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Mortgage Servicing Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Servicing Asset [Abstract] |
Mortgage Servicing Assets | 9. Mortgage Servicing Assets We originate and periodically sell commercial and residential mortgage loans but continue to service those loans for the buyers. We also may purchase the right to service commercial mortgage loans for other lenders. We record a servicing asset if we purchase or retain the right to service loans in exchange for servicing fees that exceed the going market servicing rate and are considered more than adequate compensation for servicing. Additional information pertaining to the accounting for mortgage and other servicing assets is included in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Servicing Assets.” Commercial Changes in the carrying amount of commercial mortgage servicing assets are summarized as follows:
Year ended December 31, in millions | 2019 | 2018
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 502 |  | $ | 412 |
Servicing retained from loan sales | 108 |  | 117 |
Purchases | 47 |  | 75 |
Amortization | (115 | ) | (102 | )
Temporary impairments | (3 | ) | — |
Balance at end of period | $ | 539 |  | $ | 502 |
Fair value at end of period | $ | 665 |  | $ | 757 |
The fair value of commercial mortgage servicing assets is determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows associated with servicing the commercial mortgage loans. This calculation uses a number of assumptions that are based on current market conditions. The range and weighted-average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our commercial mortgage servicing assets at December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, along with the valuation techniques, are shown in the following table:
dollars in millions |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Valuation Technique | Significant Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted-Average)
Discounted cash flow | Expected defaults | 1.00 - 2.00% (1.13%) |  | 1.00 - 2.00% (1.14%)
| Residual cash flows discount rate | 7.00 - 11.44% (9.32%) |  | 7.00 - 15.00% (9.18%)
| Escrow earn rate | 1.44 - 2.32% (2.03%) |  | 2.56 - 4.20% (3.35%)
| Loan assumption rate | 0.01 - 3.37% (1.37%) |  | 0.00 - 3.22% (1.35%)
If these economic assumptions change or prove incorrect, the fair value of commercial mortgage servicing assets may also change. Expected credit losses, escrow earn rates, and discount rates are critical to the valuation of commercial mortgage servicing assets. Estimates of these assumptions are based on how a market participant would view the respective rates and reflect historical data associated with the commercial mortgage loans, industry trends, and other considerations. Actual rates may differ from those estimated due to changes in a variety of economic factors. A decrease in the value assigned to the escrow earn rates would cause a decrease in the fair value of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. An increase in the assumed default rates of commercial mortgage loans or an increase in the assigned discount rates would cause a decrease in the fair value of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. Prepayment activity on commercial serviced loans does not significantly impact the valuation of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. Unlike residential mortgages, commercial mortgages experience significantly lower prepayments due to certain contractual restrictions impacting the borrower’s ability to prepay the mortgage. The amortization of commercial mortgage servicing assets for each period, as shown in the table at the beginning of this note, is recorded as a reduction to contractual fee income. The contractual fee income from servicing commercial mortgage loans totaled $196 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, $171 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $150 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This fee income was partially offset by $118 million of amortization for the year ended December 31, 2019, $102 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $90 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Both the contractual fee income and the amortization are recorded, net, in “mortgage servicing fees” on the income statement. Residential Changes in the carrying amount of residential mortgage servicing assets are summarized as follows:
in millions | 2019 | 2018
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 37 |  | 31 |
Servicing retained from loan sales | 15 |  | $ | 10 |
Purchases | — |  | — |
Amortization | (6 | ) | (4 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 46 |  | $ | 37 |
Fair value at end of period | $ | 50 |  | $ | 52 |
The fair value of residential mortgage servicing assets is determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows associated with servicing the residential mortgage loans. This calculation uses a number of assumptions that are based on current market conditions. The range and weighted-average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our residential mortgage servicing assets at December 31, 2019, along with the valuation techniques, are shown in the following table:
|  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Valuation Technique | Significant Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted-Average)
Discounted cash flow | Prepayment speed | 10.38 - 61.51% (12.95%) |  | 8.45 - 56.11% (9.08%)
| Discount rate | 7.50 - 8.50% (7.52%) |  | 7.50 - 10.00% (7.54%)
| Servicing cost | $62 - $4,375 ($68.73) |  | $62 - $5,125 ($68.25)
If these economic assumptions change or prove incorrect, the fair value of residential mortgage servicing assets may also change. Prepayment speed, discount rates, and servicing cost are critical to the valuation of residential mortgage servicing assets. Estimates of these assumptions are based on how a market participant would view the respective rates and reflect historical data associated with the residential mortgage loans, industry trends, and other considerations. Actual rates may differ from those estimated due to changes in a variety of economic factors. An increase in the prepayment speed would cause a decrease in the fair value of our residential mortgage servicing assets. An increase in the assigned discount rates and servicing cost assumptions would cause a decrease in the fair value of our residential mortgage servicing assets. The amortization of residential mortgage servicing assets for December 31, 2019, as shown in the table above, is recorded as a reduction to contractual fee income. The contractual fee income from servicing residential mortgage loans totaled $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, $14 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This fee income was offset by $6 million of amortization for the year ended December 31, 2019, $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Both the contractual fee income and the amortization are recorded, net, in “mortgage servicing fees” on the income statement.

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