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Compensation Related Costs, Share Based Payments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Equity-Based Compensation | Equity-Based Compensation Our equity-based compensation plans provide for the granting of Options and RSUs to key management employees, including executive officers and members of our Board of Directors ("Directors"). The exercise price of Options granted is equal to the closing price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) on the day prior to the date of grant. Options are granted for a 10-year term and typically vest in separate tranches over periods of 3 to 6 years. RSUs generally vest in separate tranches over periods of 2 to 6 years. Grants to key management employees are generally divided such that vesting for 50% of the grant is contingent solely on continued employment, while vesting for the remaining 50% of the grant is contingent upon both continued employment and the achievement of a performance metric based on our return on capital performance relative to a peer group during a 3-year period specified on the date of grant. Grants to directors generally vest solely based on continued service as a Director. During the second quarter of 2022, we issued 165,456 Options and 16,864 RSUs in a block grant to key management employees and Directors. Block grants are generally made once every four years. Option and RSU grants for the nine month period ended September 30, 2022 totaled 170,806 and 17,906, respectively, and were granted under the NVR, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") and the NVR, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") as follows:
Options Granted |  | 2014 Plan |  | 2018 Plan
Options - service-only (1) |  | 55,655 |  |  | 32,331 |
Options - performance-based (2) |  | 55,655 |  |  | 27,165 |
Total Options Granted |  | 111,310 |  |  | 59,496 |
RSUs Granted |  |  |  |
RSUs - service-only (3) |  | — |  |  | 8,976 |
RSUs - performance-based (4) |  | — |  |  | 8,930 |
Total RSUs Granted |  | — |  |  | 17,906 |
(1)Of the 87,986 service-only Options granted, 69,361 Options will vest in 25% increments on December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027; 16,415 Options will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2026 and 2027; and the remaining 2,210 Options will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2024 and 2025. Vesting for the Options is contingent solely upon continued employment or continued service as a Director. (2)Of the 82,820 performance-based Options granted, 64,195 will vest in 25% increments on December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027; 16,415 Options will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2026 and 2027; and the remaining 2,210 Options will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2024 and 2025. Vesting for the performance-based Options is contingent upon both continued employment and the Company's return on capital performance during 2022 through 2024. (3)Of the 8,976 service-only RSUs granted, 5,215 will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2024 and 2025; 3,119 RSUs will vest in 25% increments on December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027; and the remaining 642 RSUs will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2026 and 2027. Vesting for the RSUs is contingent solely upon continued employment. (4)Of the 8,930 performance-based RSUs granted, 5,215 will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2024 and 2025; 3,119 RSUs will vest in 25% increments on December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027; and the remaining 596 RSUs will vest in 50% increments on December 31, 2026 and 2027. Vesting for the performance-based RSUs is contingent upon both continued employment and the Company's return on capital performance during 2022 through 2024. All Options were granted at an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the day prior to the date of grant, and expire ten years from the date of grant. The following table provides additional information relative to our equity-based compensation plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2022:
|  | Shares |  | Weighted Avg. Per Share Exercise Price |  | Weighted Avg. Remaining Contract Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Stock Options |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 534,695 |  |  | $ | 2,424.62 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 170,806 |  |  | 4,481.92 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (59,559) |  |  | 2,303.55 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (12,126) |  |  | 3,352.37 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2022 |  | 633,816 |  |  | $ | 2,972.67 |  |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 740,513 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2022 |  | 281,825 |  |  | $ | 1,952.12 |  |  | 3.5 |  | $ | 573,502 |
RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 16,564 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 17,906 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (1,438) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2022 |  | 33,032 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 131,701 |
Vested, but not issued at September 30, 2022 |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
To estimate the grant-date fair value of our Options, we use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (the “Pricing Model”). The Pricing Model estimates the per share fair value of an option on its date of grant based on the following factors: the Option’s exercise price, the price of the underlying stock on the date of grant, the estimated dividend yield, a risk-free interest rate, the estimated option term, and the expected volatility. For the risk-free interest rate, we use U.S. Treasury STRIPS which mature at approximately the same time as the Option’s expected holding term. For expected volatility, we have concluded that our historical volatility over the Option’s expected holding term provides the most reasonable basis for this estimate. The fair value of the Options granted during the first nine months of 2022 was estimated on the grant date using the Pricing Model, based on the following assumptions:
Estimated option life (years) |  | 5.60
Risk free interest rate (range) |  | 1.17%-3.40%
Expected volatility (range) |  | 24.93%-30.89%
Expected dividend rate |  | —%
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of options granted |  | $ | 1,432.72 |
The weighted average grant date fair value per share of $4,505.90 for the RSUs was the closing price of our common stock on the day immediately preceding the date of grant. Compensation cost for Options and RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award (from the date of grant through the period of the last separately vesting portion of the grant). For the recognition of equity-based compensation, the Options and RSUs that are subject to a performance condition are treated as a separate award from the “service-only” Options and RSUs, and compensation cost is recognized when it becomes probable that the stated performance target will be achieved. We currently believe that it is probable that the stated performance condition will be satisfied at the target level for all of our Options and RSUs granted. Compensation cost is recognized within the income statement in the same expense line as the cash compensation paid to the respective employees. We recognize forfeitures of equity-based awards as a reduction to compensation costs in the period in which they occur. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $26,686 and $58,441 in equity-based compensation costs, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $15,009 and $42,859 in equity-based compensation costs, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost for all outstanding Options and RSUs equaled approximately $381,700. The unrecognized compensation cost will be recognized over each grant’s applicable vesting period with the latest vesting date being December 31, 2027. The weighted-average period over which the unrecognized compensation cost will be recorded is equal to approximately 2.6 years.

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