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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Income Taxes [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | 17. Income taxes Our subsidiaries are subject to taxation in a number of tax jurisdictions, principally Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States of America. The following table presents our provision for income taxes by tax jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31,
﻿ | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
﻿Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland | $ | 141,364 |  | $ | 151,623 |  | $ | 87,147
﻿The Netherlands |  | (8,346) |  |  | (7,453) |  |  | 1,339
﻿United States of America |  | (41,163) |  |  | (65,341) |  |  | 26,267
﻿Other |  | 14,124 |  |  | 22,130 |  |  | (5,744)
﻿ |  | 105,979 |  |  | 100,959 |  |  | 109,009
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Deferred tax expense (benefit) related to an increase (decrease) in changes in valuation allowance of deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland |  | 1,562 |  |  | — |  |  | —
﻿The Netherlands |  | 12,843 |  |  | 13,915 |  |  | —
﻿United States of America |  | 54,056 |  |  | 10,074 |  |  | —
﻿Other |  | (13,100) |  |  | (13,922) |  |  | 6,850
﻿ |  | 55,361 |  |  | 10,067 |  |  | 6,850
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Current tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland |  | 4,730 |  |  | (99) |  |  | 229
﻿The Netherlands |  | 1,164 |  |  | 37,512 |  |  | 5,290
﻿United States of America |  | 3,166 |  |  | 39,358 |  |  | 15,553
﻿Other |  | 3,096 |  |  | 2,008 |  |  | 442
﻿ |  | 12,156 |  |  | 78,779 |  |  | 21,514
﻿Provision for income taxes | $ | 173,496 |  | $ | 189,805 |  | $ | 137,373
The following table provides a reconciliation of the statutory income tax expense to provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31, |
﻿ | 2016 |  | 2015 (a) |  | 2014 (a) |
﻿Income tax expense at statutory income tax rate of 12.5% | $ | 150,050 |  | $ | 170,712 |  | $ | 114,612 |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Non-taxable items (permanent differences) |  | 29,057 | (b) |  | 29,555 | (c) |  | 15,010 | (d)
﻿Foreign rate differential |  | (5,611) |  |  | (10,462) |  |  | 7,751 |
﻿ |  | 23,446 |  |  | 19,093 |  |  | 22,761 |
﻿Provision for income taxes | $ | 173,496 |  | $ | 189,805 |  | $ | 137,373 |
﻿
| (a) |  | Effective February 1, 2016, we moved our headquarters and executive officers from Amsterdam to Dublin, and as of February 1, 2016, we became tax resident in Ireland. Accordingly, we have updated the figures for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 as compared to those previously reported in the financial statements contained in our 2015 annual report on Form 20-F to reflect the permanent differences being taxed at the Irish statutory rate of 12.5% rather than the Dutch statutory rate of 25%.
| (b) |  | The 2016 non-taxable items included non-deductible share-based compensation in Ireland and in the Netherlands, non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America and a valuation allowance taken in respect of U.S., Dutch and Irish tax losses. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
| (c) |  | The 2015 non-taxable items included the non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America, non-deductible share-based compensation in the Netherlands, non-deductible costs relating to the transfer of certain functions from the Netherlands to Ireland, and a valuation allowance taken in respect of U.S. and Dutch tax losses. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
| (d) |  | The 2014 non-taxable items included the non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America, non-deductible share-based compensation in the Netherlands and the non-deductible transaction costs from the ILFC Transaction. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
The following tables present our foreign rate differential by tax jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31, 2016
﻿ | Pre-tax income (loss) |  | Local statutory tax rate (a) |  | Variance to Irish statutory tax rate of 12.5% |  | Tax variance as a result of global activities (b)
﻿Tax jurisdiction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland | $ | 1,151,387 |  | 12.5 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | $ | —
﻿The Netherlands |  | 37,580 |  | 25.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  |  | 4,698
﻿United States of America |  | 44,238 |  | 36.3 | % |  | 23.8 | % |  |  | 10,529
﻿Isle of Man |  | 181,286 |  | 0.0 | % |  | (12.5) | % |  |  | (22,661)
﻿Other |  | 18,989 |  | 22.1 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  |  | 1,823
﻿ | $ | 1,433,480 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (5,611)
﻿Non-taxable items (c) |  | (233,084) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Income from continuing operations before income tax | $ | 1,200,396 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31, 2015 (d)
﻿ | Pre-tax income (loss) |  | Local statutory tax rate (a) |  | Variance to Irish statutory tax rate of 12.5% |  | Tax variance as a result of global activities (b)
﻿Tax jurisdiction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland | $ | 1,212,190 |  | 12.5 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | $ | —
﻿The Netherlands |  | 175,897 |  | 25.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  |  | 21,987
﻿United States of America |  | (43,825) |  | 36.3 | % |  | 23.8 | % |  |  | (10,430)
﻿Isle of Man |  | 181,118 |  | 0.0 | % |  | (12.5) | % |  |  | (22,640)
﻿Other |  | 77,671 |  | 13.3 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 621
﻿ | $ | 1,603,051 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (10,462)
﻿Non-taxable items (e) |  | (237,352) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Income from continuing operations before income tax | $ | 1,365,699 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31, 2014 (d)
﻿ | Pre-tax income (loss) |  | Local statutory tax rate (a) |  | Variance to Irish statutory tax rate of 12.5% |  | Tax variance as a result of global activities (b)
﻿Tax jurisdiction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Ireland | $ | 694,605 |  | 12.5 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | $ | —
﻿The Netherlands |  | 26,081 |  | 25.0 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  |  | 3,260
﻿United States of America |  | 95,585 |  | 38.3 | % |  | 25.8 | % |  |  | 24,661
﻿Isle of Man |  | 167,689 |  | 0.0 | % |  | (12.5) | % |  |  | (20,961)
﻿Other |  | 7,528 |  | 23.0 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 791
﻿ | $ | 991,488 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,751
﻿Non-taxable items (f) |  | (74,590) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Income from continuing operations before income tax | $ | 916,898 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿
| (a) |  | The local statutory income tax expense for our significant tax jurisdictions (Ireland, the Netherlands, the United States of America and Isle of Man) does not differ from the actual income tax expense.
| (b) |  | The tax variance as a result of global activities is primarily caused by our operations in countries with a higher or lower statutory tax rate than the statutory tax rate in Ireland.
| (c) |  | The 2016 non-taxable items included non-deductible share-based compensation in Ireland and in the Netherlands, non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America and a valuation allowance taken in respect of U.S., Dutch and Irish tax losses. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
| (d) |  | Due to our migration from the Netherlands to Ireland as of February 1, 2016, we have updated the tax rate reconciliation for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The tax variance as a result of the global activities has been calculated as the difference between the local statutory tax rate in the relevant jurisdictions and the Irish statutory tax rate of 12.5%.
| (e) |  | The 2015 non-taxable items included the non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America, non-deductible share-based compensation in the Netherlands, non-deductible costs relating to the transfer of certain functions from the Netherlands to Ireland, and a valuation allowance taken in respect of U.S. and Dutch tax losses. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
| (f) |  | The 2014 non-taxable items included the non-deductible intercompany interest allocated to the United States of America, non-deductible share-based compensation in the Netherlands and the non-deductible transaction costs from the ILFC Transaction. It also included the non-taxable income arising from aircraft with a higher tax basis in general.
The calculation of income for tax purposes differs significantly from book income. Deferred income tax is provided to reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as measured under tax law in the various jurisdictions. Tax loss carry forwards and accelerated tax depreciation on flight equipment held for operating leases give rise to the most significant timing differences. The following tables provide details regarding the principal components of our deferred income tax liabilities and assets by jurisdiction as of December 31, 2016 and 2015: ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | As of December 31, 2016
﻿ | Ireland |  | The Netherlands |  | United States of America |  | Other |  | Total
﻿Depreciation/Impairment | $ | (1,030,901) |  | $ | 8,547 |  | $ | (16,322) |  | $ | (63) |  | $ | (1,038,739)
﻿Intangibles |  | (6,353) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,242) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,595)
﻿Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (588) |  |  | — |  |  | (588)
﻿Accrued maintenance liability |  | (6,028) |  |  | — |  |  | 12,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,782
﻿Obligations under capital leases and debt obligations |  | (3,151) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,151)
﻿Investments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,641) |  |  | — |  |  | (12,641)
﻿Deferred losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,119 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,119
﻿Accrued expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,942 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,942
﻿Valuation allowance |  | (1,562) |  |  | (26,758) |  |  | (89,130) |  |  | (9,911) |  |  | (127,361)
﻿Losses and credits forward |  | 666,214 |  |  | 26,759 |  |  | 92,215 |  |  | 20,693 |  |  | 805,881
﻿Other |  | (46,133) |  |  | (4,399) |  |  | 5,539 |  |  | (6,190) |  |  | (51,183)
﻿Net deferred income tax (liabilities) assets | $ | (427,914) |  | $ | 4,149 |  | $ | 55,702 |  | $ | 4,529 |  | $ | (363,534)
﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | As of December 31, 2015
﻿ | Ireland |  | The Netherlands |  | United States of America |  | Other |  | Total
﻿Depreciation/Impairment | $ | (876,219) |  | $ | 11,580 |  | $ | 5,393 |  | $ | 963 |  | $ | (858,283)
﻿Intangibles |  | (10,071) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,763) |  |  | — |  |  | (28,834)
﻿Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,435) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,435)
﻿Accrued maintenance liability |  | (7,003) |  |  | — |  |  | 11,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,877
﻿Obligations under capital leases and debt obligations |  | (3,411) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,411)
﻿Investments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,155) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,155)
﻿Deferred losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,543
﻿Accrued expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,554
﻿Valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | (13,915) |  |  | (35,074) |  |  | (23,011) |  |  | (72,000)
﻿Losses and credits forward |  | 630,302 |  |  | 13,915 |  |  | 32,342 |  |  | 39,282 |  |  | 715,841
﻿Other |  | (20,647) |  |  | (2,936) |  |  | 7,350 |  |  | (11,651) |  |  | (27,884)
﻿Net deferred income tax (liabilities) assets | $ | (287,049) |  | $ | 8,644 |  | $ | 68,635 |  | $ | 5,583 |  | $ | (204,187)
The net deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2016 of $363.5 million were recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as deferred income tax assets of $215.5 million and as deferred income tax liabilities of $579.0 million. The net deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2015 of $204.2 million were recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as deferred income tax assets of $161.2 million and as deferred income tax liabilities of $365.4 million. The following table presents the movements in the valuation allowance for deferred income tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015: ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31,
﻿ | 2016 |  | 2015
﻿Valuation allowance at beginning of period | $ | 72,000 |  | $ | 61,933
﻿Increase of allowance to income tax provision |  | 55,361 |  |  | 10,067
﻿Valuation allowance at end of period | $ | 127,361 |  | $ | 72,000
The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 of $127.4 million included $9.9 million related to losses and credit forwards in Australia, $89.1 million related to having insufficient sources of projected taxable income to fully realize the deferred tax asset in the United States of America, particularly in respect of our U.S. subsidiary AeroTurbine, $26.8 million related to loss carry forwards in the Netherlands and $1.6 million related to loss carry forwards in Ireland. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015 of $72.0 million included $23.0 million related to losses and credit forwards in Australia, $35.1 million related to having insufficient sources of projected taxable income to fully realize the deferred tax asset in the United States of America, and $13.9 million related to loss carry forwards in the Netherlands. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $29.8 million and $15.5 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits. Substantially all of the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. Although it is reasonably possible that a change in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the next 12 months, based on the information currently available, we do not expect any change to be material to our consolidated financial condition. Our primary tax jurisdictions are Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States of America. Our tax returns are open for examination in Ireland from 2012 forward, in the Netherlands from 2011 forward, and in the United States of America f rom 2014 forward. In the United States of America, the 2013 audit of the federal income tax return for AerCap, Inc. and its subsidiaries was closed without adjustment in early 2016. The 2014 federal income tax return of some of our U.S. resident subsidiaries was subject to audit, and we do not expect any material changes in the outcome of this audit. Our policy is to recognize accrued interest on the underpayment of income taxes as a component of interest expense and penalties associated with tax liabilities as a component of provision for income taxes. Ireland Since 2006, the enacted Irish corporate income tax rate has been 12.5%. Some of our Irish tax-resident operating subsidiaries have significant losses carry forward as of December 31, 2016 which give rise to deferred income tax assets. The availability of these losses does not expire with time. In addition, the vast majority of all of our Irish tax-resident subsidiaries are entitled to accelerated aircraft depreciation for tax purposes and shelter net taxable income with the surrender of losses on a current year basis within the Irish tax group. Based on projected taxable profits in our Irish subsidiaries, we expect to recover the majority of the value of our Irish tax assets and have no t recognized a valuation allowance against such assets, with the exception of $1.6 million, as of December 31, 2016. The Netherlands The majority of our Dutch subsidiaries are part of two Dutch fiscal unities and are included in consolidated tax filing s. C urrent tax expenses are limited with respect to the Dutch subsidiaries due to the existence of interest bearing intercompany liabilities. Deferred income tax is calculated using the Dutch corporate income tax rate (25.0%). Tax losses in the Netherlands can generally be carried back one year and carried forward nine years before expiry. United States of America Our U.S. subsidiaries are assessable to federal and state U.S. taxes. Since the ILFC Transaction, we no longer file one consolidated federal income tax return. We have two distinct groups of U.S. companies that file consolidated return s. The blended federal and state tax rate applicable to our combined U.S. group was 36.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Due to a restructuring of activities in the U.S. AeroTurbine group, which started in late 2015, we do not expect to generate sufficient sources of taxable income to realize our deferred income tax asset in the U.S. Additionally, certain tax attributes are subject to an annual limitation as a result of the change in ownership in 2015 as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. We had $234.7 million U.S. federal net operating losses as of December 31, 2016, which expire between 202 6 and 203 6.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32559-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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