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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Income before income taxes was taxed under the following jurisdictions:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Domestic |  | $ | 1,298.1 |  |  | $ | 1,355.6 |  |  | $ | 1,186.7 |
Foreign |  | 152.1 |  |  | 132.2 |  |  | 111.1 |
Total |  | $ | 1,450.2 |  |  | $ | 1,487.8 |  |  | $ | 1,297.8 |
Components of Income tax expense (benefit) consist of the following:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 267.3 |  |  | $ | 281.8 |  |  | $ | 235.6 |
State |  | 69.7 |  |  | 75.8 |  |  | 52.9 |
Foreign |  | 41.6 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 27.4 |
Total current |  | 378.6 |  |  | 391.5 |  |  | 315.9 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | (29.3) |  |  | (15.0) |  |  | (8.7) |
Foreign |  | (3.4) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | 2.0 |
Total deferred |  | (32.7) |  |  | (18.2) |  |  | (6.7) |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 345.9 |  |  | $ | 373.3 |  |  | $ | 309.2 |
The reconciliation between the statutory tax rate expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes and the effective tax rate was as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Statutory federal income tax rate |  | $ | 304.5 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 312.4 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 272.5 |  |  | 21.0 | %
State taxes, net of federal effect |  | 55.8 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 61.1 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 50.3 |  |  | 3.9 |
Excess tax benefit of equity awards |  | (29.6) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | (12.0) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (30.1) |  |  | (2.3) |
Tax on foreign earnings |  | 8.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.1 |
Effect of tax law changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 0.4 |
Other |  | 6.7 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 0.7 |
Effective tax rate |  | $ | 345.9 |  |  | 23.9 | % |  | $ | 373.3 |  |  | 25.1 | % |  | $ | 309.2 |  |  | 23.8 | %
The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to net deferred income tax liabilities is presented below.
|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Contract liabilities |  | $ | 38.4 |  |  | $ | 46.3 |
Equity compensation plans |  | 34.5 |  |  | 31.3 |
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards, net |  | 17.0 |  |  | 17.0 |
Payroll and benefits |  | 17.2 |  |  | 24.3 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 45.6 |  |  | 48.5 |
Accounts receivable |  | 20.1 |  |  | 18.1 |
Other |  | 19.9 |  |  | 19.5 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 192.7 |  |  | 205.0 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Acquisition-related intangibles |  | 269.8 |  |  | 293.3 |
Property and equipment |  | 22.4 |  |  | 38.1 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 27.6 |  |  | 32.9 |
Other |  | 26.7 |  |  | 27.1 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 346.5 |  |  | 391.4 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | 17.0 |  |  | 17.0 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | 170.8 |  |  | $ | 203.4 |
The Company has income tax net operating losses of $5 million that do not expire and international tax credit carryforwards of $16 million, which expire in 2027. The Company is indefinitely reinvested in its UK business, and therefore did not provide for any US deferred taxes on the earnings of the UK business. The Company is not permanently reinvested in its Canadian business and therefore has recognized deferred tax liabilities of $6 million as of December 31, 2023 related to Canada withholding taxes on earnings of its Canadian business. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to review by domestic and foreign taxing authorities, including the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). In general, the Company is no longer subject to audit by the IRS or state, local, or foreign taxing authorities for tax years through 2014. Various taxing authorities are in the process of auditing income tax returns of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company does not anticipate that any adjustments from the audits would have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements. Changes in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance as of January 1 |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | 18.3 |
Additions for current year and prior year |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Balance as of December 31 |  | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | 18.4 |
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $19 million of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would have decreased income taxes and the corresponding effective income tax rate and increased net income. The impact of recognizing these tax benefits, net of the federal income tax benefit related to unrecognized state income tax benefits, would be approximately $16 million.

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