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RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] |
RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES | RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES Invigorate Program The Company is committed to a program called Invigorate which is designed to reduce its cost structure and improve performance. Invigorate consists of several flagship programs, with structured plans in each, to drive savings and improve performance across the customer value chain. These flagship programs include: organization excellence; information technology excellence; procurement excellence; service excellence; lab excellence; and revenue services excellence. In addition to these programs, the Company identified key themes to change how it operates including reducing denials and patient price concessions; further digitizing the business; standardization and automation; and optimization initiatives in the areas of lab network and patient service center network. The Invigorate program is intended to partially offset reimbursement pressures and labor and benefit cost increases; free up additional resources to invest in science, innovation and other growth initiatives; and enable the Company to improve service quality and operating profitability. Restructuring Charges The following table provides a summary of the Company's pre-tax restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Employee separation costs | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 45 |
Facility-related costs | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |
Asset impairment charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total restructuring charges | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 51 |
The restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2018 were primarily associated with various workforce reduction initiatives as the Company continued to simplify and restructure its organization. The restructuring activity incurred for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily represents a release of the liability relating to restructuring charges recorded in prior periods, which were determined to no longer be required. Of the total restructuring charges incurred during the year ended December 31, 2020, $9 million and $5 million were recorded in cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. The $(2) million of restructuring charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019 were recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. Of the total restructuring charges incurred during the year ended December 31, 2018, $22 million and $29 million were recorded in cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. Charges for all periods presented were primarily recorded in the Company's DIS business. The following table summarizes the activity of the restructuring liability during 2020 and 2019, which is included in accrued expenses in Note 12:
| Employee Separation Costs |  | Facility-Related Costs |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Income statement income | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Cash payments | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |
Other | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Income statement expense | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Cash payments | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |

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- References No definition available. + Details
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- Definition The entire disclosure for restructuring and related activities. Description of restructuring activities such as exit and disposal activities, include facts and circumstances leading to the plan, the expected plan completion date, the major types of costs associated with the plan activities, total expected costs, the accrual balance at the end of the period, and the periods over which the remaining accrual will be settled. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 420 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2175745 + Details
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