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Income taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Summary of Components of Income (Loss) Before Provision for Income Taxes | The components of income (loss) before provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
United States | $ | 20,713 |  |  | $ | 29,108 |  |  | $ | 331,447 |
Foreign | (37,153) |  |  | (115,052) |  |  | (10,476) |
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes | $ | (16,440) |  |  | $ | (85,944) |  |  | $ | 320,971 |
Summary of Composition of the Provision for Income Taxes | Provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 7,833 |  |  | $ | 1,681 |  |  | $ | — |
State | 6,698 |  |  | 7,385 |  |  | 2,303 |
Foreign | 6,477 |  |  | 4,381 |  |  | 2,957 |
Total current tax expense | 21,008 |  |  | 13,447 |  |  | 5,260 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 6 |  |  | (1,861) |  |  | 6 |
State | 3 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 6 |
Foreign | (1,847) |  |  | (1,127) |  |  | (739) |
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | (1,838) |  |  | (3,344) |  |  | (727) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 19,170 |  |  | $ | 10,103 |  |  | $ | 4,533 |
Summary of Reconciliation of the Difference Between Income Taxes Computed at the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and the Provision for Income Taxes | The difference between income taxes computed at the statutory federal income tax rate and the provision for income taxes is attributable to the following (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Tax at U.S. statutory rate | $ | (3,453) |  |  | $ | (18,048) |  |  | $ | 67,404 |
State income taxes, net of benefit | 5,111 |  |  | 5,502 |  |  | 2,307 |
Foreign operations | 12,018 |  |  | 26,985 |  |  | 4,448 |
Permanent book/tax differences | 6,809 |  |  | 6,598 |  |  | 409 |
Share-based compensation | (18,925) |  |  | (20,663) |  |  | (269,009) |
Change in valuation allowance | 111,497 |  |  | 62,048 |  |  | 278,761 |
Tax credits | (93,887) |  |  | (52,319) |  |  | (79,787) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 19,170 |  |  | $ | 10,103 |  |  | $ | 4,533 |
Summary of Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 751,273 |  |  | $ | 900,200 |
Research tax credits | 570,061 |  |  | 473,248 |
Reserves, accruals, and other | 26,855 |  |  | 31,502 |
Lease obligation | 44,676 |  |  | 56,185 |
Share-based compensation | 30,146 |  |  | 40,976 |
Research capitalization and amortization | 411,113 |  |  | 208,373 |
Total deferred tax assets | 1,834,124 |  |  | 1,710,484 |
Less: valuation allowance | (1,821,027) |  |  | (1,660,609) |
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 13,097 |  |  | 49,875 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (7,467) |  |  | (44,790) |
Prepaid expenses | (2,682) |  |  | (4,190) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (10,149) |  |  | (48,980) |
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 2,948 |  |  | $ | 895 |
Summary of Changes in Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits | Changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):
| Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 205,059 |
Increases for tax positions of prior years | — |
Decreases for tax positions of prior years | (3,347) |
Increases for tax positions of current year | 38,226 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 239,938 |
Increases for tax positions of prior years | 3,736 |
Decreases for tax positions of prior years | (119) |
Increases for tax positions of current year | 44,377 |
Audit Settlement | (37,027) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 250,905 |

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