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Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill. The table below presents changes to the carrying amount of goodwill by segment during the two-year period ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands).
| Research |  | Conferences |  | Consulting |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 2,638,418 |  |  | $ | 187,654 |  |  | $ | 97,064 |  |  | $ | 2,923,136 |
Additions due to an acquisition (1) | 17,557 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,293 |
Foreign currency translation impact | (4,915) |  |  | 251 |  |  | (39) |  |  | (4,703) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 2,651,060 |  |  | 189,641 |  |  | 97,025 |  |  | 2,937,726 |
Foreign currency translation impact | 13,672 |  |  | (5,550) |  |  | (301) |  |  | 7,821 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 2,664,732 |  |  | $ | 184,091 |  |  | $ | 96,724 |  |  | $ | 2,945,547 |
(1)The 2019 additions are due to the acquisition of TOPO. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. Finite-lived intangible assets. Changes in finite-lived intangible assets during the two-year period ended December 31, 2020 are presented in the tables below (in thousands).
December 31, 2020 |  | Customer Relationships |  | Software |  | Content |  | Other |  | Total
Gross cost at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 1,145,109 |  |  | $ | 111,033 |  |  | $ | 14,140 |  |  | $ | 30,838 |  |  | $ | 1,301,120 |
Intangible assets fully amortized |  | (2,394) |  |  | (787) |  |  | (9,929) |  |  | (20,152) |  |  | (33,262) |
Foreign currency translation impact |  | 11,495 |  |  | 351 |  |  | (246) |  |  | (72) |  |  | 11,528 |
Gross cost |  | 1,154,210 |  |  | 110,597 |  |  | 3,965 |  |  | 10,614 |  |  | 1,279,386 |
Accumulated amortization (2) |  | (381,776) |  |  | (83,320) |  |  | (3,595) |  |  | (3,697) |  |  | (472,388) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 772,434 |  |  | $ | 27,277 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 6,917 |  |  | $ | 806,998 |
December 31, 2019 |  | Customer Relationships |  | Software |  | Content |  | Other |  | Total
Gross cost at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 1,131,656 |  |  | $ | 110,701 |  |  | $ | 98,842 |  |  | $ | 51,662 |  |  | $ | 1,392,861 |
Additions due to an acquisition (1) |  | 3,600 |  |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 5,250 |
Intangible assets fully amortized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (85,900) |  |  | (21,358) |  |  | (107,258) |
Foreign currency translation impact |  | 9,853 |  |  | 332 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 84 |  |  | 10,267 |
Gross cost |  | 1,145,109 |  |  | 111,033 |  |  | 14,140 |  |  | 30,838 |  |  | 1,301,120 |
Accumulated amortization (2) |  | (283,369) |  |  | (61,564) |  |  | (11,225) |  |  | (19,875) |  |  | (376,033) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 861,740 |  |  | $ | 49,469 |  |  | $ | 2,915 |  |  | $ | 10,963 |  |  | $ | 925,087 |
(1)The 2019 additions are due to the acquisition of TOPO. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. (2)Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the following periods: Customer relationships—3 to 13 years; Software—2 to 7 years; Content—2 to 3 years; and Other —2 to 11 years. Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets was $125.1 million, $129.7 million and $187.0 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense by year for finite-lived intangible assets is presented in the table below (in thousands).
2021 | $ | 105,940 |
2022 | 96,065 |
2023 | 96,050 |
2024 | 90,718 |
2025 | 82,049 |
2026 and thereafter | 336,176 |
| $ | 806,998 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for goodwill and intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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