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Financial and capital management (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Financial Instruments [Abstract] |
Fair value details of financial instruments measured at amortized cost | The following table provides the fair value details of other financial instruments measured at amortized cost in the statements of financial position.
|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022
| CLASSIFICATION | FAIR VALUE METHODOLOGY | NOTE | CARRYING VALUE | FAIR VALUE | CARRYING VALUE | FAIR VALUE
Debt securities and other debt | Debt due within one year and long-term debt | Quoted market price of debt | 24, | 25 | 29,049 |  | 28,225 |  | 25,061 |  | 23,026 |
Disclosure of fair value measurement of assets | The following table provides the fair value details of financial instruments measured at fair value in the statements of financial position.
|  |  |  | FAIR VALUE
| CLASSIFICATION | NOTE | CARRYING VALUE OF ASSET (LIABILITY) | QUOTED PRICES IN ACTIVE MARKETS FOR IDENTICAL ASSETS (LEVEL 1) | OBSERVABLE MARKET DATA (LEVEL 2)(1) | NON-OBSERVABLE MARKET INPUTS (LEVEL 3)(2)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 587 |  | 10 |  | — |  | 577 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | (488) |  | — |  | (488) |  | — |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 147 |  | — |  | 216 |  | (69) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 215 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 206 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 72 |  | — |  | 72 |  | — |
MLSE financial liability(4) | Trade payables and other liabilities | 23 | (149) |  | — |  | — |  | (149) |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 108 |  | — |  | 184 |  | (76) |
(1)Observable market data such as equity prices, interest rates, swap rate curves and foreign currency exchange rates. (2)Non-observable market inputs such as discounted cash flows and revenue and earnings multiples. For certain privately-held investments, changes in our valuation assumption relating to revenue and earnings multiples may result in a significant increase (decrease) in the fair value of our level 3 financial instruments. (3)Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in Other comprehensive (loss) income in the statements of comprehensive income and are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to the deficit in the statements of financial position when realized. (4)Represented BCE’s obligation to repurchase the Master Trust Fund's 9% interest in MLSE at a price not less than an agreed minimum price. In January 2023, BCE repurchased the interest in MLSE held by the Master Trust Fund for a cash consideration of $149 million.
Disclosure of fair value measurement of liabilities | The following table provides the fair value details of financial instruments measured at fair value in the statements of financial position.
|  |  |  | FAIR VALUE
| CLASSIFICATION | NOTE | CARRYING VALUE OF ASSET (LIABILITY) | QUOTED PRICES IN ACTIVE MARKETS FOR IDENTICAL ASSETS (LEVEL 1) | OBSERVABLE MARKET DATA (LEVEL 2)(1) | NON-OBSERVABLE MARKET INPUTS (LEVEL 3)(2)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 587 |  | 10 |  | — |  | 577 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | (488) |  | — |  | (488) |  | — |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 147 |  | — |  | 216 |  | (69) |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly-traded and privately-held investments(3) | Other non-current assets | 21 | 215 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 206 |
Derivative financial instruments | Other current assets, trade payables and other liabilities, other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 72 |  | — |  | 72 |  | — |
MLSE financial liability(4) | Trade payables and other liabilities | 23 | (149) |  | — |  | — |  | (149) |
Other | Other non-current assets and liabilities |  | 108 |  | — |  | 184 |  | (76) |
(1)Observable market data such as equity prices, interest rates, swap rate curves and foreign currency exchange rates. (2)Non-observable market inputs such as discounted cash flows and revenue and earnings multiples. For certain privately-held investments, changes in our valuation assumption relating to revenue and earnings multiples may result in a significant increase (decrease) in the fair value of our level 3 financial instruments. (3)Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in Other comprehensive (loss) income in the statements of comprehensive income and are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to the deficit in the statements of financial position when realized. (4)Represented BCE’s obligation to repurchase the Master Trust Fund's 9% interest in MLSE at a price not less than an agreed minimum price. In January 2023, BCE repurchased the interest in MLSE held by the Master Trust Fund for a cash consideration of $149 million.
Change in allowance for doubtful accounts | The following table provides the change in allowance for doubtful accounts for trade receivables.
| NOTE |  | 2023 | 2022 |  |
Balance, January 1 |  |  | (129) |  | (136) |  |  |
Additions |  |  | (126) |  | (109) |  |  |
Usage and reversals |  |  | 137 |  | 116 |  |  |
Balance, December 31 | 12 |  |  | (118) |  | (129) |  |  |
The following table provides the change in allowance for doubtful accounts for contract assets.
|  | NOTE |  | 2023 | 2022
Balance, January 1 |  |  | (19) |  | (20) |
Additions |  |  | (40) |  | (20) |
Usage and reversals |  |  | 41 |  | 21 |
Balance, December 31 |  |  | (18) |  | (19) |
Current |  |  | (6) |  | (7) |
Non-current |  |  | (12) |  | (12) |
Balance, December 31 | 14 |  | (18) |  | (19) |
Details on trade receivables not impaired | The following table provides further details on trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts.
AT DECEMBER 31 | 2023 | 2022
Trade receivables not past due | 3,158 |  | 3,215 |
Trade receivables past due |  |
| Under 60 days | 421 |  | 434 |
| 60 to 120 days | 209 |  | 253 |
| Over 120 days | 53 |  | 71 |
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | 3,841 |  | 3,973 |
Maturity analysis for recognized financial liabilities | The following table is a maturity analysis for recognized financial liabilities at December 31, 2023 for each of the next five years and thereafter.
AT DECEMBER 31, 2023 | NOTE | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | THERE- AFTER | TOTAL
Total debt, excluding lease liabilities | 25 | 2,172 |  | 2,690 |  | 1,609 |  | 1,742 |  | 2,120 |  | 19,337 |  | 29,670 |
Lease liabilities (1) | 25 | 1,245 |  | 1,034 |  | 673 |  | 403 |  | 334 |  | 2,041 |  | 5,730 |
Notes payable | 24 | 207 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 207 |
Loan secured by receivables | 24 | 1,588 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,588 |
Interest payable on long-term debt, notes payable and loan secured by receivables |  | 1,301 |  | 1,133 |  | 1,060 |  | 1,019 |  | 962 |  | 10,548 |  | 16,023 |
Net (receipts) payments on cross currency interest rate swaps and interest rate swaps |  | (6) |  | 18 |  | (5) |  | (11) |  | (9) |  | (70) |  | (83) |
Total |  |  | 6,507 |  | 4,875 |  | 3,337 |  | 3,153 |  | 3,407 |  | 31,856 |  | 53,135 |
(1) Includes imputed interest of $873 million.
Details on outstanding foreign currency forward contracts and cross currency basis swaps | The following table provides further details on our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts and options as at December 31, 2023.
TYPE OF HEDGE | BUY CURRENCY | AMOUNT TO RECEIVE | SELL CURRENCY | AMOUNT TO PAY | MATURITY | HEDGED ITEM
Cash flow(1) | USD | 1,207 |  | CAD | 1,609 |  | 2024 | Loans
Cash flow | USD | 150 |  | CAD | 201 |  | 2024 | Commercial paper
Cash flow | USD | 624 |  | CAD | 790 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Cash flow | PHP | 2,885 |  | CAD | 69 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Cash flow | USD | 495 |  | CAD | 645 |  | 2025 | Anticipated purchases
Economic | USD | 210 |  | CAD | 277 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - options(2) | USD | 175 |  | CAD | 225 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - call options | USD | 244 |  | CAD | 327 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - call options | CAD | 225 |  | USD | 156 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - put options | USD | 519 |  | CAD | 675 |  | 2024 | Anticipated purchases
Economic | USD | 120 |  | CAD | 158 |  | 2025 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - options(2) | USD | 65 |  | CAD | 85 |  | 2025 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - call options | USD | 540 |  | CAD | 694 |  | 2025 | Anticipated purchases
Economic - put options | USD | 360 |  | CAD | 461 |  | 2025 | Anticipated purchases
(1) Forward contracts to hedge loans secured by receivables under our securitization program. See Note 24, Debt due within one year, for additional information. (2) Foreign currency options with a leverage provision and a profit cap limitation.
Summary of key ratios | The following table provides a summary of our key ratios.
AT DECEMBER 31 | 2023 | 2022
Net debt leverage ratio | 3.48 |  | 3.30 |
Adjusted EBITDA to adjusted net interest expense ratio | 6.94 |  | 8.50 |

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