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Table of Contents

​

​

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

​

FORM 10-Q

​

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
​
OR
​
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ______ to ______

​

Commission file number: 001-13425

​

​

RB Global, Inc.

​

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

​

Canada |  | 98-0626225
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
​ |  | ​
Two Westbrook Corporate Center, Suite 500, |  |
Westchester, Illinois, USA |  | 60154
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

​

(708) 492-7000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares | RBA | New York Stock Exchange
Common Share Purchase Rights | N/A | New York Stock Exchange

​

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ◻

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ◻

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐
Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐ | ​ | ​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Yes ☐ No ⌧

​

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date: 182,140,903 common shares, without par value, outstanding as of August 2, 2023.

​

​

​

​

Table of Contents

RB GLOBAL, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

​ | ​ | ​
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1: | Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
ITEM 2: | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 34
ITEM 3: | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 65
ITEM 4: | Controls and Procedures | 65
​
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1: | Legal Proceedings | 66
ITEM 1A: | Risk Factors | 66
ITEM 2: | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 66
ITEM 3: | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 66
ITEM 4: | Mine Safety Disclosures | 66
ITEM 5: | Other Information | 66
ITEM 6: | Exhibits | 67
​
SIGNATURES | 67

​

​

​

​

Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1: CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Condensed Consolidated Income Statements

(Expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Service revenue | ​ | $ | 806.1 | ​ | $ | 286.5 | ​ | $ | 1,149.6 | ​ | $ | 531.4
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 300.4 | ​ |  | 198.0 | ​ |  | 469.3 | ​ |  | 347.1
Total revenue | ​ |  | 1,106.5 | ​ |  | 484.5 | ​ |  | 1,618.9 | ​ |  | 878.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Costs of services | ​ |  | 287.3 | ​ |  | 45.0 | ​ |  | 363.7 | ​ |  | 84.1
Cost of inventory sold | ​ |  | 291.9 | ​ |  | 176.2 | ​ |  | 443.4 | ​ |  | 307.8
Selling, general and administrative | ​ |  | 194.5 | ​ |  | 144.3 | ​ |  | 342.7 | ​ |  | 270.9
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ |  | 46.3 | ​ |  | 3.4 | ​ |  | 172.5 | ​ |  | 13.0
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 109.6 | ​ |  | 24.3 | ​ |  | 145.8 | ​ |  | 48.5
Total operating expenses | ​ |  | 929.6 | ​ |  | 393.2 | ​ |  | 1,468.1 | ​ |  | 724.3
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 2.7 | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | 3.9 | ​ | ​ | 170.2
Operating income | ​ |  | 179.6 | ​ |  | 91.6 | ​ |  | 154.7 | ​ |  | 324.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense | ​ |  | (65.0) | ​ |  | (18.5) | ​ |  | (85.9) | ​ |  | (39.1)
Interest income | ​ | ​ | 5.0 | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | 11.3 | ​ | ​ | 1.4
Change in fair value of derivatives, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.3
Other income, net | ​ |  | 0.2 | ​ |  | 0.8 | ​ |  | 2.6 | ​ |  | 1.1
Foreign exchange (loss) gain | ​ | ​ | (0.4) | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | (0.7) | ​ | ​ | 0.3
Income before income taxes | ​ |  | 119.4 | ​ |  | 75.0 | ​ |  | 82.0 | ​ |  | 289.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | 32.6 | ​ | ​ | 21.6 | ​ | ​ | 23.4 | ​ | ​ | 57.9
Net income | ​ | $ | 86.8 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 58.6 | ​ | $ | 231.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income attributable to: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Controlling interests | ​ | $ | 86.9 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 58.8 | ​ | $ | 231.5
Non-controlling interests | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Redeemable non-controlling interests | ​ |  | (0.1) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (0.2) | ​ | ​ | —
Net income | ​ | $ | 86.8 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 58.6 | ​ | $ | 231.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income attributable to controlling interests | ​ | ​ | 86.9 | ​ | ​ | 53.4 | ​ | ​ | 58.8 | ​ | ​ | 231.5
Cumulative dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ |  | (6.7) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (10.9) | ​ |  | —
Allocated earnings to Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | (2.8) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3.7) | ​ | ​ | —
Net income available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 77.4 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 44.2 | ​ | $ | 231.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Earnings per share available to common stockholders: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Basic | ​ | $ | 0.43 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.09
Diluted | ​ | $ | 0.42 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.07
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average number of shares outstanding: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Basic | ​ |  | 181,860,026 | ​ |  | 110,760,339 | ​ |  | 151,343,397 | ​ |  | 110,705,182
Diluted | ​ |  | 182,810,399 | ​ |  | 111,705,102 | ​ |  | 152,404,830 | ​ |  | 111,681,644

​

​

​ | ​
RB Global, Inc. | 1

​

Table of Contents

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Expressed in millions of U.S. dollars)

(Unaudited)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ |  | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | ​ | $ | 86.8 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 58.6 | ​ | $ | 231.5
Other comprehensive income, net of income tax: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | ​ |  | 17.9 | ​ |  | (22.8) | ​ |  | 33.0 | ​ |  | (23.9)
Total comprehensive income | ​ | $ | 104.7 | ​ | $ | 30.6 | ​ | $ | 91.6 | ​ | $ | 207.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total comprehensive income attributable to: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Controlling interests | ​ | $ | 104.8 | ​ | $ | 30.6 | ​ | $ | 91.8 | ​ | $ | 207.6
Non-controlling interests | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Redeemable non-controlling interests | ​ | ​ | (0.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.2) | ​ | ​ | —
Total comprehensive income | ​ | $ | 104.7 | ​ | $ | 30.6 | ​ | $ | 91.6 | ​ | $ | 207.6

​

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

​

​ | ​
RB Global, Inc. | 2

​

Table of Contents

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)

(Unaudited)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 432.9 | ​ | $ | 494.3
Restricted cash | ​ |  | 140.4 | ​ |  | 131.6
Trade and other receivables | ​ |  | 899.2 | ​ |  | 186.5
Less: allowance for credit losses | ​ | ​ | (4.5) | ​ | ​ | (3.3)
Prepaid consigned vehicle charges | ​ | ​ | 56.0 | ​ | ​ | —
Inventory | ​ |  | 179.9 | ​ |  | 103.1
Other current assets | ​ |  | 84.3 | ​ |  | 48.3
Income taxes receivable | ​ |  | 44.1 | ​ |  | 2.6
Total current assets | ​ |  | 1,832.3 | ​ |  | 963.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 1,137.9 | ​ |  | 459.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 1,411.3 | ​ | ​ | 123.0
Other non-current assets | ​ |  | 81.2 | ​ |  | 40.4
Intangible assets | ​ |  | 2,734.6 | ​ |  | 322.7
Goodwill | ​ |  | 4,705.2 | ​ |  | 948.8
Deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 8.9 | ​ |  | 6.6
Total assets | ​ | $ | 11,911.4 | ​ | $ | 2,863.7
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities, Temporary Equity and Equity | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Auction proceeds payable | ​ | $ | 633.7 | ​ | $ | 449.0
Trade and other liabilities | ​ |  | 609.1 | ​ |  | 258.7
Current operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 98.8 | ​ | ​ | 12.7
Income taxes payable | ​ |  | 6.5 | ​ |  | 41.3
Short-term debt | ​ |  | 17.2 | ​ |  | 29.1
Current portion of long-term debt | ​ |  | 18.6 | ​ |  | 4.4
Total current liabilities | ​ |  | 1,383.9 | ​ |  | 795.2
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 1,285.0 | ​ | ​ | 111.9
Long-term debt | ​ |  | 3,104.8 | ​ |  | 577.1
Other non-current liabilities | ​ |  | 56.3 | ​ |  | 35.4
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 668.6 | ​ |  | 54.0
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 6,498.6 | ​ |  | 1,573.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Temporary equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Series A Senior Preferred Shares; no par value, shares authorized, issued and outstanding: 485,000,000 (December 31, 2022: nil) | ​ | ​ | 482.0 | ​ | ​ | —
Redeemable non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | 8.7 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders' equity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Share capital: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Common stock; no par value, unlimited shares authorized, issued and outstanding shares: 181,983,976 (December 31, 2022: 110,881,363) | ​ |  | 3,995.1 | ​ |  | 246.3
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 89.7 | ​ |  | 85.3
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 887.1 | ​ |  | 1,043.2
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ |  | (52.1) | ​ |  | (85.1)
Stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 4,919.8 | ​ |  | 1,289.6
Non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 2.3 | ​ |  | 0.5
Total stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 4,922.1 | ​ |  | 1,290.1
Total liabilities, temporary equity and equity | ​ | $ | 11,911.4 | ​ | $ | 2,863.7

​

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

​

​ | ​
RB Global, Inc. | 3

​

Table of Contents

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Temporary Equity and Equity

(Expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Attributable to common stockholders | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Redeemable | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Senior A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | non- | ​ | ​ | Common stock | ​ | paid-In | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | capital | ​ | Retained | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Three months ended June 30, 2023 |  | shares |  | Amount |  | interest | ​ |  | shares |  | Amount |  | ("APIC") |  | earnings |  | loss |  | ("NCI") |  | equity
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance, March 31, 2023 | ​ | ​ | 485,000,000 | ​ | $ | 482.0 | ​ | $ | 8.8 | ​ | ​ | 181,788,431 | ​ | $ | 3,984.5 | ​ | $ | 88.8 | ​ | $ | 858.2 | ​ | $ | (70.0) | ​ | $ | 2.3 | ​ | $ | 4,863.8
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (0.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 86.9 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 86.9
Other comprehensive income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17.9 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17.9
​ | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (0.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 86.9 | ​ |  | 17.9 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 104.8
Stock option exercises | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 81,797 | ​ | ​ | 4.0 | ​ |  | (0.8) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3.2
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 113,748 | ​ | ​ | 6.3 | ​ |  | (11.1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4.8)
Share-based continuing employment costs related to business combinations | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ |  | 0.5 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.8
Stock option compensation expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2.0
Equity-classified share units expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9.9
Equity-classified share units dividend equivalents | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.4 | ​ | ​ | (0.4) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Participating dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1.8) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (1.8)
Cumulative 5.5% dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (6.7)
Dividends paid to common stockholders | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (49.1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (49.1)
Balance, June 30, 2023 | ​ | ​ | 485,000,000 | ​ | $ | 482.0 | ​ | $ | 8.7 | ​ | ​ | 181,983,976 | ​ | $ | 3,995.1 | ​ | $ | 89.7 | ​ | $ | 887.1 | ​ | $ | (52.1) | ​ | $ | 2.3 | ​ | $ | 4,922.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Three months ended June 30, 2022 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance, March 31, 2022 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,735,243 | ​ | $ | 231.1 | ​ | $ | 61.1 | ​ | $ | 989.9 | ​ | $ | (57.1) | ​ | $ | 0.4 | ​ | $ | 1,225.4
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 53.4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 53.4
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (22.8) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (22.8)
​ |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 53.4 | ​ |  | (22.8) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 30.6
Stock option exercises |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 55,935 | ​ |  | 2.3 | ​ |  | (0.5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.8
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 610 | ​ |  | 0.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.0
Share-based continuing employment costs related to business combinations | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 1.8 | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 2.1
Stock option compensation expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3.0
Equity-classified share units expense |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8.8 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8.8
Equity-classified share units dividend equivalents |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | (0.3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Dividends paid to common stockholders |  |  | — |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (27.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (27.7)
Balance, June 30, 2022 |  | ​ | — |  | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,791,788 | ​ | $ | 235.2 | ​ | $ | 73.0 | ​ | $ | 1,015.3 | ​ | $ | (79.9) | ​ | $ | 0.4 | ​ | $ | 1,244.1

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Attributable to stockholders |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Redeemable | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Senior A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | non- | ​ | ​ | Common stock | ​ | paid-In | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | capital | ​ | Retained | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  | shares |  | Amount |  | interest | ​ |  | shares |  | Amount |  | ("APIC") |  | earnings |  | loss |  | ("NCI") |  | equity
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance, December 31, 2022 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,881,363 | ​ | $ | 246.3 | ​ | $ | 85.3 | ​ | $ | 1,043.2 | ​ | $ | (85.1) | ​ | $ | 0.5 | ​ | $ | 1,290.1
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (0.2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 58.8 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 58.8
Other comprehensive income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33.0
​ | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (0.2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 58.8 | ​ |  | 33.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 91.8
Stock option exercises | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 101,074 | ​ |  | 4.9 | ​ |  | (0.9) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4.0
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 410,653 | ​ |  | 15.1 | ​ |  | (32.3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (17.2)
Issuance of common stock related to business combination | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 70,339,723 | ​ | ​ | 3,713.2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,713.2
Share-based continuing employment costs related to business combinations | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | 1.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 1.6
Replacement of share-based awards in business combination | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13.1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 13.1
Stock option compensation expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4.7 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 4.7
Equity-classified share units expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17.9 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17.9
Equity-classified share units dividend equivalents | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.9 | ​ |  | (0.9) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
NCI acquired in business combination | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 8.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.8 | ​ | ​ | 1.8
Issuance of Series A Senior Preferred Shares and common stock, net of issuance costs | ​ |  | 485,000,000 | ​ |  | 482.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 251,163 | ​ | ​ | 15.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 15.0
Participating dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3.6) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (3.6)
Cumulative 5.5% dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10.9) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (10.9)
Dividends paid to common stockholders | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (199.5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (199.5)
Balance, June 30, 2023 | ​ | ​ | 485,000,000 | ​ | $ | 482.0 | ​ | $ | 8.7 | ​ | ​ | 181,983,976 | ​ | $ | 3,995.1 | ​ | $ | 89.7 | ​ | $ | 887.1 | ​ | $ | (52.1) | ​ | $ | 2.3 | ​ | $ | 4,922.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, 2022 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance, December 31, 2021 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,618,049 | ​ | $ | 227.5 | ​ | $ | 59.5 | ​ | $ | 839.6 | ​ | $ | (56.0) | ​ | $ | 0.4 | ​ | $ | 1,071.0
Net income |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 231.5 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 231.5
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (23.9) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (23.9)
​ |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 231.5 | ​ |  | (23.9) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 207.6
Stock option exercises |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 80,183 | ​ | ​ | 3.6 | ​ | ​ | (0.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2.9
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 93,556 | ​ | ​ | 2.3 | ​ | ​ | (5.9) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3.6)
Share-based continuing employment costs related to business combinations | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.8 | ​ | ​ | 2.4 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 4.2
Stock option compensation expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 5.6
Equity-classified share units expense |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 11.7 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 11.7
Equity-classified share units dividend equivalents |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.4 | ​ |  | (0.4) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Dividends paid to common stockholders |  |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (55.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (55.4)
Balance, June 30, 2022 |  | ​ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,791,788 | ​ | $ | 235.2 | ​ | $ | 73.0 | ​ | $ | 1,015.3 | ​ | $ | (79.9) | ​ | $ | 0.4 | ​ | $ | 1,244.1

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See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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​

​

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in millions of U.S. dollars)

(Unaudited)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash provided by (used in): |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Operating activities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net income | ​ | $ | 58.6 | ​ | $ | 231.5
Adjustments for items not affecting cash: |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 145.8 | ​ |  | 48.5
Share-based payments expense | ​ |  | 25.0 | ​ |  | 21.5
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense | ​ |  | (18.2) | ​ |  | 9.5
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain) | ​ |  | 6.8 | ​ |  | (2.0)
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | (3.9) | ​ |  | (170.2)
Loss on redemption of 2016 Notes | ​ | ​ | 3.3 | ​ | ​ | 4.8
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ |  | 4.6 | ​ |  | 2.4
Amortization of right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 37.9 | ​ | ​ | 8.6
Change in fair value of derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1.3)
Gain on remeasurement of investment upon acquisition | ​ | ​ | (1.4) | ​ | ​ | —
Other, net | ​ |  | 0.7 | ​ |  | 2.9
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities | ​ |  | (209.3) | ​ |  | 41.8
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 49.9 | ​ |  | 198.0
Investing activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |
Acquisition of IAA, net of cash acquired | ​ |  | (2,755.2) | ​ |  | —
Acquisition of VeriTread, net of cash acquired | ​ | ​ | (24.7) | ​ | ​ | —
Acquisition of SmartEquip, net of cash acquired | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.1)
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ |  | (92.2) | ​ |  | (4.5)
Proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 31.1 | ​ |  | 165.1
Intangible asset additions | ​ |  | (44.9) | ​ |  | (15.7)
Issuance of loans receivable | ​ | ​ | (7.7) | ​ | ​ | (6.1)
Repayment of loans receivable | ​ | ​ | 1.6 | ​ | ​ | 1.6
Other | ​ | ​ | (0.5) | ​ | ​ | —
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | ​ |  | (2,892.5) | ​ |  | 140.3
Financing activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |
Issuance of Series A Senior Preferred Shares and common stock, net of issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 496.9 | ​ | ​ | —
Dividends paid to common stockholders | ​ |  | (199.5) | ​ |  | (55.4)
Dividends paid to Series A Senior Preferred shareholders | ​ | ​ | (13.4) | ​ | ​ | —
Proceeds from exercise of options and share option plans | ​ |  | 4.0 | ​ |  | 2.9
Payment of withholding taxes on issuance of shares | ​ |  | (14.5) | ​ |  | (3.7)
Net (decrease) increase in short-term debt | ​ | ​ | (11.5) | ​ | ​ | 2.7
Proceeds from long-term debt | ​ |  | 3,175.0 | ​ |  | —
Repayment of long-term debt | ​ | ​ | (602.2) | ​ | ​ | (1,093.8)
Payment of debt issue costs | ​ |  | (41.6) | ​ |  | (3.6)
Repayment of finance lease obligations | ​ |  | (6.0) | ​ |  | (5.4)
Repayment of equipment financing obligations | ​ |  | (3.0) | ​ |  | —
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | ​ |  | 2,784.2 | ​ |  | (1,156.3)
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ |  | 5.8 | ​ |  | (12.8)
Decrease | ​ |  | (52.6) | ​ |  | (830.8)
Beginning of period | ​ |  | 625.9 | ​ |  | 1,362.5
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | ​ | $ | 573.3 | ​ | $ | 531.7

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See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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1. General Information

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RB Global, Inc., formerly known as Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”, “RB Global”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) provide a marketplace for insights, services and transaction solutions for commercial assets and vehicles. The Company offers its customers end-to-end transaction solutions for used commercial and other durable assets through its omnichannel platform, which includes auctions, online marketplaces, listing services, and private brokerage services. The Company also offers a wide array of value-added services connected to commercial assets and vehicles as well as asset management software and data as a service solutions to help customers make more accurate and reliable business decisions.

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On March 20, 2023, the Company acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of IAA, Inc. (“IAA”), which has been consolidated from the date of acquisition. IAA is a leading global digital marketplace connecting vehicle buyers and sellers and facilitates the marketing and sale of total loss, damaged and low-value vehicles for a full spectrum of sellers. IAA has more than 200 facilities throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

On January 3, 2023, the Company also acquired a 75% interest in VeriTread LLC (“VeriTread”), which has been consolidated from the date the Company obtained control on January 18, 2023. VeriTread is a transportation technology company in the United States that provides an online marketplace solution for open deck transport, connecting shippers and service providers.

RB Global, Inc. is a company incorporated in Canada under the Canada Business Corporations Act, whose shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”). The Company changed its name from Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and moved its headquarters to Westchester, Illinois, United States from Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada after the close of the IAA acquisition.

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2. Significant Accounting Policies

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(a) Basis of Preparation

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These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). They include the accounts of RB Global, Inc. and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of formation, acquisition or control. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain information and footnote disclosure required by US GAAP for complete annual financial statements have been omitted and, therefore, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements follow the same accounting policies and methods of application as our most recent annual audited consolidated financial statements and as those described in Note 2(b) “New Accounting Standards and Accounting Policies” of our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

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In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows and changes in temporary equity and equity for the interim periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts in the following tables are in millions except share and per share amounts.

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2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

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(a) Basis of Preparation (continued)

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Reclassifications

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The following reclassifications have been made in the presentation of prior period financial statements to conform to the presentation of the current period financial statements:

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(i) | reclassification in 2022 of $23.3 million from trade and other liabilities to auction proceeds payable relating to amounts payable to consignors from our auctions and marketplaces, which are held for various reasons beyond the typical payment terms of 21 days;

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(ii) | reclassification in 2022 of $122.9 million from other non-current assets to operating lease right-of-use assets, $12.7 million from trade and other liabilities to current operating lease liabilities, and $111.9 million from other non-current liabilities to long-term operating lease liabilities; and

​

(iii) | reclassification of $0.2 million and $0.3 million foreign exchange gain respectively for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2022, from operating income to a separate line below operating income.

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3. Significant Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions

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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

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Future differences arising between actual results and the judgments, estimates and assumptions made by the Company at the reporting date, or future changes to estimates and assumptions, could necessitate adjustments to the underlying reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in future reporting periods.

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Judgments, estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis by management and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments may change due to market changes or circumstances and such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

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Significant items subject to estimates and judgments during the six months ended June 30, 2023 related to the preliminary purchase price allocations for the acquisitions of IAA and VeriTread.

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Accounting for business combinations requires estimates with respect to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Such estimates of fair value require valuation methods which rely on significant estimates and assumptions. In connection with the acquisitions of IAA and VeriTread, the valuation of intangible assets required significant estimates and assumptions and included estimates regarding future cash flows, growth rates, attrition rates, royalty rates, obsolescence rates, discount rates, terminal value and forecasted period assumptions, as applicable. The Company based these estimates on historical and anticipated results, industry trends, economic analysis, and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable, including assumptions as to the occurrence of future events. In addition, in connection with the measurement period for the acquisition of IAA, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, management revised certain significant estimates, which include, but are not limited to, the valuation of acquired property, plant, and equipment, including the significant estimates of the valuation of leasehold improvements, acquired yard equipment and other equipment, acquired land, and operating lease right-of-use assets. The valuation of acquired property, plant, and equipment was performed using a cost approach and required significant estimates and assumptions regarding the estimate of replacement cost, adjusted by an estimated depreciation rate to account for physical deterioration and obsolescence. The fair value of the acquired land and right-of-use assets were estimated using a sales comparison approach and included significant estimates and assumptions with respect to market value or market rents, growth rates, and discount rates, as applicable.

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4. Seasonality

The Company’s operations in certain situations are both seasonal and event driven and can fluctuate from quarter to quarter. The volume of assets sold through our auctions and marketplaces was driven by the supply of assets available for sale, as well as changes in severe weather conditions. During the third quarter, the supply of assets is generally low as commercial and transportation equipment is actively being used and mild weather conditions and decreases in traffic volume can contribute to a decline in available supply of vehicles.

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5. Business Combinations

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(a) | IAA Acquisition

On March 20, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of IAA for a total purchase price of approximately $6.6 billion. The Company acquired IAA to create a leading omnichannel marketplace for vehicle buyers and sellers.

​

On November 7, 2022, the Company had entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, which was subsequently amended on January 22, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, IAA stockholders received $12.80 per share in cash and 0.5252 shares of the Company for each share of IAA common stock they owned (the “Exchange Ratio”). As such, the Company paid $1.7 billion in cash consideration and issued 70.3 million shares of its common stock. In addition, the Company repaid $1.2 billion of IAA’s net debt, which included all outstanding borrowings and unpaid fees under IAA’s credit agreement and $500.0 million principal amount of IAA senior notes, at a redemption price equal to 102.75% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.

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IAA’s outstanding equity awards were also cancelled and exchanged into equivalent outstanding equity awards relating to the Company’s common stock, based on the equity award exchange ratio of 0.763139.

The purchase price was determined as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash consideration | ​ | $ | 1,714.2
Fair value of common shares issued | ​ | ​ | 3,713.0
Fair value of exchanged IAA equity awards attributable to pre-combination service | ​ | ​ | 13.1
Reimbursement of sell-side acquisition costs | ​ | ​ | 48.8
Repayment of IAA net debt | ​ | ​ | 1,157.1
Total fair value of consideration transferred | ​ | $ | 6,646.2

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The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated preliminary acquisition date fair values. The excess purchase price over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

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5. Business Combinations (continued)

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(a) | IAA Acquisition (continued)

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IAA Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ |  | ​
Purchase price | ​ | $ | 6,646.2
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets acquired: | ​ |  | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | ​ | 164.9
Trade and other receivables | ​ |  | 499.2
Prepaid consigned vehicle charges | ​ | ​ | 8.7
Inventory | ​ | ​ | 57.6
Other current assets | ​ | ​ | 29.2
Income taxes receivable | ​ | ​ | 1.9
Property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 634.3
Operating lease right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 1,272.2
Other non-current assets | ​ |  | 34.8
Intangible assets | ​ |  | 2,447.7
​ | ​ |  | ​
Liabilities assumed: | ​ |  | ​
Auction proceeds payable | ​ | ​ | 60.7
Trade and other liabilities | ​ |  | 259.2
Current operating lease liability | ​ | ​ | 78.1
Income taxes payable | ​ | ​ | 6.3
Long-term operating lease liability | ​ | ​ | 1,166.1
Other non-current liabilities | ​ | ​ | 22.4
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 628.3
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired | ​ |  | 2,929.4
Goodwill acquired on acquisition | ​ | $ | 3,716.8

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The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the identifiable intangible assets acquired:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Preliminary fair value | ​ | Weighted average
Asset | ​ | at acquisition | ​ | amortization period
Customer relationships | ​ | $ | 2,035.9 | ​ | 12 years
Developed technology | ​ | ​ | 245.2 | ​ | 4 years
Trade names and trademarks | ​ | ​ | 166.6 | ​ | 5 years
Total | ​ | $ | 2,447.7 | ​ | 10.7 years

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The purchase price has been preliminarily allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. During the period ended June 30, 2023, the Company revised and updated certain estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is still preliminary pending the completion of various items, including obtaining further information regarding the identification and completeness of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed and completing certain review procedures in the finalization of various independent valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

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5. Business Combinations (continued)

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(a) | IAA Acquisition (continued)

​

Certain of the more significant balances that are not yet finalized, but which have been revised in these interim unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements during the second quarter from those previously reported in the first quarter, include the valuation of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, operating lease right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities, and related income tax considerations. Accordingly, management considers the balances above to be preliminary, and there could be adjustments to the consolidated financial statements in subsequent periods, including changes to depreciation and amortization expense related to the property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets acquired and their respective useful lives, among other adjustments. In addition, management has not completed the allocation of goodwill acquired to its reporting units.

​

The final determination of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date.

​

Measurement period adjustments

​

Certain measurement period adjustments were recorded in these consolidated financial statements due to the receipt of additional information and updated preliminary valuation reports. Significant adjustments during the three months ended June 30, 2023, included:

​

| (i) | $19.7 million increase to operating right-of-use assets, $28.6 million decrease to property, plant, and equipment, and a $107.7 million increase to intangible assets related to updated valuations due to revised assumptions and information included in the preliminary valuation reports;

| (ii) | $24.1 million increase to deferred income tax liabilities related to the adjustments noted in (i) above, among others; and

| (iii) | $72.0 million decrease to goodwill related to the adjustments noted in (i) and (ii) above, and other less significant adjustments.

​

During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded $0.7 million of depreciation, $0.4 million of amortization, and $0.1 million of cost of services, which would have been recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2023 had the measurement period adjustments been recognized as of the acquisition date.

​

Goodwill

​

Goodwill recognized includes synergies expected to be achieved from the operations of the combined company, the assembled workforce of IAA and intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Expected synergies include both increased revenue opportunities and the cost savings from the planned integration of platform infrastructure, facilities, personnel, and systems. The transaction is considered a non-taxable business combination and the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

​

​

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RB Global, Inc. | 12

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5. Business Combinations (continued)

​

(a) | IAA Acquisition (continued)

​

Contributed Revenue and Net Income

​

The results of IAA’s operations are included in these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements from the date of acquisition. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, the amount of IAA revenue and net income included in the consolidated income statement was $560.4 million and $74.0 million, respectively. From the date of acquisition to June 30, 2023, the amount of IAA revenue and net income included in the consolidated income statement was $640.4 million and $76.9 million, respectively.

​

The following table includes unaudited pro forma financial information that presents the combined results of operations as if the IAA acquisition, the acquisition debt financing, and certain other related transactions had occurred on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the comparable annual period.

​

The unaudited pro forma information includes adjustments to amortization for intangible assets acquired, adjustments to interest expense for the additional indebtedness incurred to complete the acquisition, and transaction costs. The unaudited pro forma financial information for the six months ended June 30, 2022 also includes one-time acquisition-related expenses of $218.7 million, of which $60.0 million were IAA pre-acquisition transaction costs. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated synergies or other expected benefits of the acquisition.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2022 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 2022
Revenue | ​ | $ | 1,004.4 | ​ | ​ | $ | 2,094.5 | ​ | $ | 1,955.2
Net income | ​ | ​ | 40.6 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 186.9 | ​ | ​ | 42.5

​

The unaudited pro forma information presented is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of our consolidated results of operations of the combined business had the acquisition actually occurred on January 1, 2022, nor of the results of our future operations of the combined business. The pro forma results are based on the preliminary purchase price allocation and will be updated to reflect the final amounts as the allocation is finalized during the measurement period.

​

​

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5. Business Combinations (continued)

​

(b) | VeriTread Acquisition

​

On January 3, 2023, the Company acquired 8,889,766 units of VeriTread, for $25.2 million cash consideration from its existing unitholders and acquired another 1,056,338 units through an investment of $3.0 million cash. As a result, the Company increased its investment in VeriTread to 75% and obtained control of VeriTread pursuant to an amended operating agreement on January 18, 2023. Immediately prior to the acquisition, the Company owned 11% of VeriTread, with an acquisition date fair value of $4.3 million based on the per unit purchase price, and therefore, upon remeasurement of its previously held interest, the Company recorded a gain of $1.4 million in other income, net at acquisition. VeriTread is a transportation technology company that provides an online marketplace solution for open deck transport, connecting shippers and service providers.

​

Concurrently, the Company entered into a put/call agreement with one of the minority unitholders of VeriTread for its remaining units, another 21% ownership interest. Pursuant to this agreement, the minority unitholder has rights, in certain circumstances, to put or sell its remaining units of VeriTread to the Company, subject to VeriTread achieving certain performance targets at a pre-determined value or fair value, depending on the timing and targets achieved. The Company also has the right to call or purchase the remaining units of the minority unitholder upon achievement of certain integration milestones at fair value. The redeemable non-controlling interest is classified in temporary equity on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet, as the minority unitholder of VeriTread can put the remaining units to the Company for cash upon the achievement of certain performance targets, which is not within the control of the Company and is considered probable. An additional non-controlling interest of 4% held in VeriTread is classified within equity as that interest does not contain put/call options. At the end of each reporting period, if redemption of the redeemable non-controlling interest continues to be probable, then the carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is adjusted to its estimated redemption value. The valuation of the redemption value at acquisition, and at each reporting period, requires management to assess whether VeriTread and the Company will be able to successfully achieve certain integration milestones and performance targets over a three-year period. At June 30, 2023 the Company determined that redemption of the redeemable non-controlling interest remains probable and that there has been no material change to the estimated redemption value.

​

The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

​

VeriTread Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total cash consideration paid | ​ | $ | 28.1
Fair value of previously held interest | ​ | ​ | 4.3
Purchase price | ​ | $ | 32.4
​ | ​ |  |
Assets acquired: | ​ |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | ​ | 3.4
Trade and other receivables, and other current assets | ​ |  | 0.9
Intangible assets | ​ |  | 14.7
​ | ​ |  |
Liabilities assumed: | ​ |  |
Trade and other liabilities | ​ |  | 1.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired | ​ |  | 17.9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Redeemable non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | (8.9)
Non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | (1.8)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Goodwill acquired on acquisition | ​ | $ | 25.2

​

​

​

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RB Global, Inc. | 14

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5. Business Combinations (continued)

​

(b) | VeriTread Acquisition (continued)

​

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the identifiable intangible assets acquired:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Preliminary fair value | ​ | Weighted average
Asset | ​ | at acquisition | ​ | amortization period
Customer relationships | ​ | $ | 7.2 | ​ | 5 years
Software and technology assets | ​ | ​ | 7.1 | ​ | 7 years
Trade names and trademarks | ​ | ​ | 0.4 | ​ | 2 years
Total | ​ | $ | 14.7 | ​ | 5.9 years

​

​

The amounts included in VeriTread’s preliminary purchase price allocation are preliminary in nature and are subject to adjustment until management finalizes the valuation of intangible assets acquired. The final determination of the fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date. Adjustments to the preliminary values during the measurement period may impact the amounts recorded as assets and liabilities with a corresponding adjustment to goodwill and will be recognized in the period in which the adjustments are determined.

​

The results of VeriTread’s operations are included in these consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Pro forma results have not been presented as such financial information would not be significantly different from historical results.

​

Goodwill

​

Goodwill relates to benefits expected from the acquisition of VeriTread’s business, its assembled workforce and associated technical expertise, as well as anticipated synergies from applying VeriTread’s transportation platform, network of transport carriers, equipment database and services to the Company’s customer base. This acquisition is expected to accelerate the Company’s marketplace strategy, which brings services, insights, and transaction solutions together to improve the overall customer experience. The transaction is considered a non-taxable business combination and the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

​

(c) | Terminated Euro Auctions Acquisition

On August 9, 2021, the Company entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) pursuant to which it agreed to purchase Euro Auctions Limited, William Keys & Sons Holdings Limited, Equipment & Plant Services Ltd, and Equipment Sales Ltd. (collectively, “Euro Auctions”), each being a private limited company incorporated in Northern Ireland (the “Euro Auctions Acquisition”). Under the terms of the SPA, the Company was to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Euro Auctions from their existing shareholders for approximately £775.0 million (approximately $1.02 billion) cash consideration, to be paid on closing. On April 29, 2022, the Company made a decision to discontinue the Phase 2 review by the United Kingdom’s Competition and Markets Authority (“CMA”). The SPA automatically terminated on June 28, 2022. In addition, in April 2022, the Company terminated, without cost, its deal contingent forward currency contracts and on May 4, 2022, redeemed all of the 2021 Notes (Note 18) at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

​

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6. Segment Information

​

The Company’s principal business activity is the management and disposition of used commercial equipment, vehicles and other durable assets. Effective as of the first quarter of 2023, the Company’s operations are comprised of one reportable segment following the acquisition of IAA on March 20, 2023. During the first quarter of 2023, senior management of the Company reassessed the organizational reporting structure of the Company and how to manage the combined business. As a result, the Company now operates in one operating and reportable segment to reflect the way the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews and assesses performance of the business and allocates resources. The long-term strategy for the Company is to increase Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”) while offering integrated marketplace services. The CODM does not evaluate the performance of the Company or assess allocation of resources at any level below the consolidated level or based on assets and liabilities.

​

The Company’s geographic breakdown of total revenue and location is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | United | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total revenue for the three months ended: |  | States |  | Canada |  | Australia |  | Europe |  | Other |  | Consolidated
June 30, 2023 |  | $ | 754.3 |  | $ | 188.3 |  | $ | 46.2 |  | $ | 91.8 |  | $ | 25.9 |  | $ | 1,106.5
June 30, 2022 | ​ | ​ | 215.5 | ​ |  | 143.5 | ​ | ​ | 71.7 | ​ |  | 37.0 | ​ |  | 16.8 | ​ |  | 484.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total revenue for the six months ended: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
June 30, 2023 | ​ | $ | 1,114.4 | ​ | $ | 256.6 | ​ | $ | 65.3 | ​ | $ | 142.5 | ​ | $ | 40.1 | ​ | $ | 1,618.9
June 30, 2022 | ​ | ​ | 463.5 | ​ |  | 208.7 | ​ | ​ | 100.8 | ​ |  | 74.8 | ​ |  | 30.7 | ​ |  | 878.5

​

​

​

​

​

7. Revenue

The Company’s revenue from the rendering of services and the sale of inventory is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ |  | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Commissions | ​ | $ | 233.3 | ​ | $ | 136.4 | ​ | $ | 363.8 | ​ | $ | 252.8
Buyer fees | ​ |  | 465.1 | ​ |  | 87.0 | ​ |  | 604.6 | ​ |  | 162.6
Marketplace services revenue | ​ | ​ | 107.7 | ​ | ​ | 63.1 | ​ | ​ | 181.2 | ​ | ​ | 116.0
Total service revenue | ​ | ​ | 806.1 | ​ | ​ | 286.5 | ​ | ​ | 1,149.6 | ​ | ​ | 531.4
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 300.4 | ​ |  | 198.0 | ​ |  | 469.3 | ​ |  | 347.1
Total revenue | ​ | $ | 1,106.5 | ​ | $ | 484.5 | ​ | $ | 1,618.9 | ​ | $ | 878.5

​

​

​

Commissions are earned from consignors on the sale of consigned assets at auctions and online marketplaces, and private brokerage services. Buyer fees are fees earned from the purchasers on the sale of consigned assets or from the sale of inventory at auctions and online marketplaces, and from private brokerage services. Marketplace services revenue includes fees earned from services provided to customers in marketplaces such as refurbishing, parts, data, transportation and logistics, inspection, appraisal, listings, financing and title and liens processing, as well as other auction-related fees.

​

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8. Operating Expenses

​

Acquisition-related and Integration Costs

​

Acquisition-related and integration costs consist of operating expenses incurred in connection with business combinations, such as due diligence, advisory, legal, integration, severance, acceleration of share-based payments expense and share-based continuing employment costs.

​

The following is a summary of our acquisition-related and integration costs:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
IAA | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financing | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 30.0 | ​ | $ | —
Severance | ​ | ​ | 8.7 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 22.7 | ​ | ​ | —
Integration | ​ | ​ | 12.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17.1 | ​ | ​ | —
Acceleration of share-based payments expense | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5.9 | ​ | ​ | —
Legal | ​ | ​ | 2.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 12.1 | ​ | ​ | —
Investment banking, consulting and other acquisition-related costs | ​ | ​ | 2.7 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 64.3 | ​ | ​ | —
Settlement of pre-existing contractual arrangement | ​ | ​ | 16.3 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 16.3 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | 43.2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 168.4 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other acquisitions | ​ | ​ | 3.1 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | ​ | 4.1 | ​ | ​ | 13.0
Total acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ | $ | 46.3 | ​ | $ | 3.4 | ​ | $ | 172.5 |  | $ | 13.0

​

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company paid $20.0 million to settle a pre-existing contractual arrangement held by IAA prior to the acquisition for the benefit of the combined business. The payment extinguished $3.7 million of related pre-acquisition accrued liabilities recognized on the balance sheet at acquisition and $16.3 million was recognized in acquisition-related and integration costs during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

​

Depreciation and Amortization

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, |  | June 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Depreciation | ​ | $ | 25.5 | ​ | $ | 7.9 | ​ | $ | 37.0 | ​ | $ | 15.6
Amortization | ​ |  | 84.1 | ​ |  | 16.4 | ​ |  | 108.8 | ​ |  | 32.9
​ | ​ | $ | 109.6 | ​ | $ | 24.3 | ​ | $ | 145.8 | ​ | $ | 48.5

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9. Income Taxes

​

At the end of each interim period, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. The estimate reflects, among other items, management’s best estimate of operating results. It does not include the estimated impact of foreign exchange rates or unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and income before income taxes.

​

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, income tax expense was $32.6 million compared to an income tax expense of $21.6 million for the same period in 2022. The effective tax rate was 27% in the second quarter of 2023, compared to 29% in the second quarter of 2022. A lower tax rate was observed in the second quarter of 2023 compared to the second quarter of 2022 primarily due to a higher estimated benefit related to Foreign-Derived Intangible Income ("FDII"). Partially offsetting this decrease was a higher estimate of non-deductible expenses.

​

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, income tax expense was $23.4 million, compared to an income tax expense of $57.9 million for the same period in 2022. The effective tax rate was 29% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 20% for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The effective tax rate increased in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due an increase in the estimate of non-deductible expenses and the non-recurrence of the non-taxable gain portion on the sale of a parcel of land, including all buildings, in Bolton, Ontario. Partially offsetting these increases were a higher estimated benefit related to FDII, a higher tax deduction for Performance Share Unit (“PSUs”) and Restrictive Share Unit (“RSUs”) expense that exceeded the related compensation expense and a benefit on the revaluation of opening deferred liabilities.

​

The Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) has been conducting audits of the Company’s 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 taxation years. If the CRA challenges the manner in which the Company has filed its tax returns and reported its income with respect to any of the audits, the Company will have the option to appeal any such decision. While the Company believes it is, and has been, in full compliance with Canadian tax laws and expects to vigorously contest any proposed assessments or any notice of assessments or reassessments received from the CRA, the Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these audits and the final disposition of any appeals pertaining to such audits. If the CRA makes an adverse determination and the Company is unsuccessful in appealing such determination reflected in any assessment or reassessment, then the Company could incur additional income taxes, penalties, and interest, which could have a material negative effect on its operations.

​

On February 13, 2023, the CRA issued a proposal letter to Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (International) Ltd. asserting that one of its Luxembourg subsidiaries was resident in Canada from 2010 through 2015 and that its worldwide income should be subject to Canadian income taxation. The Luxembourg subsidiary was in operation from 2010 until 2020. In the event that the CRA issues a notice of assessment or reassessment, the Company expects to vigorously contest such notice as the Company disagrees with the assertion regarding Canadian residency. In the event that a court of competent jurisdiction makes a final determination that the income of the Luxembourg subsidiary for 2010 through 2015 was subject to Canadian income tax laws, the Company may ultimately be liable for additional total Canadian federal and provincial income tax of approximately $26.0 million - $30.0 million, exclusive of interest and penalties, for the period specified in the proposal letter. The CRA may also challenge the manner in which the Company has filed its tax returns and reported its income with respect to 2016 to 2020 taxation years and may assert that the income of the Luxembourg subsidiary was subject to Canadian income tax because the Luxembourg subsidiary was also resident in Canada during these years. The Company could then incur additional income taxes, penalties and interest which could have a material negative effect on its operations.

​

The Company replied to the CRA’s proposal letter on June 12, 2023 and is awaiting a response. This matter with the CRA could take numerous years to be ultimately resolved.

​

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10. Earnings Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic EPS attributable to common stockholders has been calculated by dividing the net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS attributable to common stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued.

​

Potentially dilutive securities include unvested PSUs, unvested RSUs, and outstanding stock options. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of the Company’s common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities.

​

The weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted EPS attributable to common stockholders were not adjusted for the potential common shares to be issued to settle the cumulative dividend payments and allocated earnings attributable to the Series A Senior Preferred Shares as such amounts are expected to be cash settled at the Company’s election.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 77.4 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | $ | 44.2 | ​ | $ | 231.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Denominator: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic weighted average share outstanding | ​ | ​ | 181,860,026 | ​ | ​ | 110,760,339 | ​ | ​ | 151,343,397 | ​ | ​ | 110,705,182
Effect of dilutive securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Share units | ​ | ​ | 460,400 | ​ | ​ | 397,274 | ​ | ​ | 545,905 | ​ | ​ | 423,767
Stock options | ​ | ​ | 489,973 | ​ | ​ | 547,489 | ​ | ​ | 515,528 | ​ | ​ | 552,695
Diluted average shares outstanding | ​ | ​ | 182,810,399 | ​ | ​ | 111,705,102 | ​ | ​ | 152,404,830 | ​ | ​ | 111,681,644
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income per share attributable to common shares: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | $ | 0.43 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.09
Diluted | ​ | $ | 0.42 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.07

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​

11. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

​

Net Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Trade and other receivables |  | $ | (204.7) |  | $ | (152.9)
Prepaid consigned vehicle charges | ​ | ​ | (47.1) | ​ | ​ | —
Inventory | ​ | ​ | (19.1) | ​ | ​ | (25.8)
Advances against auction contracts | ​ | ​ | (4.6) | ​ | ​ | (11.2)
Prepaid expenses and deposits | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | 20.7
Income taxes receivable | ​ | ​ | (39.4) | ​ | ​ | 7.0
Auction proceeds payable | ​ | ​ | 118.2 | ​ | ​ | 198.7
Trade and other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 79.6 | ​ | ​ | (15.4)
Income taxes payable | ​ | ​ | (40.9) | ​ | ​ | 25.8
Operating lease obligations | ​ | ​ | (43.8) | ​ | ​ | (6.9)
Other | ​ | ​ | (7.6) | ​ | ​ | 1.8
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities |  | $ | (209.3) |  | $ | 41.8

​

Interest and Tax Payments

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized |  | $ | 61.7 |  | $ | 20.8
Interest received | ​ | ​ | 11.3 | ​ | ​ | 1.4
Net income taxes paid | ​ | ​ | 122.5 | ​ | ​ | 13.9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-cash purchase of property, plant and equipment under finance lease |  | ​ | 7.9 |  | ​ | 5.3
Non-cash operating right of use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations |  | ​ | 52.2 |  | ​ | 18.5

​

​

​

​

12. Fair Value Measurement

​

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure:

● | Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at measurement date;

● | Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● | Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

​

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12. Fair Value Measurement (continued)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | June 30, 2023 | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Category |  | amount |  | Fair value |  | amount |  | Fair value
Fair values disclosed: |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Loans receivable | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | $ | 28.9 | ​ | $ | 28.8 | ​ | $ | 23.4 | ​ | $ | 23.3
Derivative financial assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Forward currency contracts | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | 0.2
Derivative financial liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Forward currency contracts | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Long-term debt | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Senior secured and unsecured notes |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
2016 Notes | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 496.3 | ​ | ​ | 491.9
2023 Secured Notes | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | ​ | 542.4 | ​ | ​ | 554.1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
2023 Unsecured Notes | ​ | Level 1 | ​ | ​ | 788.8 | ​ | ​ | 829.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Term loans | ​ | Level 2 | ​ | ​ | 1,792.2 | ​ | ​ | 1,810.3 | ​ | ​ | 85.2 | ​ | ​ | 85.5

​

​

The fair value of the loan receivables with a maturity date greater than one year are determined by estimating discounted cash flows using market rates. The carrying values of the term loans, before deduction of deferred debt issuance costs, approximate their fair values as the interest rates on the loans is short-term in nature. The fair values of the senior secured and unsecured notes are determined by reference to a quoted market price traded in an over-the-counter broker market.

​

The Company holds derivative financial assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of the forward currency contracts are determined using observable Level 2 inputs, including foreign currency spot exchange rates and forward pricing curves. The fair value considers the credit risk of the Company and its counterparties.

​

13. Derivative Financial Instruments

​

The Company’s derivative financial instruments are accounted for as derivatives under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and are classified in other current assets and other current liabilities. The Company has not applied hedge accounting to these instruments.

​

The Company enters into forward currency contracts from time to time to manage its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations recognized by its subsidiaries on specific monetary loan receivables. During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023, a gain of $0.3 million and a loss of $0.1 million (three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2022: $1.9 million and $1.3 million) respectively was recognized for the change in fair values of the forward currency contracts within foreign exchange loss (gain) in the consolidated income statement.

​

​

​

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14. Trade and Other Receivables

​

The Company generally has possession of assets or asset titles collateralizing a significant portion of trade receivables.

​

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for expected credit losses for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3.3
Current period provision |  | ​ | 2.1
Write-offs charged against the allowance |  | ​ | (0.9)
Balance at June 30, 2023 | ​ | $ | 4.5

​

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Advanced charges receivable | ​ | $ | 340.6 | ​ | $ | —
Trade accounts receivable | ​ | ​ | 488.6 | ​ | ​ | 143.8
Consumption taxes receivable | ​ |  | 22.5 | ​ | ​ | 31.2
Other receivables | ​ | ​ | 47.5 | ​ | ​ | 11.5
Trade and other receivables, gross | ​ | ​ | 899.2 | ​ | ​ | 186.5
Less: allowance for credit losses | ​ |  | (4.5) | ​ |  | (3.3)
Trade and other receivables, net | ​ | $ | 894.7 | ​ | $ | 183.2

​

​

​

Other receivables include $30.7 million for amounts to be collected from landlords of certain leased facilities for reimbursement of leasehold improvements.

​

15. Other Current Assets

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Advances against auction contracts | ​ | $ | 13.7 | ​ | $ | 8.9
Assets held for sale | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.3
Prepaid expenses and deposits | ​ |  | 70.6 | ​ |  | 38.9
Derivative financial asset | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.2
​ | ​ | $ | 84.3 | ​ | $ | 48.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

16. Other Non-current Assets

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax receivable | ​ | $ | 8.8 | ​ | $ | 9.1
Loans receivable | ​ | ​ | 20.6 | ​ | ​ | 15.3
Refundable deposits | ​ | ​ | 24.7 | ​ | ​ | —
Deferred debt issuance costs | ​ |  | 4.7 | ​ |  | 3.9
Investments | ​ | ​ | 8.3 | ​ | ​ | 2.0
Other | ​ |  | 14.1 | ​ |  | 10.1
​ | ​ | $ | 81.2 | ​ | $ | 40.4

​

Loans Receivable

​

At June 30, 2023, the Company participated in certain financing lending arrangements that are fully collateralized and secured by certain equipment. These financing lending arrangements have a term of one to four years. In the event of default under these agreements, the Company will take possession of the equipment as collateral to recover its loans receivable balance. The loans receivable balance at June 30, 2023 was $28.9 million, of which $8.3 million is recorded in trade and other receivables and $20.6 million in non-current loans receivable (December 31, 2022: $23.4 million, of which $8.0 million was recorded in trade and other receivables and $15.4 million in non-current loans receivable). The expected credit loss allowance is not significant.

​

​

​

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17. Trade and Other Payables

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Trade payables | ​ | $ | 136.8 | ​ | $ | 54.3
Accrued liabilities | ​ |  | 236.1 | ​ |  | 128.6
Social security and sales taxes payable | ​ |  | 41.3 | ​ |  | 38.7
Net consumption taxes payable | ​ |  | 11.5 | ​ |  | 14.5
Share unit liabilities | ​ |  | 7.7 | ​ |  | 6.3
Book overdrafts | ​ | ​ | 141.5 | ​ | ​ | —
Other payables | ​ |  | 34.1 | ​ |  | 16.3
Derivative financial liability | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | $ | 609.1 | ​ | $ | 258.7

​

​

Book overdrafts represent outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit.

​

18. Debt

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Carrying amount
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Short-term debt | ​ | $ | 17.2 | ​ | $ | 29.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term debt: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Term loans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
DDTL Facility loan denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 5.86%, due in monthly installments of interest and quarterly installments of principal, maturing in September 2026 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 85.5
Term Loan A Facility loan denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 7.58%, due in monthly or quarterly installments of interest, dependent on the loan term and quarterly installments of principal which commenced on March 31, 2023, maturing in September 2026 ("CAD TLA Facility") | ​ |  | 85.3 | ​ |  | —
Term Loan A Facility loan denominated in US dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 7.67%, due in monthly or quarterly installments of interest, dependent on the loan term and quarterly installments of principal commencing June 30, 2023, maturing in September 2026 ("USD TLA Facility") | ​ |  | 1,725.0 | ​ |  | —
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs | ​ |  | (18.1) | ​ |  | (0.4)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Senior secured and unsecured notes: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Senior unsecured notes bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full amount of principal due in January 2025 (the "2016 Notes") | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 500.0
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3.6)
Senior secured notes bearing interest at 6.75% due in semi-annual installments, with the full amount of principal due in March 2028 (the "2023 Secured Notes") | ​ |  | 550.0 | ​ |  | —
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | (7.6) | ​ | ​ | —
Senior unsecured notes bearing interest at 7.75% due in semi-annual installments, with the full amount of principal due in March 2031 (the "2023 Unsecured Notes") | ​ |  | 800.0 | ​ |  | —
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | (11.2) | ​ | ​ | —
Total long-term debt | ​ |  | 3,123.4 | ​ |  | 581.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total debt | ​ | $ | 3,140.6 | ​ | $ | 610.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term debt: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Current portion | ​ | $ | 18.6 | ​ | $ | 4.4
Non-current portion | ​ |  | 3,104.8 | ​ |  | 577.1
Total long-term debt | ​ | $ | 3,123.4 | ​ | $ | 581.5

​

At June 30, 2023, the Company had unused committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $715.9 million that are available until September 2026 subject to certain covenant restrictions, unused uncommitted revolving credit facilities aggregating $5.0 million that are available until October 2023, and unused uncommitted revolving credit facilities aggregating $5.0 million with no maturity date. The Company was in compliance with all financial and other covenants applicable to the credit facilities at June 30, 2023.

​

​

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18. Debt (continued)

​

Short-term Debt

​

Short-term debt is comprised of drawings in different currencies on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities and has a weighted average interest rate of 5.9% at June 30, 2023 (at December 31, 2022: 5.8%).

Long-term Debt

​

a) | Term Loans

​

During 2016, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders (as amended and restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement is comprised of multicurrency revolving facilities (the “Revolving Facilities”), the delayed-draw term loan facility (the “DDTL Facility”), and the Term Loan A facility (the “TLA Facility” and together with the Revolving Facilities and DDTL Facility, the “Facilities”). The Credit Agreement matures on September 21, 2026. Beginning in the third quarter of 2022, the existing DDTL Facility, denominated in Canadian Dollars, was subject to an annual amortization rate of 5%, payable in quarterly installments, with the balance payable upon maturity.

In connection with the acquisition of IAA the Company entered into a debt commitment letter with certain financial institutions that committed to provide, subject to the terms and conditions, a bridge loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $2.8 billion and a backstop revolving facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $750.0 million. In December 2022, the Company subsequently amended the terms of its Credit Agreement which, among other things, permitted the acquisition of IAA and served to terminate the backstop commitments (including the revolving backstop facility and $88.9 million of bridge commitments that served as a backstop for its existing term loans under the credit agreement) and replaced an additional $1.8 billion of bridge commitments with further TLA Facility commitments.

On March 20, 2023, with the closing of the acquisition of IAA, $1.8 billion of the TLA Facility was funded at an initial adjusted term SOFR of 7.54%. The TLA Facility is comprised of a facility denominated in US dollars (“USD TLA Facility”) and a facility denominated in Canadian dollars (“CAD TLA Facility”). The Company’s existing Canadian dollar DDTL Facility loan of CAD $115.9 million was converted to a CAD TLA Facility loan, an alternative currency term rate loan, and continues to be subject to an annual amortization rate of 5%, payable in quarterly installments, with the balance payable upon maturity. Under the amended terms, mandatory principal repayments on the USD TLA Facility began in the second quarter of 2023 and are subject to quarterly instalments of 1.25% of the $1.8 billion principal amount, with the balance payable at maturity. On June 30, 2023, the Company repaid $100.0 million of principal as permitted by the Credit Agreement, $22.8 million of which was mandatory and due on June 30, 2023 and $77.2 million of which was voluntary. The voluntary repayment of $77.2 million was fully applied to the mandatory repayment amounts due on September 30, 2023, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2024, and partially applied to the June 30, 2024 mandatory repayment. The next mandatory repayment is due on June 30, 2024 for $14.1 million, and is recognized in the current portion of long term debt on the balance sheet. Further, under the terms of the amendment to the Credit Agreement made in December 2022, certain amended terms became effective including an increase to the total size of the Facilities to up to $2.7 billion, including $1.9 billion of commitments under the TLA Facility.

​

In connection with the funding of the TLA facility in the first quarter of 2023, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $22.5 million in connection with the amendment of the Credit Agreement and funding of the TLA Facility, of which $1.4 million is included in non-current assets, $20.5 million has been capitalized against the TLA Facility, and $0.6 million is recorded in acquisition-related and integration costs.

​

At June 30, 2023, the Company had $4.7 million unamortized deferred debt issue costs relating to the Revolving Facilities, all of which is included in non-current assets. Upon repayment of $100.0 million of principal on the USD TLA Facility on June 30, 2023, the Company recorded $1.0 million of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs to interest expense.

​

​

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18. Debt (continued)

​

Long-term Debt (continued)

​

b) | Senior Secured and Unsecured Notes

​

2016 Notes

On December 21, 2016, the Company completed the offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due January 15, 2025 (the “2016 Notes”).

​

The 2016 Notes were redeemed on March 20, 2023 at 100.0% of their original offering price, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Company was relieved of its obligations for the 2016 Notes upon redemption and therefore recognized the difference of $3.3 million between the reacquisition price and the net carrying amount of the debt extinguished (which included unamortized deferred debt issuance costs) as a loss on redemption of the 2016 Notes in interest expense in the condensed consolidated income statement during the first quarter of 2023.

​

2021 Notes

​

On December 21, 2021, in connection with the proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions, the Company completed the offering of two series of senior notes: (i) $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.750% senior notes due December 15, 2031 and (ii) $425.0 million Canadian dollar aggregate principal amount of 4.950% senior notes due December 15, 2029 (together the “2021 Notes”). On May 4, 2022, the Company redeemed all of the 2021 Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Company was relieved of its obligations for the 2021 Notes upon redemption and therefore recognized the difference of $4.8 million between the reacquisition price and the net carrying amount of the debt extinguished (which included unamortized deferred debt issuance costs) as a loss on redemption of the 2021 Notes in interest expense in the condensed consolidated income statement during the second quarter of 2022.

​

2023 Notes

​

On March 15, 2023, the Company completed the offering of (i) $550.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.750% senior secured notes due March 15, 2028 (the “2023 Secured Notes”) and (ii) $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.750% senior unsecured notes due March 15, 2031 (the “2023 Unsecured Notes”, and together with the 2023 Secured Notes, the “2023 Notes”). The gross proceeds of the 2023 Notes were released from escrow on March 20, 2023 and were used, along with the TLA Facility, to fund the acquisition of IAA.

​

Interest on the 2023 Notes is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2023.

​

The 2023 Secured Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed on a senior secured basis and the 2023 Unsecured Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries.

​

The Company incurred total debt issuance costs of $19.6 million in connection with the issuance of the 2023 Secured Notes and 2023 Unsecured Notes, all of which has been capitalized and recorded as a reduction of the amounts outstanding under the 2023 Notes.

​

​

19. Other Non-current Liabilities

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax payable | ​ | $ | 21.3 | ​ | $ | 16.0
Finance lease liability | ​ |  | 17.3 | ​ |  | 15.3
Equipment financing obligations | ​ | ​ | 10.0 | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ |  | 7.7 | ​ |  | 4.1
​ | ​ | $ | 56.3 | ​ | $ | 35.4

​

​

​

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20. Temporary Equity, Equity and Dividends

Share Capital

Common Stock

Unlimited number of common shares, without par value.

Preferred Stock

​

Unlimited number of senior preferred stock, of which 485,000,000 are designated as Series A Senior Preferred Shares, and junior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series. All issued shares are fully paid.

​

In January 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Starboard Value LP and certain affiliates (together, “Starboard”) pursuant to which Starboard agreed to purchase $485.0 million of Series A Senior Preferred Shares, convertible into common shares of the Company, and $15.0 million of common shares of the Company. The transaction closed on February 1, 2023 (the “Issue Date”).

​

The Series A Senior Preferred Shares are convertible into common stock at an initial conversion price of $73.00 per share. The Series A Senior Preferred Shares carry an initial 5.5% preferred dividend, which is payable quarterly, in cash or in shares at the Company's option (“Preferential Dividends”), and are entitled to participate on an as-converted basis in the Company's regular quarterly common share dividends, subject to a $0.27 per share per quarter floor (“Participating Dividends”). On the fourth anniversary of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date, holders will have the right to increase the preferred dividend to 7.50%, and on the ninth anniversary of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date, holders will have the right to increase the preferred dividend to a fixed percentage equal to the greater of (a) 600 bps over the daily simple SOFR as then in effect and (b) 10.50%, subject, in each case, to the Company’s right to redeem the Series A Senior Preferred Shares for which a dividend rate increase has been demanded (an “Increased Dividend Rate Demand”).

​

In connection with any Increased Dividend Rate Demand, subject to certain conditions, and upon 45 days’ notice to the holders, the Company will have the right to redeem all or any portion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares then outstanding, at a price equal to 100% of the face amount of such Series A Senior Preferred Shares plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. Additionally, at any time after the ninth anniversary of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date, subject to certain conditions, and upon 45 days’ notice to the holders, the Company will have the right to redeem all or any portion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares then outstanding, at a price equal to 100% of the face amount of such Series A Senior Preferred Shares plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon.

Upon consummation of one or more specified change of control transactions, the holders will have the right to require the Company to repurchase the Series A Senior Preferred Shares in cash provided, however, that each holder, at its option, may elect instead to convert its Series A Senior Preferred Shares into the applicable change of control consideration. In addition, the Company has the right to redeem the Series A Senior Preferred Shares in the event of a change of control transaction where the successor entity is not traded on certain eligible markets. The possible future redemption of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares as a result of a change in control has been assessed as not probable at June 30, 2023.

​

Holders of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares are entitled to vote together with the Common Shares on an as-converted basis on all matters permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions to enable compliance with applicable antitrust law.

​

The Series A Senior Preferred Shares rank, with respect to rights as to dividends, distributions, redemptions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company, (a) senior to all of the junior preferred shares of the Company, Common Shares and any other class or series of capital shares of the Company, issued or authorized after the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date, (b) on a parity basis with each other class or series of capital shares issued or authorized after the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date, and (c) junior with each other class or series of capital shares issued or authorized after the Series A Senior Preferred Shares Issue Date.

​

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20. Temporary Equity, Equity and Dividends (continued)

Share-based Continuing Employment Costs

The Company has issued the following common shares in connection with the acquisitions of Rouse and SmartEquip. These shares were issued to certain previous unitholders and shareholders of Rouse and SmartEquip, based on the fair market value of the Company’s common shares at the acquisition date. The Company records share-based continuing employment costs in acquisition-related and integration costs over the vesting period, with an increase to additional paid-in capital. The vesting of shares issued for business combinations is subject to continuing employment with the Company over various dates over a three year period from their respective acquisition dates. As and when the common shares vest, the Company will recognize the fair value of the issued common shares from additional paid-in capital to share capital.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Rouse | ​ | SmartEquip | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted average
​ | Common | ​ | Fair value | ​ | Common | ​ | Fair value |  | Common | ​ | fair value
​ | shares | ​ | per common | ​ | shares | ​ | per common |  | shares | ​ | per common
​ | issued |  | shares |  | issued |  | shares |  | issued |  | shares
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 | 85,560 | ​ | $ | 71.09 | ​ | 42,646 | ​ | $ | 68.39 | ​ | 128,206 | ​ | $ | 70.19
Vested | (9,272) | ​ | ​ | 71.09 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (9,272) | ​ | ​ | 71.09
Outstanding, June 30, 2023 | 76,288 | ​ | $ | 71.09 | ​ | 42,646 | ​ | $ | 68.39 | ​ | 118,934 | ​ | $ | 70.12
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, December 31, 2021 | 189,665 | ​ | $ | 71.09 | ​ | 63,971 | ​ | $ | 68.39 | ​ | 253,636 | ​ | $ | 70.41
Vested | (27,816) | ​ | ​ | 71.09 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (27,816) | ​ | ​ | 71.09
Outstanding, June 30, 2022 | 161,849 | ​ | $ | 71.09 | ​ | 63,971 | ​ | $ | 68.39 | ​ | 225,820 | ​ | $ | 70.33

​

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.3 million (June 30, 2022: $1.8 million) of share capital from additional paid-in capital for the portion of common shares previously issued in connection with the acquisition of Rouse that have vested at June 30, 2023.

Shares Issued for Business Combinations

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized share-based continuing employment cost was $1.7 million (at June 30, 2022: $6.5 million), which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.

​

Change in Non-controlling Interest

On January 3, 2023, in connection with the acquisition of VeriTread (Note 5), the Company increased its investment in VeriTread from 11% to 75% for a total purchase consideration of $28 million. The Company also entered into a put/call agreement with one of the minority unitholders under which the holder can put its remaining 21% interest in VeriTread to the Company, if certain performance targets are met. As the purchase of the remaining 21% interest from the minority unitholder is outside the control of the Company the redeemable non-controlling interest is classified in temporary equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As discussed in Note 3, management applied judgement and assessed that it is probable that the redeemable non-controlling interest will be redeemed at a future date and accordingly the carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is adjusted to its estimated redemption value.

​

The Company also recognized an additional 4% non-controlling interest in VeriTread within equity as that interest does not contain put/call options.

​

​

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20. Temporary Equity, Equity and Dividends (continued)

Dividends

​

Declared and Paid

The Company declared and paid the following dividends to common stockholders during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

​

Common Stock

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Dividend |  | ​ |  | Total |  | ​
​ | ​ | Declaration date | ​ | per share | ​ | Record date | ​ | dividends | ​ | Payment date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, 2023: |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |
Fourth quarter 2022 | ​ | January 20, 2023 | ​ | $ | 0.27 | ​ | February 10, 2023 | ​ | $ | 30.0 | ​ | March 3, 2023
Special Dividend | ​ | March 6, 2023 | ​ | $ | 1.08 | ​ | March 17, 2023 | ​ | $ | 120.4 | ​ | March 28, 2023
First quarter 2023 | ​ | May 9, 2023 | ​ | $ | 0.27 | ​ | May 30, 2023 | ​ | $ | 49.1 | ​ | June 20, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, 2022: | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Fourth quarter 2021 | ​ | January 21, 2022 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | February 11, 2022 | ​ | $ | 27.7 | ​ | March 4, 2022
First quarter 2022 | ​ | May 6, 2022 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | May 27, 2022 | ​ | $ | 27.7 | ​ | June 17, 2022

​

​

On March 7, 2023, the Company declared a special cash dividend of $1.08 per share, contingent on the closing of the acquisition of IAA, payable to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2023 (the “Special Dividend”). The Special Dividend was paid in cash on March 28, 2023 following the acquisition of IAA.

Preferred Stock

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded Preferential Dividends of $6.7 million and $10.9 million respectively to the holders of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares. At June 30, 2023, of the $10.9 million, $9.8 million has been paid and $1.1 million is accrued and unpaid.

​

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded Participating Dividends of $1.8 million and $3.6 million respectively to the holders of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares.

​

Declared and Undistributed

Subsequent to June 30, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.27 cents per common share, payable on September 13, 2023 to common stockholders of record on August 23, 2023.

​

Foreign Currency Translation Reserve

Foreign currency translation adjustments within other comprehensive income include intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature, which generated a net loss of $0.7 million and net gain of $0.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 (three and six months ended 2022: net loss of $8.6 million and $9.4 million).

​

​

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​

21. Share-based Payments

​

Share-based payments consist of the following compensation costs:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended |  | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Selling, general and administrative: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Stock option compensation expense | ​ | $ | 1.6 | ​ | $ | 3.0 | ​ | $ | 4.3 | ​ | $ | 5.6
Equity-classified share units | ​ | ​ | 9.4 | ​ | ​ | 8.8 | ​ | ​ | 12.9 | ​ | ​ | 11.7
Liability-classified share units | ​ | ​ | 0.5 | ​ | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | ​ | 0.5 | ​ | ​ | 0.3
Employee share purchase plan - employer contributions | ​ |  | 0.8 | ​ |  | 0.7 | ​ |  | 1.3 | ​ |  | 1.4
​ | ​ | ​ | 12.3 | ​ | ​ | 13.6 | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | ​ | 19.0
Acquisition-related and integration costs: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Acceleration of share-based payments expense | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5.9 | ​ | ​ | —
Share-based continuing employment costs | ​ |  | 0.9 | ​ |  | 2.1 | ​ |  | 1.9 | ​ |  | 4.2
​ | ​ |  | 1.8 | ​ |  | 2.1 | ​ |  | 7.8 | ​ |  | 4.2
​ | ​ | $ | 14.1 | ​ | $ | 15.7 | ​ | $ | 26.8 | ​ | $ | 23.2

​

Conversion of IAA Share Based Awards

​

In connection with the acquisition of IAA, IAA’s stock options, RSU’s and performance restrictive stock unit (“PRSU”) awards were cancelled and exchanged into 187,727 Company stock options and 366,379 Company RSU awards. At the closing of the acquisition of IAA, the converted share-based awards had an estimated aggregate fair value of $24.9 million, of which $4.8 million was attributable to post-combination services and will be recognized as share-based payment expense over the remaining service periods. The Company awards are subject to the same terms and conditions as applicable to the corresponding IAA equity awards held prior to the acquisition of IAA, including vesting terms, with the exception of any Company RSU awards that replace IAA’s PRSU awards, where vesting will no longer be subject to the achievement of performance goals and will be solely based on providing continued services to the Company through the end of the applicable service period.

​

IAA restricted stock awards and IAA phantom stock awards which were granted to non-employee directors of IAA, vested at closing of the acquisition of IAA and therefore do not have a future service requirement. Accordingly, the entire post-combination portion of such awards of $0.3 million has been recognized as share-based payment expense concurrent with the closing of the acquisition of IAA.

​

In addition, certain former executives of IAA were terminated in connection with the acquisition of IAA and their outstanding awards were fully accelerated as of the closing date. Accordingly, $4.3 million has been recognized as share-based payment expense concurrent with the closing of the acquisition of IAA.

​

.

Stock Option Plans

​

On May 8, 2023, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2023 Share Incentive Plan (“2023 Plan”) under which 9,355,000 common shares of the Company were reserved for issuance. The 2023 Plan allows the Company to grant to employees, officers, non-employee directors and other key persons various types of equity-based awards, including stock options, performance-based restricted share units and time-based restricted share units. All share-based awards going-forward, including those granted during the second quarter of 2023, will be governed by the 2023 Plan. Equity awards granted under previous plans remain outstanding until expiration or settlement.

​

​

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21. Share-based Payments (continued)

​

Stock Option Plans (continued)

​

Stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Stock options | ​ | Premium-priced stock options
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Common | ​ | WA | ​ | remaining | ​ | Aggregate | ​ | Common | ​ | WA | ​ | remaining | ​ | Aggregate
​ | shares under | ​ | exercise | ​ | contractual | ​ | intrinsic | ​ | shares under | ​ | exercise | ​ | contractual | ​ | intrinsic
​ | option |  | price |  | life (in years) |  | value |  | option |  | price |  | life (in years) |  | value
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 | 2,730,295 | ​ | $ | 46.88 | ​ | ​ | 7.3 | ​ | $ | 31.2 | ​ | 1,118,432 | ​ | $ | 91.26 | ​ | ​ | 4.7 | ​ | $ | —
Granted | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Assumed in IAA acquisition (Note 5) | 187,727 | ​ | ​ | 50.96 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Exercised | (101,074) | ​ | ​ | 38.59 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.7 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Forfeited | (61,935) | ​ | ​ | 45.96 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | (54,423) | ​ | ​ | 91.12 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Expired | (6,614) | ​ |  | 61.55 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Outstanding, June 30, 2023 | 2,748,399 | ​ | $ | 47.44 | ​ | ​ | 6.4 | ​ | $ | 35.6 | ​ | 1,064,009 | ​ | $ | 91.27 | ​ | ​ | 4.1 | ​ | $ | —
Exercisable, June 30, 2023 | 2,070,214 | ​ | $ | 44.03 | ​ | ​ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 33.6 | ​ | 43,242 | ​ | $ | 91.21 | ​ |  | 1.7 | ​ | $ | —

​

Stock Options

​

The Company uses the Black Scholes option pricing model to fair value stock options. There were no stock options granted during the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 other than the stock options assumed as part of the IAA acquisition. Significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, |  | 2022 |
Risk free interest rate |  | 2.2 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 1.74 | %
Expected lives of the stock options |  | 4 | years
Expected volatility |  | 31.7 | %

​

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the non-vested stock options was $3.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.

​

The fair value of the assumed stock options is estimated on the IAA acquisition date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average fair value of the assumed options was $15.52. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these assumed stock options are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, |  | 2023 |
Risk free interest rate |  | 3.9 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 2.05 | %
Expected lives of the stock options |  | 2 | years
Expected volatility |  | 33.3 | %

​

​

​

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21. Share-based Payments (continued)

​

Stock Option Plans (continued)

​

Premium-priced Stock Options

​

The Company has granted premium-priced stock options to the senior executives with exercise prices above the fair market value of the Company’s common shares on grant dates. The premium-priced stock options vest and become exercisable upon the third anniversary of their grant date. The premium-priced stock options granted in June 2022 expire in August 2027 to coincide with the expiry of the August 2021 grant. The fair values of the premium-priced stock options were calculated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The weighted average estimated grant date fair value of premium-priced options during the six-month period ended June 30, 2022 was $8.00 per option.

​

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value are presented in the following table:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, |  | 2022 | ​
Risk free interest rate |  | 3.0 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 1.63 | %
Expected lives of the stock options | ​ | 4 | years
Expected volatility |  | 30.2 | %

​

There were no premium-priced stock options granted during the six-month period ended June 30, 2023.

​

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the premium-priced stock options was $3.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years.

​

Share Unit Plans

​

Share unit activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Equity-classified awards | ​ | Liability-classified awards
​ | ​ | PSUs | ​ | PSUs with Market Conditions | ​ | RSUs | ​ | DSUs
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA grant | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA grant | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA grant | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | WA grant
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | date fair | ​ | ​ | ​ | date fair | ​ | ​ | ​ | date fair | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | date fair
​ |  | Number |  | value |  | Number |  | value |  | Number |  | value |  | ​ | Number |  | value
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 |  | 662,634 | ​ | $ | 51.71 | ​ | 102,879 | ​ | $ | 66.08 | ​ | 68,024 | ​ | $ | 58.32 |  | ​ | 108,365 | ​ | $ | 39.35
Granted |  | 12,027 | ​ |  | 57.04 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | 333,778 | ​ |  | 52.11 |  | ​ | 12,300 | ​ |  | 52.55
Assumed in IAA acquisition (Note 5) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | 366,379 | ​ |  | 52.79 |  | ​ | — | ​ |  | —
Vested and settled |  | (283,086) | ​ |  | 42.23 | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | (233,828) | ​ |  | 52.85 |  | ​ | — | ​ |  | —
Forfeited |  | (15,323) | ​ |  | 58.60 | ​ | (2,691) | ​ |  | 65.45 | ​ | (5,416) | ​ |  | 60.07 |  | ​ | — | ​ |  | —
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 |  | 376,252 | ​ | $ | 58.73 | ​ | 100,188 | ​ | $ | 66.10 | ​ | 528,937 | ​ | $ | 52.97 |  | ​ | 120,665 | ​ | $ | 40.70

​

The total market value of liability-classified share units vested and released during the first six months of 2023 was nil (2022: nil).

​

Senior Executive and Employee PSU Plans

The Company has granted PSUs under a senior executive PSU plan and an employee PSU plan (the “PSU Plans”). Under the PSU Plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and/or performance vesting conditions being met. The PSU Plans allow the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares. The Company intends to settle by issuance of shares. With respect to settling in shares, the Company has the option to either (i) arrange for the purchase of shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest.

Fair values of equity-classified PSUs are estimated on the grant date using the market close price of the Company's common shares listed on the NYSE, as these are not subject to market vesting conditions.

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSU’s was $10.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years.

​

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21. Share-based Payments (continued)

​

Share Unit Plans (continued)

​

PSUs with Market Conditions

​

The Company has granted PSUs to senior executives with a market condition where vesting is conditional upon the total stockholder return performance of the Company’s stock relative to the performance of a peer group over a three year performance period from the date of grant. The PSUs granted in June 2022 have approximately a 2 year performance period to coincide with the remaining performance period of the August 2021 grant. The fair value per PSU granted during the three-month period ended June 30, 2022 of $69.92 was calculated on the grant date using the Monte Carlo simulation model which takes into consideration a required post-vesting holding period of one year with a discount value of $5.34 per PSU. The discount was calculated using the Chaffe Protective Put Method and an effective tax rate of 35%.

​

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value are presented in the following table:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Six months ended June 30, |  | 2022 | ​
Risk free interest rate |  | 2.7 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 1.63 | %
Expected lives of the PSUs | ​ | 2 | years
Expected volatility |  | 33.4 | %
Average expected volatility of comparable companies | ​ | 34.4 | %

​

There were no PSUs with market conditions granted in the six-month period ended June 30, 2023.

​

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSUs with market conditions was $2.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years.

​

RSUs

​

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted 332,441 restricted share units under the 2023 Plan that are equity-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions.

Fair values of RSUs are estimated on grant date using the market close price of the Company's common shares listed on the NYSE.

At June 30, 2023, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified RSUs was $20.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.

DSUs

The Company has deferred share unit plans (DSU plans) that are cash-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions.

Fair values of deferred share units (“DSUs”) are estimated on grant date and at each reporting date using the market close price of the Company’s common shares listed on the NYSE. DSUs are granted under the DSU plan to members of the Board of Directors. There is no unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified DSUs as they vest immediately and are expensed upon grant.

At June 30, 2023, the Company had a total share unit liability of $7.6 million (at December 31, 2022: $6.3 million) in respect of share units under the DSU plans.

Employee Share Purchase Plan

In February 2023, the Board approved the suspension of the Company’s 1999 Employee Share Purchase Plan.

​

Effective June 15, 2023, the Company implemented a new employee stock purchase plan (“2023 ESPP”) which allows employees to purchase shares of the Company’s stock at 85% of the lower of the fair market value on the first day of the applicable offering period or on the last business day of the applicable purchase period within the offering period. These purchases are generally offered twice throughout each fiscal year. At the end of the six month purchase period, employee contributions are used to purchase common shares and purchased shares are transferred to the employees. On May 9, 2023, the Company registered 3,000,000 shares of common stock for future issuance under the ESPP. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no shares issued under the 2023 ESPP. The offering period is beginning July 1, 2023, and therefore, the implementation of the 2023 ESPP did not have an impact on these consolidated financial statements.

​

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22. Leases

​

The Company enters into commercial leases for various auctions sites, branches and offices, the majority of which are non-cancellable, and additional operating leases for computer equipment, motor vehicles and small office equipment. With the exception of one lease expiring in 2092, the majority of the Company’s operating leases have a fixed term with a remaining life between one month and 20 years, with renewal options included in the contracts. The leases have varying contract terms, escalation clauses and renewal options.

The Company also enters into finance lease arrangements for certain vehicles, computer and yard equipment, fixtures, and office furniture, the majority of these leases have a fixed term with a remaining life of one month to six years with renewal options included in the contracts.

On March 17, 2022, the Company completed the sale and leaseback of its Bolton property, a parcel of land including all buildings, in Bolton, Ontario. The Company intends to lease the Bolton property for a period of 28 months until such time that the replacement property is available for the relocation of the Company’s operations. The lease has an initial rent-free period of two years and an option to renew the lease for two additional one-year periods, during which time the lease is cancellable at one month’s notice. Upon completion of the sale, the Company recorded a $16.6 million ROU asset representing the right-of-use of the Bolton property for the estimated lease term and a $4.5 million long-term lease liability representing the obligation to make lease payments arising from the operating lease at the end of the initial two-year period.

​

The Company’s breakdown of lease expense is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Operating lease cost | ​ | $ | 59.1 | ​ | $ | 6.2 | ​ | $ | 72.2 | ​ | $ | 10.9
Finance lease cost | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of leased assets | ​ |  | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | 2.6 | ​ |  | 5.9 | ​ | ​ | 5.2
Interest on lease liabilities | ​ |  | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ |  | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | 0.4
Short-term lease cost | ​ |  | 4.2 | ​ | ​ | 2.9 | ​ |  | 7.7 | ​ | ​ | 6.4
Sublease income | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (0.1) | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | $ | 64.1 | ​ | $ | 11.9 | ​ | $ | 86.3 | ​ | $ | 22.9

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

23. Contingencies

Legal and Other Claims

The Company is subject to legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management does not believe that the results of these claims will have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet or income statement.

​

Guarantee Contracts

In the normal course of business, the Company will in certain situations guarantee to a consignor a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of that consignor’s equipment.

At June 30, 2023, there were $73.2 million of assets guaranteed under contract, of which 93% is expected to be sold prior to September 30, 2023, with the remainder to be sold by June 30, 2024 (at December 31, 2022: $31.0 million of which 62% was expected to be sold prior to the end of March 31, 2023 with the remainder to be sold by December 31, 2023).

The outstanding guarantee amounts are undiscounted and before estimated proceeds from sale at auction.

​

​

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​

ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the following section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by such words as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “ongoing”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “will”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “likely”, “generally”, “future”, “long-term”, or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially, and may include, among others, statements relating to:

| ● | our future strategy, objectives, targets, projections and performance;

| ● | potential growth and market opportunities;

| ● | potential future mergers and acquisitions;

| ● | our ability to integrate acquisitions (including IAA, Inc. (“IAA”));

| ● | the impact of our new initiatives, services, investments, and acquisitions on us and our customers;

| ● | our future capital expenditures and returns on those expenditures; and

| ● | financing available to us from our credit facilities or other sources, our ability to refinance borrowings, and the sufficiency of our working capital to meet our financial needs.

While we have not described all potential risks related to our business and owning our common shares, the important factors discussed in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and in “Part II, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, which are available on our website at https://investor.rbglobal.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, are among those that we consider may affect our performance materially or could cause our actual financial and operational results to differ significantly from our expectations. Except as required by applicable securities law and regulations of relevant securities exchanges, we do not intend to update publicly any forward-looking statements, even if our expectations have been affected by new information, future events or other developments.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). Except for Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”)1, which is a measure of operational performance and not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, the amounts discussed below are based on our consolidated financial statements.

Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts in the following tables are in millions, except share and per share amounts.

​

In the accompanying analysis of financial information, we sometimes use information derived from consolidated financial data but not presented in our financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Certain of these data are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under the SEC rules. The definitions of and reasons we use these non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures are included either with the first use thereof or in the Non-GAAP Measures section within the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Please see pages 62-64).

Overview

​

RB Global, Inc., formerly known as Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “RB Global”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”) (NYSE & TSX: RBA) was founded in 1958 in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada and is a world leader in asset management technologies and disposition for commercial assets, used equipment, automotive and other assets. Our expertise, unprecedented global reach, market insights, and trusted portfolio of brands provide us with a unique position within the asset resale market.

1 GTV represents total proceeds from all assets sold at our auctions, online marketplaces or from private brokerage services. GTV is not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, and is not presented in our consolidated financial statements.

​

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​

Through our unreserved and reserved auctions, online marketplaces, listings, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of primarily used commercial and industrial assets, vehicles as well as government surplus assets. Construction and commercial transportation assets and vehicles comprise the majority of the assets sold based on GTV dollar value, though we sell a wide variety of assets. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end users (such as construction companies), insurance companies, vehicle and equipment dealers, fleet lease companies, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and other asset owners (such as rental companies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including construction, commercial transportation, automotive, agriculture, energy, and natural resources.

We also provide our customers with a wide array of value-added services aligned with our growth strategy to create a global marketplace for used asset services and solutions. Our other services include equipment financing, asset appraisals and inspections, online equipment listing, transportation and logistical services, and ancillary services such as equipment refurbishment, towing, and title and liens processing. We offer our customers asset technology solutions to manage the end-to-end disposition process of their assets and provide market data intelligence to make more accurate and reliable business decisions. Additionally, we offer our customers an innovative technology platform that supports vehicle merchandising, asset lifecycle management and procurement integration with both original equipment manufacturers and dealers, as well as software as a service platform for end-to-end parts procurement and digital catalogs and diagrams.

We operate globally with locations in 13 countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands, and maintain a presence in 42 countries where customers can sell from their own yards. In addition, with the acquisition of IAA, we now employ more than 7,600 full-time employees worldwide.

​

Recent Developments

Acquisition of IAA

On March 20, 2023, we completed the acquisition of IAA, a leading global digital marketplace connecting vehicle buyers and sellers with operations throughout the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. IAA facilitates the marketing and sale of total loss, damaged and low-value vehicles for a full spectrum of sellers, including insurance companies, dealerships, fleet lease and rental car companies and charitable organizations. Additionally, IAA serves a global buyer base with vehicles, vehicle rebuild requirements, replacement part inventory or scrap demand.

​

On November 7, 2022, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization with IAA, which was subsequently amended on January 22, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, IAA stockholders received $12.80 per share in cash and 0.5252 shares of the Company for each share of IAA common stock they owned (the “Exchange Ratio”). As such, we paid approximately $1.7 billion in cash consideration and issued 70.3 million shares of its common stock. In addition, we repaid approximately $1.2 billion of IAA’s net debt, including repayment of outstanding principal and associated accrued interest and prepayment costs under IAA’s credit agreement, and $500.0 million principal amount of IAA’s senior notes, at a redemption price equal to 102.75% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.

​

Further information regarding the transaction is described in Item 1 – Financial Statements: Note 5 – Business Combinations.

​

We expect that the acquisition of IAA will accelerate our journey to become the trusted global marketplace for insights, services and transaction solutions, as well as diversify our customer base by providing us with a significant presence in the automotive vertical, an industry with strong fundamentals and proven secular growth. We expect that the combination will accelerate our growth and strategic vision to create a next-generation global marketplace for commercial assets and vehicles, supported by advanced technologies and data analytics. Additionally, our management team has extensive experience in the automotive and insurance ecosystem, which we expect will help shape the customer experience going forward. With enhanced scale and an expanded addressable market, we expect to be able to drive additional GTV growth through our platforms and auction sites, in turn generating more insights for our customers and expanding the adoption of our other high-margin tech-enabled services.

Acquisition of VeriTread

​

On January 3, 2023, we acquired VeriTread LLC (“VeriTread”), a leading transportation technology company that provides an online marketplace solution for open deck transport, connecting shippers and service providers. We acquired 8,889,766 units of VeriTread for approximately $25.2 million cash consideration from its existing unitholders and acquired another 1,056,338 units for $3.0 million cash. As a result, we increased our investment in VeriTread from 11% to 75% and obtained control of VeriTread, pursuant to an amended operating agreement on January 18, 2023.

​

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VeriTread adds to our suite of services, supporting the needs of equipment owners throughout the equipment lifecycle by integrating transportation solutions directly into our new marketplace technology. We expect that the acquisition, in combination with our satellite yards, will allow us to further scale and accelerate our hybrid marketplace model through increased capacity optimization and seamless customer experiences.

​

Series A Senior Preferred Shares

In January 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Starboard Value LP and certain affiliates (together, “Starboard”) pursuant to which Starboard agreed to purchase $485.0 million of participating preferred stock convertible into common shares of the Company at an initial conversion price of $73.00 per share (“Series A Senior Preferred Shares”), and $15.0 million of common shares of the Company. The transaction closed on February 1, 2023.

​

The Series A Senior Preferred Shares carry an initial 5.5% preferred dividend, which is payable quarterly, and are entitled to participate on an as-converted basis in the Company's regular quarterly common share dividends, subject to a $0.27 per share per quarter floor. Holders will have the right to increase the preferred dividend on the fourth and ninth anniversary of the issue date, and upon any such dividend demand increase the Company will have the right to redeem all or any portion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares then outstanding at a price equal to 100% of the face amount, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. This right is subject to certain conditions, and upon 45 days’ notice to the holder from the Company.

​

Impact of Inflation on Our Business

​

While inflation rates continue to slow across our major geographic regions globally, we continue to experience elevated costs across our business operations as a result of inflation in 2023.

​

​

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Service Offerings

​

We offer our customers multiple distinct, complementary, multi-channel brand solutions that address the range of their buying and selling needs for equipment, vehicles and other types of assets. Our global customer base has a variety of transaction options, breadth of services, and the widest selection of used assets available to them. For a complete listing of channels and brand solutions available subsequent to the acquisitions of IAA and VeriTread, please refer to our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, which is available on our website at https://investor.rbglobal.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

Contract Options

We offer consignors several contract options to meet their individual needs and sale objectives on our onsite and online marketplaces for selling used equipment or vehicles, which include:

● | Straight commission contracts, where the consignor receives the gross proceeds from the sale less a pre-negotiated commission rate;

● | Fixed commission contracts, where the consignor receives the gross proceeds from the sale less a pre-negotiated fixed commission fee;

● | Guarantee commission contracts, where the consignor receives a guaranteed minimum amount plus an additional amount if proceeds exceed a specified level; and

● | Inventory contracts, where we purchase, take custody, and hold used equipment and other assets before they are resold in the ordinary course of business.

​

We collectively refer to guarantee and inventory contracts as underwritten or “at-risk” contracts.

Value-added Services

We also provide a wide array of value-added services to make the process of selling and buying equipment and vehicles convenient for our customers, including refurbishment services such as repair, paint and make-ready services, and parts services to connect equipment owners with parts manufacturers, inspection and appraisals, financial services through Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”) and loan payoff services through IAA, end-to-end transportation and logistics services, as well as other services such as insights, data intelligence, performance benchmarking solutions, and title and liens processing. We offer equipment listing services under the RitchieList brand in North America and Mascus brand in Europe to make private selling more efficient and safer for customers, including a secure transaction management service, complete with invoicing. We also provide an innovative technology platform that supports customers' vehicle merchandising, manages the asset life cycle and integrates procurement with both original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and dealers.

Seasonality

Our operations are both seasonal and event driven and can fluctuate from quarter to quarter. The volume of assets sold through our auctions and marketplaces is driven by the supply of assets available for sale, as well as changes in severe weather conditions. During the third quarter, supply of assets is generally low as commercial and transportation equipment is actively being used and mild weather conditions and decreases in traffic volume can contribute to a decline in available supply of vehicles.

​

Revenue Mix Fluctuations

Our revenue is comprised of service revenue and inventory sales revenue. Service revenue includes: (1) commissions where a pre-negotiated commission or fixed fee is earned from our consignors or sellers, (2) buyer fees earned at our auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, and (3) marketplace services fees earned from various services provided to buyers and sellers, which include ancillary, parts, data, towing, logistics, inspection, appraisal, online listing, financing and title and liens processing services, as well as auction-related services such as documentation and title search services. Inventory sales revenue relates to revenue earned through our inventory contracts and is recognized at the GTV of the assets sold, with the related cost recognized in cost of inventory sold.

Our revenue can fluctuate significantly, depending on the mix of sales arrangements completed during each period. Completed straight commission, fixed commission or guarantee commission contracts result in the commission being recognized as service revenue based on a percentage of gross transaction value or based on a fixed value, while completed inventory contracts result in the full GTV of the assets sold being recorded as inventory sales revenue. As a result, a change in the revenue mix between service revenue and revenue from inventory sales can have a significant impact on our revenue growth percentages.

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Performance Overview and Consolidated Results

Net income available to common stockholders for the second quarter of 2023 increased 45% to $77.4 million, compared to $53.4 million income for the second quarter of 2022. Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) available to common stockholders decreased 13% to $0.42 per share in the second quarter of 2023 as compared to $0.48 per share in the second quarter of 2022. Diluted adjusted EPS available to common stockholders increased 15% to $0.85 per share in the second quarter of 2023 compared to $0.74 per share in the second quarter of 2022.

​

The consolidated results presented below include the first full quarter of the financial results of IAA since its acquisition on March 20, 2023.

​

For the second quarter of 2023 as compared to the second quarter of 2022:

​

● | Total GTV increased 146% to $4.1 billion, mainly due to the inclusion of $2.2 billion for the first full quarter of IAA, and increased 149% when excluding the impact of foreign exchange

● | Total revenue increased 128% to $1.1 billion, mainly due to the inclusion of $560.4 million from IAA

| o | Service revenue increased 181% to $806.1 million, mainly due to the inclusion of $476.6 million from IAA

| o | Inventory sales revenue increased 52% to $300.4 million, mainly due to the inclusion of $83.8 million from IAA

● | Net income increased 63% to $86.8 million

● | Adjusted EBITDA increased 126% to $307.8 million

● | Cash on hand was $573.3 million, of which $432.9 million was unrestricted

​

Other Company Development

● | On July 12, 2023, Lisa Hook notified the Company of her decision to retire from service on the Company’s Board of Directors for personal reasons.

● | On August 2, 2023, we announced the appointment of Jim Kessler, most recently the Company's President and Chief Operating Officer, as Chief Executive Officer. Jim Kessler will also join the Company’s Board of Directors. Megan Cash, most recently Senior Vice President, Global Control and Corporate Finance, has been appointed Principal Finance and Accounting Officer. These appointments are effective as of August 2, 2023 and follow the departures of Ann Fandozzi and Eric Jacobs as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively.

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Results of Operations

​

Financial Overview

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except EPS and percentages) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |  | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |
Commissions | ​ | $ | 233.3 | ​ | $ | 136.4 | ​ | ​ | 71 | % | ​ | $ | 363.8 | ​ | $ | 252.8 | ​ | ​ | 44 | %
Buyer fees | ​ | ​ | 465.1 | ​ | ​ | 87.0 | ​ | ​ | 435 | % | ​ | ​ | 604.6 | ​ | ​ | 162.6 | ​ | ​ | 272 | %
Marketplace services revenue | ​ | ​ | 107.7 | ​ | ​ | 63.1 | ​ | ​ | 71 | % | ​ | ​ | 181.2 | ​ | ​ | 116.0 | ​ | ​ | 56 | %
Total service revenue | ​ | ​ | 806.1 | ​ | ​ | 286.5 | ​ | ​ | 181 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,149.6 | ​ | ​ | 531.4 | ​ | ​ | 116 | %
Inventory sales revenue | ​ | ​ | 300.4 | ​ | ​ | 198.0 | ​ | ​ | 52 | % | ​ | ​ | 469.3 | ​ | ​ | 347.1 | ​ | ​ | 35 | %
Total revenue | ​ | ​ | 1,106.5 | ​ | ​ | 484.5 | ​ | ​ | 128 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,618.9 | ​ | ​ | 878.5 | ​ | ​ | 84 | %
Costs of services | ​ |  | 287.3 | ​ |  | 45.0 | ​ |  | 538 | % | ​ |  | 363.7 | ​ |  | 84.1 | ​ |  | 332 | %
Cost of inventory sold | ​ |  | 291.9 | ​ |  | 176.2 | ​ |  | 66 | % | ​ |  | 443.4 | ​ |  | 307.8 | ​ |  | 44 | %
Selling, general and administrative | ​ |  | 194.5 | ​ |  | 144.3 | ​ |  | 35 | % | ​ |  | 342.7 | ​ |  | 270.9 | ​ |  | 27 | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ | ​ | 46.3 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | ​ | 1,262 | % | ​ | ​ | 172.5 | ​ | ​ | 13.0 | ​ | ​ | 1,227 | %
Total operating expenses | ​ | ​ | 929.6 | ​ | ​ | 393.2 | ​ | ​ | 136 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,468.1 | ​ | ​ | 724.3 | ​ | ​ | 103 | %
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 2.7 | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | 800 | % | ​ | ​ | 3.9 | ​ | ​ | 170.2 | ​ | ​ | (98) | %
Operating income | ​ |  | 179.6 | ​ |  | 91.6 | ​ |  | 96 | % | ​ |  | 154.7 | ​ |  | 324.4 | ​ |  | (52) | %
Net income attributable to controlling interests | ​ | ​ | 86.9 | ​ | ​ | 53.4 | ​ | ​ | 63 | % | ​ | ​ | 58.8 | ​ | ​ | 231.5 | ​ | ​ | (75) | %
Net income available to common stockholders | ​ |  | 77.4 | ​ |  | 53.4 | ​ |  | 45 | % | ​ |  | 44.2 | ​ |  | 231.5 | ​ |  | (81) | %
Adjusted net income available to common stockholders | ​ |  | 155.3 | ​ |  | 83.1 | ​ |  | 87 | % | ​ |  | 224.5 | ​ |  | 134.0 | ​ |  | 68 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | ​ | ​ | 307.8 | ​ | ​ | 136.2 | ​ | ​ | 126 | % | ​ | ​ | 440.5 | ​ | ​ | 241.0 | ​ | ​ | 83 | %
Diluted earnings per share available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 0.42 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | ​ | (13) | % | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.07 | ​ | ​ | (86) | %
Diluted adjusted earnings per share available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 0.85 | ​ | $ | 0.74 | ​ | ​ | 15 | % | ​ | $ | 1.47 | ​ | $ | 1.20 | ​ | ​ | 23 | %
Effective tax rate | ​ |  | 27.4 | % |  | 28.8 | % |  | (140) | bps | ​ |  | 28.5 | % |  | 20.0 | % |  | 850 | bps
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total GTV | ​ | $ | 4,144.0 | ​ | $ | 1,684.3 | ​ | ​ | 146 | % | ​ | $ | 6,043.2 | ​ | $ | 3,123.4 | ​ | ​ | 93 | %
Service GTV | ​ | ​ | 3,843.4 | ​ | ​ | 1,486.2 | ​ | ​ | 159 | % | ​ | ​ | 5,573.8 | ​ | ​ | 2,776.3 | ​ | ​ | 101 | %
Total service revenue take rate | ​ | ​ | 19.5 | % | ​ | 17.0 | % | ​ | 250 | bps | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | % | ​ | 17.0 | % | ​ | 200 | bps
Inventory GTV | ​ | ​ | 300.4 | ​ | ​ | 198.0 | ​ | ​ | 52 | % | ​ | ​ | 469.3 | ​ | ​ | 347.1 | ​ | ​ | 35 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Inventory return | ​ | $ | 8.5 | ​ | $ | 21.8 | ​ | ​ | (61) | % | ​ | $ | 25.9 | ​ | $ | 39.3 | ​ | ​ | (34) | %
Inventory rate | ​ | ​ | 2.8 | % | ​ | 11.0 | % | ​ | (820) | bps | ​ | ​ | 5.5 | % | ​ | 11.3 | % | ​ | (580) | bps

​

​

The following table presents the selected results of RBA and IAA.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, 2023 | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, 2023 | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions) | ​ | RBA |  | IAA | ​ | Total | ​ | ​ | RBA |  | IAA * | ​ | Total | ​
Commissions |  | $ | 146.6 | ​ | $ | 86.7 | ​ | $ | 233.3 | ​ | ​ | $ | 264.7 | ​ | $ | 99.1 | ​ | $ | 363.8 | ​
Buyer fees | ​ | ​ | 103.7 | ​ | ​ | 361.4 | ​ | ​ | 465.1 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 191.0 | ​ | ​ | 413.5 | ​ | ​ | 604.5 | ​
Marketplace services revenue | ​ | ​ | 79.2 | ​ | ​ | 28.5 | ​ | ​ | 107.7 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 150.2 | ​ | ​ | 31.1 | ​ | ​ | 181.3 | ​
Total service revenue | ​ | ​ | 329.5 | ​ | ​ | 476.6 | ​ | ​ | 806.1 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 605.9 | ​ | ​ | 543.7 | ​ | ​ | 1,149.6 | ​
Inventory sales revenue | ​ | ​ | 216.6 | ​ | ​ | 83.8 | ​ | ​ | 300.4 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 372.7 | ​ | ​ | 96.6 | ​ | ​ | 469.3 | ​
Total revenue | ​ | $ | 546.1 | ​ | $ | 560.4 | ​ | $ | 1,106.5 | ​ | ​ | $ | 978.6 | ​ | $ | 640.3 | ​ | $ | 1,618.9 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Service GTV | ​ | $ | 1,684.5 | ​ | $ | 2,159.1 | ​ | $ | 3,843.6 | ​ | ​ | $ | 3,112.9 | ​ | $ | 2,461.0 | ​ | $ | 5,573.9 | ​
Inventory GTV | ​ | ​ | 216.6 | ​ | ​ | 83.8 | ​ | ​ | 300.4 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 372.6 | ​ | ​ | 96.7 | ​ | ​ | 469.3 | ​
Total GTV | ​ | ​ | 1,901.1 | ​ | ​ | 2,242.9 | ​ | ​ | 4,144.0 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 3,485.5 | ​ | ​ | 2,557.7 | ​ | ​ | 6,043.2 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total service revenue take rate | ​ | ​ | 17.3 | % | ​ | 21.2 | % | ​ | 19.5 | % | ​ | ​ | 17.4 | % | ​ | 21.3 | % | ​ | 19.0 | %

​

* Includes financial results of IAA in our consolidated financial statements during the six-month period ending June 30, 2023 since its acquisition on March 20, 2023.

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Total GTV

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Total GTV increased 146% to $4.1 billion in the second quarter of 2023 and increased 93% to $6.0 billion in the first six months of 2023. Excluding IAA, total GTV increased 13% to $1.9 billion in the second quarter of 2023 and increased 12% to $3.5 billion in the first six months of 2023. Excluding IAA and the impact of foreign exchange, total GTV increased 15% and 14% in the second quarter and first six months of 2023, respectively.

​

In the second quarter of 2023, total GTV increased year-over-year, primarily driven by the inclusion of the first full quarter of GTV from IAA. IAA contributed $2.2 billion, or 54%, of total GTV, generating strong volumes in the automotive sector primarily across North America as average selling prices remain high for salvage and low valued vehicles and total loss rates for salvage vehicles continue to improve. Excluding IAA, the increase in total GTV was driven by lot volumes, partially offset by lower prices, unfavorable foreign exchange impact, and unfavorable mix. Total GTV increased across all regions, but was mainly driven by volume growth in North America across various sectors including rental, transportation, and oil and gas. In the United States, GTV increased primarily from higher volumes driven by strong execution by our strategic accounts team. We also saw strong year-over-year performances from our auction events, contributed in part by the addition of several new auction events. In Canada, we also saw strong year-over-year performance in our auction events which were driven by several large packages in the oil and gas sector, and agricultural events, partially offset by an unfavorable foreign exchange impact.

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For the first six months of 2023, total GTV increased year-over year, mainly due to the inclusion of GTV from IAA since its acquisition on March 20, 2023. IAA contributed $2.6 billion, or 42%, of total GTV during the first half of 2023. Excluding IAA, GTV increased mainly in the United States for the same reasons as discussed above, but also in Canada with strong year-over-year performances in our auction events, mainly in oil and gas sector, partially offset by the non-repeat of certain agricultural events and an unfavorable foreign exchange impact. In International, GTV volume decreased mainly as a result of an unfavorable foreign exchange impact.

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Total Revenue

​

Total revenue increased 128% to $1.1 billion in the second quarter of 2023, with total service revenue increasing by 181% and inventory sales revenue increasing by 52%. IAA contributed $560.4 million, or 51% of total revenues in the second quarter of 2023. Excluding IAA, total revenue increased 13% to $546.2 million for the second quarter of 2023, with total service revenue increasing by 15% and inventory sales revenue increasing by 9%.

Total revenue increased 84% to $1.6 billion in the first six month of 2023, with total service revenue increasing by 116% and inventory sales revenue increasing by 35%. IAA contributed $640.3 million, or 40% of total revenue in the first six months of 2023 since its acquisition on March 20, 2023. Excluding IAA, total revenue increased 11% to $978.6 million for the first six months of 2023, with total service revenue increasing by 14% and inventory sales revenue increasing by 7%.

Commissions include revenue earned from consignors or sellers from the sale of assets from straight, fixed or guarantee commission contracts. Buyer fees include buyer fees earned from purchasers on the sale of inventory or consigned equipment. Marketplace services revenue includes fees earned from value-added services provided to customers such as refurbishment, parts, data, transportation and logistics, inspection, appraisal online listing, financing and title and liens processing.

Foreign currency fluctuation also had an unfavorable impact on our revenues, primarily due to the depreciation of the Canadian dollar and Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

​

Service Revenue

​

Service revenue is comprised of commissions earned on Service GTV, buyer fees earned on total GTV, as well as revenues earned from our marketplace services. In the second quarter of 2023, Service GTV increased 159% to $3.8 billion, primarily due to the inclusion of IAA, and particularly in the United States region.

​

In the second quarter of 2023, total service revenue increased 181% in line with higher Service GTV, with buyer fees increasing 435%, commissions increasing 71%, and marketplace services revenue increasing 71%.

Buyer fees increased 435% mainly driven by the inclusion of the first full quarter of IAA in the second quarter of 2023, contributing $361.4 million, or 78%, of total buyer fees driven by increased buyer fees and volume growth. Excluding IAA, we also saw higher

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buyer fees from minimum buyer fee rate increases implemented in early 2023. In addition, buyer fees increased as a result of a higher proportion of low value lots sold in the United States and a favorable mix of contracts with higher buyer fees in Australia.

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Marketplace services revenue increased 71% in the second quarter of 2023 driven by the inclusion of the first full quarter of IAA, which contributed 64% of the increase, and primarily included title and liens processing fees, and auction related buyer services and subscription fees. Excluding IAA, we also saw higher marketplace services revenue from increased activity in our ancillary services in North America, in line with the increase in GTV volume and higher document fees from document fee rate increases implemented in early 2023 as well as from the harmonization of document fee rates in our online marketplaces. Further increases to marketplace services revenue were driven by the inclusion of transportation services revenue from VeriTread, as well as by higher online listing fees in the United States.

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Commissions revenue increased 71%, less than the 159% increase in Service GTV, mainly due to the inclusion of IAA as IAA earns lower commission rates on Service GTV through its fixed fee commission contracts with its consignors. In addition, we saw lower straight commission rate performances in the United States attributable to higher volumes sold by our strategic accounts teams, as well as in Canada from softer straight commission rate performances on several large contracts in the oil and gas sector, which were made strategically to continue to remain competitive.

For the first six months of 2023, total service revenue increased 116%, in line with higher Service GTV, with buyer fees increasing 272%, marketplace services revenue increasing 56%, and commissions increasing 44%. Buyer fees increased 272% mainly due to the inclusion of IAA, increased buyer fee rates and due to the higher proportion of low value lots in the United States. Marketplace services revenue increased 56% mainly for the same reasons as discussed above. Commissions revenue increased 44%, less than the 101% increase in Service GTV, mainly for the same reasons as discussed above.

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Inventory Sales Revenue

In the second quarter of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 52% mainly due to the inclusion of IAA for the full quarter, which contributed 82% of the increase. Excluding IAA, the United States saw higher activity, but with a softer performance on a large inventory package in the utilities sector. Offsetting these increases, in International, we saw a lower volume of inventory sales in Australia.

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For the first six months of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 35% primarily for the same reasons as discussed above. In addition, we saw higher inventory sales revenue in the United States as a result of a higher mix of inventory packages sourced from our strategic accounts teams, partially offset by the non-repeat of a large inventory package dispersal of construction equipment. In International, an event which did not repeat in Australia also contributed to lower inventory revenue.

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Costs of Services

​

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, costs of services increased 538% to $287.3 million and 332% to $363.7 million, respectively, of which IAA accounted for 82% and 71%, respectively. Cost of services for IAA includes direct expenses at auction yards which conduct regular weekly events, employee compensation expenses, building and facility costs including operating lease costs for auction sites, as well as costs to provide title, search and towing services to buyers. Excluding IAA, cost of services increased due to higher ancillary costs, in line with higher ancillary revenue, and higher compensation expenses arising from higher GTV and lot growth, mainly in the United States and Canada.

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Cost of Inventory Sold

​

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, inventory rate decreased to 2.8% from 11.0% and 5.5% from 11.3%, respectively, mainly driven by unfavorable pricing conditions, particularly in North America. Pricing of construction and transportation assets continues to decrease year-over-year on a mix adjusted basis as original equipment manufacturer production has caught up to end market demand following COVID-19 driven supply chain constraints. We also saw softer performances on certain inventory packages across all regions where prices declined faster than anticipated between the purchase and sale date of inventory.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, cost of inventory sold increased 66% to $291.9 million and 44% to $443.4 million, respectively, while inventory sales revenue increased 52% and 35%, respectively. Cost of inventory sold increased at a higher rate than the increase in inventory sales revenue as a result of softer performances on our inventory contracts driven by unfavorable pricing conditions, primarily in North America, offset by higher inventory rates due to the inclusion of IAA.

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Selling, General and Administrative

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In the second quarter of 2023, selling, general and administrative expenses increased 35% to $194.5 million mainly due to the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter, which contributed 91% of the increase mainly relating to employee compensation expenses. Excluding IAA expenses, the remaining increase was primarily due to higher advertising and promotion expenses to promote new sales initiatives, and higher building, facilities and technology costs as we continue to shift to cloud-based solutions to improve customer and employee experiences. These increases were partially offset by lower professional fees driven by higher capitalization of costs in the development of our modern technology to support our future marketplace and services strategy. We also saw lower employee compensation expenses driven by lower share-based payment expenses primarily due to fewer share-based awards granted and lower performance-based incentive compensation, partially offset by higher wages due to an increase in headcount.

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For the first six months of 2023, selling, general and administrative expenses increased 27% to $342.7 million, primarily due to the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter, which contributed 73% of the increase mainly relating to employee compensation expenses. Excluding IAA expenses, the increase was mainly due to higher travel, advertising and promotion costs from increased activity in global travel, particularly within the sales group. We also saw higher marketing costs to promote new sales initiatives, as well as higher meetings and conferences costs to facilitate meetings with customers and attend certain conferences and tradeshow events. Employee compensation expenses also increased, driven by an increase in headcount to accelerate our sales growth initiatives. Further increases include higher building, facilities and technology costs, as discussed above. These increases were partially offset by lower professional fees, as discussed above.

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Acquisition-related and Integration Costs

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, acquisition-related and integration costs increased 1,262% to $46.3 million and 1,227% to $172.5 million, respectively, given the significant financing, legal, investment banking, advisory, and consulting costs incurred relating to the acquisition and ongoing integration of IAA. In addition, for the benefit of the combined business, a net $16.3 million expense was recognized during the second quarter of 2023 as settlement for the termination of a non-compete agreement bound by IAA prior to the acquisition. We also incurred higher severance costs to certain key executives of IAA and employees of the combined business as a result of restructuring and integrating the businesses, as well as higher share-based payments expense due to the acceleration of their share-based payment awards upon termination.

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Operating Income

For the second quarter of 2023, operating income increased 96% to $179.6 million, primarily driven by the inclusion of the first full quarter of operating income from IAA. We also saw higher flow through from higher service revenue, partially offset by higher cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses. In connection with the acquisition of IAA, we also saw higher depreciation and amortization driven by the first full quarter of amortization on the acquired intangible assets and higher acquisition-related and integration costs, as discussed above.

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For the first six months of 2023, operating income decreased 52% primarily driven by the $169.1 million gain on property, plant and equipment from the sale of the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022 that did not recur in the current period. Operating income was flat when excluding the impact of the gain, with flow through from higher revenue offset by higher acquisition-related and integration costs, and higher depreciation and amortization, as discussed above.

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Income Tax Expense and Effective Tax Rate

At the end of each interim period, we estimate the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. The estimate reflects, among other items, management’s best estimate of operating results. It does not include the estimated impact of foreign exchange rates or unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and income before income taxes.

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For the second quarter of 2023, income tax expense increased by 51% to $32.6 million and our effective tax rate decreased 140 bps to 27.4% as compared to the second quarter of 2022. For the first six months of 2023, income tax expense decreased 60% to $23.4 million, and our effective tax rate increased 850 bps to 28.5% as compared to the six months of 2022.

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The decrease in the effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2023 was primarily due to a higher estimated benefit related to Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (“FDII”). Partially offsetting this decrease was a higher estimate of non-deductible expenses.

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The increase in the effective tax rate for the first six months of 2023 compared to the first six months of 2022 was primarily due an increase in the estimate of non-deductible expenses and the non-recurrence of the non-taxable gain portion on the sale of a parcel of land including all buildings in Bolton, Ontario. Partially offsetting these increases were a higher estimated benefit related to FDII, a higher tax deduction for performance share unit and restrictive share unit expenses that exceeded the related compensation expenses, and a benefit on the revaluation of opening deferred liabilities.

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Net Income

​

In the second quarter of 2023, net income attributable to controlling interests increased 63% to $86.9 million primarily driven by an increase in operating income as well as a lower effective tax rate as discussed above, partially offset by higher interest expense from a rise in interest rates and higher debt to fund the acquisition of IAA.

For the first six months of 2023, net income attributable to controlling interests decreased 75% to $58.8 million, mainly due to a decrease in operating income driven by the $169.1 million gain on property, plant and equipment recognized related to the sale of the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022, as well as higher interest expense as discussed above. This decrease in net income was partially offset by an income tax benefit due to a higher effective tax rate, as discussed above.

Diluted EPS

Diluted EPS available to common stockholders decreased 13% to $0.42 per share and decreased 86% to $0.29 per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

In February 2023, we issued $485.0 million of Series A Senior Preferred Shares and $15.0 million of common shares to Starboard. As the preferred equity is considered a participating security, we calculate diluted EPS using the two-class method, which includes the effects of the assumed conversion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares to common shares, as well as the effect of any shares issuable under the Company’s stock-based incentive plans, if such effect is dilutive. Under this method, earnings are allocated to holders of common stock and preferred stock based on dividends declared and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings. As a result, our net income available to common stockholders is lower by the cumulative dividends and allocated earnings to Series A Senior Preferred shareholders.

Non-GAAP Measures

As part of management’s non-GAAP measures, we may eliminate the financial impact of certain items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results.

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Adjusted operating income increased 136% to $281.0 million in the second quarter of 2023.

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Adjusted net income available to common stockholders increased 87% to $155.3 million in the second quarter of 2023.

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Diluted adjusted EPS available to common stockholders increased 15% to $0.85 per share in the second quarter of 2023.

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Adjusted EBITDA increased 126% to $307.8 million in the second quarter of 2023.

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Refer to the non-GAAP measures section below on pages 54-61 for further information.

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U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate Comparison

We conduct global operations in many different currencies, with our presentation currency being the U.S. dollar. The following table presents the variance in select foreign exchange rates over the comparative reporting periods:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | % Change
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 2023 over | ​
Value of one local currency to U.S. dollar |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022 | ​
Period-end exchange rate - June 30, |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Canadian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.7550 | ​ | ​ | 0.7768 |  | (3) | %
Euro | ​ |  | 1.0909 | ​ |  | 1.0477 |  | 4 | %
British pound sterling | ​ | ​ | 1.2674 | ​ | ​ | 1.2165 | ​ | 4 | %
Australian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.6658 | ​ | ​ | 0.6898 | ​ | (3) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average exchange rate - Three months ended June 30, | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Canadian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.7445 | ​ | ​ | 0.7836 |  | (5) | %
Euro | ​ | ​ | 1.0898 | ​ |  | 1.0658 |  | 2 | %
British pound sterling | ​ | ​ | 1.2514 | ​ | ​ | 1.2579 | ​ | (1) | %
Australian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.6683 | ​ | ​ | 0.7151 | ​ | (7) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average exchange rate - Six months ended June 30, | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Canadian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.7421 | ​ | ​ | 0.7864 |  | (6) | %
Euro | ​ | ​ | 1.0815 | ​ |  | 1.0941 |  | (1) | %
British pound sterling | ​ | ​ | 1.2330 | ​ | ​ | 1.3000 | ​ | (5) | %
Australian dollar | ​ | ​ | 0.6762 | ​ | ​ | 0.7194 | ​ | (6) | %

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In the second quarter of 2023, foreign exchange had an unfavorable impact on total revenue and a favorable impact on expenses when compared to the prior year quarter. These impacts were primarily due to the fluctuations in the Canadian dollar, and Australian dollar exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar.

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Key Operating Metrics

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We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key operating metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, and make operating decisions. We believe these key operating metrics are useful to investors because management uses these metrics to assess the growth of our business and the effectiveness of our operational strategies.

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We define our key operating metrics as follows:

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Gross transaction value: Represents total proceeds from all items sold at the Company’s auctions and online marketplaces. GTV is not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, and is not presented in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Total service revenue take rate: Total service revenue divided by total GTV.

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Inventory return: Inventory sales revenue less cost of inventory sold.

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Inventory rate: Inventory return divided by inventory sales revenue.

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Total lots sold: A single asset to be sold, or a group of assets bundled for sale as one unit. Low value assets are sometimes bundled into a single lot, collectively referred to as “small value lots.”

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Historically, we reported total lots sold excluding lots sold in our GovPlanet business. Commencing in the first quarter of 2023, as a result of a change in management organizational structure and the acquisition of IAA, management reviews all auction metrics of the combined businesses as a whole, which includes GovPlanet. In addition, the total bids per lot sold metric was historically used by management as a key metric. This metric has been discontinued since the first quarter of 2023 as it is no longer considered meaningful when reviewing the auction metrics of the combined business and of our one reportable segment.

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Gross Transaction Value

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We believe it is meaningful to consider revenue in relation to GTV. Total GTV and revenue by geography are presented below, along with comparative periods.

GTV by Geography

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 | ​
Total GTV by Geography | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United States | ​ | $ | 2,911.5 | ​ | $ | 803.6 | ​ | 262 | % | ​ | $ | 4,312.4 |  | $ | 1,723.4 | ​ | 150 | %
Canada | ​ | ​ | 890.2 | ​ | ​ | 626.4 | ​ | 42 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,182.1 |  | ​ | 936.2 | ​ | 26 | %
International | ​ | ​ | 342.3 | ​ | ​ | 254.3 | ​ | 35 | % | ​ | ​ | 548.7 |  | ​ | 463.8 | ​ | 18 | %
Total GTV | ​ | $ | 4,144.0 | ​ | $ | 1,684.3 | ​ | 146 | % | ​ | $ | 6,043.2 |  | $ | 3,123.4 | ​ | 93 | %
​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Service GTV by Geography | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |
United States | ​ | $ | 2,762.3 |  | $ | 736.3 | ​ | 275 | % | ​ | $ | 4,060.2 |  | $ | 1,567.4 | ​ | 159 | %
Canada | ​ | ​ | 851.3 | ​ | ​ | 586.9 | ​ | 45 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,128.9 |  | ​ | 887.7 | ​ | 27 | %
International | ​ | ​ | 229.8 | ​ | ​ | 163.0 | ​ | 41 | % | ​ | ​ | 384.7 |  | ​ | 321.2 | ​ | 20 | %
Total Service GTV1 | ​ | $ | 3,843.4 | ​ | $ | 1,486.2 | ​ | 159 | % | ​ | $ | 5,573.8 | ​ | $ | 2,776.3 | ​ | 101 | %

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1 Service GTV is calculated as total GTV less inventory sales revenue

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Revenue by Geography

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30,
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) | ​ |  | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 2023 over 2022 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022
United States | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Service revenue | ​ | $ | 606.8 | ​ | $ | 148.1 | ​ | ​ | 310 | % | ​ | $ | 863.9 | ​ | $ | 307.4 | ​ | 181 | %
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 147.5 | ​ | ​ | 67.4 | ​ | ​ | 119 | % | ​ | ​ | 250.5 |  | ​ | 156.0 | ​ | 61 | %
Total revenue - United States | ​ |  | 754.3 |  | ​ | 215.5 | ​ | ​ | 250 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,114.4 |  | ​ | 463.4 | ​ | 140 | %
Canada | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Service revenue | ​ | ​ | 149.8 | ​ | ​ | 104.0 | ​ | ​ | 44 | % | ​ | ​ | 203.6 | ​ | ​ | 160.2 | ​ | 27 | %
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 38.5 | ​ | ​ | 39.4 | ​ | ​ | (2) | % | ​ | ​ | 53.0 |  | ​ | 48.5 | ​ | 9 | %
Total revenue - Canada | ​ |  | 188.3 | ​ | ​ | 143.4 | ​ | ​ | 31 | % | ​ | ​ | 256.6 |  | ​ | 208.7 | ​ | 23 | %
International | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Service revenue | ​ | ​ | 49.5 | ​ | ​ | 34.4 | ​ | ​ | 44 | % | ​ | ​ | 82.1 | ​ | ​ | 63.8 | ​ | 29 | %
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 114.4 |  | ​ | 91.2 | ​ | ​ | 25 | % | ​ | ​ | 165.8 |  | ​ | 142.6 | ​ | 16 | %
Total revenue - International | ​ |  | 163.9 |  | ​ | 125.6 | ​ | ​ | 30 | % | ​ | ​ | 247.9 |  | ​ | 206.4 | ​ | 20 | %
Total | ​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Service revenue | ​ | ​ | 806.1 | ​ | ​ | 286.5 | ​ | ​ | 181 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,149.6 | ​ | ​ | 531.4 | ​ | 116 | %
Inventory sales revenue | ​ |  | 300.4 |  | ​ | 198.0 | ​ | ​ | 52 | % | ​ | ​ | 469.3 |  | ​ | 347.1 | ​ | 35 | %
Total revenue | ​ | $ | 1,106.5 | ​ | $ | 484.5 | ​ | ​ | 128 | % | ​ | $ | 1,618.9 |  | $ | 878.5 | ​ | 84 | %

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United States

In the second quarter of 2023, service revenue increased 310% primarily due to a 275% increase in Service GTV, driven mainly from the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter as well as higher volumes executed by our strategic accounts team. The majority of the contribution from IAA was driven by increased buyer fees and volume growth and includes fixed fee commissions earned from the sale of vehicles. Excluding IAA, we also saw an increase in buyer fees, driven by an increase in minimum buyer fee rates implemented in early 2023 and additional fees earned from a higher proportion of lower value lots. Marketplace service revenue also increased, primarily due to higher activity in our ancillary services, in line with higher GTV volume, as well as higher document fees driven by fee increases implemented in early 2023. Further increases to marketplace service revenue relate to the harmonization of document fees in our online marketplaces implemented in Q4 2022, higher online listing fees due to an increase in online activity, and inclusion of VeriTread from its acquisition in the beginning of 2023. These increases were partially offset by lower straight commission rate performances due to a higher proportion of GTV sourced from our strategic accounts.

For the first six months of 2023, service revenue increased 181% while Service GTV increased 159%, primarily for the same reasons as discussed above. In addition, we saw lower guarantee rate performance from the non-repeat of several high performing guarantee contracts.

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In the second quarter of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 119% primarily driven by a higher volume of inventory contracts despite softer performances from an inventory package in the utilities sector, and on certain other inventory packages where prices declined more rapidly than originally anticipated.

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For the first six months of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 61% primarily due to a higher mix of inventory packages sourced from our strategic account teams, partially offset by the non-repeat of a large inventory package dispersal of construction equipment.

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Canada

In the second quarter of 2023, service revenue increased 44%, in line with the increase in Service GTV of 45%. Service revenue increased mainly from the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter. Excluding IAA, we also saw higher buyer fees from higher minimum buyer fee rates implemented in early 2023, partially offset by softer straight commission rate performances on several large contracts in the oil and gas sector.

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For the first six months of 2023, service revenue increased 27% in line with the increase in Service GTV of 27%.

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In the second quarter of 2023, inventory sales revenue decreased 2% primarily due to softer year-over-year performances on several large inventory packages, driven by pricing declines, partially offset by the inclusion of IAA.

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For the first six months of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 9% mainly due to the inclusion of IAA, partially offset by the softer year-over-year performances on several large inventory packages, as discussed above.

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International

In the second quarter of 2023, service revenue increased 44% primarily in line with the increase in Service GTV of 41%, mainly due to the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter. Excluding IAA, we also saw higher buyer fees from higher minimum buyer fee rates implemented in early 2023 and higher buyer fees from Australia due to favorable contract mix. In addition, we saw higher marketplace service revenue from increased activity in our ancillary services.

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For the first six months of 2023, service revenue increased 29% primarily due to the 20% increase in Service GTV, mainly due to the inclusion of IAA for the first full quarter. We also saw higher buyer fees and marketplace service revenue primarily for the same reasons as discussed above.

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In the second quarter of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 25%, mainly driven by the inclusion of IAA for the full quarter, partially offset by a lower volume of inventory contracts mainly in Australia.

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For the first six months of 2023, inventory sales revenue increased 16% primarily for the same reasons as discussed above. In addition, we also saw lower inventory sales revenue due to the non-repeat of an auction event in Australia.

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GTV by Sector

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The following table illustrates the breakdown of total GTV by sector for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022.

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The automotive sector includes all consumer automotive vehicles. The commercial construction and transportation sector includes heavy equipment such as excavators, dozers, lift and material handling, vocational and commercial trucks and trailers. The other sector primarily includes assets and equipment sold in the agricultural, forestry and energy industries, and government surplus assets, as well as smaller consumer recreational transportation items. All sectors include salvage and non-salvage transactions.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |  | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |
Automotive | ​ | $ | 2,107.9 | ​ | $ | 52.0 | ​ | 3,954 | % | ​ | $ | 2,439.6 | ​ | $ | 91.2 | ​ | 2,575 | %
Commercial construction and transportation | ​ | ​ | 1,482.3 | ​ | ​ | 1,156.1 | ​ | 28 | % | ​ | ​ | 2,672.3 | ​ | ​ | 2,182.3 | ​ | 22 | %
Other | ​ | ​ | 553.8 |  | ​ | 476.2 | ​ | 16 | % | ​ | ​ | 931.3 | ​ | ​ | 849.9 | ​ | 10 | %
​ | ​ | $ | 4,144.0 | ​ | $ | 1,684.3 | ​ | 146 | % | ​ | $ | 6,043.2 | ​ | $ | 3,123.4 | ​ | 93 | %

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In the second quarter of 2023, total GTV compared to the second quarter of 2022 increased by 3,954% in the automotive sector, due to the inclusion of IAA. GTV increased by 28% in the commercial construction and transportation sector mainly in the United States driven by volume sourced in strategic accounts, partially offset by lower selling prices and unfavorable asset mix. GTV increased 16% in the other sector mainly driven by increased volume of sales of agricultural equipment and consumer items.

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For the first six months of 2023, total GTV compared to the first six months of 2022 increased by 2,575% in the automotive sector and increased by 22% in the commercial construction and transportation sector mainly for the same reasons as discussed above. GTV increased 10% in other sector mainly driven by increased volume in industrial equipment and consumer items.

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Total Lots Sold by Sector

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The following table illustrates the breakdown of total lots sold by sector for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in '000's of lots sold, except percentages) | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |  | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ |  | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |
Automotive | ​ | ​ | 574.0 | ​ | ​ | 5.8 | ​ | 9,797 | % | ​ | ​ | 661.6 | ​ |  | 9.9 | ​ | 6,583 | %
Commercial construction and transportation | ​ | ​ | 84.4 | ​ | ​ | 47.9 | ​ | 76 | % | ​ | ​ | 141.0 | ​ |  | 87.1 | ​ | 62 | %
Other | ​ | ​ | 142.9 |  | ​ | 115.0 | ​ | 24 | % | ​ | ​ | 248.2 | ​ |  | 199.0 | ​ | 25 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | 801.3 | ​ | ​ | 168.7 | ​ | 375 | % | ​ | ​ | 1,050.8 | ​ | ​ | 296.0 | ​ | 255 | %

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In the second quarter of 2023, the total lots sold compared to the second quarter of 2022 increased by 9,797% in the automotive sector due to the inclusion of lots sold from IAA. Total lots sold increased in the commercial construction and transportation sector by 76% and increased by 24% in the other assets sector, in part driven by the inclusion of IAA. Excluding IAA, the increases were driven by a higher proportion of low value lots sold primarily in the United States.

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For the first six months of 2023, the total lots sold compared to the first six months of 2022 increased by 6,583% in the automotive sector, 62% in the commercial construction and transportation sector and 25% in the other sector primarily for the same reasons as discussed above.

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Credit Facilities

We have a credit agreement which is comprised of multicurrency revolving facilities (the “Revolving Facilities”) and a delayed-draw term loan facility (the “DDTL Facility”), and the Term Loan A facility (the “TLA Facility” and together with the Revolving Facilities and DDTL Facility, the “Facilities”).

In connection with the IAA acquisition, the Company entered into a debt commitment letter with certain financial institutions that committed to provide, subject to the terms and conditions, a bridge loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $2.8 billion and a backstop revolving facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $750.0 million. The Company subsequently amended the terms of its Credit Agreement which, among other things, permitted the acquisition of IAA and served to terminate the backstop commitments (including the revolving backstop facility and $88.9 million of bridge commitments that served as a backstop for its existing term loans under the credit agreement) and replaced an additional $1.8 billion of bridge commitments with the TLA Facility.

The Credit Agreement was amended in December 2022, which, among other things, (i) permitted the proposed merger with IAA, (ii) provided commitments for the TLA Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.8 billion to be used to finance, in part, the IAA acquisition, and (iii) provided the Company the ability to borrow up to $200.0 million of the Revolving Facilities under the Credit Agreement on a limited conditionality basis to finance, in part, the IAA acquisition.

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On March 20, 2023, with the acquisition of IAA, the TLA Facility of $1.8 billion was funded. The TLA Facility is comprised of a facility denominated in US dollars (“USD TLA Facility”) and a facility denominated in Canadian dollars (“CAD TLA Facility”). The Company’s existing DDTL Facility of CAD $115.9 million was refinanced and converted to the CAD TLA Facility, an alternative currency term rate loan. On June 30, 2023, we repaid $100.0 million of principal as permitted by the Credit Agreement, $22.8 million of which was mandatory and due on June 30, 2023 and $77.2 million of which was voluntary.

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Credit facilities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

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(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) |  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | % Change |
Committed |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
DDTL Facility | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 85.5 |  | (100) | %
Term Loan A Facility (denominated in Canadian dollars) | ​ | ​ | 85.3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Term Loan A Facility (denominated in US dollars) | ​ | ​ | 1,725.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Revolving credit facilities | ​ |  | 750.0 | ​ |  | 750.0 |  | — | %
Uncommitted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revolving credit facilities | ​ | ​ | 10.0 | ​ | ​ | 10.0 | ​ | — | %
Total credit facilities | ​ | $ | 2,570.3 | ​ | $ | 845.5 |  | 204 | %
Unused | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Revolving credit facilities | ​ |  | 715.9 | ​ |  | 709.8 |  | 1 | %
Total credit facilities unused | ​ | $ | 715.9 | ​ | $ | 709.8 |  | 1 | %

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Revolving Credit Facilities

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At June 30, 2023, of the $760.0 million in revolving credit facilities, $750.0 million relates to our syndicated credit facility and $10.0 million relates to credit facilities in certain foreign jurisdictions.

On June 30, 2023, we had $725.9 million of unused revolving credit facilities, which consisted of:

● | $715.9 million under our Credit Agreement that expires on September 21, 2026;

● | $5.0 million under a foreign credit facility that expires on October 27, 2023; and

● | $5.0 million under a foreign demand credit facility that has no maturity date.

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Term Loan Facility

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The amendment to the Credit Agreement made in September 2021 (i) extended the maturity date of the Facilities from October 27, 2023 to September 21, 2026, (ii) increased the total size of the Facilities provided under the Credit Agreement to up to $1.045 billion, including $295.0 million of commitments under the DDTL Facility, (iii) reduced the applicable margin for base rate loans and LIBOR loans at each pricing tier level, (iv) reduced the applicable percentage per annum used to calculate the commitment fee in respect of the unused commitments under the Facilities at each pricing tier level, and (v) included customary provisions to provide for the eventual replacement of LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate. Under the terms of the September 2021 amendment, mandatory principal repayments began in the third quarter of 2022 and were subject to an annual amortization rate of 5%, payable in quarterly installments, with the balance payable at maturity. The remaining $205.0 million commitment under the DDTL Facility was not drawn and accordingly expired on June 28, 2022. We did not make any voluntary prepayments to our drawn DDTL in 2022.

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On March 20, 2023, under the terms of the December 2022 amendment to the Credit Agreement, with the close of the acquisition of IAA, certain amended terms became effective. Specifically, the Credit Agreement amendment (i) increased the total size of the Facilities provided under the Credit Agreement to up to $2.7 billion, including $1.9 billion of commitments under the TLA Facility, (ii) increased the appropriate margin for base rate loans, and SOFR loans at each pricing tier level, and (iii) increased the applicable percentage per annum used to calculate the various fees such as the commitment fees and letter of credit fees under the Facilities at each pricing tier level. In addition, on March 20, 2023, the Company converted its existing CAD DDTL Facility into the CAD TLA Facility, which continues to be subject to an annual amortization rate of 5% payable in quarterly installments, with the balance also payable at maturity. Under the amended terms, mandatory principal repayments on the USD TLA Facility begin in the second quarter of 2023 and are subject to quarterly instalments of 1.25% of the $1.8 billion principal amount outstanding with the balance payable at maturity.

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Senior Secured and Unsecured Notes

At December 31, 2022, we had senior unsecured notes (the “2016 Notes”) outstanding that were to expire on January 15, 2025 for an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million, bearing an interest rate of 5.375% per annum. The proceeds of the offering of the 2016 Notes were used to finance the IronPlanet acquisition. The 2016 Notes were redeemed on March 20, 2023 at 100.0% of the original offering price of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Company expensed the unamortized debt issue costs of $3.3 million in interest expense in the consolidated income statement during the first quarter of 2023.

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On March 15, 2023, to finance the acquisition of IAA, we completed the offering of two series of senior notes: (i) $550.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.750% senior secured notes due March 15, 2028 and (ii) $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.750% senior unsecured notes due March 15, 2031 (together the “2023 Notes”).

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On December 21, 2021, we completed the offering of two series of senior notes: (i) $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.750% senior notes due December 15, 2031 and (ii) $425.0 million Canadian dollar aggregate principal amount of 4.950% due December 15, 2029 (together the “2021 Notes”). On May 4, 2022, the Company redeemed all of the 2021 Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest as the proposed Euro Auctions Acquisition was not completed.

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Debt Covenants

We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants applicable to our credit facilities at June 30, 2023.

Our ability to borrow under our syndicated revolving credit facility is subject to compliance with financial covenants of a consolidated leverage ratio and a consolidated interest coverage ratio. In the event of sustained deterioration of global markets and economies, we expect the covenants pertaining to our leverage ratio would be the most restrictive to our ability to access funding under our Credit Agreement. We continue to evaluate courses of action to maintain current levels of liquidity and compliance with our debt covenants.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

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On March 20, 2023, the Company closed the acquisition of IAA for a total fair value of consideration transferred of $6.6 billion. This included cash consideration of $1.7 billion and repayment of approximately $1.2 billion of IAA’s debt which was not legally assumed as part of the transaction, which was funded through a combination of cash from our balance sheet, proceeds of $1.8 billion from the TLA Facility and proceeds from the completed offering of the 2023 Notes. As we repaid IAA’s net debt at acquisition, which included all borrowings under its existing credit agreement and senior notes, IAA was acquired debt-free. During the first quarter of 2023, we also completed the acquisition of VeriTread and paid $28.2 million cash consideration.

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On February 1, 2023, we issued $485.0 million Series A Senior Preferred Shares, a participating security, convertible into common shares at a price of $73.00 per share and $15.0 million of common shares to Starboard.

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In addition, we redeemed our 2016 Notes of $500.0 million principal at 100% of its original offering price, plus accrued and unpaid interest at the closing of the IAA acquisition.

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Our short-term cash requirements include (i) payment of quarterly dividends to common shareholders on an as-declared basis, and payment of participating dividends and preferential dividends to preferred equity holders, (ii) settlement of contracts with consignors and other suppliers, (iii) personnel expenditures, with a majority of bonuses paid annually in the first quarter following each fiscal year, (iv) income tax payments, primarily paid in quarterly installments, (v) payments on short-term debt and long-term debt, (vi) payment of amounts committed under certain service agreements to build our modern IT architecture, (vii) payments on our operating and finance lease obligations, (viii) other capital expenditures and working capital needs, and (ix) advances. In the current rising interest rate environment, the Company intends to continue to evaluate and pursue the most financially beneficial arrangements to fund future capital expenditures, including entering into finance leases or purchasing outright with cash.

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We believe that our existing working capital and availability under our credit facilities are sufficient to satisfy our present operating requirements and contractual obligations. Our long-term cash requirements include:

| ● | Debt principal repayments of $3.2 billion, of which $35.7 million is due within a year, a year, including $18.6 million of mandatory principal repayments, as well as $99.1 million of fixed-rate interest payments on the 2023 Notes and an estimated $139.8 million of variable-rate interest payments on the Credit Facilities, also due within one year. For more information on our debt, including the maturity dates of our long-term debt, see Note 18 in our consolidated financial statements.

| ● | Operating and finance lease obligations relating to the Company’s commercial leases for various auctions sites, branches and offices, operating leases for computer equipment, software, motor vehicles and small office equipment, and finance lease arrangements for certain vehicles, computers, yard equipment, fixtures, and office furniture. For more information on our leases, see Note 22 in our consolidated financial statements. Our payment obligations on our lease obligations increased during the quarter as a result of the inclusion of IAA, as IAA leases most of its auction sites and properties.

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Cash provided by operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period. We assess our liquidity based on our ability to generate cash and secure credit to fund operating, investing, and financing activities. Our liquidity is primarily affected by fluctuations in cash provided by operating activities, significant acquisitions of businesses, payment of dividends, our net capital spending1, and repayments of debt. We are also committed under various letters of credit and provide certain guarantees in the normal course of business. We believe our principal sources of liquidity, which include cash flow from operations and our unused capacity under our revolving credit facilities of $719.4 million, is sufficient to fund our current and planned operating activities.

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Most of the financial institutions IAA utilizes place a temporary hold on the availability of funds deposited for up to two business days, resulting in the deposited cash being unavailable for use until the temporary hold is lifted. These are considered outstanding checks, or book overdrafts, to sellers and vendors. As a portion of these outstanding checks for operations are drawn upon bank accounts at financial institutions other than the financial institutions that hold the deposited cash, we are unable to offset all the cash and the outstanding checks on our consolidated balance sheet at any given time. Book overdrafts are recognized on our consolidated balance sheet within trade and other liabilities.

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1 | We calculate net capital spending as property, plant and equipment additions plus intangible asset additions less proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment.

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If we were to consider further acquisitions to deliver on our strategic growth drivers, we may seek financing through equity markets or additional debt markets. The issuance of additional equity securities may result in dilution to our shareholders. Issuance of preferred equity securities could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. Further, this additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all.

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Cash Flows

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 |
Cash provided by (used in): |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
Operating activities | ​ | $ | 49.9 | ​ | $ | 198.0 | ​ | (75) | %
Investing activities | ​ |  | (2,892.5) | ​ |  | 140.3 | ​ | (2,162) | %
Financing activities | ​ |  | 2,784.2 | ​ |  | (1,156.3) | ​ | (341) | %
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates | ​ |  | 5.8 | ​ |  | (12.8) | ​ | (145) | %
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | $ | (52.6) | ​ | $ | (830.8) | ​ | (94) | %

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Net cash provided by operating activities was $49.9 million in the first six months of 2023, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $198.0 million in the first six months of 2022. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $148.1 million mainly due to a net cash outflow from the change in operating assets and liabilities. This change was mainly driven by the timing, size, and number of auctions, as well as higher income tax payments made during the first six months of 2023 in comparison to prior year, due to timing of instalments and the payment of taxes owed for the taxable gain portion on the sale of the Bolton property. With the inclusion of IAA from March 20, 2023, we also saw net higher outflows for prepaid consigned vehicle charges and operating lease payments this year. Further cash outflows relate to the timing of payments for deposits and a non-repeat of interest prepayments in the prior year quarter relating to senior notes issued in 2021. The above increases in outflow were partially offset by the amount of book overdrafts from the inclusion of IAA, payments for trade accounts payable and other liabilities, and the timing of employee compensation payments, as well as lower net outflows from inventory purchases in the first six months of 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year.

Net cash used in investing activities was $2.9 billion in the first six months of 2023 as compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $140.3 million in the first six months of 2022. Net cash used in investing activities increased $3.0 billion, primarily due to approximately $2.8 billion of cash outflow for the acquisitions of IAA and VeriTread in the first quarter of 2023. Further increases in outflows relate to the non-repeat of proceeds received for the sale of the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022 of $165.1 million. We also saw additional property, plant and equipment purchases of $92.2 million in the first six months of 2023, primarily due to the inclusion of IAA, which included the purchase of a property in the United States for $29.0 million that was subsequently sold in the same period for a gain of $2.0 million, and the purchase of the Amaranth property on March 30, 2023. In addition, intangible asset additions increased $29.2 million mainly for the development of software. These increases were partially offset by cash inflow of $31.1 million related to proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment, of which $29.0 million relates to the sale of the aforementioned property in the United States in the current quarter.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.8 billion in the first six months of 2023, as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $1.1 billion in the first six months of 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities increased $3.9 billion, mainly driven by financing raised through the TLA Facility for $1.8 billion and issuances of the 2023 Notes to fund the IAA acquisition in the first quarter of 2023. Further, we received $496.9 million of net proceeds from the issuance of $485.0 million of participating Series A Senior Preferred Shares and $15.0 million of common stock in the first quarter of 2023, net of issuance costs. We also repaid $602.2 million of long-term debt in the first half of 2023, for the redemption of our 2016 Notes and repayment of $100.0 million of debt on our USD TLA Facility, as compared to $1.1 billion repaid in the same period in 2022. These increases were partially offset by higher dividends paid in the first six months of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to payment of a special dividend on March 28, 2023, increase in the total number of shares outstanding as a result of shares issued in the acquisition of IAA and payment of quarterly dividends to Series A Senior preferred shareholders beginning in the first quarter of 2023. In addition, we also incurred $41.6 million of debt issuance costs in the first quarter of 2023 in connection with the financing of the TLA Facility and the 2023 Notes, compared to $3.6 million in the prior year.

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Dividend Information

We declared a dividend of $0.27 per common share for each of the quarters ended June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023. On March 7, 2023, we declared a special cash dividend of $1.08 per share, contingent on the closing of the acquisition of IAA, payable to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2023, excluding holders of Series A Preferred Shares (the “Special Dividend”). The Special Dividend was paid in cash on March 28, 2023 following the acquisition of IAA. We also recorded Preferential Dividends of $6.7 million, of which $1.1 million was accrued and unpaid as at June 30, 2023, and Participating Dividends of $1.8 million to the holders of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares on June 16, 2023. We have declared, but not yet paid, a dividend of $0.27 per common share for the quarter ended June 30, 2023. All dividends that we pay are “eligible dividends” for Canadian income tax purposes unless indicated otherwise.

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Debt over Net Income

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Debt at the end of the second quarter of 2023 represented 21.4 times net income at and for the twelve months ended June 30, 2023, compared to debt at the second quarter of 2022, which represented 2.2 times net income at and for the twelve months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in this debt/net income multiplier was primarily due to higher debt related to the IAA acquisition, as well as partial net income from IAA since March 20, 2023. Additionally, acquisition-related and integration costs in the twelve months ended June 30, 2023 were $159.4 million higher than the twelve months ended June 30, 2022. The adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA was 4.1 times at and for the twelve months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 0.7 times at and for the twelve months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in this debt/net income multiplier was due to the same reasons as discussed above.

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Return on Average Invested Capital

During the quarter ended September 30, 2022, we updated our calculation of return on average invested capital (“ROIC”) and adjusted ROIC. Refer to the non-GAAP measures section below, specifically our Adjusted Return and Adjusted ROIC Reconciliation, for further information.

ROIC decreased 1,440 bps to 4.1% for the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2023 from 18.5% for the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2022. This decrease is primarily due to an increase in the denominator mainly from the issuance of 70.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock for the acquisition of IAA and the issuance of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares in Q1 2023 and a decrease in net income driven by acquisition-related and integration costs incurred for the IAA and VeriTread acquisitions, as well as the non-repeat gain from the sale of the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022. Adjusted return on average invested capital decreased 660 bps to 8.5% during the twelve months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 15.0% in 2022, primarily due to the changes in the denominator as discussed above, partially offset by a higher adjusted return as a result of higher adjusted net income available to common stockholders.

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Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP, we must make decisions that impact the reported amounts and related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. In reaching such decisions, we apply judgments based on our understanding and analysis of the relevant circumstances and historical experience. At June 30, 2023, there were no material changes in our critical accounting policies, and there were no material changes in judgments, estimates and assumptions from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, or in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part I, Item 1: Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, other than revised estimates made during the period with respect to the fair values of certain assets and liabilities acquired in the acquisition of IAA.

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Refer to Note 3, Significant Judgements, Estimates and Assumptions, of the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Non-GAAP Measures

We reference various non-GAAP measures throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These measures do not have a standardized meaning and are, therefore, unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of this financial information, which is not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles, is not intended to be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with US GAAP.

In connection with the acquisition of IAA, the Company has begun to adjust for the impact of all purchase accounting adjustments. In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, the application of acquisition accounting resulted in substantial fair value adjustments to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of IAA, most notably in relation to intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets. Accordingly, all of the assets and liabilities of IAA were accounted for and recognized at fair value at acquisition, and the fair value adjustments will continue to amortize over their respective estimated useful lives in the periods following the acquisition. The Company believes that it is useful for investors to eliminate the effect of purchase accounting and that doing so provides valuable insights into how management manages the combined business. As such, the Company has adjusted for the effect of the incremental net depreciation on the step up in fair value of property, plant and equipment and the incremental net rent expense on the step up in the fair value of operating lease right-of-use assets. The Company has also adjusted for the amortization of acquired intangible assets and for the impact of purchase accounting on prepaid consigned vehicle charges.

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Adjusted Operating Income Reconciliation

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We believe that adjusted operating income provides useful information about the growth or decline of our operating income for the relevant financial period and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Adjusted operating income enhances our ability to evaluate and understand ongoing operations, underlying business profitability, and facilitate the allocation of resources.

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Adjusted operating income eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items from operating income, which are significant items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, such as share-based payments expense, acquisition-related and integration costs, amortization of acquired intangible assets, prepaid consigned vehicles charges, purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets, and certain other items, which we refer to as “adjusting items”.

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The following table reconciles adjusted operating income to operating income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure in our consolidated financial statements.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 |  |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 |
Operating income | ​ | $ | 179.6 | ​ | $ | 91.6 | ​ | 96 | % | ​ | $ | 154.7 | ​ | $ | 324.4 | ​ | (52) | %
Share-based payments expense | ​ | ​ | 12.3 | ​ | ​ | 13.6 | ​ | (10) | % | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | — | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ | ​ | 46.3 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | 1,262 | % | ​ | ​ | 172.5 | ​ | ​ | 13.0 | ​ | 1,227 | %
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | ​ | ​ | 76.0 | ​ | ​ | 8.4 | ​ | 805 | % | ​ | ​ | 92.7 | ​ | ​ | 17.0 | ​ | 445 | %
(Gain) loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | 1.2 | ​ | (225) | % | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | (168.7) | ​ | (99) | %
Prepaid consigned vehicles charges | ​ | ​ | (39.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | % | ​ | ​ | (52.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Other advisory, legal and restructuring costs | ​ | ​ | 0.5 | ​ | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | (55) | % | ​ | ​ | 0.7 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | (79) | %
Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets | ​ | ​ | 7.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | % | ​ | ​ | 7.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Adjusted operating income | ​ | $ | 281.0 | ​ | $ | 119.3 | ​ | 136 | % | ​ | $ | 393.5 | ​ | $ | 208.1 | ​ | 89 | %

(1) | Please refer to pages 62-64 for a summary of adjusting items during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

(2) | Adjusted operating income represents operating income excluding the effects of adjusting items.

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Adjusted Net Income Available to Common Stockholders and Diluted Adjusted EPS Available to Common Stockholders Reconciliation

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We believe that adjusted net income available to common stockholders provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income available to common stockholders for the relevant financial period and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Diluted adjusted EPS available to common stockholders eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items from net income available to common stockholders that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, such as share-based payments expense, acquisition-related and integration costs, amortization of acquired intangible assets, purchase accounting adjustments, and certain other items, which we refer to as “adjusting items”.

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On February 1, 2023, we sold $485.0 million of participating Series A Senior Preferred Shares, convertible into common shares of the Company at an initial conversion price of $73.00 per share, and $15.0 million of common shares of the Company. The preferred equity is considered a participating security, and as a result, beginning in the first quarter of 2023, the Company calculated diluted EPS using the two-class method, which includes the effects of the assumed conversion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares to common shares as well as the effect of any shares issuable under the Company’s stock-based incentive plans, if such effect is dilutive. Under this method, earnings are allocated to holders of common stock and preferred stock based on dividends declared and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings. During the second quarter and first six months of 2023, as a result, our net income available to common stockholders is lower by the cumulative dividends and allocated earnings to Series A Senior Preferred shareholders.

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The following table reconciles adjusted net income available to common stockholders and diluted adjusted EPS available to common stockholders to net income available to common stockholders and diluted EPS available to common stockholders, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except share, per share data, and percentages) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 |
Net income available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 77.4 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | 45 | % | ​ | $ | 44.2 | ​ | $ | 231.5 | ​ | (81) | %
Share-based payments expense | ​ | ​ | 12.3 | ​ | ​ | 13.6 | ​ | (10) | % | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | — | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ | ​ | 46.3 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | 1,262 | % | ​ | ​ | 172.5 | ​ | ​ | 13.0 | ​ | 1,227 | %
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | ​ | ​ | 76.0 | ​ | ​ | 8.4 | ​ | 805 | % | ​ | ​ | 92.7 | ​ | ​ | 17.0 | ​ | 445 | %
(Gain) loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | 1.2 | ​ | (225) | % | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | (168.7) | ​ | (99) | %
Gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | % | ​ | ​ | (1.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Prepaid consigned vehicles charges | ​ | ​ | (39.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | % | ​ | ​ | (52.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Loss on redemption of the 2021 Notes and certain related interest expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9.7 | ​ | (100) | % | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9.7 | ​ | (100) | %
Loss on redemption of the 2016 Notes | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | % | ​ | ​ | 3.3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Change in fair value of derivatives | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | % | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1.3) | ​ | (100) | %
Other advisory, legal and restructuring costs | ​ |  | 0.5 | ​ | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | (55) | % | ​ | ​ | 0.7 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | (79) | %
Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets | ​ | ​ | 7.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | % | ​ | ​ | 7.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Related tax effects of the above | ​ |  | (20.6) | ​ |  | (7.7) | ​ | 168 | % | ​ |  | (54.3) | ​ | ​ | 10.4 | ​ | (622) | %
Remeasurement of deferred tax in connection with business combination | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | % | ​ |  | (1.5) | ​ |  | — | ​ | (100) | %
Related allocation of the above to participating securities | ​ | ​ | (2.9) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | % | ​ | ​ | (4.6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Adjusted net income available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 155.3 | ​ | $ | 83.1 | ​ | 87 | % | ​ | $ | 224.5 | ​ | $ | 134.0 | ​ | 68 | %
Weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding | ​ |  | 182,810,399 | ​ |  | 111,705,102 |  | 64 | % | ​ |  | 152,404,830 | ​ |  | 111,681,644 |  | 36 | %
Diluted earnings per share available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 0.42 | ​ | $ | 0.48 | ​ | (13) | % | ​ | $ | 0.29 | ​ | $ | 2.07 | ​ | (86) | %
Diluted adjusted earnings per share available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 0.85 | ​ | $ | 0.74 | ​ | 15 | % | ​ | $ | 1.47 | ​ | $ | 1.20 | ​ | 23 | %

(1) | Please refer to pages 62-64 for a summary of adjusting items during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

(2) | Net income available to common stockholders is computed as: net income attributable to controlling interests less cumulative dividends on Series A Senior Preferred Shares and allocated earnings to participating securities.

(3) | Adjusted net income available to common stockholders represents net income available to common stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items.

(4) | Diluted adjusted EPS available to common stockholders is calculated by dividing adjusted net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding, except that it is computed based upon the lower of the two-class method or the if-converted method, which includes the effects of the assumed conversion of the Series A Senior Preferred Shares, and the effect of shares issuable under the Company’s stock-based incentive plans if such effect is dilutive.

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Adjusted EBITDA

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We believe adjusted EBITDA provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. We use adjusted EBITDA as a key performance measure because we believe it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period and it provides management with the ability to monitor its controllable incremental revenues and costs.

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The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 over |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 over |
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2022 |  | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2022 |
Net income | ​ | $ | 86.8 | ​ | $ | 53.4 | ​ | 63 | % | ​ | $ | 58.6 | ​ | $ | 231.5 | ​ | (75) | %
Add: depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 109.6 | ​ |  | 24.3 |  | 351 | % | ​ |  | 145.8 | ​ |  | 48.5 |  | 201 | %
Add: interest expense | ​ |  | 65.0 | ​ |  | 18.5 |  | 251 | % | ​ |  | 85.9 | ​ |  | 39.1 |  | 120 | %
Less: interest income | ​ |  | (5.0) | ​ |  | (0.9) |  | 456 | % | ​ |  | (11.3) | ​ |  | (1.4) |  | 707 | %
Add: income tax expense | ​ |  | 32.6 | ​ |  | 21.6 |  | 51 | % | ​ |  | 23.4 | ​ |  | 57.9 |  | (60) | %
EBITDA | ​ |  | 289.0 | ​ |  | 116.9 |  | 147 | % | ​ |  | 302.4 | ​ |  | 375.6 |  | (19) | %
Share-based payments expense | ​ | ​ | 12.3 | ​ | ​ | 13.6 | ​ | (10) | % | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | ​ | 19.0 | ​ | — | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ |  | 46.3 | ​ |  | 3.4 |  | 1,262 | % | ​ |  | 172.5 | ​ |  | 13.0 |  | 1,227 | %
(Gain) loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | 1.2 | ​ | (225) | % | ​ | ​ | (1.5) | ​ | ​ | (168.7) | ​ | (99) | %
Gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | % | ​ | ​ | (1.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Prepaid consigned vehicles charges | ​ | ​ | (39.7) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | % | ​ | ​ | (52.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Change in fair value of derivatives | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | % | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1.3) |  | (100) | %
Other advisory, legal and restructuring costs | ​ | ​ | 0.5 | ​ | ​ | 1.1 | ​ | (55) | % | ​ | ​ | 0.7 | ​ | ​ | 3.4 | ​ | (79) | %
Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | % | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | ​ | $ | 307.8 | ​ | $ | 136.2 | ​ | 126 | % | ​ | $ | 440.5 | ​ | $ | 241.0 | ​ | 83 | %

(1) | Please refer to pages 62-64 for a summary of adjusting items during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

(2) | Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization, interest expense, income tax expense, and subtracting interest income from net income, as well as adding back share-based payments expense, acquisition-related and integration costs, (gain) loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs, gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread, prepaid consigned vehicle charges, change in fair value of derivatives, other advisory, legal and restructuring costs, which include terminated and ongoing transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets and excluding the effects of any other unusual adjusting items.

(3) | Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets for the calculation of adjusted EBITDA relates to the incremental rent expense in cost of services on the fair value step up of operating lease right-of-use assets, associated with the application of purchase accounting.

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Adjusted Net Debt and Adjusted Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation

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We believe that comparing adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA on a trailing twelve-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the performance of our operations as an indicator of the amount of time it would take us to settle both our short and long-term debt. We do not consider this to be a measure of our liquidity, which is our ability to settle only short-term obligations, but rather a measure of how well we fund liquidity. Measures of liquidity are noted under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

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The following table reconciles adjusted net debt to debt, adjusted EBITDA to net income, and adjusted net debt/ adjusted EBITDA to debt/ net income, respectively, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At and for the twelve months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 | ​
Short-term debt |  | $ | 17.2 |  | $ | 8.6 |  | 100 | %
Long-term debt | ​ |  | 3,123.4 | ​ |  | 644.4 | ​ | 385 | %
Debt | ​ |  | 3,140.6 | ​ |  | 653.0 | ​ | 381 | %
Less: cash and cash equivalents | ​ |  | (432.9) | ​ |  | (367.3) | ​ | 18 | %
Adjusted net debt | ​ |  | 2,707.7 | ​ |  | 285.7 | ​ | 848 | %
Net income | ​ | $ | 146.8 | ​ | $ | 294.4 | ​ | (50) | %
Add: depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 194.4 | ​ |  | 93.4 | ​ | 108 | %
Add: interest expense | ​ |  | 104.6 | ​ |  | 58.3 | ​ | 79 | %
Less: interest income | ​ |  | (16.9) | ​ |  | (2.2) | ​ | 668 | %
Add: income tax expense | ​ |  | 51.7 | ​ |  | 81.8 | ​ | (37) | %
EBITDA | ​ |  | 480.6 | ​ |  | 525.7 | ​ | (9) | %
Share-based payments expense | ​ |  | 37.0 | ​ |  | 30.8 | ​ | 20 | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ |  | 196.7 | ​ |  | 37.3 | ​ | 427 | %
Loss (gain) on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | (169.9) | ​ | (100) | %
Gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread | ​ | ​ | (1.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Prepaid consigned vehicles charges | ​ | ​ | (52.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | (100) | %
Other advisory, legal and restructuring costs | ​ |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | 6.6 | ​ | (64) | %
Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | ​ | $ | 664.4 | ​ | $ | 430.5 | ​ | 54 | %
Debt/net income | ​ |  | 21.4 | x |  | 2.2 | x | 873 | %
Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA | ​ |  | 4.1 | x |  | 0.7 | x | 486 | %

(1) | Please refer to pages 62-64 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

(2) | Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization, interest expense, income tax expense, and subtracting interest income from net income, as well as adding back share-based payments expense, acquisition-related and integration costs, loss (gain) on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs, gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread, prepaid consigned vehicle charges, other advisory, legal and restructuring costs which includes terminated and ongoing transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustment relating to operating lease right-of-use assets, and excluding the effects of any other unusual adjusting items.

(3) | Adjusted net debt is calculated by subtracting cash and cash equivalents from short and long-term debt and long-term debt in escrow.

(4) | Adjusted net debt/Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by dividing adjusted net debt by adjusted EBITDA.

(5) | Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets for the calculation of adjusted EBITDA relates to the incremental rent expense in cost of services on the fair value step up of operating lease right-of-use assets, associated with the application of purchase accounting.

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Operating Free Cash Flow (“OFCF”) Reconciliation

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We believe OFCF, when compared on a trailing twelve-month basis to different financial periods, provides an effective measure of the cash generated by our business and provides useful information regarding cash flows remaining for discretionary return to stockholders, mergers and acquisitions, or debt reduction. Our balance sheet scorecard includes OFCF as a performance metric. OFCF is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term and long-term incentive awards.

The following table reconciles OFCF to cash provided by operating activities, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure in, or calculated from, our consolidated statements of cash flows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Twelve months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % Change | ​
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | 2023 over 2022 |
Cash provided by operating activities | ​ | $ | 314.9 | ​ | $ | 304.2 | ​ | ​ | 4 | %
Property, plant and equipment additions | ​ |  | (119.7) | ​ |  | (9.7) | ​ |  | 1,134 | %
Intangible asset additions | ​ |  | (69.1) | ​ |  | (32.0) | ​ |  | 116 | %
Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment | ​ |  | 31.5 | ​ |  | 166.7 | ​ |  | (81) | %
Net capital (spending) proceeds | ​ | $ | (157.3) | ​ | $ | 125.0 | ​ | ​ | (226) | %
OFCF | ​ | $ | 157.6 | ​ | $ | 429.2 | ​ | ​ | (63) | %

(1) | OFCF is calculated by subtracting net capital spending from cash provided by operating activities.

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Adjusted Return and Adjusted ROIC Reconciliation

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We believe that comparing adjusted ROIC on a trailing twelve-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the after-tax return generated by our investments. Adjusted ROIC is a measure used by management to determine how productively the Company uses its long-term capital to gauge investment decisions.

​

Previously, we calculated ROIC as net income available to common stockholders divided by average invested capital. During the quarter ended September 30, 2022, we updated our calculation of ROIC to better align to industry standards. ROIC is now calculated as reported return divided by average invested capital. Reported return is defined as net income available to common stockholders excluding the impact of net interest expense, tax effected at the Company’s adjusted annualized effective tax rate. We also updated the calculation of average invested capital to include average short-term debt and updated the calculation in the first quarter of 2023 to also include preferred equity.

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Similarly, we updated our calculation of adjusted ROIC. Adjusted ROIC is calculated as adjusted return divided by adjusted average invested capital. Adjusted return is defined as reported return, updated as noted above, and adjusted for items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, tax effected at the applicable tax rate. Adjusted average invested capital is calculated as average invested capital, updated as noted above, but excludes any long-term debt in escrow.

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These changes have been applied retrospectively to all periods presented, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company will no longer report adjusted ROIC excluding escrowed debt as one of our non-GAAP measures as previously labeled.

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The following table reconciles adjusted return and adjusted ROIC to net income available to common stockholders and adjusted average invested capital to average invested capital, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At and for the twelve months ended June 30, | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | % Change |
(in U.S. dollars in millions, except percentages) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 over 2022 |
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interests | ​ | $ | 147.0 | ​ | $ | 294.3 | ​ | ​ | (50) | %
Add: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense | ​ | ​ | 104.6 | ​ | ​ | 58.3 | ​ | ​ | 79 | %
Interest income | ​ | ​ | (16.9) | ​ | ​ | (2.2) | ​ | ​ | 668 | %
Interest, net | ​ | ​ | 87.7 | ​ | ​ | 56.1 | ​ | ​ | 56 | %
Tax on interest, net | ​ | ​ | (21.5) | ​ | ​ | (14.8) | ​ | ​ | 45 | %
Reported return | ​ | $ | 213.2 | ​ | $ | 335.6 | ​ | ​ | (36) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Add: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Share-based payments expense | ​ |  | 37.0 | ​ |  | 30.8 | ​ |  | 20 | %
Acquisition-related and integration costs | ​ |  | 196.7 | ​ |  | 37.3 | ​ |  | 427 | %
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | ​ | ​ | 109.1 | ​ | ​ | 31.5 | ​ | ​ | 246 | %
Loss (gain) on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | (169.9) | ​ | ​ | (100) | %
Gain on remeasurement of previously held interest in VeriTread | ​ | ​ | (1.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (100) | %
Prepaid consigned vehicles charges | ​ | ​ | (52.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (100) | %
Other advisory, legal and restructuring costs | ​ |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | 6.6 | ​ |  | (64) | %
Purchase accounting adjustments relating to long-lived assets | ​ | ​ | 0.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 100 | %
Related tax effects of the above | ​ |  | (68.7) | ​ |  | (0.8) | ​ |  | 8,488 | %
Remeasurement of deferred tax in connection with business combination | ​ |  | (1.5) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (100) | %
Adjusted return | ​ | $ | 435.9 | ​ | $ | 271.1 | ​ | ​ | 61 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Short-term debt - opening balance | ​ | $ | 8.6 | ​ | $ | 35.2 | ​ | ​ | (76) | %
Short-term debt - ending balance | ​ | ​ | 17.2 | ​ | ​ | 8.6 | ​ | ​ | 100 | %
Average short-term debt | ​ | ​ | 12.9 | ​ | ​ | 21.9 | ​ | ​ | (41) | %
Long-term debt - opening balance | ​ | ​ | 644.4 | ​ | ​ | 636.5 | ​ | ​ | 1 | %
Long-term debt - ending balance | ​ |  | 3,123.3 | ​ |  | 644.4 | ​ | ​ | 385 | %
Average long-term debt | ​ | ​ | 1,883.9 | ​ | ​ | 640.5 | ​ | ​ | 194 | %
Preferred equity - opening balance | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | %
Preferred equity - ending balance | ​ | ​ | 482.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 100 | %
Average preferred equity | ​ | ​ | 241.0 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 100 | %
Stockholders' equity - opening balance | ​ | ​ | 1,243.7 | ​ | ​ | 1,056.3 | ​ | ​ | 18 | %
Stockholders' equity - ending balance | ​ |  | 4,919.8 | ​ |  | 1,243.7 | ​ | ​ | 296 | %
Average stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 3,081.8 | ​ |  | 1,150.0 | ​ | ​ | 168 | %
Average invested capital | ​ | $ | 5,219.6 | ​ | $ | 1,812.4 | ​ | ​ | 188 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
ROIC | ​ |  | 4.1 | % |  | 18.5 | % | ​ | (1,440) | bps
Adjusted ROIC | ​ |  | 8.4 | % |  | 15.0 | % | ​ | (660) | bps

​

(1) | Please refer to pages 62-64 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022.

(2) | ROIC is calculated as reported return divided by average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital as the average short-term, long-term debt and average stockholders’ equity over a trailing twelve-month period.

(3) | Adjusted ROIC is calculated as adjusted return divided by adjusted average invested capital.

(4) | Leases (Topic 842) requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. The lease liability is not included in the calculation of debt.

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Adjusting items during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2023 were:

Recognized in the second quarter of 2023

| ● | $12.3 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $46.3 million of acquisition-related and integration costs primarily relating to the acquisition of IAA, which was completed on March 20, 2023. Acquisition-related and integration costs includes a net $16.3 million settlement expense made to terminate a non-compete agreement to which IAA was bound, consulting and other costs incurred in integration of IAA, severance and related accelerated share-based payment expenses for employees as certain functions are integrated, and other legal and acquisition-related costs.

| ● | $76.0 million amortization of acquired intangible assets, which includes $67.6 million of amortization relating to the acquired intangible assets from IAA since its acquisition, $0.7 million from the acquisition of VeriTread, as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets from past acquisitions of SmartEquip and Rouse, completed in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

| ● | $1.5 million gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs, which primarily includes a $2.0 million gain for the sale of a property in the United States, partially offset by a $1.2 million non-cash cost in the quarter relating to the adjustment made to recognize the Bolton property sale proceeds at fair value when calculating the $169.1 million gain on the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022.

| ● | $39.7 million relating to a fair value adjustment made to the prepaid consigned vehicle charges on the opening balance sheet of IAA, which do not have a future benefit at acquisition, and therefore has created a favorable reduction to our cost of services in the quarter.

| ● | $0.5 million of legal and other consulting costs associated with the Canada Revenue Agency’s (“CRA”) investigation.

| ● | $7.5 million purchase accounting adjustments relating to long lived assets to eliminate the incremental depreciation on the fair value step up of property, plant and equipment of $6.6 million, combined with the effect of aligning accounting policies on useful lives, and the incremental rent expense in cost of services of $0.9 million on the fair value step up of operating lease right-of-use assets, associated with the application of purchase accounting in accounting for the acquisition of IAA.

​

Recognized in the first quarter of 2023

| ● | $6.7 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $126.2 million of acquisition-related and integration costs primarily relating to the acquisition of IAA, which was completed on March 20, 2023. Acquisition-related and integration costs include financing, severance for certain IAA executives, related accelerated share-based payment expenses and other consulting, legal and other costs incurred to effect the acquisition or integration of the combined businesses.

| ● | $16.6 million amortization of acquired intangible assets, which includes $7.7 million of amortization relating to the acquired intangible assets from IAA for the 11-day period since its acquisition, $0.7 million from the acquisition of VeriTread, as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets from past acquisitions of SmartEquip and Rouse, completed in 2022 and 2021 respectively.

| ● | $4.0 thousand loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs includes a $1.2 million non-cash cost in the quarter relating to the adjustment made to recognize the Bolton property sale proceeds at fair value when calculating the $169.1 million gain on the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022, offset by $1.2 million gain related to a sale of a property located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

| ● | $1.4 million gain relating to the remeasurement of the Company’s previously held 11% interest in VeriTread, in connection with the acquisition of VeriTread in January 2023.

| ● | $12.4 million relating to a fair value adjustment made to the prepaid consigned vehicle charges on the opening balance sheet of IAA, which do not have a future benefit at acquisition, and therefore has created a favorable reduction to our cost of services in the quarter.

| ● | $3.3 million loss on redemption of the 2016 Notes due to the difference between the reacquisition price of the 2016 Notes and the net carrying amount of the extinguishment debt (primarily unrecognized deferred debt issuance costs).

| ● | $0.2 million of legal and other consulting costs associated with the CRA’s investigation.

| ● | $1.5 million from the remeasurement of the Company’s US opening deferred tax balances driven by a recalculation of a new U.S. tax rate for the Company following the acquisition of IAA.

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Recognized in the fourth quarter of 2022

| ● | $9.1 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $22.2 million of acquisition-related and integration costs primarily relating to the proposed acquisition of IAA, and the share-based continuing employment costs for the acquisitions of Rouse and SmartEquip.

| ● | $8.2 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet, SmartEquip, and Rouse.

| ● | $0.9 million loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs includes a $1.3 million non-cash cost in the quarter relating to the adjustment made to recognize the Bolton property sale proceeds at fair value when calculating the $169.1 million gain on the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by $0.3 million gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment in the quarter.

| ● | $0.2 million of restructuring costs relating to retention costs in connection with the restructuring of our information technology team during the year.

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Recognized in the third quarter of 2022

​

| ● | $8.8 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $2.0 million of acquisition-related and integration costs primarily relating to the share-based continuing employment costs for the acquisitions of Rouse and SmartEquip.

| ● | $8.2 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet, SmartEquip, and Rouse.

| ● | $0.9 million loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs includes a $1.3 million non-cash cost in the quarter relating to the adjustment made to recognize the Bolton property sale proceeds at fair value when calculating the $169.1 million gain on the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022, offset by $0.3 million gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment in the quarter.

| ● | $1.5 million of other advisory, legal and restructuring costs, which include $1.1 million of terminated and ongoing transaction and legal costs relating to mergers and acquisition activity, $0.3 million of severance and retention costs in connection with the restructuring of our information technology team during the first quarter of 2022, driven by our strategy to build a new digital technology platform, and $0.1 million of advisory costs relating to a cybersecurity incident detected in the fourth quarter of 2021.

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Adjusting items during the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2022 were:

​

Recognized in the second quarter of 2022

| ● | $13.6 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $3.4 million of acquisition-related and integration costs related to the terminated acquisition of Euro Auctions and the completed acquisitions of SmartEquip and Rouse.

| ● | $8.4 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet, SmartEquip, and Rouse.

| ● | $1.2 million gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment and related costs includes a $1.3 million non-cash cost in the quarter relating to the adjustment made to recognize the Bolton property sale proceeds at fair value when calculating the $169.1 million gain on the Bolton property in the first quarter of 2022, and $0.1 million gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment in the quarter.

| ● | $9.7 million loss on redemption of the 2021 Notes and certain related interest expense includes (a) $4.8 million of loss on redemption of the 2021 Notes due to a difference between the reacquisition price of the 2021 Notes and the net carrying amount of the extinguished debt (primarily the write off of the unamortized debt issuance costs), (b) $0.7 million of deferred debt issuance costs written off due to the expiry of the undrawn $205.0 million DDTL Facility in the quarter, and (c) interest expense of $4.2 million incurred in the quarter relating to the 2021 Notes, which were redeemed as a result of the terminated Euro Auctions acquisition in April 2022.

| ● | $1.1 million of other advisory, legal and restructuring costs, which include $0.6 million of terminated and ongoing transaction and legal costs relating to mergers and acquisition activity, $0.3 million of severance and retention costs in connection with the restructuring of our information technology team driven by our strategy to build a new digital technology platform, and $0.2 million of advisory costs relating to a cybersecurity incident detected in the fourth quarter of 2021.

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Recognized in the first quarter of 2022

| ● | $5.4 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $8.5 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet, SmartEquip, and Rouse.

| ● | $169.8 million gain recognized on the disposition of property, plant and equipment of which $169.1 million related to the sale of a property located in Bolton, Ontario.

| ● | $9.6 million of acquisition-related and integration costs related to the proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions and the completed acquisitions of SmartEquip and Rouse.

| ● | $1.3 million gain due to the change in fair value of derivatives to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on the purchase consideration for the proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions.

| ● | $2.3 million of other advisory, legal and restructuring costs, which include $0.9 million related to severance and retention costs in connection with the restructuring of our information technology team driven by our strategy to build a new digital technology platform, $0.5 million of terminated and ongoing transaction and legal costs relating to mergers and acquisition activity, $0.4 million of SOX remediation costs, and $0.6 million of advisory costs relating to a cybersecurity incident detected in the fourth quarter of 2021.

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Recognized in the fourth quarter of 2021

​

| ● | $6.2 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $7.9 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet, SmartEquip, and Rouse.

| ● | $14.0 million of acquisition-related and integration costs related to the proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions and the completed acquisitions of SmartEquip and Rouse.

| ● | $0.1 million gain recognized on the disposition of property, plant and equipment

| ● | $1.3 million loss due to the change in fair value of derivatives to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on the purchase consideration for the proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions.

| ● | $2.6 million of other advisory, legal and restructuring costs, which include $1.4 million of terminated and ongoing transaction and legal costs relating to mergers and acquisition activity, $0.7 million of SOX remediation costs relating to our efforts to remediate the material weaknesses identified in 2020, and $0.5 million of advisory costs relating to a cybersecurity incident detected in the fourth quarter of 2021.

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Recognized in the third quarter of 2021

​

| ● | $5.6 million share-based payments expense.

| ● | $6.6 million amortization of acquired intangible assets primarily from the acquisitions of Iron Planet and Rouse.

| ● | $10.3 million of acquisition-related and integration costs related to the acquisitions of Rouse, and SmartEqui p and proposed acquisition of Euro Auctions.

| ● | $1.1 million gain recognized on the sale of a property in Denver, Colorado.

| ● | $0.7 million of advisory, consulting and legal costs related to SOX remediation costs relating to our efforts to remediate the material weaknesses identified in 2020, which has been retrospectively applied to the third quarter of 2021.

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ITEM 3: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our market risk during the six months ended June 30, 2023 from those disclosed in Item 7A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is available on our website at https://investor.rbglobal.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

ITEM 4: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Principal Finance and Accounting Officer (“Principal Financial Officer”), have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures established by the Company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its CEO and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2023, the disclosure controls are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and the Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.

The Company, including its CEO and Principal Financial Officer, does not expect that its internal controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than related to the acquisition of IAA, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. We are currently in the process of integrating the IAA operations, control processes and information systems into our systems and control environment. We believe that we have taken the necessary steps to monitor and maintain appropriate internal controls over financial reporting during this integration.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We have no material legal proceedings pending, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, and we do not know of any material proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities.

ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, and our past performance is no guarantee of our performance in future periods. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties discussed in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Part II, Item 1A of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023, which are available on our website at https://investor.rbglobal.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. As of the date of this filing, there have been no material changes to such risk factors. Our business could also be affected by additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. If any of the risks occur, our business, financial and results of operations could materially suffer. As a result, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

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ITEM 2: UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3: DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5: OTHER INFORMATION

On June 15, 2023, Starboard Value LP (“Starboard”), of which Jeffrey Smith, a member of the Company’s board of directors, is Chief Executive Officer and a Managing Member, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Selling Plan (the “10b5-1 Plan”) on behalf of certain funds and accounts it manages. The 10b5-1 Plan is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The 10b5-1 Plan provides solely for the sale of any common shares of the Company that Starboard may receive in the future in satisfaction of dividend payments on the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Shares held by Starboard. The Company has no current plans to pay dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares in the form of common shares.

​

The 10b5-1 Plan will be in effect for a term of ten years, unless terminated earlier upon (i) the sale of all of the Company’s common shares received by Starboard in satisfaction of dividend payments on the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Shares held by Starboard; (ii) the commencement of any voluntary or involuntary case or other proceeding seeking liquidation, reorganization or other relief under any bankruptcy, insolvency or similar law or seeking the appointment of a trustee, receiver or other similar official, or the taking of any corporate action by Starboard to authorize or commence any of the foregoing; (iii) the public announcement of a tender or exchange offer for the Company’s common shares or of a merger, acquisition, recapitalization or other similar business combination or transaction as a result of which the Company’s common shares would be exchanged for or converted into cash, securities or other property; or (iv) written notice that Starboard has terminated the 10b5-1 Plan.

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ITEM 6: EXHIBITS

Exhibits

The exhibits listed in below are filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference.

| ​ | ​
| ​ | ​
Exhibit | ​ | ​
Number |  | Document
3.1 | ​ | Articles of Amendment (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2023).
10.1 | ​ | Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated 2023 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2023).
10.2 | ​ | Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2023).
31.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2 | ​ | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief E xecutive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | ​ | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 | ​ | Interactive Data Files Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, for the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Income Statements; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
104 | ​ | Cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| RB GLOBAL, INC.
​ | ​
​ | ​
Dated: August 3, 2023 | By: | /s/ Jim Kessler
| ​ | Jim Kessler
| ​ | Chief Executive Officer
​ | ​
Dated: August 3, 2023 | By: | /s/ Megan Cash
| ​ | Megan Cash
| ​ | Principal Finance and Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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