Post-employment benefit plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Components of post-employment benefit plans service cost


For the year ended December 31		2024	2023
DB pension		(134)	(128)
DC pension		(136)	(133)
OPEBs		(1)	(1)
Less:
	Capitalized benefit plans cost	63	56


Total post-employment benefit plans service cost		(208)	(206)

Components of post-employment benefit plans financing cost

Components of post-employment benefit plans financing income


For the year ended December 31	2024	2023
DB pension	99	149
OPEBs	(33)	(41)
Total net return on post-employment benefit plans	66	108

Defined benefit plans recognized in comprehensive income

The statements of comprehensive income include the following amounts before income taxes.


		2024	2023
Cumulative gains recognized directly in equity, January 1		432	985
	Actuarial gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss)(1)	984	(835)
	(Increase) decrease in the effect of the asset limit in other comprehensive income (loss)(2)	(188)	282
Cumulative gains recognized directly in equity, December 31		1,228	432

(1)The cumulative actuarial gains recognized in the statements of comprehensive income are $1,848 million at December 31, 2024.

(2)The cumulative increase in the effect of the asset limit recognized in the statements of comprehensive income is $620 million at December 31, 2024.

Components of post-employment benefit (obligations) assets

The following table shows the change in post-employment benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets.


		DB pension plans		OPEB plans		Total
		2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023
Post-employment benefit obligations, January 1		(20,595)	(19,295)	(1,074)	(1,138)	(21,669)	(20,433)
	Current service cost	(134)	(128)	(1)	(1)	(135)	(129)
	Interest on obligations	(927)	(993)	(49)	(58)	(976)	(1,051)
	Actuarial gains (losses)(1)	214	(1,572)	—	51	214	(1,521)

	Benefit payments	1,349	1,401	70	72	1,419	1,473
	Employee contributions	(8)	(8)	—	—	(8)	(8)

	Business combinations	(33)	—	—	—	(33)	—

Post-employment benefit obligations, December 31		(20,134)	(20,595)	(1,054)	(1,074)	(21,188)	(21,669)
Fair value of plan assets, January 1		23,768	23,355	330	327	24,098	23,682
	Expected return on plan assets(2)	1,062	1,195	16	17	1,078	1,212
	Actuarial gains (losses)(1)	737	692	33	(6)	770	686
	Benefit payments	(1,349)	(1,401)	(70)	(72)	(1,419)	(1,473)
	Employer contributions	48	41	61	64	109	105
	Employee contributions	8	8	—	—	8	8
	Transfers to DC plans	(132)	(124)	—	—	(132)	(124)
	Business combinations	47	—	—	—	47	—
	Other	(1)	2	—	—	(1)	2

Fair value of plan assets, December 31		24,188	23,768	370	330	24,558	24,098
Plan asset (deficit)		4,054	3,173	(684)	(744)	3,370	2,429
Effect of asset limit		(960)	(719)	—	—	(960)	(719)
Interest on effect of asset limit		(36)	(53)	—	—	(36)	(53)
Post-employment benefit asset (liability), December 31		3,058	2,401	(684)	(744)	2,374	1,657
Post-employment benefit assets		3,578	2,935	—	—	3,578	2,935
Post-employment benefit obligations		(520)	(534)	(684)	(744)	(1,204)	(1,278)

(1)Actuarial gains (losses) include experience gains of $809 million in 2024 and $734 million in 2023.

(2)The actual return on plan assets was $1,848 million or 8.1% in 2024 and $1,898 million or 8.8% in 2023.

Funded status of post-employment benefit plans cost

The following table shows the funded status of our post-employment benefit obligations.


	Funded		Partially funded(1)		Unfunded(2)		Total
For the year ended December 31	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023
Present value of post-employment benefit obligations	(19,558)	(20,004)	(1,425)	(1,453)	(205)	(212)	(21,188)	(21,669)
Fair value of plan assets	24,123	23,703	435	395	—	—	24,558	24,098
Plan surplus (deficit)	4,565	3,699	(990)	(1,058)	(205)	(212)	3,370	2,429
Effect of asset limit	(996)	(772)	—	—	—	—	(996)	(772)
Post-employment benefit asset (liability)	3,569	2,927	(990)	(1,058)	(205)	(212)	2,374	1,657

(1)The partially funded plans consist of supplementary executive retirement plans (SERPs) for eligible employees and certain OPEBs. The company partially funds the SERPs through letters of credit and a retirement compensation arrangement account with Canada Revenue Agency. Certain paid-up life insurance benefits are funded through life insurance contracts.

(2)Our unfunded plans consist of certain OPEBs, which are paid as claims are incurred.

Disclosure of significant assumptions

We used the following key assumptions to measure the post-employment benefit obligations and the net benefit plans cost for the DB pension plans and OPEB plans. These assumptions are long-term, which is consistent with the nature of post-employment benefit plans.


		DB pension plans and OPEB plans
For the year ended December 31		2024		2023

Post-employment benefit obligations
	Discount rate	4.7	%	4.6	%
	Rate of compensation increase	2.25	%	2.25	%
	Cost of living indexation rate(1)	1.6	%	1.6	%
	Life expectancy at age 65 (years)	23.4		23.4

(1)Cost of living indexation rate is only applicable to DB pension plans.


		DB pension plans and OPEB plans
For the year ended December 31		2024		2023

Net post-employment benefit plans cost
	Discount rate	4.7	%	5.3	%
	Rate of compensation increase	2.25	%	2.25	%
	Cost of living indexation rate(1)	1.6	%	1.6	%
	Life expectancy at age 65 (years)	23.4		23.3

(1) Cost of living indexation rate is only applicable to DB pension plans.

Healthcare cost trend rates and sensitivity analysis

The following table shows the effect of a 1% change in the assumed trend rates in healthcare costs.


Effect on post-employment benefits - increase/(decrease)	1% increase	1% decrease
Total service and interest cost	2	(3)
Post-employment benefit obligations	55	(49)

The following table shows a sensitivity analysis of key assumptions used to measure the net post-employment benefit obligations and the net post-employment benefit plans cost for our DB pension plans and OPEB plans.


			Impact on net post-employment benefit plans cost for 2024 – increase/(decrease)		Impact on post-employment benefit obligations at December 31, 2024 – increase/(decrease)
	Change in assumption		Increase in assumption	Decrease in assumption	Increase in assumption	Decrease in assumption
Discount rate	0.5	%	(79)	72	(1,102)	1,208
Cost of living indexation rate	0.5	%	53	(41)	987	(805)
Life expectancy at age 65	1 year		36	(37)	720	(721)

Post-employment benefit plan assets

The following table shows the target allocations for 2024 and the allocation of our post-employment benefit plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.


	Weighted average target allocation	Total plan assets fair value
Asset category	2024	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Equity securities	0%-40%	13	%	13	%
Debt securities	40%-100%	53	%	55	%
Alternative investments	0%-50%	34	%	32	%
Total		100	%	100	%

The following table shows the fair value of the DB pension plan assets for each category.


For the year ended December 31			2024	2023
Observable markets data
	Equity securities
		Canadian	862	858
		Foreign	2,344	2,265
	Debt securities
		Canadian	11,117	10,284
		Foreign	1,426	1,550
		Money market	257	1,222
Non-observable markets inputs
	Alternative investments
		Private equities	1,066	831
		Hedge funds	1,301	1,268
		Real estate and infrastructure	4,341	4,221
		Private debt	1,451	1,237
		Other	23	32
Total			24,188	23,768

Disclosure of contributions to post-employment benefit plans

The following table shows the amounts we contributed to the DB and DC pension plans and the payments made to beneficiaries under OPEB plans.


	DB plans		DC plans		OPEB plans
For the year ended December 31	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023
Contributions/payments	(48)	(41)	(4)	(11)	(61)	(64)