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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation We consolidate all majority owned subsidiaries, investments in entities in which we have controlling interest and variable interest entities where we are the primary beneficiary. Non-majority owned investments are accounted for using the equity method when we have the ability to significantly influence the operating decisions of the investee. When we do not have the ability to significantly influence the operating decisions of the investee, the cost method is used. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheets, the reported amounts of revenue and expense for each reporting period, and certain information disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, amortization periods of deferred revenue and deferred subscriber acquisition costs, percentage-of-completion related to revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, allowances for sales returns and rebates, warranty obligations, self-insurance obligations, deferred taxes and related valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions, loss contingencies, fair value of financial instruments, fair value of our stock-based compensation, fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations, lease classifications, asset impairments, useful lives and amortization methods of property, equipment and intangible assets, and royalty obligations. Weakened economic conditions may increase the inherent uncertainty in the estimates and assumptions indicated above. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from previously estimated amounts, and such differences may be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the period they occur or prospectively if the revised estimate affects future periods. Foreign Currency The functional currency for certain of our foreign operations is determined to be the local currency. Accordingly, we translate assets and liabilities of these foreign entities from their local currencies to U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates and translate income and expense accounts at monthly average rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) as "Foreign currency translation adjustments" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains and losses resulting from re-measurement of the foreign currency denominated assets, liabilities, and transactions into the functional currency are recognized in "Other, net" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We occasionally enter into forward exchange contracts to mitigate foreign currency exchange risks related to certain of our assets and liabilities and forecasted transactions. These forward contracts are not designated as qualified hedges and, therefore, changes in the fair values of these derivatives are recognized in earnings. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the net transactions gains and losses that resulted from the re-measurement of the foreign currency and the related derivative gains and losses were not material in each of the periods presented herein. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 primarily consisted of money market funds, government bonds, corporate notes, and commercial paper. The cost of these investments approximates their fair value. Marketable Investment Securities We classify our marketable investment securities as available-for-sale, except in certain instances where we have accounted for certain securities as trading securities or are using the fair value method. We report our available-for-sale securities at fair value and generally recognize the difference between fair value and amortized cost as unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income as "Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities and other" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Declines in the fair value of a marketable investment security which are determined to be other-than-temporary are recognized in earnings thus establishing a new cost basis for such investment. Interest and dividend income from marketable investment securities is reported in "Interest income" and "Other, net," respectively, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date. We evaluate our marketable investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to determine whether declines in the fair value of these securities are other-than-temporary. Our evaluation consists of reviewing, among other things: • the fair value of each security compared to its amortized cost; • the length of time and the extent to which the fair value of a security has been lower than amortized cost; • the historical volatility of the price of each security; • any market and company specific factors related to each security; and • our intent and ability to hold the investment to recovery. Where the fair value of a debt security has declined below its amortized cost, we consider the decline to be other-than-temporary if any of the following factors apply: • we intend to sell the security, • it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before maturity or recovery, or • we do not expect to recover the security's entire amortized cost basis, even if there is no intent to sell the security. In general, we use the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method to determine the cost basis on sales of marketable investment securities. Other Investment Securities—Cost and Equity Method Generally, we account for our non-marketable equity investments using either the equity method or cost method of accounting. It is not practicable to regularly estimate the fair value of our equity securities that are not publicly traded. We evaluate these equity investments on a quarterly basis to determine whether an event or changes in circumstances has occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. As part of our evaluation, we review available information such as business plans and current financial statements of these companies for factors that may indicate an impairment of our investments. Such factors may include, but are not limited to, cash flow concerns, material litigation, violations of debt covenants, bankruptcy and changes in business strategy. When we determine that an investment is impaired, and the impairment is other-than-temporary, we adjust the carrying amount of the investment to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in earnings. Investments in which we own at least 20% of the voting securities or have significant influence are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of the net earnings or loss of the investee, which is reflected in "Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The carrying amount of our investments may include a component of goodwill if the cost of our investment exceeds the fair value of the underlying identifiable assets and liabilities of the investee. Dividends received from equity method investees reduce the carrying amount of the investment. Accounts Receivable We estimate allowances for the potential non-collectability of accounts receivable based upon past collection experience and consideration of other relevant factors. Past experience may not be indicative of future collections and therefore additional charges could be incurred in the future to reflect differences between estimated and actual collections. Inventory Inventory is stated at the lower of cost, determined using the FIFO method, or net realizable value. We use standard costing methodologies in determining the cost of certain of our finished goods and work-in-process inventories. Inventories are adjusted to net realizable value using our best estimates of future use. In making assessments of future use or recovery, we consider the aging and composition of inventory balances, the effects of technological and/or design changes, forecasted future product demand based on firm or near-firm customer orders, and alternative means of disposition of excess or obsolete items. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The cost of our satellites includes construction costs, including the present value of in-orbit incentives payable to the satellite manufacturer, launch costs, capitalized interest, and related insurance premiums. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over lives ranging from one to 40 years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense when incurred. Costs of renewals and betterments are capitalized. Impairment of Long-lived Assets We review our long-lived assets for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. For assets held and used in operations, the asset is impaired if the carrying amount of the asset exceeded its undiscounted estimated future net cash flows. When an asset is impaired, we adjust the carrying amount of such asset to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in earnings. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the estimated fair value assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We do not amortize goodwill, but test goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may exist in interim periods. Our goodwill as of December 31, 2013, consists entirely of goodwill assigned to reporting units of our Hughes segment in connection with the 2011 acquisition of Hughes Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries ("the Hughes Acquisition"). We test Hughes goodwill for impairment in the second fiscal quarter. There are two steps to the goodwill impairment test. Step one compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. We typically estimate fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flow techniques, which includes significant assumptions about prospective financial information, terminal value and discount rates. If the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its estimated fair value, it is necessary to perform the second step of the impairment test, which compares the implied fair value of reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of such goodwill to determine the amount of impairment loss. We may bypass the two-step goodwill impairment test if we determine, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount including goodwill. See Note 9 for further discussion of our goodwill impairment testing. Regulatory Authorizations and Other Intangible Assets At acquisition and periodically thereafter, we evaluate our intangible assets to determine whether their useful lives are finite or indefinite. We consider our intangible assets to have indefinite lives when no significant legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors limit the useful life. Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, ranging from approximately one to 30 years. When we expect to incur significant costs to renew or extend finite-lived intangible assets, we amortize the total initial and estimated renewal costs over the combined initial and assumed renewal terms. In such instances, actual renewal costs are capitalized when they are incurred. We test intangible assets with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, as discussed above under "Impairment of Long-lived Assets." We do not amortize our indefinite-lived intangible assets, but test those assets for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired. Costs incurred to renew or extend indefinite-lived intangible assets are expensed as incurred. Our indefinite-lived intangible assets include Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") authorizations and certain other contractual or regulatory rights to use spectrum at specified orbital locations (collectively "Regulatory Authorizations"). We have determined that our FCC authorizations have indefinite useful lives due to the following: • FCC authorizations are non-depleting assets; • renewal satellite applications generally are authorized by the FCC subject to certain conditions, without substantial cost under a stable regulatory, legislative, and legal environment; • expenditures required to maintain the authorization are not significant; and • we intend to use these authorizations indefinitely. Our non-FCC regulatory authorizations consist primarily of authorizations in Europe and Brazil that we acquired in 2013 and 2012, respectively. We have determined that those Regulatory Authorizations have finite lives due to the absence of largely perfunctory renewal provisions and uncertainties about the regulatory environments. Income Taxes We establish a provision for income taxes currently payable or receivable and for income tax amounts deferred to future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the estimated future tax effects of differences that exist between the financial reporting carrying amount and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are offset by valuation allowances when we determine it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. From time to time, we engage in transactions where the income tax consequences may be subject to uncertainty. We recognize tax benefits when, in management's judgment, a tax filing position is more likely than not of being sustained if challenged by the tax authorities. For tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold, we may not recognize a portion of a tax benefit depending on management's assessment of how the tax position will ultimately be settled. Due to the fact that we have substantial net operating loss carryforwards, our reserves for unrecognized tax benefits are netted against the deferred tax assets associated with our net operating loss carryforwards. We adjust our estimates periodically based on ongoing examinations by and settlements with various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Fair Value Measurements We determine fair value based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Market or observable inputs are the preferred source of values, followed by unobservable inputs or assumptions based on hypothetical transactions in the absence of market inputs. We utilize the highest level of inputs available according to the following hierarchy in determining fair value: • Level 1, defined as observable inputs being quoted prices in active markets for identical assets; • Level 2, defined as observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and • Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other participants therefore requiring assumptions based on the best information available. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are considered to occur at the beginning of the quarterly accounting period. There were no transfers between levels for each of the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the carrying amount of our cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, accounts payable and accrued liabilities were equal to or approximated fair value due to their short-term nature or proximity to current market rates. Fair values of our current marketable investment securities are based on a variety of observable market inputs. For our investments in publicly traded equity securities, fair value ordinarily is determined based on a Level 1 measurement that reflects quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. Fair values of our investments in marketable debt securities generally are based on Level 2 measurements as the markets for debt securities are less active. Trades of identical debt securities on or near the measurement date are considered a strong indication of fair value. Matrix pricing techniques that consider par value, coupon rate, credit quality, maturity and other relevant features also may be used to determine fair value of our investments in marketable debt securities. Fair values for our publicly traded long-term debt are based on quoted market prices in less active markets and are categorized as Level 2 measurements. The fair values of our privately held debt are Level 2 measurements and are estimated to approximate their carrying amounts based on the proximity of their interest rates to current market rates. See Note 10 for the fair value of our long-term debt. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the fair values of our orbital incentive obligations, based on measurements categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, approximated their carrying amounts of $48.4 million and $30.0 million, respectively. We use fair value measurements from time-to-time in connection with impairment testing and the assignment of purchase consideration to assets and liabilities of acquired companies. Those fair value measurements typically include significant unobservable inputs and are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, prices are fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured, and the goods have been delivered or services have been rendered. If any of these criteria are not met, revenue recognition is deferred until such time as all of the criteria are met. Revenue from equipment sales generally is recognized upon shipment to customers. Revenue from leasing equipment or services are recognized ratably over the lease period. Revenue from digital broadcast operations and other services are recognized when the related services are performed. Upfront fees collected in connection with the service arrangements for customers in our Hughes segment consumer market are deferred and recognized as service revenue over the estimated subscriber life. In situations where customer offerings represent a bundled arrangement for both services and hardware, revenue elements are separated for revenue recognition purposes using the relative selling price method. We offer a rebate to qualifying new consumer subscribers in our Hughes segment and reduce related revenue based on an estimate of the number of rebates that will be redeemed. This estimate is based on historical experience and actual sales during the promotion. Our Hughes segment has a consumer equipment rental program, under which customers enter into a contract which requires that the customer pay rental and service charges for a minimum term of 24 months and the early cancellation of service is subject to payment of a termination charge. Once the initial 24 month term ends, it converts to a month-to-month contract. Revenue on the rental equipment is recognized on a monthly basis as service revenue over the customer contract term. In October 2012, our Hughes segment entered into a wholesale service agreement with dishNET Satellite Broadband L.L.C. ("dishNET"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network. Under this agreement, dishNET has the right, but not the obligation, to purchase certain broadband equipment and to market, sell, and distribute Hughes satellite internet service. We recognize a monthly subscriber wholesale service fee as we provide the service. In addition to providing standard product and service offerings, our Hughes segment also enters into contracts to design, develop, and deliver complex telecommunication networks to customers in its enterprise and mobile satellite systems markets. These contracts for telecommunication networks require significant effort to develop and construct the network, over an extended time period. Sales under these contracts are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. Depending on the nature of the deliverables in each arrangement, we recognize revenue under the cost-to-cost method or the units of delivery method. Under the cost-to-cost method, sales are recorded equivalent to costs incurred plus a portion of the profit expected to be realized, which is consistent with the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs at completion multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue. Under the units of delivery method, sales are recorded as products are delivered and costs are recognized based on the expected profit for the entire agreement. Profits expected to be realized on long-term contracts are based on estimates of total sale values and costs at completion. These estimates are reviewed and revised periodically throughout the lives of the contracts, and adjustments to profits resulting from such revisions are recorded in the accounting period in which the revisions are made. Estimated losses on contracts are recorded in the period in which they are identified. We report revenue net of sales taxes imposed on our goods and services in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Since we primarily act as an agent for the governmental authorities, the amount charged to the customer is collected and remitted directly to the appropriate jurisdictional entity. Debt Issuance Costs Costs of issuing debt generally are deferred and amortized utilizing the effective interest method with amortization included in "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Cost of Equipment and Services Cost of equipment primarily consists of materials and direct labor costs associated with the procurement and manufacture of our products and indirect overhead incurred in the procurement and production process, including freight and royalties. Cost of equipment generally is recognized as products are delivered to customers. Cost of services primarily consists of costs of digital broadcast operations, transponder capacity service agreements, satellite services, hub infrastructure, customer care, wireline and wireless capacity, and direct labor costs associated with the service provided. Cost of services is recognized as costs are incurred. Research and Development Costs incurred in research and development activities are expensed as incurred. Deferred Subscriber Acquisition Costs ("SAC") Deferred SAC is included in "Other noncurrent assets, net" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. SAC consists of costs paid to third-party dealers and customer service representative commissions on new service activations and hardware upgrades and, in certain cases, the cost of hardware and installation services provided to customers at the inception of service or hardware upgrade. SAC is deferred when a customer commits to a service agreement, and then the deferred SAC is amortized over the contractual term in proportion to when the related service revenue is earned. We monitor the recoverability of SAC and are entitled to an early termination fee if the subscriber cancels service prior to the end of the commitment period. The recoverability of deferred SAC is reasonably assured through the monthly service fee charged to customers, our ability to recover the equipment, and/or our ability to charge an early termination fee. Capitalized Software Costs Development costs related to software for internal use and externally marketed are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, not in excess of five years. Internal use capitalized software costs are included in "Property and equipment, net" and externally marketed capitalized software costs are included in "Other noncurrent assets, net" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Software program reviews for externally marketed capitalized software costs are conducted at least annually, or as events and circumstances warrant such a review, to determine if capitalized software development costs are recoverable and to ensure that costs associated with programs that are no longer generating revenue are expensed. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the net carrying amount of externally marketed software was $31.4 million and $15.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recorded $1.7 million, $0.3 million and minimal, respectively, of amortization expense relating to our externally marketed software. Stock-based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on stock awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant effect on share-based compensation expense since the effect of adjusting the rate is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we incurred advertising expense of $47.4 million, $47.0 million and $27.8 million, respectively. New Accounting Pronouncements In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11 amending requirements for the presentation of unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. ASU No. 2013-11 requires entities to present in the financial statements an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward except to the extent such items are not available or not intended to be used at the reporting date to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position. In such instances, the unrecognized tax benefit is required to be presented in the financial statements as a liability and not be combined with deferred tax assets. ASU No. 2013-11 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted ASU No. 2013-11 in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2013, but did not retrospectively apply the standard to our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2012. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References No definition available. + Details
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