 |  |  |  |  |
Dividend payout ratio | 3.23 |  |  | 3.46 |  |  | 2.85 |  |  | 2.71 |  |  | 7.33 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans and leases to average deposits | 73.76 |  |  | 76.44 |  |  | 78.02 |  |  | 80.81 |  |  | 83.74 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Average loan and lease balances include PCD loans, non-PCD loans and leases, loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans and leases.
(2) Loans originated in relation to the SBA-PPP ($2.8 billion as of March 3, 2021) do not have a recorded ACL. As of March 31, 2021, the ratio of ACL to total Non-PCD loans excluding SBA-PPP loans is 0.63%, while the ratio of ACL to total loans excluding SBA-PPP loans is 0.69%.
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BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
CIT Group Inc.
On October 15, 2020, BancShares and CIT, entered into the Merger Agreement by and among BancShares, FCB, the Merger Sub, and CIT, the parent company of CIT Bank. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub and CIT will ultimately merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving entity. The Merger Agreement further provides that immediately following the consummation of the Mergers, CIT Bank will merge with and into FCB, with FCB as the surviving bank.
The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of each of BancShares and CIT. The Transaction was approved by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks on February 5, 2021, as well as the shareholders of both companies on February 9, 2021. We are continuing to work with other regulators on remaining approvals and anticipate closing in mid-2021 subject to regulatory approval and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Assisted Transactions
BancShares completed fourteen Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assisted transactions between 2009 and 2017. Nine of the fourteen FDIC-assisted transactions included shared-loss agreements which, for their terms, protected us from a substantial portion of the credit and asset quality risk we would otherwise incur.
For certain FDIC-assisted transactions, the shared-loss agreement included a provision related to a payment owed to the FDIC at the termination of the agreement. As of March 31, 2021, these agreements have been satisfied following a $16.1 million payment made to the FDIC for the final active agreement.
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Table 4
CONSOLIDATED YEAR-TO-DATE AVERAGE TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT BALANCE SHEETS

| Three months ended March 31
| 2021 |  | 2020
|  |  | Interest |  |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |
| Average |  | Income/ |  | Yield/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Yield/
(Dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Expense |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Rate
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases | $ | 33,086,656 |  |  | $ | 323,602 |  |  | 3.92 | % |  | $ | 29,098,101 |  |  | $ | 326,155 |  |  | 4.46 | %
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | 383,300 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 299,777 |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | 2.25 |
Government agency | 791,293 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 0.96 |  |  | 721,254 |  |  | 4,121 |  |  | 2.29 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 7,882,679 |  |  | 20,607 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | 6,060,434 |  |  | 30,707 |  |  | 2.03 |
Corporate bonds | 602,883 |  |  | 7,742 |  |  | 5.14 |  |  | 205,504 |  |  | 2,477 |  |  | 4.82 |
Other investments | 97,495 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 1.96 |  |  | 166,190 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 1.64 |
Total investment securities | 9,757,650 |  |  | 30,892 |  |  | 1.27 |  |  | 7,453,159 |  |  | 39,660 |  |  | 2.13 |
Overnight investments | 5,870,973 |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | 1,453,081 |  |  | 4,518 |  |  | 1.25 |
Total interest-earning assets | 48,715,279 |  |  | 355,942 |  |  | 2.93 |  |  | 38,004,341 |  |  | 370,333 |  |  | 3.88 |
Cash and due from banks | 333,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 300,433 |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment | 1,251,542 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,251,970 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses | (224,009) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (187,269) |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | 48,590 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53,356 |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | 1,285,163 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,225,975 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 51,409,634 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,648,806 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest | $ | 10,746,225 |  |  | $ | 1,409 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | $ | 8,188,983 |  |  | $ | 1,701 |  |  | 0.08 | %
Savings | 3,461,780 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | 2,593,869 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 0.04 |
Money market accounts | 9,008,391 |  |  | 2,508 |  |  | 0.11 |  |  | 7,016,587 |  |  | 9,109 |  |  | 0.52 |
Time deposits | 2,805,317 |  |  | 4,577 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 3,761,216 |  |  | 13,099 |  |  | 1.40 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 26,021,713 |  |  | 8,793 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 21,560,655 |  |  | 24,194 |  |  | 0.45 |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | 641,236 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 474,231 |  |  | 442 |  |  | 0.38 |
Other short-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157,759 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 2.02 |
Long-term borrowings | 1,235,576 |  |  | 6,540 |  |  | 2.12 |  |  | 961,132 |  |  | 5,719 |  |  | 2.35 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 27,898,525 |  |  | 15,671 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 23,153,777 |  |  | 31,159 |  |  | 0.54 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 18,836,485 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,189,406 |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 399,420 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 622,989 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 4,275,204 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,682,634 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 51,409,634 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,648,806 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  | 2.70 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.34 | %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets |  |  | $ | 340,271 |  |  | 2.80 | % |  |  |  | $ | 339,174 |  |  | 3.55 | %

Loans and leases include PCD loans, non-PCD loans, nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale. Yields related to loans, leases and securities exempt from both federal and state income taxes, federal income taxes only, or state income taxes only are stated on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0%, as well as a blended state income tax rate of 3.3% and 3.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $619 thousand and $774 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively.
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Table 5
CHANGES IN CONSOLIDATED TAXABLE EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST INCOME

|  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2021
|  |  | Change from prior year period due to:
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Volume(1) |  | Yield/Rate(1) |  | Total Change
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 47,241 |  |  | $ | (49,794) |  |  | $ | (2,553) |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury |  |  |  |  |  |  | 451 |  |  | (1,957) |  |  | (1,506) |
Government agency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400 |  |  | (2,621) |  |  | (2,221) |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,353 |  |  | (19,453) |  |  | (10,100) |
Corporate bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,789 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 5,265 |
Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | (278) |  |  | 72 |  |  | (206) |
Total investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,715 |  |  | (23,483) |  |  | (8,768) |
Overnight investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,602 |  |  | (16,672) |  |  | (3,070) |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 75,558 |  |  | $ | (89,949) |  |  | $ | (14,391) |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking with interest |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | (821) |  |  | $ | (292) |
Savings |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95 |  |  | (81) |  |  | 14 |
Money market accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,517 |  |  | (9,118) |  |  | (6,601) |
Time deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,359) |  |  | (5,163) |  |  | (8,522) |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  | (218) |  |  | (15,183) |  |  | (15,401) |
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  | 155 |  |  | (259) |  |  | (104) |
Other short-term borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  | (804) |  |  | — |  |  | (804) |
Long-term borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | (787) |  |  | 821 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 741 |  |  | (16,229) |  |  | (15,488) |
Change in net interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,817 |  |  | $ | (73,720) |  |  | $ | 1,097 |
(1) The rate/volume variance is allocated proportionally between the changes in volume and rate.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income and Margin (Taxable-Equivalent Basis)
First Quarter 2021 compared to First Quarter 2020
Taxable-equivalent net interest income was $340.3 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $1.1 million, or 0.3%, compared to the first quarter of 2020. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to interest and fee income on SBA-PPP loans, organic loan growth and lower rates paid on interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a decline in yield on interest-earning assets. SBA-PPP loans contributed $30.9 million in interest and fee income during the first quarter of 2021.
The taxable-equivalent NIM was 2.80% in the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of 75 basis points from the same quarter in the prior year. The margin decline was primarily due to changes in earning asset mix, driven by a build up of excess liquidity held in lower yielding overnight investments. This was coupled with a decrease in the yield on interest-earning assets, partially offset by lower rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and the yield on SBA-PPP loans.
Average interest-earning assets increased by $10.7 billion to $48.7 billion, compared to the first quarter of 2020. The primary drivers for this change were the excess liquidity build up leading to higher average overnight investments of $4.4 billion, higher average loan balances, which increased $4.0 billion, due to contributions from loans originated under the SBA-PPP as well as organic loan growth and higher average investment securities of $2.3 billion.
The yield on interest-earning assets decreased by 95 basis points to 2.93% when compared to the first quarter of 2020. The yield on loans and leases decreased to 3.92%, or by 54 basis points, primarily due to lower yields on commercial and home equity loans as a result of downward rate resets on variable rate loans and lower rates on originations. The yield on overnight investments and investment securities decreased by 115 basis points and 86 basis points, respectively. The yield decrease on overnight investments was primarily due to a lower federal funds rate, while lower yield on investment securities was primarily due to yield declines on mortgage-backed and government agency securities.
Average interest-bearing liabilities increased by $4.7 billion to $27.9 billion, compared to the first quarter of 2020. This increase was primarily due to an increase in average interest-bearing deposit balances of $4.5 billion driven by organic deposit growth, SBA-PPP fundings and stimulus checks, as well as an increase in average long-term borrowings of $274.4 million.
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Rates on interest-bearing liabilities decreased by 31 basis points to 0.23%, primarily due to decreased rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.
Provision for Credit Losses
Provision for credit losses was an $11.0 million credit for the first quarter of 2021, compared to $28.4 million in provision expense for the same quarter in 2020. The change was driven primarily by a $13.7 million reserve release attributable to continued low net charge-offs, strong credit performance and improvements in macroeconomic factors. This compares to a $21.5 million reserve build related to COVID-19 recorded in the first quarter of 2020.
Noninterest Income
Table 6
NONINTEREST INCOME

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Wealth management services |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,198 |  |  | $ | 26,412 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  |  |  | 21,536 |  |  | 26,413 |
Cardholder services, net |  |  |  |  | 19,960 |  |  | 18,160 |
Mortgage income |  |  |  |  | 12,991 |  |  | 5,224 |
Merchant services, net |  |  |  |  | 8,917 |  |  | 5,888 |
Other service charges and fees |  |  |  |  | 8,489 |  |  | 7,792 |
Insurance commissions |  |  |  |  | 3,998 |  |  | 3,688 |
ATM income |  |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | 1,422 |
Marketable equity securities gains (losses), net |  |  |  |  | 16,011 |  |  | (51,408) |
Realized gains on investment securities available for sale, net |  |  |  |  | 9,207 |  |  | 19,795 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 1,860 |  |  | 625 |
Total noninterest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 136,649 |  |  | $ | 64,011 |

Noninterest income is an essential component of our total revenue and is critical to our profitability level. The primary sources of noninterest income consist of wealth management services, fees and service charges generated from deposit accounts, cardholder and merchant services, and mortgage lending and servicing.
Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2021 was $136.6 million, compared to $64.0 million for the same period of 2020, an increase of $72.6 million, or 113.5%. The most significant components of the change were as follows:
•Favorable change in the fair market value adjustments on the marketable equity securities portfolio of $67.4 million.
•Mortgage income increased by $7.8 million primarily due to the partial recapture of mortgage servicing rights impairment recorded in the first quarter of 2020 totaling $3.1 million as mortgage interest rates increased. The remaining increase was due to higher production and sales volume.
•Wealth management services increased by $5.8 million primarily due to increases in advisory and transactions fees, assets under management and annuity fees.
•Realized gains on sales of investment securities decreased by $10.6 million.
•Service charges on deposit accounts decreased by $4.9 million primarily due to elevated customer deposit balances.
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Noninterest Expense
Table 7
NONINTEREST EXPENSE

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Salaries and wages |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,830 |  |  | $ | 145,255 |
Employee benefits |  |  |  |  | 35,725 |  |  | 38,511 |
Occupancy expense |  |  |  |  | 29,743 |  |  | 27,480 |
Equipment expense |  |  |  |  | 29,803 |  |  | 27,850 |
Processing fees paid to third parties |  |  |  |  | 13,673 |  |  | 10,372 |
FDIC insurance expense |  |  |  |  | 3,218 |  |  | 3,466 |
Collection and foreclosure-related expenses |  |  |  |  | 2,198 |  |  | 4,054 |
Merger-related expenses |  |  |  |  | 6,819 |  |  | 4,232 |
Telecommunications expense |  |  |  |  | 3,033 |  |  | 2,973 |
Consultant expense |  |  |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | 3,260 |
Advertising expense |  |  |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 2,669 |
Core deposit intangible amortization |  |  |  |  | 3,044 |  |  | 3,859 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 16,890 |  |  | 25,990 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 295,926 |  |  | $ | 299,971 |

The primary components of noninterest expense are salaries and related employee benefits, occupancy and equipment expense.
Noninterest expense was $295.9 million during the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of $4.0 million, or 1.3%, compared to the same quarter in 2020. The most significant components of the change were as follows:
•Other noninterest expense decreased $9.1 million primarily due to lower pension expense, a decrease in the reserve for unfunded loan commitments and declining travel expenses due to COVID-19.
•Processing fees paid to third parties increased $3.3 million as a result of continued investment in digital and technological capabilities.
•Merger-related expenses increased $2.6 million driven by legal and consulting expenses related to the pending merger with CIT.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $44.0 million and $16.9 million for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing effective tax rates of 23.0% and 22.8% during the periods.
We monitor and evaluate the potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expenses and income tax liabilities. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where BancShares is required to file income tax returns, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by tax auditors.
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS
Interest-earning assets include overnight investments, investment securities and loans and leases, all of which reflect varying interest rates based on the risk level and repricing characteristics of the underlying asset. Riskier investments typically carry a higher interest rate but expose us to higher levels of market risk. We strive to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets, while keeping non-earning assets at a minimum.
Interest-earning assets totaled $51.1 billion and $47.2 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The $3.9 billion increase was primarily composed of a $3.2 billion increase in overnight investments, a $388.9 million increase in loans and leases and a $299.2 million increase in investment securities.
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Investment Securities
The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to generate incremental income by deploying excess funds into securities with minimal liquidity and credit risk, and low to moderate interest rate risk. Other objectives include acting as a stable source of liquidity, serving as a tool for asset and liability management and maintaining an interest rate risk profile compatible with BancShares’ objectives. Additionally, purchases of equities and corporate bonds in other financial institutions have been made largely under a long-term earnings optimization strategy. Changes in the total balance of our investment portfolio result from trends in balance sheet funding and market performance. Generally, when inflows arising from deposit and treasury services products exceed loan and lease demand, we invest excess funds into the securities portfolio and into overnight investments. Conversely, when loan demand exceeds growth in deposits and short-term borrowings, we allow overnight investments to decline and use proceeds from maturing securities and prepayments to fund loan demand. See Note C - Investments for additional disclosures.
The carrying value of investment securities totaled $10.2 billion at March 31, 2021, an increase of $299.2 million compared to December 31, 2020. The increase in the portfolio was primarily attributable to deposit growth outpacing loan growth for the period, resulting in investment securities purchases of $2.0 billion, partially offset by sales of $356.1 million and maturities and paydowns of $1.3 billion.
Available for sale securities are reported at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of deferred taxes. As of March 31, 2021, investment securities available for sale had a net pre-tax unrealized gain of $36.6 million, compared to a net pre-tax unrealized gain of $102.3 million as of December 31, 2020. Management evaluated the available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position and concluded that the unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates relative to when the securities were purchased, and therefore, no allowance for credit losses was needed at March 31, 2021.
BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, no allowance for credit losses was needed at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Table 8
INVESTMENT SECURITIES

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) | Composition(1) |  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value |  | Composition(1) |  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value
Investment securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | $ | 499,832 |  |  | $ | 499,933 |
Government agency | 8.4 |  |  | 852,305 |  |  | 846,686 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 706,241 |  |  | 701,391 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 46.6 |  |  | 4,736,893 |  |  | 4,758,589 |  |  | 44.5 |  |  | 4,369,130 |  |  | 4,438,103 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 10.8 |  |  | 1,096,259 |  |  | 1,098,987 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 745,892 |  |  | 771,537 |
Corporate bonds | 5.9 |  |  | 585,095 |  |  | 602,860 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 590,870 |  |  | 603,279 |
Total investment securities available for sale | 71.7 |  |  | 7,270,552 |  |  | 7,307,122 |  |  | 70.5 |  |  | 6,911,965 |  |  | 7,014,243 |
Investment in marketable equity securities | 1.1 |  |  | 84,297 |  |  | 106,886 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 84,837 |  |  | 91,680 |
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 16.9 |  |  | 1,740,314 |  |  | 1,724,995 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 1,877,692 |  |  | 1,895,381 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 10.2 |  |  | 1,065,778 |  |  | 1,047,980 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 937,034 |  |  | 940,862 |
Other | 0.1 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2,256 |  |  | 2,256 |
Total investment securities held to maturity | 27.2 |  |  | 2,808,099 |  |  | 2,774,982 |  |  | 28.6 |  |  | 2,816,982 |  |  | 2,838,499 |
Total investment securities | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 10,162,948 |  |  | $ | 10,188,990 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 9,813,784 |  |  | $ | 9,944,422 |
(1) Calculated as a percent of the total fair value of investment securities. |  |  |  |

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Table 9 presents the weighted average taxable-equivalent yields for investment securities held to maturity at March 31, 2021 segregated by major category with ranges of contractual maturities. The weighted average yield on the portfolio is calculated using security-level annualized yields.
Table 9
WEIGHTED AVERAGE YIELD ON INVESTMENT SECURITIES

| March 31, 2021
| Within One Year |  | One to Five Years |  | Five to 10 Years |  | After 10 Years |  | Total
Investment securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1) | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 1.01 | % |  | 1.01 | %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.32 |  |  | 1.32 |
Other investments | 1.09 |  |  | 1.25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.17 |
Total investment securities held to maturity | 1.09 | % |  | 1.25 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.13 | % |  | 1.13 | %

(1)Residential mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities, which are not due at a single maturity date, have been included in maturity groupings based on the contractual maturity. The expected life will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay the underlying loans.
Loans and Leases
Loans held for sale were $129.3 million at March 31, 2021, a net increase of $4.5 million since December 31, 2020.
Loans and leases held for investment were $33.2 billion at March 31, 2021, a net increase of $388.9 million, representing annualized growth of 4.8% since December 31, 2020. This increase was driven by a $419.0 million net increase in the non-PCD portfolio offset by a $30.1 million net decrease in the PCD loan portfolio. The net increase in the non-PCD portfolio was due to a net increase of $363.6 million related to SBA-PPP loans, as well as organic growth primarily in commercial and business loans. The net decrease in PCD loans was primarily due to pay downs and pay-offs. Excluding SBA-PPP loans, total loans grew by 0.3% on an annualized basis.
BancShares reports non-PCD and PCD loan portfolios separately, and the non-PCD portfolio is further divided into commercial and consumer segments. Non-PCD loans and leases at March 31, 2021 were $32.7 billion compared to $32.3 billion at December 31, 2020, representing 98.7% and 98.6% of total loans, respectively. PCD loans at March 31, 2021 were $432.8 million, compared to $462.9 million at December 31, 2020, representing 1.3% and 1.4% of total loans, respectively.
The discount related to acquired non-PCD loans and leases was $17.0 million and $19.5 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The discount related to PCD loans was $41.1 million and $45.3 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, accretion income on purchased non-PCD loans and leases was $2.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, interest and accretion income on purchased PCD loans was $10.9 million and $18.5 million, respectively.
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Table 10
LOANS AND LEASES

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Commercial: |  |  |
Construction and land development | $ | 1,022,087 |  |  | $ | 985,424 |
Owner occupied commercial mortgage | 11,340,966 |  |  | 11,165,012 |
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage | 3,017,898 |  |  | 2,987,689 |
Commercial and industrial and leases | 4,946,445 |  |  | 5,013,644 |
SBA-PPP | 2,769,906 |  |  | 2,406,291 |
Total commercial loans | 23,097,302 |  |  | 22,558,060 |
Consumer: |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 5,566,026 |  |  | 5,561,686 |
Revolving mortgage | 1,938,422 |  |  | 2,052,854 |
Construction and land development | 336,065 |  |  | 348,123 |
Consumer auto | 1,271,586 |  |  | 1,255,402 |
Consumer other | 538,677 |  |  | 552,968 |
Total consumer loans | 9,650,776 |  |  | 9,771,033 |
Total non-PCD loans and leases | 32,748,078 |  |  | 32,329,093 |
PCD loans | 432,773 |  |  | 462,882 |
Total loans and leases | 33,180,851 |  |  | 32,791,975 |
Less allowance for credit losses | (210,651) |  |  | (224,314) |
Net loans and leases | $ | 32,970,200 |  |  | $ | 32,567,661 |

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) was $210.7 million at March 31, 2021, representing a decrease of $13.7 million since December 31, 2020. The ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases was 0.63% at March 31, 2021, compared to 0.68% at December 31, 2020. The ACL as a percentage of loans and leases excluding SBA-PPP loans, which have no recorded ACL, was 0.69% at March 31, 2021, compared to 0.74% at December 31, 2020.
The ACL is calculated using a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, charge-off and recovery activity, loan growth, changes in macroeconomic factors, collateral type, estimated loan life and changes in credit quality. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the primary reason for the ACL change was a reserve credit due to improvements in macroeconomic factors. Forecasted economic conditions are developed using third party macroeconomic scenarios adjusted based on management’s expectations over a forecast period of two years. For most pools, we use a 12-month straight-line reversion period to historical averages for model inputs; however for the consumer other, consumer card and commercial card pools, immediate reversion to historical net loss rates is utilized. Significant macroeconomic factors used in estimating the expected losses include unemployment, gross domestic product, home price index and commercial real estate index. Our ACL forecast considers a range of economic scenarios from an upside scenario to a severely adverse scenario, but the March 31, 2021 ACL forecast was calculated using the consensus baseline scenario. This scenario showed improvements in the most significant economic factors compared to what was used to generate the December 31, 2020 ACL. These loss estimates were also influenced by our strong credit quality, low net charge-offs and recent credit trends, which remained stable through the quarter ended March 31, 2021, despite potential impacts of COVID-19.
As of March 31, 2021, the consensus baseline forecast utilized the following significant inputs over the two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period:
Unemployment - Rates are projected to remain elevated, and will generally improve to below 5% by the end of 2022.
GDP Growth - Peak growth of approximately 6% in the second and third quarters of 2021, decreasing to under 3% in late 2022.
Home Pricing Index - Growth rates over 4% in 2021 which then fluctuate between 2% and 3% thereafter.
Commercial Real Estate Index - Forecasted downturn with a maximum 10% drop by the end of 2021, and then slowly improving towards positive year over year growth.
At March 31, 2021, the ACL allocated to non-PCD loans and leases was $187.7 million, or 0.57% of non-PCD loans and leases, compared to $200.3 million, or 0.62%, at December 31, 2020. The decrease of 5 basis points since December 31, 2020 was primarily due to improvement in the macroeconomic factors. The ACL as a percentage of non-PCD loans and leases excluding SBA-PPP loans was 0.63% at March 31, 2021 compared to 0.67% at December 31, 2020
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At March 31, 2021, the ACL for PCD loans totaled $22.9 million compared to $24.0 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease was due to run off of the portfolio.
In the three months ended March 31, 2021, the ACL on commercial portfolios decreased $6.0 million, with the largest share of the decrease within commercial real estate. The ACL on consumer portfolios decreased $6.6 million, with the largest decrease within revolving mortgages. These portfolios were most impacted by the improvement in macroeconomic factors.
Net charge-offs for loans and leases were $2.7 million during the first quarter of 2021, compared to $7.5 million during the first quarter of 2020. On an annualized basis, total net charge-offs as a percentage of total average loans and leases was 0.03% and 0.10% for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, excluding SBA-PPP loans, net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases was 0.04%.
Table 11
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  | PCD |  | Total
Balance at January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 119,485 |  |  | $ | 23,987 |  |  | $ | 224,314 |
Provision (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,922) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,504) |  |  | (1,548) |  |  | (10,974) |
Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,331) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,469) |  |  | (763) |  |  | (8,563) |
Recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 1,259 |  |  | 5,874 |
Balance at March 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,864 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 112,852 |  |  | $ | 22,935 |  |  | $ | 210,651 |
Annualized net charge-off ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | (0.44) | % |  | 0.03 | %
Net charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,056 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | (496) |  |  | 2,689 |
Average loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,831,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,684,501 |  |  | 454,521 |  |  | 32,970,314 |
Percent of loans in each category to total loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69.61 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29.09 | % |  | 1.30 | % |  | 100.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consumer |  | PCD |  | Total
Balance at December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 142,369 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 75,236 |  |  | $ | 7,536 |  |  | $ | 225,141 |
Adoption of ASC 326 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87,554) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,629 |  |  | 19,001 |  |  | (37,924) |
Balance at January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,815 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 105,865 |  |  | 26,537 |  |  | 187,217 |
Provision (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,406 |  |  | (2,588) |  |  | 28,355 |
Initial allowance on PCD loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | 1,193 |
Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,369) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,769) |  |  | (1,123) |  |  | (14,261) |
Recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,431 |  |  | 2,897 |  |  | 6,755 |
Balance at March 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 72,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 109,933 |  |  | $ | 26,916 |  |  | $ | 209,259 |
Annualized net charge-off ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.09 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.22 | % |  | (1.36) | % |  | 0.10 | %
Net charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,942 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,338 |  |  | (1,774) |  |  | 7,506 |
Average loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,731,471 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,770,760 |  |  | 530,087 |  |  | 29,032,318 |
Percent of loans in each category to total loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64.59 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33.49 | % |  | 1.92 | % |  | 100.00 | %

The reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $11.6 million and $12.8 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to improvements in macroeconomic factors.
Table 12
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES RATIOS

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases(1): |  |  |  |  | 0.63 | % |  | 0.68 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  | $ | 210,651 |  |  | $ | 224,314 |
Total loans and leases |  |  |  |  | 33,180,851 |  |  | 32,791,975 |
Allowance for credit losses to non-PCD loans and leases(1): |  |  |  |  | 0.57 | % |  | 0.62 | %
Allowance for credit losses on non-PCD loans and leases |  |  |  |  | $ | 187,716 |  |  | $ | 200,327 |
Total non-PCD loans and leases |  |  |  |  | 32,748,078 |  |  | 32,329,093 |
Allowance for credit losses to PCD loans: |  |  |  |  | 5.30 | % |  | 5.18 | %
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,935 |  |  | $ | 23,987 |
Total PCD loans |  |  |  |  | 432,773 |  |  | 462,882 |
(1) Loans originated in relation to the SBA-PPP ($2.8 billion as of March 31,2021) do not have a recorded ACL. As of March 31, 2021, the ratio of ACL to total Non-PCD loans excluding SBA-PPP loans was 0.63% while the ratio of ACL to total loans excluding SBA-PPP loans was 0.69%. As of December 31, 2020, the ratio of ACL to total Non-PCD loans excluding SBA-PPP loans was 0.67% while the ratio of ACL to total loans excluding SBA-PPP loans is 0.74%.

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NONPERFORMING ASSETS
Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and leases and other real estate owned (“OREO”). At March 31, 2021, BancShares’ nonperforming assets totaled $243.0 million, an increase of $0.7 million since December 31, 2020.
Nonaccrual loans and leases at March 31, 2021 were $194.5 million, reflecting an increase of $3.1 million since December 31, 2020. Nonaccrual loans and leases as a percentage of total loans and leases was 0.59% and 0.58% at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. At March 31, 2021, OREO totaled $48.5 million, representing a decrease of $2.4 million since December 31, 2020. Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total loans, leases and OREO was 0.73% as of March 31, 2021 compared to 0.74% as of December 31, 2020.
Table 13
NONPERFORMING ASSETS

| 2021 |  | 2020
| First |  | Fourth |  | Third |  | Second |  | First
(Dollars in thousands) | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter |  | Quarter
Nonaccrual loans and leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCD | $ | 141,369 |  |  | $ | 136,544 |  |  | $ | 130,927 |  |  | $ | 135,280 |  |  | $ | 121,337 |
PCD | 53,165 |  |  | 54,939 |  |  | 55,527 |  |  | 62,511 |  |  | 53,234 |
Total nonaccrual loans and leases | 194,534 |  |  | 191,483 |  |  | 186,454 |  |  | 197,791 |  |  | 174,571 |
Other real estate owned | 48,512 |  |  | 50,890 |  |  | 52,789 |  |  | 53,850 |  |  | 55,707 |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 243,046 |  |  | $ | 242,373 |  |  | $ | 239,243 |  |  | $ | 251,641 |  |  | $ | 230,278 |
Accruing loans and leases 90 days or more past due |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCD | $ | 5,945 |  |  | $ | 5,507 |  |  | $ | 3,587 |  |  | $ | 3,644 |  |  | $ | 2,933 |
PCD | 1,432 |  |  | 355 |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |  |  | 37 |
Ratio of total nonperforming assets to total loans, leases and other real estate owned | 0.73 | % |  | 0.74 | % |  | 0.73 | % |  | 0.77 | % |  | 0.79 | %
Ratio of nonaccrual loans and leases to total loans and leases | 0.59 |  |  | 0.58 |  |  | 0.57 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 0.60 |
Ratio of allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans and leases | 108.3 |  |  | 117.1 |  |  | 120.1 |  |  | 112.5 |  |  | 119.9 |

TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS
We selectively agree to modify existing loan terms to provide relief to customers who are experiencing financial difficulties or other circumstances that could affect their ability to meet debt obligations. Typical modifications include short-term deferral of interest or modification of payment terms. Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) not accruing interest at the time of restructure are included as nonperforming loans. TDRs accruing at the time of restructure and continuing to perform based on the restructured terms are considered performing loans.
The Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus was published by banking regulators in April 2020 to clarify accounting and reporting expectations for loan modifications in determining TDR designation for borrowers experiencing COVID-19-related financial difficulty. BancShares applied this regulatory guidance during its TDR identification process for short-term loan forbearance agreements as a result of COVID-19, and in most cases, is not recording these as TDRs.
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Table 14
TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Accruing TDRs: |  |  |
Non-PCD | $ | 139,631 |  |  | $ | 139,747 |
PCD | 20,920 |  |  | 17,617 |
Total accruing TDRs | 160,551 |  |  | 157,364 |
Nonaccruing TDRs: |  |  |
Non-PCD | 46,886 |  |  | 43,470 |
PCD | 9,509 |  |  | 7,346 |
Total nonaccruing TDRs | 56,395 |  |  | 50,816 |
All TDRs: |  |  |
Non-PCD | 186,517 |  |  | 183,217 |
PCD | 30,429 |  |  | 24,963 |
Total TDRs | $ | 216,946 |  |  | $ | 208,180 |

INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES
Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, FHLB borrowings, subordinated debt, and other borrowings. Interest-bearing liabilities totaled $28.7 billion at March 31, 2021, compared to $27.3 billion at December 31, 2020. The increase was mostly due to an increase in interest-bearing deposits of $1.4 billion.
Deposits
Due to our focus on maintaining a strong liquidity position, core deposit retention remains a key business objective. We believe traditional bank deposit products remain an attractive option for many customers, as evidenced by the significant deposit growth the industry has experienced over the past 12 months. As economic conditions improve, we recognize that our liquidity position could be adversely affected as bank deposits are withdrawn. Our ability to fund future loan growth is significantly dependent on our success at retaining existing deposits and generating new deposits at a reasonable cost.
At March 31, 2021, total deposits were $47.3 billion, an increase of $3.9 billion, representing annualized growth of 36.4% since December 31, 2020, driven by organic growth, SBA-PPP loan fundings and stimulus checks.
Table 15
DEPOSITS

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Demand | $ | 20,515,142 |  |  | $ | 18,014,029 |
Checking with interest | 10,819,900 |  |  | 10,591,687 |
Money market | 9,590,372 |  |  | 8,632,713 |
Savings | 3,676,138 |  |  | 3,304,167 |
Time | 2,729,445 |  |  | 2,889,013 |
Total deposits | $ | 47,330,997 |  |  | $ | 43,431,609 |

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Borrowings
Total borrowings were relatively unchanged, totaling $1.9 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Table 16
BORROWINGS

(Dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements | $ | 680,705 |  |  | $ | 641,487 |
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings | 648,671 |  |  | 655,175 |
Subordinated debt |  |  |
SCB Capital Trust I | 9,788 |  |  | 9,779 |
FCB/SC Capital Trust II | 17,697 |  |  | 17,664 |
FCB/NC Capital Trust III | 88,145 |  |  | 88,145 |
Capital Trust debentures assumed in acquisitions | 14,433 |  |  | 14,433 |
3.375 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 | 346,748 |  |  | 346,541 |
Other subordinated debt | 20,342 |  |  | 27,956 |
Total subordinated debt | 497,153 |  |  | 504,518 |
Other borrowings | 84,502 |  |  | 88,470 |
Total borrowings | $ | 1,911,031 |  |  | $ | 1,889,650 |

BancShares owns five special purpose entities – SCB Capital Trust I, FCB/SC Capital Trust II, FCB/NC Capital Trust III, CCBI Capital Trust I, and Macon Capital Trust I (the “Trusts”), which mature in 2036, 2034, 2034, 2036, and 2034, respectively. Subordinated debt included junior subordinated debentures representing obligations to the Trusts, which may be redeemed at par in whole or in part at any time. BancShares has guaranteed all obligations of the Trusts.
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY
The table below shows Class A common stock repurchase activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. All Class A common stock repurchases completed in 2020 were consummated under previously approved authorizations. There were no repurchases of Class B common stock or the preferred stock during the three months ended March 31, 2021 or 2020.
Table 17
CLASS A COMMON STOCK REPURCHASE ACTIVITY

|  |  | Three months ended March 31
($ in thousands, expect per share data) |  |  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Number of shares repurchased |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 349,390 |
Total cost |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 159,705 |
Average price per share |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 457.10 |

Upon expiration of the most recent authorization on July 31, 2020, share repurchase activity ended and will be reevaluated in subsequent periods.
We are committed to effectively managing our capital to protect our depositors, creditors and shareholders. We continually monitor the capital levels and ratios for BancShares and FCB to ensure they exceed the minimum requirements imposed by regulatory authorities and to ensure they are appropriate given growth projections, risk profile and potential changes in the regulatory or external environment. Failure to meet certain capital requirements may result in actions by regulatory agencies that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), the unrealized gains and losses on certain assets and liabilities, net of deferred taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ equity. These amounts are excluded from shareholders’ equity in the calculation of our capital ratios under current regulatory guidelines.
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Table 18
ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY

| Requirements to be well-capitalized |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
BancShares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-based capital ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 4,701,118 |  |  | 14.14 | % |  | $ | 4,577,212 |  |  | 13.81 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital | 8.00 |  |  | 3,997,179 |  |  | 12.02 |  |  | 3,856,086 |  |  | 11.63 |
Common equity Tier 1 | 6.50 |  |  | 3,657,242 |  |  | 11.00 |  |  | 3,516,149 |  |  | 10.61 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 5.00 |  |  | 3,997,179 |  |  | 7.84 |  |  | 3,856,086 |  |  | 7.86 |
FCB |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-based capital ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 4,646,422 |  |  | 13.99 | % |  | $ | 4,543,496 |  |  | 13.72 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital | 8.00 |  |  | 4,396,983 |  |  | 13.24 |  |  | 4,276,870 |  |  | 12.92 |
Common equity Tier 1 | 6.50 |  |  | 4,396,983 |  |  | 13.24 |  |  | 4,276,870 |  |  | 12.92 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 5.00 |  |  | 4,396,983 |  |  | 8.64 |  |  | 4,276,870 |  |  | 8.72 |

As of March 31, 2021, BancShares and FCB continued to exceed minimum capital standards and remained well-capitalized under Basel III guidelines. Trust preferred capital securities continue to be a component of total risk-based capital.
BancShares and FCB had capital conservation buffers of 6.02% and 5.99%, respectively, at March 31, 2021, which exceeded the 2.50% requirement and, therefore, result in no limit on distributions.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is inherent in any business. BancShares has defined a moderate risk appetite, a conservative approach to risk taking, with a philosophy that does not preclude higher risk business activities balanced with acceptable returns while meeting regulatory objectives. Through the comprehensive Enterprise Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework, senior management has primary responsibility for day-to-day management of the risks we face with accountability of and support from all associates. Senior management applies various strategies to reduce the risks to which BancShares activities may be exposed, with effective challenge and oversight by management committees. In addition, the Board of Directors strives to ensure that the business culture is integrated with the enterprise risk management program and that policies, procedures and metrics for identifying, assessing, measuring, monitoring and managing risk are part of the decision-making process. The Board of Directors’ role in risk oversight is an integral part of our overall Enterprise Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework. The Board of Directors administers its risk oversight function primarily through the Board Risk Committee.
The Board Risk Committee structure is designed to allow for information flow, effective challenge and timely escalation of risk-related issues. The Board Risk Committee is directed to monitor and advise the Board of Directors regarding risk exposures, including credit, market, capital, liquidity, operational, compliance, strategic and reputational risks; review, approve, and monitor adherence to the risk appetite and supporting risk tolerance levels via a series of established metrics; and evaluate, monitor and oversee the adequacy and effectiveness of the Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework. The Board Risk Committee also reviews: reports of examination by and communications from regulatory agencies; the results of internal and third party testing and qualitative and quantitative assessments related to risk management; and any other matters within the scope of the Committee’s oversight responsibilities. The Board Risk Committee monitors management’s response to certain risk-related regulatory and audit issues. In addition, the Board Risk Committee may coordinate with the Audit Committee and the Compensation, Nominations and Governance Committee for the review of financial statements and related risks, information security and other areas of joint responsibility.
In combination with other risk management and monitoring practices, enterprise-wide stress testing activities are part of the Risk Management Framework and conducted within a defined framework. Stress tests are performed for various risks to ensure the financial institution can support continued operations during stressed periods.
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Credit risk management
Credit risk is the risk of not collecting payments pursuant to the contractual terms of loans, leases and certain investment securities. Loans and leases we originate are underwritten in accordance with our credit policies and procedures and are subject to periodic ongoing reviews. Acquired loans, regardless of whether PCD or non-PCD, are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date and are subject to periodic reviews to identify any further credit deterioration. Our independent credit review function conducts risk reviews and analyses of both originated and acquired loans to ensure compliance with credit policies and to monitor asset quality trends and borrower financial strength. These reviews include portfolio analysis by geographic location, industry, collateral type and product. We strive to identify potential problem loans as early as possible, to record charge-offs or write-downs as appropriate and to maintain an adequate ACL that accounts for expected credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio.
We continue to actively monitor our loan portfolio for areas of increased risk as a result of COVID-19 and to date have not seen any significant declines in credit quality. As of March 31, 2021, COVID-19 related loan extensions decreased to approximately $132.5 million in outstanding loan balances, representing approximately $4.2 million in payment deferrals. Through March 31, 2021, approximately 98% of all COVID-19 related loan extensions have begun repayment. Delinquency trends among loans entering repayment are in line with the remainder of the portfolio.
Additionally, we participated in both rounds of funding in the SBA-PPP program, which provided much needed funds to our existing small business customers. We continue to assess both the credit and operational risks this program presents and at March 31, 2021, BancShares had $2.8 billion in SBA-PPP loans outstanding.
Interest rate risk management
Interest rate risk (“IRR”) results principally from: assets and liabilities maturing or repricing at different points in time, assets and liabilities repricing at the same point in time but in different amounts, and short-term and long-term interest rates changing in different magnitudes.
We assess our short-term IRR by forecasting net interest income over 24 months under various interest rate scenarios and comparing those results to forecasted net interest income, assuming stable rates. IRR scenarios modeled include, but are not limited to, immediate, parallel rate shocks, interest rate ramps, changes in the shape of the yield curve and changes in the relationships of our rates to market rates. Market interest rates have increased from year-end driven by improving economic conditions. Net interest income deterioration in down rate shocks will remain muted due to the low absolute value of market interest rates. Assumptions that incorporate customer migration from low rate deposit instruments to intermediate term fixed rate instruments as rates rise have been adjusted based on actual deposit behavior over the last three years during a rising rate cycle.
Table 19 provides the impact on net interest income over 24 months resulting from various instantaneous interest rate shock scenarios as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Table 19
NET INTEREST INCOME SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

|  | Estimated percentage (decrease) increase in net interest income
Change in interest rate (basis points) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
-100 |  | (7.62) | % |  | (6.24) | %
+100 |  | 9.06 |  |  | 8.09 |
+200 |  | 16.83 |  |  | 14.57 |

The increased asset sensitivity in net interest income sensitivity metrics as of March 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020 continues to be affected by the substantial influx of non-maturity deposits that began in the second quarter of 2020 and continued through the first quarter of 2021.
Long-term interest rate risk exposure is measured using the economic value of equity (“EVE”) sensitivity analysis to study the impact of long-term cash flows on earnings and capital. EVE represents the difference between the sum of the present value of all asset cash flows and the sum of the present value of the liability cash flows. EVE sensitivity analysis involves discounting cash flows of balance sheet items under different interest rate scenarios. Cash flows will vary by interest rate scenario, resulting in variations in EVE. The base-case measurement and its sensitivity to shifts in the yield curve allow management to measure longer-term repricing and option risk in the balance sheet.
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Table 20 presents the EVE profile as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Table 20
ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY MODELING ANALYSIS

|  | Estimated percentage (decrease) increase in EVE
Change in interest rate (basis points) |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
-100 |  | (15.18) | % |  | (21.20) | %
+100 |  | 8.47 |  |  | 12.18 |
+200 |  | 9.21 |  |  | 15.71 |

The economic value of equity metrics at March 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020 were primarily affected by continued growth in non-maturity deposits of nearly $4.0 billion during the first quarter of 2021 coupled with higher market interest rates. We do not typically utilize interest rate swaps, floors, collars or other derivative financial instruments to hedge our overall balance sheet interest rate sensitivity and risk.
Liquidity risk management
Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution will be unable to generate or obtain sufficient cash or its equivalents on a cost-effective basis to meet commitments as they fall due. The most common sources of liquidity risk arise from mismatches in the timing and value of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet cash inflows and outflows. In general, on-balance sheet mismatches generate liquidity risk when the effective maturity of assets exceeds the effective maturity of liabilities. A commonly cited example of a balance sheet liquidity mismatch is when long-term loans (assets) are funded with short-term borrowings (liabilities). Other forms of liquidity risk include market constraints on the ability to convert assets into cash at expected levels, an inability to access funding sources at sufficient levels at a reasonable cost, and changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, operational, legal and reputation risks that can affect an institution’s liquidity risk profile.
We utilize various limit-based measures to monitor, measure and control three different categories of liquidity risk:
•Tactical - Measures the risk of a negative cash flow position whereby cash outflows exceed cash inflows over a short-term horizon out to nine weeks;
•Structural - Measures the amount by which illiquid assets are supported by long-term funding; and
•Contingent - Measures the risk of having insufficient liquidity sources to support cash needs under potential future stressed market conditions or having an inability to access wholesale funding sources in a timely and cost effective manner.
We aim to maintain a diverse mix of liquidity sources to support the liquidity management function, while aiming to avoid funding concentrations by diversifying our external funding with respect to maturities, counterparties and nature. Our primary source of liquidity is our branch-generated retail deposit portfolio due to the generally stable balances and low cost. Additional sources include cash in excess of our reserve requirement at the Federal Reserve Bank, and various other corresponding bank accounts and unencumbered securities, which totaled $12.8 billion at March 31, 2021 compared to $9.6 billion at December 31, 2020. Another source of available funds was advances from the FHLB of Atlanta and Chicago. Outstanding FHLB advances were $648.7 million as of March 31, 2021, and we had sufficient collateral pledged to secure $8.2 billion of additional borrowings from the FHLB of Atlanta. Also, at March 31, 2021, $4.2 billion in non-PCD loans with a lendable collateral value of $3.4 billion were used to create additional borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank. We also maintain Federal Funds lines and other credit lines, which had $606.0 million of available capacity at March 31, 2021.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
In the normal course of business, we are a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, which we enter into in order to meet the financing needs of our customers. These off-balance sheet instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. For more information on these commitments Note N - Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
There have been no significant changes in our Critical Accounting Estimates as described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Exhibits relating to plans, strategies, economic performance and trends, projections of results of specific activities or investments, expectations or beliefs about future events or results and other statements that are not descriptions of historical facts may be forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Forward-looking information is inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those currently anticipated due to a number of factors which include, but are not limited to, factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other documents filed by us from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Forward-looking statements may be identified by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “potential” or “continue,” or similar terms or the negative of these terms, or other statements concerning opinions or judgments of BancShares’ management about future events.
Factors that could influence the accuracy of those forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, risks, uncertainties and other factors relating to our announced merger with CIT through a series of merger transactions, including the ability to obtain regulatory approvals and meet other closing conditions to the Transaction, and delay in closing the Transaction, as well as risks, uncertainties and other factors relating to the impact of COVID-19 on our business and the economy, the financial success or changing strategies of our customers, customer acceptance of our services, products and fee structure, the competitive nature of the financial services industry, our ability to compete effectively against other financial institutions in our banking markets, actions of government regulators, the level of market interest rates and our ability to manage our interest rate risk, changes in general economic conditions that affect our loan and lease portfolio, the abilities of our borrowers to repay their loans and leases, the values of real estate and other collateral, the impact of our prior acquisitions, the risks discussed in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors and other developments or changes in our business that we do not expect. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statements.
Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, BancShares undertakes no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.
Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market risk is the potential economic loss resulting from changes in market prices and interest rates. This risk can either result in diminished current fair values of financial instruments or reduced net interest income in future periods. See section Risk Management within Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for discussion of changes. Changes in fair value that result from movement in market rates cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Therefore, the impact that future changes in market rates will have on the fair values of financial instruments is uncertain.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
BancShares’ management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of BancShares’ disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, in accordance with Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that BancShares’ disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that it is able to record, process, summarize and report in a timely manner the information required to be disclosed in the reports it files under the Exchange Act.
No changes in BancShares’ internal control over financial reporting occurred during the first quarter of 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, BancShares’ internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
BancShares and various subsidiaries have been named as defendants in various legal actions arising from our normal business activities in which damages in various amounts were claimed. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to those matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, no legal actions currently exist that are expected to have a material effect on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements. Additional information relating to legal proceedings is set forth in Note N - Commitments and Contingencies.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. The risks described may not be the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that are currently considered to not be material also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.
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Item 6. Exhibits

10.1 | Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan of Registrant’s subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K dated February 24, 2021)
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document (filed herewith)
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema (filed herewith)
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase (filed herewith)
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase (filed herewith)
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase (filed herewith)
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (filed herewith)
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document filed as Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: | May 4, 2021 |  |  | FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES, INC.
|  |  |  | (Registrant)
|  | By: |  | /s/ CRAIG L. NIX
|  |  |  | Craig L. Nix
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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