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Cost of sales | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Cost of sales |
Cost of sales | 25.Cost of sales ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Variable costs |  |  |  |  |  |
Imported products (1) |  | 24,204,342 | ​ | 31,230,405 | ​ | 16,944,375
Purchases of crude |  | 13,389,646 | ​ | 16,223,628 | ​ | 10,015,898
Purchases of hydrocarbons – ANH (2) | ​ | 8,518,700 | ​ | 9,219,215 | ​ | 5,611,153
Depreciation amortization and depletion |  | 8,125,774 | ​ | 6,774,770 | ​ | 6,328,144
Electric energy |  | 2,294,253 | ​ | 1,540,452 | ​ | 1,087,269
Taxes and economic rights |  | 1,712,283 | ​ | 1,510,265 | ​ | 1,125,761
Process materials |  | 1,563,802 | ​ | 1,260,608 | ​ | 906,500
Purchases of other products and natural gas |  | 1,201,349 | ​ | 1,244,765 | ​ | 811,024
Hydrocarbon transport services |  | 1,586,553 | ​ | 1,219,818 | ​ | 917,552
Services contracted in associations |  | 284,104 | ​ | 311,107 | ​ | 267,934
Others (3) |  | 1,151,536 | ​ | (2,354,814) | ​ | (3,009,700)
​ |  | 64,032,342 | ​ | 68,180,219 | ​ | 41,005,910
Fixed costs |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Depreciation and amortization |  | 5,079,308 | ​ | 4,635,601 | ​ | 3,270,735
Maintenance |  | 4,642,710 | ​ | 3,771,137 | ​ | 2,637,857
Labor costs | ​ | 3,976,370 | ​ | 3,436,167 | ​ | 2,596,947
Construction services |  | 2,600,184 | ​ | 2,802,486 | ​ | 732,723
Services contracted |  | 3,523,125 | ​ | 2,870,890 | ​ | 2,023,277
Services contracted in associations |  | 1,467,693 | ​ | 1,566,562 | ​ | 1,286,291
Taxes and contributions |  | 1,123,475 | ​ | 914,455 | ​ | 1,060,123
Materials and operating supplies |  | 880,729 | ​ | 684,679 | ​ | 561,182
Hydrocarbon transport services |  | 249,414 | ​ | 179,082 | ​ | 57,855
General costs |  | 602,848 | ​ | 416,870 | ​ | 348,876
​ |  | 24,145,856 | ​ | 21,277,929 | ​ | 14,575,866
​ |  | 88,178,198 | ​ | 89,458,148 | ​ | 55,581,776
(1) | Imported products correspond mainly to mid-distillates, gasolines and naphtha, the variation occurs due to lower requirements due to greater operations in refineries.
(2) | Corresponds to purchases of crude oil by Ecopetrol Business Group from the National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH, by its acronym in Spanish) derived from national production.
(3) | Corresponds to i) result of the process of use and valuation of core inventories, ii) measurement at net realizable value, and iii) other capitalizable charges to projects.

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