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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The United States and international components of income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
 Years Ended September 30,
 202520242023
United States$547,633 $430,532 $268,314 
International260,703 264,933 217,674 
$808,336 $695,465 $485,988 
The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):
 Years Ended September 30,
 202520242023
Current
U.S. federal$90,560 $99,745 $115,170 
State20,937 17,957 18,359 
Foreign77,008 79,200 66,053 
Total188,505 196,902 199,582 
Deferred
U.S. federal(45,160)(51,968)(89,280)
State(10,476)(11,100)(18,576)
Foreign(16,913)(5,147)(686)
Total(72,549)(68,215)(108,542)
$115,956 $128,687 $91,040 
The effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate as follows (in thousands):
 Years Ended September 30,
 202520242023
Income tax provision at statutory rate$169,750 $146,048 $102,058 
State taxes, net of federal benefit11,724 10,548 6,806 
Foreign-derived intangible income deduction(32,192)(28,036)(30,086)
Tax impact of foreign earnings(9,922)7,359 9,856 
Research and development and other credits(24,467)(14,748)(17,654)
Stock-based and other compensation(2,635)8,145 20,145 
Other3,698 (629)(85)
$115,956 $128,687 $91,040 
The Company does not maintain an indefinite reinvestment assertion on unremitted foreign earnings and has recorded a deferred tax liability for any estimated foreign, federal, or state tax liabilities associated with a future repatriation of foreign earnings.
The Company benefits from tax incentive arrangements in certain foreign jurisdictions, which expire in fiscal years 2026 to 2034. The tax incentive agreements are conditional upon meeting certain operational, employment, and investment requirements. These arrangements decreased foreign taxes by $9.4 million, $7.2 million and $6.0 million, and increased diluted earnings per common share by $0.16, $0.12 and $0.10 for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The tax effects of the temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
 Years Ended September 30,
 20252024
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carry-forwards$47,028 $34,787 
Capitalized research and development costs417,392 337,626 
Accrued compensation and benefits14,444 13,493 
Stock-based compensation9,933 8,606 
Deferred revenue31,341 39,042 
Lease liabilities56,282 53,945 
Other accruals and reserves28,191 28,729 
Tax credit carryforwards27,398 25,052 
Depreciation1,759 1,507 
633,768 542,787 
Valuation allowance(34,281)(39,651)
599,487 503,136 
Deferred tax liabilities
Purchased intangibles(59,096)(53,047)
Depreciation(32,269)(29,441)
Deferred costs(11,728)(10,752)
Lease assets(36,629)(36,610)
Other accruals and reserves(15,298)(14,514)
(155,020)(144,364)
Net deferred tax assets$444,467 $358,772 
At September 30, 2025, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $53.2 million that can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company had $122.9 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards, of which $107.7 million can be carried forward indefinitely and $15.2 million that will expire in fiscal years 2033 to 2038. The annual utilization of the federal net operating loss carryforwards is limited under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. The Company also had $260.8 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, of which $92.0 million can be carried forward indefinitely and $168.8 million will expire in fiscal years 2028 to 2045. In addition, there are $2.5 million of foreign tax credit carryforwards that will expire in fiscal years 2026 to 2040, $4.1 million of federal tax credit carryforwards that will expire in fiscal years 2028 to 2044, $37.6 million of state tax credit carryforwards that can be carried forward indefinitely, and $3.2 million of state tax credit carryforwards that will expire in fiscal years 2032 to 2040. Management believes that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain foreign net operating loss and credit carryforwards and state tax net operating loss and credit carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, the Company has provided a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to these carryforwards. The net change in the total valuation allowance was a decrease of $5.4 million and a decrease of $4.3 million for years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The Company recognizes the financial statement impact of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest impact that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits in fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
202520242023
Balance, beginning of period$86,877 $79,167 $66,840 
Gross increases related to prior period tax positions5,292 7,939 4,270 
Gross decreases related to prior period tax positions(2,381)(7,659)(70)
Gross increases related to current period tax positions10,244 8,494 9,224 
Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities— (50)(300)
Reductions due to lapses of statute of limitations(13,435)(1,014)(797)
Balance, end of period$86,597 $86,877 $79,167 
The total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $86.6 million, $86.9 million, and $79.2 million as of September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, of which, $54.7 million, $56.2 million, and $51.2 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. There is a reasonable possibility that the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits will change within twelve months due to audit settlements or the expiration of statute of limitations, but the Company does not expect the change to be material to the consolidated financial statements. 
The Company recognizes interest and, if applicable, penalties (not included in the "unrecognized tax benefits" table above) for any uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties are recorded as a component of income tax expense. In the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded approximately a $0.9 million increase, $5.6 million increase and $3.3 million increase, respectively, of interest and penalty expense related to uncertain tax positions. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had a cumulative balance of accrued interest and penalties on unrecognized tax positions of $12.7 million and $11.8 million, respectively.
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as the income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters for fiscal years through September 30, 2018 and fiscal year ended September 30, 2021. Major jurisdictions where there are wholly owned subsidiaries of F5, Inc. which require income tax filings include the United Kingdom, Singapore, Israel, and India. The earliest periods open for review by local taxing authorities are fiscal years 2024 for the United Kingdom, 2019 for Singapore, 2019 for Israel, and 2019 for India. The Company is currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service for fiscal year 2019, by various states for fiscal years 2018 through 2021, and by various foreign jurisdictions including India for fiscal years 2019 to 2024, Israel for fiscal years 2019 to 2023, Saudi Arabia for fiscal years 2015 to 2021, and Singapore for fiscal years 2019 to 2023.