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Collaborative and Other Relationships | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Collaborative and Other Relationships |
Note 19: | Collaborative and Other Relationships
In connection with our business strategy, we have entered into various collaboration agreements that provide us with rights to develop, produce and market products using certain know-how, technology and patent rights maintained by our collaborative partners. Terms of the various collaboration agreements may require us to make milestone payments upon the achievement of certain product research and development objectives and pay royalties on future sales, if any, of commercial products resulting from the collaboration. Depending on the collaborative arrangement, we may record funding receivable or payable balances with our collaboration partners, based on the nature of the cost-sharing mechanism and activity within the collaboration. Our significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below. Genentech, Inc. (Roche Group) We have certain business and financial rights with respect to RITUXAN for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, CLL and other conditions; RITUXAN HYCELA for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and CLL; GAZYVA for the treatment of CLL and follicular lymphoma; OCREVUS for the treatment of PPMS and RMS; LUNSUMIO (mosunetuzumab), which was granted accelerated approval in the U.S. during the fourth quarter of 2022 for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma; glofitamab, an investigational bispecific antibody for the potential treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; and have the option to add other potential anti-CD20 therapies, pursuant to our collaboration arrangements with Genentech, a wholly-owned member of the Roche Group. For purposes of this footnote, we refer to RITUXAN and RITUXAN HYCELA collectively as RITUXAN. If we undergo a change in control, as defined in our collaboration agreement, Genentech has the right to present an offer to buy the rights to RITUXAN and we must either accept Genentech’s offer or purchase Genentech’s rights on the same terms as its offer. Genentech will also be deemed concurrently to have purchased our rights to the remaining products in the collaboration on the terms set forth below. Our collaboration with Genentech was created through a contractual arrangement and not through a joint venture or other legal entity. RITUXAN Genentech and its affiliates are responsible for the worldwide manufacture of RITUXAN as well as all development and commercialization activities as follows: •U.S.: We have co-exclusively licensed our rights to develop, commercialize and market RITUXAN in the U.S. •Canada: We have co-exclusively licensed our rights to develop, commercialize and market RITUXAN in Canada. GAZYVA The Roche Group and its sub-licensees maintain sole responsibility for the development, manufacture and commercialization of GAZYVA in the U.S. The level of gross sales of GAZYVA in the U.S. could impact our percentage of the co-promotion profits for RITUXAN and LUNSUMIO, as summarized in the table below. OCREVUS Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration arrangements with Genentech, we receive a tiered royalty on U.S. net sales from 13.5% and increasing up to 24.0% if annual net sales exceed $900.0 million. There will be a 50.0% reduction to these royalties if a biosimilar to OCREVUS is approved in the U.S. In addition, we receive a gross 3.0% royalty on net sales of OCREVUS outside the U.S., with the royalty period lasting 11 years from the first commercial sale of OCREVUS on a country-by-country basis. The commercialization of OCREVUS does not impact the percentage of the co-promotion profits we receive for RITUXAN or GAZYVA. Genentech is solely responsible for development and commercialization of OCREVUS and funding future costs. Genentech cannot develop OCREVUS in CLL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or rheumatoid arthritis. OCREVUS royalty revenue is based on our estimates from third-party and market research data of OCREVUS sales occurring during the corresponding period. Differences between actual and estimated royalty revenue will be adjusted for in the period in which they become known, which is generally expected to be the following quarter. If we undergo a change in control, as defined in our collaboration agreement, Genentech will be deemed to have purchased our rights to OCREVUS in exchange for the continued payment of the current royalties on net sales (as defined in our collaboration agreement and summarized above) in the U.S. only, until the 11 year anniversary of the first commercial sale of OCREVUS in the U.S. LUNSUMIO (mosunetuzumab) In January 2022 we exercised our option with Genentech to participate in the joint development and commercialization of LUNSUMIO. In connection with this exercise, we recorded a $30.0 million option exercise fee payable to Genentech in December 2021, which was recognized in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. We also recorded a charge of approximately $20.0 million to reimburse Genentech for our 30.0% share of the costs incurred in developing this product candidate during 2021, which was recognized in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded approximately $28.4 million in research and development expense and approximately $13.0 million in sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of income related to this collaboration. Under our collaboration with Genentech, we were responsible for 30.0% of development costs for LUNSUMIO prior to FDA approval and will be entitled to a tiered share of co-promotion operating profits and losses in the U.S., as summarized in the table below. In addition, we receive low single-digit royalties on sales of LUNSUMIO outside the U.S. In December 2022 LUNSUMIO was granted accelerated approval by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. If we undergo a change in control, as defined in our collaboration agreement, Genentech will be deemed to have purchased our rights to LUNSUMIO in exchange for 30.0% of the U.S. co-promotion operating profits or losses until the 11 year anniversary of the first commercial sale of LUNSUMIO in the U.S. Glofitamab In December 2022 we entered into an agreement with Genentech related to the commercialization and sharing of economics for glofitamab, a late-stage bispecific antibody in development for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other blood cancers. Under the terms of this agreement, we will have no payment obligations and will receive tiered royalties on potential net sales of glofitamab in the U.S. Genentech will have sole decision-making rights on the commercialization of glofitamab within the U.S and, in the event of approval, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the mid-single digit range on potential net sales of glofitamab in the U.S. If we undergo a change in control, as defined in our collaboration agreement, Genentech will be deemed to have purchased our rights to Glofitamab in exchange for a mid-single digit royalty on net sales (as defined in our collaboration agreement) in the U.S. only, until the 11 year anniversary of the first commercial sale of the product in the U.S. Profit-sharing Formulas RITUXAN and LUNSUMIO Profit Share Our current pretax co-promotion profit-sharing formula for RITUXAN and LUNSUMIO in the U.S. provides for a 30.0% share on the first $50.0 million of combined co-promotion operating profits earned each calendar year. As a result of the FDA approval of LUNSUMIO our share of the combined annual co-promotion profits for RITUXAN and LUNSUMIO in excess of $50.0 million varies upon the following events, as summarized in the table below:
After LUNSUMIO Approval until the First Threshold Date | 37.5 | %
After First Threshold Date until the Second Threshold Date | 35.0 | %
After Second Threshold Date | 30.0 | %
First Threshold Date means the earlier of (i) the first day of the calendar quarter following the date U.S. gross sales of GAZYVA within any consecutive 12-month period have reached $500.0 million or (ii) the first date in any calendar year in which U.S. gross sales of LUNSUMIO have reached $150.0 million. Second Threshold Date means the later of (i) the first date the gross sales in any calendar year in which U.S. gross sales of LUNSUMIO reach $350.0 million and (ii) January 1 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the First Threshold Date occurs. Our share of RITUXAN pre-tax profits in the U.S. in excess of $50.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was 37.5%. GAZYVA Profit Share Our current pretax profit-sharing formula for GAZYVA provides for a 35.0% share on the first $50.0 million of operating profits earned each calendar year. Our share of annual co-promotion profits in excess of $50.0 million varies upon the following events, as summarized in the table below:
Until Second GAZYVA Threshold Date | 37.5 | %
After Second GAZYVA Threshold Date | 35.0 | %
Second GAZYVA Threshold Date means the first day of the calendar quarter following the date U.S. gross sales of GAZYVA within any consecutive 12-month period have reached $500.0 million. The second GAZYVA threshold date can be achieved regardless of whether GAZYVA has been approved in a non-CLL indication. Our share of GAZYVA pre-tax profits in excess of $50.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was 37.5%. If we undergo a change in control, as defined in our collaboration agreement, Genentech will be deemed to have purchased our rights to GAZYVA in exchange for the continued payment of the compensation payable for GAZYVA under the collaboration arrangement (and set forth above) until the 11 year anniversary of the first commercial sale of GAZYVA in the U.S. Revenue from Anti-CD20 Therapeutic Programs Revenue from anti-CD20 therapeutic programs is summarized as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Royalty revenue on sales of OCREVUS |  | $ | 1,136.3 |  |  | $ | 991.7 |  |  | $ | 845.4 |
Biogen's share of pre-tax profits in the U.S. for RITUXAN and GAZYVA |  | 547.0 |  |  | 647.7 |  |  | 1,080.2 |
Other revenue from anti-CD20 therapeutic programs |  | 17.2 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 52.2 |
Total revenue from anti-CD20 therapeutic programs |  | $ | 1,700.5 |  |  | $ | 1,658.5 |  |  | $ | 1,977.8 |
Prior to regulatory approval, we record our share of the expense incurred by the collaboration for the development of anti-CD20 products in research and development expense and pre-commercialization costs within selling, general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of income. After an anti-CD20 product is approved, we record our share of the development and sales and marketing expense related to that product as a reduction of our share of pre-tax profits in revenue from anti-CD20 therapeutic programs. Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. SPINRAZA In January 2012 we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Ionis) pursuant to which we have an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize SPINRAZA for the treatment of SMA. Under our agreement with Ionis, we make royalty payments to Ionis on annual worldwide net sales of SPINRAZA using a tiered royalty rate between 11.0% and 15.0%, which are recognized in cost of sales within our consolidated statements of income. Royalty cost of sales related to sales of SPINRAZA for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, totaled approximately $243.1 million, $267.1 million and $286.6 million, respectively. 2018 Ionis Agreement In June 2018 we entered into a 10-year exclusive collaboration agreement with Ionis to develop novel antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drug candidates for a broad range of neurological diseases for a total payment of $1.0 billion, consisting of an upfront payment of $375.0 million and the purchase of approximately 11.5 million shares of Ionis common stock at a cost of $625.0 million. Upon closing, we recorded $50.9 million of the $375.0 million upfront payment as prepaid services in our consolidated balance sheets and recognized the remaining $324.1 million as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. The amount recorded as prepaid services represented the value of the employee resources committed to the arrangement to provide research and discovery services over the term of the agreement. We have the option to license therapies arising out of this agreement and will be responsible for the development and commercialization of such therapies. We may pay development milestones to Ionis of up to $125.0 million or $270.0 million for each program, depending on the indication plus an annual license fee, as well as royalties on potential net commercial sales. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we incurred milestones of $10.0 million, $22.5 million and $11.3 million, respectively, related to the advancement of neurological targets identified under this agreement, which were recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. 2017 SMA Collaboration Agreement In December 2017 we entered into a collaboration agreement with Ionis to identify new ASO drug candidates for the potential treatment of SMA. Under this agreement, we have the option to license therapies arising out of this collaboration and will be responsible for their development and commercialization of such therapies. Upon entering into this agreement, we made a $25.0 million upfront payment to Ionis and we may pay Ionis up to $260.0 million in additional development and regulatory milestone payments if new drug candidates advance to marketing approval. Upon commercialization, we may also pay Ionis up to $800.0 million in additional performance-based milestone payments and tiered royalties on potential net sales of such therapies. In December 2021 we exercised our option with Ionis and obtained a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize BIIB115, an investigational ASO in development for SMA. In connection with this option exercise, we made an opt-in payment of $60.0 million to Ionis, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. 2013 Long-term Strategic Research Agreement In September 2013 we entered into a six-year research collaboration agreement with Ionis under which both companies collaborate to perform discovery level research and subsequent development and commercialization activities of antisense or other therapeutics for the potential treatment of neurological diseases. Under this agreement, Ionis performs research on a set of neurological targets identified within the agreement. Ionis is eligible to receive milestone payments, license fees and royalty payments for all product candidates developed through this collaboration, with the specific amount dependent upon the modality of the product candidate advanced by us under the terms of the agreement. For non-ALS antisense product candidates, Ionis is responsible for global development through the completion of a Phase 2 trial and we provide advice on the clinical trial design and regulatory strategy. For ALS antisense product candidates, we are responsible for global development, clinical trial design and regulatory strategy. We have an option to license a product candidate until completion of the Phase 2 trial. If we exercise our option, we will pay Ionis up to a $70.0 million license fee and assume global development, regulatory and commercialization responsibilities. Ionis could receive additional milestone payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory milestones of up to $130.0 million, plus additional amounts related to the cost of clinical trials conducted by Ionis under the collaboration, and royalties on future sales if we successfully develop the product candidate after option exercise. In December 2018 we exercised our option with Ionis and obtained a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize tofersen (BIIB067), an investigational treatment for ALS with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations. Potential post-licensing milestone payments may include up to $55.0 million and royalties in the low- to mid-teen percentages on potential annual worldwide net sales. We are solely responsible for the costs and expense related to the development, manufacturing and commercialization of tofersen following the option exercise. During the years ending December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we incurred milestones of $17.0 million, $10.0 million and $28.0 million, respectively, related to the advancement of programs under this agreement, which were recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. 2012 Ionis Agreement In December 2012 we entered into an agreement with Ionis for the development and commercialization of up to three gene targets. Under this agreement, Ionis is responsible for global development of any product candidate through the completion of a Phase 2 trial and we will provide advice on the clinical trial design and regulatory strategy. We have an option to license the product candidate until completion of the Phase 2 trial. If we exercise our option, we will pay a license fee of up to $70.0 million to Ionis and assume global development, regulatory and commercialization responsibilities. Ionis is eligible to receive up to $130.0 million in additional milestone payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory milestones as well as royalties on future sales if we successfully develop the product candidate after option exercise. In December 2019 we exercised our option with Ionis and obtained a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize BIIB080 (tau ASO), which is currently in Phase 2 development for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In connection with the option exercise, we made a payment of $45.0 million to Ionis, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. Future payments may include additional milestone payments of up to $155.0 million and royalties on future sales in the low- to mid-teens if we successfully develop the product candidate after option exercise. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred a milestone payment of $10.0 million, related to the advancement of BIIB080 under this agreement, which was recorded within research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. Eisai Co., Ltd. LEQEMBI (lecanemab) Collaboration We have a collaboration agreement with Eisai to jointly develop and commercialize LEQEMBI (lecanemab), an anti-amyloid antibody for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (the LEQEMBI Collaboration). Eisai serves as the lead of LEQEMBI development and regulatory submissions globally with both companies co-commercializing and co-promoting the product, and Eisai having final decision-making authority. All costs, including research, development, sales and marketing expense, are shared equally between us and Eisai. Upon LEQEMBI marketing approval, we and Eisai will co-promote LEQEMBI and share profits and losses equally. We currently manufacture LEQEMBI drug substance and drug product and in March 2022 we extended our supply agreement with Eisai related to LEQEMBI from five years to ten years for the manufacture of LEQEMBI drug substance. The LEQEMBI Collaboration also provided Eisai with an option to jointly develop and commercialize ADUHELM (aducanumab) (ADUHELM Option), and an option to jointly develop and commercialize one of our anti-tau monoclonal antibodies (Anti-Tau Option). In October 2017 Eisai exercised its ADUHELM Option and we entered into a new collaboration agreement for the joint development and commercialization of ADUHELM (aducanumab) (the ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement). On March 14, 2022, we amended our ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement with Eisai. As of the amendment date, we have sole decision making and commercialization rights worldwide on ADUHELM, and beginning January 1, 2023, Eisai receives only a tiered royalty based on net sales of ADUHELM, and no longer participates in sharing ADUHELM's global profits and losses. In March 2022 we also amended the LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement with Eisai to eliminate the Anti-Tau Option. If either company undergoes a change of control, as defined in our LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement, the non-acquired party may elect to initiate an operational separation, as defined in the LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement. In the event of an operational separation, we would work with Eisai to effect a timely transition of any development, manufacturing or commercial responsibilities regarding LEQEMBI from us to Eisai. In this scenario, as of six months following the change of control, our ongoing responsibility for LEQEMBI related cost-sharing would be reduced to an amount equal to 80.0% of what we would have owed prior to the operational separation, and all other economic rights would remain unchanged. In addition, in the event either company undergoes a change of control in which the acquirer is engaged in commercialization of a competing product, as defined in the LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement, the non-acquired party may also request that the acquired party cease commercializing the competing product. Should the acquired party elect to continue commercializing the competing product, the non-acquired party may terminate the LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement. Furthermore, in the event we are the non-acquired party, we may choose either to sell our interest in LEQEMBI to Eisai or purchase Eisai's interest in LEQEMBI, subject to the parameters set forth in the LEQEMBI Collaboration Agreement. A summary of development and sales and marketing expense related to the LEQEMBI Collaboration is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total development expense incurred by the collaboration related to the advancement of LEQEMBI |  | $ | 347.2 |  |  | $ | 323.0 |  |  | $ | 219.3 |
Biogen's share of the LEQEMBI Collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 173.6 |  |  | 161.5 |  |  | 109.6 |
Total sales and marketing expense incurred by the LEQEMBI Collaboration |  | 104.6 |  |  | 27.2 |  |  | 9.8 |
Biogen's share of the LEQEMBI Collaboration sales and marketing expense reflected in selling, general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 52.3 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | 4.9 |
ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement Under our initial ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement, we would lead the ongoing development of ADUHELM, and we and Eisai would co-promote ADUHELM with a region-based profit split. Beginning in 2019, Eisai was reimbursing us for 45.0% of development and sales and marketing expense incurred by the collaboration for the advancement of ADUHELM. On March 14, 2022, we amended our ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement with Eisai. As of the amendment date, we have sole decision making and commercialization rights worldwide on ADUHELM, and beginning January 1, 2023, Eisai receives only a tiered royalty based on net sales of ADUHELM, and no longer participates in sharing ADUHELM's global profits and losses. Eisai's share of development, commercialization and manufacturing expense was limited to $335.0 million for the period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, which was achieved as of December 31, 2022. Once this limit was achieved, we became responsible for all ADUHELM related costs. A summary of development expense, sales and marketing expense and milestone payments related to the ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total ADUHELM development expense |  | $ | 149.4 |  |  | $ | 183.7 |  |  | $ | 152.0 |
Biogen's share of the ADUHELM Collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 82.2 |  |  | 101.1 |  |  | 83.6 |
Total ADUHELM sales and marketing expense incurred by the ADUHELM Collaboration Agreement |  | 134.2 |  |  | 562.3 |  |  | 353.0 |
Biogen's share of the ADUHELM Collaboration sales and marketing expense reflected in selling, general and administrative expense and collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income |  | 71.5 |  |  | 301.4 |  |  | 193.7 |
Total ADUHELM Collaboration third party milestones |  | — |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 75.0 |
Biogen's share of reimbursement from Eisai of ADUHELM milestone payments reflected in collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income |  | — |  |  | 45.0 |  |  | 33.8 |
ADUHELM Co-promotion Profits and Losses In the U.S. we recognize revenue on sales of ADUHELM to third parties as a component of product revenue, net in our consolidated statements of income. We also record the related cost of revenue and sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of income as these costs are incurred. Payments made to and received from Eisai for its 45.0% share of the co-promotion profits or losses in the U.S. are recognized in collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized net reductions to our operating expense of approximately $224.7 million and $233.2 million, respectively, to reflect Eisai's 45.0% share of net collaboration losses in the U.S. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a net reduction to our operating expense of $45.0 million to reflect Eisai's 45.0% share of the $100.0 million milestone payment made to Neurimmune related to the launch of ADUHELM in the U.S., which was recorded in collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a net reduction to our operating expense of $33.8 million to reflect Eisai's 45.0% share of the $75.0 million milestone payment made to Neurimmune related to the submission of a Biologics License Application (BLA) to the FDA for the approval of ADUHELM, which was recorded in collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income. During the fourth quarter of 2021 we recorded approximately $164.0 million of charges associated with the write-off of inventory and purchase commitments in excess of forecasted demand related to ADUHELM. During the first quarter of 2022, as a result of the final NCD, we recorded approximately $275.0 million of charges associated with the write-off of inventory and purchase commitments in excess of forecasted demand related to ADUHELM. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded approximately $111.0 million and $30.0 million, respectively, of aggregate gross idle capacity charges related to ADUHELM. These charges were recorded in cost of sales within our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We have recognized approximately $197.0 million and $99.0 million related to Eisai's 45.0% share of inventory, idle capacity charges and contractual commitments in collaboration profit (loss) sharing within our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts receivable from Eisai related to the agreements discussed above we re approximately $88.0 million a nd $285.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts payable to Eisai related to the agreements discussed above we re approximately $81.2 million a nd $46.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we and Eisai co-promote AVONEX, TYSABRI and TECFIDERA in Japan in certain settings and Eisai distributes AVONEX, TYSABRI, TECFIDERA and PLEGRIDY in India and other Asia-Pacific markets, excluding China. UCB In November 2003 we entered into a collaboration agreement with UCB to jointly develop and commercialize dapirolizumab pegol, an anti-CD40L pegylated Fab, for the potential treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and other future agreed indications. Either we or UCB may propose development of dapirolizumab pegol in additional indications. If the parties do not agree to add an indication as an agreed indication to the collaboration, we or UCB may, at the sole expense of the applicable party, pursue development in such excluded indication(s), subject to an opt-in right of the non-pursuing party after proof of clinical activity. All costs incurred for agreed indications, including research, development, sales and marketing expense, are shared equally between us and UCB. If marketing approval is obtained, both companies will co-promote dapirolizumab pegol and share profits and losses equally. A summary of development expense related to the UCB collaboration agreement is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total UCB collaboration development expense |  | $ | 68.0 |  |  | $ | 84.2 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |
Biogen's share of the UCB collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 34.0 |  |  | 42.1 |  |  | 29.2 |
Alkermes In November 2017 we entered into an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, a subsidiary of Alkermes plc (Alkermes), for VUMERITY, a novel fumarate for the treatment of RMS. In October 2019 the FDA approved VUMERITY in the U.S. for the treatment of RMS. During the fourth quarter of 2021 VUMERITY was approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) in the E.U., Switzerland and the United Kingdom (U.K.). Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize VUMERITY and we pay Alkermes royalties of 15.0% on worldwide net commercial sales of VUMERITY, which are recognized in cost of sales within our consolidated statements of income. Royalties payable on net commercial sales of VUMERITY are subject, under certain circumstances, to tiered minimum annual payment requirements for a period of five years following FDA approval. Royalty cost of sales related to sales of VUMERITY for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, totaled approximately $83.0 million, $61.6 million and $12.9 million, respectively. Alkermes is eligible to receive royalties in the high-single digits to sub-teen double digits of annual net commercial sales upon successful development and commercialization of new product candidates, other than VUMERITY, developed under the exclusive license from Alkermes. Alkermes currently supplies both VUMERITY and FAMPYRA to us pursuant to separate supply agreements. In October 2019 we entered into a new supply agreement and amended our license and collaboration agreement with Alkermes for VUMERITY. We have elected to initiate a technology transfer and, following a transition period, to manufacture VUMERITY or have VUMERITY manufactured by a third party we have engaged in exchange for paying an increased royalty rate to Alkermes on any portion of future worldwide net commercial sales of VUMERITY that is manufactured by us or our designee. In October 2022 we entered into a new supply agreement with Alkermes for FAMPYRA. Acorda previously supplied FAMPYRA to us pursuant to a sublicensing arrangement with Alkermes, which was terminated in October 2022 as a result of an arbitration outcome between Acorda and Alkermes. Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. In June 2009 we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. (Acorda) to develop and commercialize products containing fampridine, such as FAMPYRA, in markets outside the U.S. We are responsible for all regulatory activities and the future clinical development of related products in those markets. Under this agreement, we pay tiered royalties based on the level of ex-U.S. net sales and we may pay potential milestone payments based on the successful achievement of certain regulatory and commercial milestones, which would be capitalized as intangible assets upon achievement of the milestones and amortized utilizing an economic consumption model. During the third quarter of 2020 we recognized a milestone of $15.0 million, which became due upon ex-U.S. net sales reaching $100.0 million over a period of four consecutive quarters, and was capitalized within intangible assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets. In connection with the collaboration and license agreement, we also entered into a supply agreement with Acorda for the commercial supply of FAMPYRA. This agreement was a sublicense arrangement of an existing agreement between Acorda and Alkermes Inc., who acquired Elan Drug Technologies, the original party to the license with Acorda. In October 2022 we learned that, as a result of an arbitration filed by Acorda with the American Arbitration Association in July 2020 after Acorda and Alkermes were unable to resolve a dispute over license and supply royalties, Acorda no longer had to pay Alkermes any royalties on net sales for license and supply of FAMPYRA and Acorda was now free to use alternative sources for supply of FAMPYRA. Acorda notified us that as a result of it no longer obtaining FAMPYRA from Alkermes, that we would need to enter into a supply agreement to obtain FAMPYRA directly with Alkermes. For the years ending December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, total cost of sales related to royalties and commercial supply of FAMPYRA reflected in our consolidated statements of income were approximately $46.1 million, $46.6 million and $44.5 million, respectively. Sage Therapeutics, Inc. In November 2020 we entered into a global collaboration and license agreement with Sage to jointly develop and commercialize zuranolone (BIIB125) for the potential treatment of MDD and PPD and BIIB124 (SAGE-324) for the potential treatment of essential tremor with potential in other neurological conditions such as epilepsy. In connection with the closing of this transaction in December 2020 we purchased $650.0 million of Sage common stock, or approximately 6.2 million shares at approximately $104.14 per share, which were initially subject to transfer restrictions. We recorded an asset in investments and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets to reflect the initial fair value of the Sage common stock acquired and a charge of approximately $209.0 million to research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income to reflect the premium paid for the Sage common stock. We also made an upfront payment of $875.0 million that was recorded as research and development expense within our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020. We may also pay Sage development and commercial milestone payments that could total up to approximately $1.6 billion if all the specified milestones set forth in this collaboration are achieved. Both companies will share equal responsibility and costs for development as well as profits and losses for commercialization in the U.S. Outside of the U.S., we are responsible for development and commercialization, excluding Japan, Taiwan and South Korea, with respect to zuranolone and may pay Sage potential tiered royalties in the high teens to low twenties. We may pay Sage milestones totaling $225.0 million upon the first commercial sale of zuranolone, for the potential treatment of MDD and PPD, in the U.S. A summary of development and sales and marketing expense related to this collaboration is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total Sage collaboration development expense |  | $ | 173.3 |  |  | $ | 167.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Biogen's share of the Sage collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 86.7 |  |  | 83.8 |  |  | — |
Total Sage sales and marketing expense incurred by the collaboration |  | 109.9 |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | — |
Biogen's share of the Sage collaboration sales and marketing expense reflected in selling, general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 55.0 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | — |
Denali Therapeutics Inc. In August 2020 we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Denali to co-develop and co-commercialize Denali's small molecule inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) for Parkinson's disease. In addition to the LRRK2 program, we also have an exclusive option to license two preclinical programs from Denali’s Transport Vehicle platform, including its Antibody Transport Vehicle (ATV): ATV enabled anti-amyloid beta program and a second program utilizing its Transport Vehicle technology. Further, we have a right of first negotiation on two additional ATV-enabled therapeutics for indications within specific neurodegenerative diseases, should Denali decide to seek a collaboration for such programs. As part of this collaboration we purchased $465.0 million of Denali common stock in September 2020, or approximately 13 million shares at approximately $34.94 per share, which were initially subject to transfer restrictions. We recorded an asset in investments and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets to reflect the initial fair value of the Denali common stock acquired and a charge of approximately $41.3 million to research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income to reflect the premium paid for the Denali common stock. We also made an upfront payment of $560.0 million that was recorded as research and development expense within our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020. We may also pay Denali development and commercial milestone payments that could total up to approximately $1.1 billion if the milestones related to the LRRK2 program are achieved. Under this collaboration, both companies share responsibility and costs for global development based on specified percentages as well as profits and losses for commercialization in the U.S. and China. Outside the U.S. and China we are responsible for commercialization and may pay Denali potential tiered royalties. In October 2022 we and Denali announced the initiation of the Phase 3 LIGHTHOUSE study for BIIB122 (DNL151), a small molecule inhibitor of LRRK2 for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. A summary of development expense related to this collaboration is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total Denali collaboration development expense |  | $ | 75.1 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 14.6 |
Biogen's share of the Denali collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 43.8 |  |  | 25.5 |  |  | 8.8 |
Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. In February 2020 we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Sangamo to develop and commercialize ST-501 for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease; ST-502 for synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease; a third neuromuscular disease target; and up to nine additional neurological disease targets to be identified and selected within a five-year period. The companies are leveraging Sangamo’s proprietary zinc finger protein technology delivered via adeno-associated virus to modulate the expression of key genes involved in neurological diseases. In connection with the closing of this transaction in April 2020 we purchased $225.0 million of Sangamo common stock, or approximately 24 million shares at approximately $9.21 per share, which were initially subject to transfer restrictions. We recorded an asset in investments and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets to reflect the initial fair value of the Sangamo common stock acquired and a charge of approximately $83.0 million to research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income to reflect the premium paid for the Sangamo common stock. We also made an upfront payment of $125.0 million that was recorded as research and development expense within our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020. We may also pay Sangamo research, development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments that could total up to approximately $2.4 billion if we select all of the targets allowed under this collaboration and all the specified milestones set forth in this collaboration are achieved. Of this amount, up to $80.0 million relates to the selection of targets, $1.9 billion relates to the achievement of specified research, clinical development, regulatory and first commercial sale milestones and $380.0 million relates to the achievement of specified sales-based milestones if annual worldwide net sales of licensed products reach specified levels. In addition, we may pay Sangamo tiered royalties on potential net sales of any products developed under this collaboration in the high single digit to sub-teen percentages. A summary of development expense related to this collaboration is as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total Sangamo collaboration development expense |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |
Biogen's share of the Sangamo collaboration development expense reflected in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income |  | 12.1 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 6.4 |
InnoCare Pharma Limited In July 2021 we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with InnoCare Pharma Limited (InnoCare) for orelabrutinib, an oral small molecule Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the potential treatment of MS. Orelabrutinib is currently being studied in a multi-country, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial in RRMS. Under the terms of this collaboration, we have exclusive rights to orelabrutinib in the field of MS worldwide and certain autoimmune diseases outside of China (including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), while InnoCare retains exclusive worldwide rights to orelabrutinib in the field of oncology and certain autoimmune diseases in China (including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan). In connection with the closing of this transaction in August 2021 we made an upfront payment of $125.0 million that was recorded as research and development expense within our consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. We may also pay InnoCare up to approximately $812.5 million in potential development milestones and potential commercial payments should this collaboration achieve certain development, commercial milestones and sales thresholds. In addition, we may pay InnoCare tiered royalties on potential net sales of any products developed under this collaboration in the low to high teen percentages. In February 2023 we terminated our license and collaboration agreement with InnoCare for orelabrutinib, for the potential treatment of MS. Other Research and Discovery Arrangements These arrangements may include the potential for future milestone payments based on the achievement of certain clinical and commercial development payable over a period of several years. Other For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded approximately $39.2 million, $89.1 million and $92.1 million, respectively, as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income related to other research and discovery related arrangements. Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. Joint Venture Agreement In February 2012 we entered into a joint venture agreement with Samsung BioLogics establishing an entity, Samsung Bioepis, to develop, manufacture and market biosimilar products. Samsung BioLogics contributed 280.5 billion South Korean won (approximately $250.0 million) for an 85.0% ownership interest in Samsung Bioepis and we contributed 49.5 billion South Korean won (approximately $45.0 million) for the remaining 15.0% ownership interest. In June 2018 we exercised our option under our joint venture agreement to increase our ownership percentage in Samsung Bioepis from approximately 5.0%, which reflected the effect of previous equity financings in which we did not participate, to approximately 49.9%. The share purchase transaction was completed in November 2018 and, upon closing, we paid 759.5 billion South Korean won ($676.6 million) to Samsung BioLogics. In April 2022 we completed the sale of our 49.9% equity interest in Samsung Bioepis to Samsung BioLogics. Under the terms of this transaction, we received approximately $1.0 billion in cash at closing and expect to receive approximately $1.3 billion in cash to be deferred over two payments of approximately $812.5 million due at the first anniversary and approximately $437.5 million due at the second anniversary of the closing of this transaction. As part of this transaction, we are also eligible to receive up to an additional $50.0 million upon the achievement of certain commercial milestones. Our policy for contingent payments of this nature is to recognize the payments in the period that they become realizable, which is generally the same period in which the payments are earned. Prior to this sale, we recognized our share of the results of operations related to our investment in Samsung Bioepis under the equity method of accounting one quarter in arrears when the results of the entity became available, which was reflected as equity in (income) loss of investee, net of tax in our consolidated statements of income. Upon our November 2018 investment, the equity method of accounting required us to identify and allocate differences between the fair value of our investment and the carrying value of our interest in the underlying net assets of the investee. These basis differences were being amortized over their economic life, until the completion of the sale in April 2022, as discussed above. The total basis difference was approximately $675.0 million and related to inventory, developed technology, IPR&D and deferred tax balances. The basis differences related to inventory were amortized, net of tax, over their estimated useful lives of 1.5 years, and the basis differences related to developed technology and IPR&D for marketed products were being amortized, net of tax, over their estimated useful lives of 15 years. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized net income on our investment of $2.6 million, reflecting our share of Samsung Bioepis' operating profits, net of tax, totaling $17.0 million offset by amortization of basis differences totaling $14.4 million. This amount reflects our share of results prior to the sale of Samsung Bioepis as the results are recognized one quarter in arrears. Following the sale of Samsung Bioepis we no longer recognize gains or losses associated with Samsung Bioepis' results of operations and amortization related to basis differences. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized net income on our investment of $34.9 million, reflecting our share of Samsung Bioepis' operating profits, net of tax, totaling $64.6 million offset by amortization of basis differences totaling $29.7 million. Net income on our investment for the year ended December 31, 2021, reflects a $31.2 million benefit related to the release of a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets associated with Samsung Bioepis. The valuation allowance was released in the second quarter of 2021 based on a consideration of the positive and negative evidence, including the historic earnings of Samsung Bioepis. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying value of our investment in Samsung Bioepis totaled 713.3 billion South Korean won ($599.9 million), which is classified as a component of investments and other assets within our consolidated balance sheets. In connection with the sale of Samsung Bioepis, the carrying value of our investment was reduced to zero. For additional information on the sale of our equity interest in Samsung Bioepis, please read Note 3, Dispositions, to these consolidated financial statements. 2019 Development and Commercialization Agreement In December 2019 we completed a transaction with Samsung Bioepis and secured the exclusive rights to commercialize two potential ophthalmology biosimilar products, BYOOVIZ (ranibizumab-nuna), a ranibizumab biosimilar referencing LUCENTIS, and SB15, a proposed aflibercept biosimilar referencing EYLEA, in major markets worldwide, including the U.S., Canada, Europe, Japan and Australia. Samsung Bioepis will be responsible for development and will supply both products to us at a pre-specified gross margin of approximately 45.0%. In connection with this transaction, we made an upfront payment of $100.0 million to Samsung Bioepis in January 2020, of which $63.0 million was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income in 2019 and $37.0 million was recorded as an intangible assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets in 2019. During the third quarter of 2020 we paid Samsung Bioepis a $15.0 million development milestone, which was included in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income. During the third quarter of 2021 we accrued $15.0 million in milestone payments related to the approval of BYOOVIZ in the U.S., the E.U. and the U.K., that were capitalized within intangible assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets. We may also pay Samsung Bioepis up to approximately $180.0 million in additional development, regulatory and sales-based milestones. We also acquired an option to extend the term of our 2013 commercial agreement for BENEPALI, IMRALDI and FLIXABI by an additional five years, subject to payment of an option exercise fee of $60.0 million, and obtained an option to acquire exclusive rights to commercialize these products in China. 2013 Commercial Agreement In December 2013 we entered into an agreement with Samsung Bioepis to commercialize, over a 10-year term, 3 anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biosimilar product candidates in Europe and in the case of BENEPALI, Japan. As discussed above, we have an option to extend this agreement by an additional five years. Under this agreement, we have made upfront and clinical development milestone payments totaling $46.0 million, which were recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of income as the programs they relate to had not achieved regulatory approval. We also agreed to make additional milestone payments of $25.0 million upon regulatory approval in the E.U. for each of the three anti-TNF biosimilar product candidates. IMRALDI, an adalimumab biosimilar referencing HUMIRA, FLIXABI, an infliximab biosimilar referencing REMICADE, and BENEPALI, an etanercept biosimilar referencing ENBREL, received regulatory approval in the E.U. in August 2017, May 2016 and January 2016, respectively, and we capitalized the related milestone payments totaling $75.0 million as intangible assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets. We reflect revenue on sales of BENEPALI, IMRALDI and FLIXABI to third parties in product revenue, net in our consolidated statements of income and record the related cost of revenue and sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of income to their respective line items when these costs are incurred. Royalty payments to AbbVie Inc. (AbbVie) on sales of IMRALDI are recognized in cost of sales within our consolidated statements of income. We share 50.0% of the profit or loss related to our commercial agreement with Samsung Bioepis, which is recognized in collaboration profit (loss) sharing in our consolidated statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recognized net profit-sharing expense o f $217.4 million, $285.4 million and $266.5 million, respectively, to reflect Samsung Bioepis' 50.0% sharing of the net collaboration profits. Other Services Simultaneous with the formation of Samsung Bioepis, we also entered into a license agreement with Samsung Bioepis. Under the license agreement, we granted Samsung Bioepis an exclusive license to use, develop, manufacture and commercialize biosimilar products created by Samsung Bioepis using Biogen product-specific technology. In exchange, we receive single digit royalties on biosimilar products developed and commercialized by Samsung Bioepis. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recogniz ed $20.6 million, $20.7 million and $20.9 million, respectively, in royalty revenue under the license agreement, as a component of other revenue in our consolidated statements of income. Amounts receivable from Samsung Bioepis related to the agreements discussed ab ove were $2.0 million a nd $4.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts payable to Samsung Bioepis related to the agreements discussed above we re $40.5 million an d $148.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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