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Financial and capital management | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Instruments [Abstract] |
Financial and capital management |
Note 29 | Financial and capital management
Financial management Management’s objectives are to protect BCE and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis against material economic exposures and variability of results from various financial risks, including credit risk, liquidity risk, foreign currency risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk and equity price risk. DERIVATIVES We use derivative instruments to manage our exposure to foreign currency risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk and changes in the price of BCE common shares. FAIR VALUE Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Certain fair value estimates are affected by assumptions we make about the amount and timing of future cash flows and discount rates, all of which reflect varying degrees of risk. Income taxes and other expenses that may be incurred on disposition of financial instruments are not reflected in the fair values. As a result, the fair values may not be the net amounts that would be realized if these instruments were settled. The carrying values of our cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, dividends payable, trade payables and accruals, compensation payable, interest payable, notes payable and loans secured by receivables approximate fair value as they are short-term. The carrying value of wireless device financing plan receivables approximates fair value given that their average remaining duration is short and the carrying value is reduced by an allowance for doubtful accounts and an allowance for revenue adjustments. The following table provides the fair value details of other financial instruments measured at amortized cost in the statements of financial position.
|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021
| CLASSIFICATION | FAIR VALUE METHODOLOGY | NOTE | CARRYING VALUE | FAIR VALUE | CARRYING VALUE | FAIR VALUE
Debt securities and other debt | Debt due within one year and long-term debt | Quoted market price of debt | 24, | 25 | 25,061 |  | 23,026 |  | 23,729 |  | 26,354 |
The following table provides the fair value details of financial instruments measured at fair value in the statements of financial position.
|  |  |  | FAIR VALUE
| CLASSIFICATION | NOTE | CARRYING VALUE OF ASSET (LIABILITY) | QUOTED PRICES IN ACTIVE MARKETS FOR IDENTICAL ASSETS (LEVEL 1) | OBSERVABLE MARKET DATA (LEVEL 2)(1) | NON-OBSERVABLE MARKET INPUTS (LEVEL 3)(2)
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 215 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 206 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 72 |  | — |  | 72 |  | — |
MLSE financial liability(4) | Trade payables and other liabilities | 23 | (149) |  | — |  | — |  | (149) |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 108 |  | — |  | 184 |  | (76) |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 183 |  | 24 |  | — |  | 159 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 279 |  | — |  | 279 |  | — |
MLSE financial liability(4) | Trade payables and other liabilities | 23 | (149) |  | — |  | — |  | (149) |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 122 |  | — |  | 185 |  | (63) |
(1)Observable market data such as equity prices, interest rates, swap rate curves and foreign currency exchange rates. (2)Non-observable market inputs such as discounted cash flows and earnings multiples. A reasonable change in our assumptions would not result in a significant increase (decrease) to our level 3 financial instruments. (3)Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in Other comprehensive income in the statements of comprehensive income and are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income to the deficit in the statements of financial position when realized. (4)Represents BCE’s obligation to repurchase the Master Trust Fund’s 9% interest in MLSE at a price not less than an agreed minimum price, should the Master Trust Fund exercise its put option. The obligation to repurchase is marked to market each reporting period and the gain or loss is recognized in Other (expense) income in the income statements. Subsequent to year end, BCE repurchased the Master Trust Fund's interest for a cash consideration of $149 million. CREDIT RISK We are exposed to credit risk from operating activities and certain financing activities, the maximum exposure of which is represented by the carrying amounts reported in the statements of financial position. We are exposed to credit risk if counterparties to our trade receivables, including wireless device financing plan receivables, and derivative instruments are unable to meet their obligations. The concentration of credit risk from our customers is minimized because we have a large and diverse customer base. There was minimal credit risk relating to derivative instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We deal with institutions that have investment-grade credit ratings and we expect that they will be able to meet their obligations. We regularly monitor our credit risk and credit exposure, and consider, among other factors, the effects of rising interest rates and inflation. The following table provides the change in allowance for doubtful accounts for trade receivables, including the current portion of wireless device financing plan receivables.
| NOTE |  | 2022 | 2021 |  |
Balance, January 1 |  |  | (136) |  | (149) |  |  |
Additions |  |  | (109) |  | (83) |  |  |
Usage and reversals |  |  | 116 |  | 96 |  |  |
Balance, December 31 | 12 |  |  | (129) |  | (136) |  |  |
In many instances, trade receivables are written off directly to bad debt expense if the account has not been collected after a predetermined period of time. The following table provides further details on trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts.
AT DECEMBER 31 | 2022 | 2021
Trade receivables not past due | 3,215 |  | 2,958 |
Trade receivables past due |  |
| Under 60 days | 434 |  | 420 |
| 60 to 120 days | 253 |  | 284 |
| Over 120 days | 71 |  | 45 |
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | 3,973 |  | 3,707 |
The following table provides the change in allowance for doubtful accounts for contract assets.
|  | NOTE |  | 2022 | 2021
Balance, January 1 |  |  | (20) |  | (59) |
Additions |  |  | (20) |  | (9) |
Usage and reversals |  |  | 21 |  | 48 |
Balance, December 31 |  |  | (19) |  | (20) |
Current |  |  | (7) |  | (6) |
Non-current |  |  | (12) |  | (14) |
Balance, December 31 | 14 |  | (19) |  | (20) |
LIQUIDITY RISK Our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and possible capital markets financing are expected to be sufficient to fund our operations and fulfill our obligations as they become due. Should our cash requirements exceed the above sources of cash, we would expect to cover such a shortfall by drawing on existing committed bank facilities and new ones, to the extent available. The following table is a maturity analysis for recognized financial liabilities at December 31, 2022 for each of the next five years and thereafter.
AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 | NOTE | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | THERE- AFTER | TOTAL
Long-term debt | 25 | 750 |  | 2,103 |  | 2,174 |  | 1,582 |  | 1,724 |  | 16,863 |  | 25,196 |
Notes payable | 24 | 869 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 869 |
Lease liabilities (1) | 25 | 1,111 |  | 923 |  | 561 |  | 515 |  | 320 |  | 1,932 |  | 5,362 |
Loan secured by receivables | 24 | 1,588 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,588 |
Interest payable on long-term debt, notes payable and loan secured by receivables |  | 1,100 |  | 931 |  | 877 |  | 825 |  | 787 |  | 9,833 |  | 14,353 |
Net payments (receipts) on cross currency interest rate swaps |  | 36 |  | (45) |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | (141) |  | (137) |
MLSE financial liability(2) | 23 | 149 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 149 |
Total |  |  | 5,603 |  | 3,912 |  | 3,617 |  | 2,926 |  | 2,835 |  | 28,487 |  | 47,380 |
(1) Includes imputed interest of $960 million. (2)Represents BCE’s obligation to repurchase the Master Trust Fund’s 9% interest in MLSE at a price not less than an agreed minimum price, should the Master Trust Fund exercise its put option. The obligation to repurchase is marked to market each reporting period and the gain or loss is recognized in Other (expense) income in the income statements. Subsequent to year end, BCE repurchased the Master Trust Fund's interest for a cash consideration of $149 million. We are also exposed to liquidity risk for financial liabilities due within one year as shown in the statements of financial position. MARKET RISK CURRENCY EXPOSURES We use forward contracts, options and cross currency interest rate swaps to manage foreign currency risk related to anticipated purchases and certain foreign currency debt. In 2022, we entered into cross currency interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $750 million in U.S. dollars ($954 million in Canadian dollars) to hedge the U.S. currency exposure of our US-7 Notes maturing in 2052. In connection with these swaps, we settled the forward starting interest rate swaps and cross currency basis rate swaps entered into in 2021, each of which had a notional amount of $127 million. See Note 25, Long-term debt, for additional details. At December 31, 2021, we had entered into cross currency interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $3,500 million in U.S. dollars ($4,511 million in Canadian dollars) to hedge the U.S. currency exposure of our U.S. Notes maturing from 2032 to 2052. See Note 25, Long-term debt, for additional details. A 10% depreciation (appreciation) in the value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar would result in a loss of $10 million (loss of $17 million) recognized in net earnings at December 31, 2022 and a gain of $114 million (loss of $105 million) recognized in Other comprehensive income at December 31, 2022, with all other variables held constant. A 10% depreciation (appreciation) in the value of the Canadian dollar relative to the Philippine peso would result in a gain (loss) of $4 million recognized in Other comprehensive income at December 31, 2022, with all other variables held constant. The following table provides further details on our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts and options as at December 31, 2022.
TYPE OF HEDGE | BUY CURRENCY | AMOUNT TO RECEIVE | SELL CURRENCY | AMOUNT TO PAY | MATURITY | HEDGED ITEM
Cash flow(1) | USD | 1,178 |  | CAD | 1,607 |  | 2023 | Loans
Cash flow | USD | 632 |  | CAD | 852 |  | 2023 | Commercial paper
Cash flow | USD | 796 |  | CAD | 989 |  | 2023 | Anticipated purchases
Cash flow | PHP | 2,147 |  | CAD | 50 |  | 2023 | Anticipated purchases
Cash flow | USD | 643 |  | CAD | 810 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic | USD | 156 |  | CAD | 196 |  | 2023 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - call options | CAD | 225 |  | USD | 156 |  | 2023 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - put options | USD | 156 |  | CAD | 196 |  | 2023 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - call options | CAD | 225 |  | USD | 156 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - put options | USD | 156 |  | CAD | 195 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - options(2) | USD | 120 |  | CAD | 153 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
(1) Forward contracts to hedge loans secured by receivables under our securitization program. See Note 24, Debt due within one year, for additional information. (2) Foreign currency options with a leverage provision and a profit cap limitation. INTEREST RATE EXPOSURES In 2022, we sold interest rate swaptions with a notional amount of $1,000 million for $9 million to hedge economically the fair value of our Series M-53 MTN debentures. Swaptions of a notional amount of $500 million were exercised at a loss of $7 million and the remaining swaptions matured unexercised. The resulting interest rate swaps of a notional amount of $500 million mature in 2027 and have been designated to hedge the fair value of our Series M-53 MTN debentures. The fair value of these interest rate swaps at December 31, 2022 is a liability of $14 million recognized in Trade payables and other liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the statements of financial position. In 2022, we entered into cross currency basis rate swaps maturing in 2023 with a notional amount of $638 million to hedge economically the basis rate exposure on future debt issuances. The fair value of these cross currency basis rate swaps at December 31, 2022 is a liability of $33 million recognized in Trade payables and other liabilities in the statements of financial position. In 2021, we entered into cross currency interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $600 million in U.S. dollars ($748 million in Canadian dollars) to hedge the interest exposure of our U.S. Notes maturing in 2024. See Note 25, Long-term debt, for additional details. We use leveraged interest rate options to hedge economically the dividend rate resets on $582 million of our preferred shares which had varying reset dates in 2021 for the periods ending in 2026. The fair value of these leveraged interest rate options at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was a liability of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, recognized in Trade payables and other liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the statements of financial position. A gain of $1 million and $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, relating to these leveraged interest rate options is recognized in Other (expense) income in the income statements. A 1% increase (decrease) in interest rates would result in a loss of $24 million (gain of $23 million) recognized in net earnings at December 31, 2022, with all other variables held constant. A 0.1% increase (decrease) in cross currency basis swap rates would result in a gain (loss) of $9 million recognized in net earnings at December 31, 2022, with all other variables held constant. EQUITY PRICE EXPOSURES We use equity forward contracts on BCE’s common shares to hedge economically the cash flow exposure related to the settlement of equity settled share-based compensation plans. See Note 31, Share-based payments, for details on our share-based payment arrangements. The fair value of our equity forward contracts at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was a net liability of $48 million and a net asset of $130 million, respectively, recognized in Other current assets, Trade payables and other liabilities, Other non-current assets and Other non-current liabilities in the statements of financial position. A loss of $53 million and a gain of $278 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, relating to these equity forward contracts is recognized in Other (expense) income in the income statements. A 5% increase (decrease) in the market price of BCE’s common shares would result in a gain (loss) of $33 million recognized in net earnings at December 31, 2022, with all other variables held constant.
Capital management
We have various capital policies, procedures and processes which are utilized to achieve our objectives for capital management. These include optimizing our cost of capital and maximizing shareholder return while balancing the interests of our stakeholders. Our definition of capital includes equity attributable to BCE shareholders, debt, and cash and cash equivalents. The key ratios that we use to monitor and manage our capital structure are a net debt leverage ratio(1) and an adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio(2). In 2022 and 2021, our net debt leverage ratio target range was 2.0 to 2.5 times adjusted EBITDA and our adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio target was greater than 7.5 times. At December 31, 2022, we had exceeded the limit of our internal net debt leverage ratio target range by 0.80. We use, and believe that certain investors and analysts use, our net debt leverage ratio and adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio as measures of financial leverage and health of the company. The following table provides a summary of our key ratios.
AT DECEMBER 31 | 2022 | 2021
Net debt leverage ratio | 3.30 |  | 3.17 |
Adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio | 8.50 |  | 8.77 |
On February 1, 2023, the board of directors of BCE approved an increase of 5.2% in the annual dividend on BCE's common shares, from $3.68 to $3.87 per common share. On February 2, 2022, the board of directors of BCE approved an increase of 5.1% in the annual dividend on BCE's common shares, from $3.50 to $3.68 per common share. In Q4 2022, BCE renewed its normal course issuer bid program (NCIB) with respect to its First Preferred Shares. See Note 30, Share capital, for additional details. (1)Our net debt leverage ratio represents net debt divided by adjusted EBITDA. We define net debt as debt due within one year plus long-term debt and 50% of preferred shares, less cash and cash equivalents, as shown in our statements of financial position. For the purposes of calculating our net debt leverage ratio, adjusted EBITDA is twelve-month trailing adjusted EBITDA. (2)Our adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio represents adjusted EBITDA divided by adjusted net interest expense. We define adjusted net interest expense as twelve-month trailing net interest expense as shown in our statements of cash flows plus 50% of twelve-month trailing net earnings attributable to preferred shareholders as shown in our income statements. For the purposes of calculating our adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio, adjusted EBITDA is twelve-month trailing adjusted EBITDA.

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