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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ________to _________
001-13106 (Essex Property Trust, Inc.)
333-44467-01 (Essex Portfolio, L.P.)
(Commission File Number)
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC.
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P.
(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland |  | 77-0369576
(Essex Property Trust, Inc.) |  | (Essex Property Trust, Inc.)
California |  | 77-0369575
(Essex Portfolio, L.P.) |  | (Essex Portfolio, L.P.)
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1100 Park Place, Suite 200
San Mateo, California 94403
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)
(650) 655-7800
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.0001 par value (Essex Property Trust, Inc.) |  | ESS |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Essex Property Trust, Inc. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ | Essex Portfolio, L.P. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

i

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Essex Property Trust, Inc. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ | Essex Portfolio, L.P. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Essex Property Trust, Inc.:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

Essex Portfolio, L.P.:

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Essex Property Trust, Inc. | ☐ | Essex Portfolio, L.P. | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Essex Property Trust, Inc. | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒ | Essex Portfolio, L.P. | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 64,209,059 shares of Common Stock ($.0001 par value) of Essex Property Trust, Inc. were outstanding as of April 29, 2024.

ii

EXPLANATORY NOTE
This report combines the reports on Form 10-Q for the three month period ended March 31, 2024 of Essex Property Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and Essex Portfolio, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership of which Essex Property Trust, Inc. is the sole general partner.
Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to the "Company," "we," "us" or "our" mean collectively Essex Property Trust, Inc. and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by Essex Property Trust, Inc., including Essex Portfolio, L.P., and references to the "Operating Partnership" mean Essex Portfolio, L.P. and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by Essex Portfolio, L.P. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to "Essex" mean Essex Property Trust, Inc., not including any of its subsidiaries.
Essex operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT"), and is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, Essex has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership's day-to-day management.
The Company is structured as an umbrella partnership REIT ("UPREIT") and Essex contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, Essex receives a number of Operating Partnership limited partnership units ("OP Units," and the holders of such OP Units, "Unitholders") equal to the number of shares of common stock it has issued in the equity offerings. Contributions of properties to the Company can be structured as tax-deferred transactions through the issuance of OP Units, which is one of the reasons why the Company is structured in the manner outlined above. Based on the terms of the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement, OP Units can be exchanged into Essex common stock on a one-for-one basis. The Company maintains a one-for-one relationship between the OP Units issued to Essex and shares of common stock.
The Company believes that combining the reports on Form 10-Q of Essex and the Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits:
•enhances investors' understanding of Essex and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;
•eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both Essex and the Operating Partnership; and
•creates time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.
Management operates Essex and the Operating Partnership as one business. The management of Essex consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership.
All of the Company's property ownership, development, and related business operations are conducted through the Operating Partnership and Essex has no material assets, other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. Essex's primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. As general partner with control of the Operating Partnership, Essex consolidates the Operating Partnership for financial reporting purposes. Therefore, the assets and liabilities of Essex and the Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements. Essex also issues equity from time to time and guarantees certain debt of the Operating Partnership, as disclosed in this report. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company's ownership interests in its co-investments. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from equity offerings by the Company, which are contributed to the capital of the Operating Partnership in exchange for OP Units (on a one-for-one share of common stock per OP Unit basis), the Operating Partnership generates all remaining capital required by the Company's business. These sources of capital include the Operating Partnership's working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facilities, the issuance of secured and unsecured debt and equity securities and proceeds received from disposition of certain properties and co-investments.
iii

The Company believes it is important to understand the few differences between Essex and the Operating Partnership in the context of how Essex and the Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. Stockholders' equity, partners' capital and noncontrolling interest are the main areas of difference between the condensed consolidated financial statements of Essex and those of the Operating Partnership. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership are accounted for as partners' capital in the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated financial statements and as noncontrolling interest in Essex’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated financial statements include the interest of unaffiliated partners in various consolidated partnerships and co-investment partners. The noncontrolling interest in Essex's condensed consolidated financial statements include (i) the same noncontrolling interest as presented in the Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated financial statements and (ii) OP Unitholders. The differences between stockholders' equity and partners' capital result from differences in the equity issued at Essex and Operating Partnership levels.
To help investors understand the significant differences between Essex and the Operating Partnership, this report on Form 10-Q provides separate condensed consolidated financial statements for Essex and the Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of stockholders' equity or partners' capital, and earnings per share/unit, as applicable; and a combined Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This report on Form 10-Q also includes separate Part I, Item 4. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for each of Essex and the Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that Essex and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") and 18 U.S.C. §1350.
In order to highlight the differences between Essex and the Operating Partnership, the separate sections in this report on Form 10-Q for Essex and the Operating Partnership specifically refer to Essex and the Operating Partnership. In the sections that combine disclosure of Essex and the Operating Partnership, this report refers to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that directly or indirectly enters into contracts and co-investments and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the Company is one business and the Company operates that business through the Operating Partnership. The separate discussions of Essex and the Operating Partnership in this report should be read in conjunction with each other to understand the results of the Company on a consolidated basis and how management operates the Company.
The information furnished in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, statements of income and comprehensive income, equity, capital, and cash flows of the Company and the Operating Partnership reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the aforementioned condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods and are normal and recurring in nature, except as otherwise noted.
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to such unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations herein. Additionally, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
iv

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC.
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page No.
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Essex Property Trust, Inc. (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 202 3 | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months ended March 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 202 3 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Essex Portfolio, L.P. (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of Ma rch 31, 202 4 and December 31, 202 3 | 8
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 3 1, 202 4 and 202 3 | 9
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Capital for the three months ended March 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 10
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 12
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 14
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 30
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks | 38
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 40
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 41
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 41
Item 5. | Other Information | 41
Item 6. | Exhibits | 42
Signatures | 43

1

Table of Contents
Part I – Financial Information
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except parenthetical and share amounts)

ASSETS | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real estate: |  |  |
Rental properties: |  |  |
Land and land improvements | $ | 3,138,093 |  |  | $ | 3,036,912 |
Buildings and improvements | 13,535,431 |  |  | 13,098,311 |
| 16,673,524 |  |  | 16,135,223 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (5,803,797) |  |  | (5,664,931) |
| 10,869,727 |  |  | 10,470,292 |
Real estate under development | 24,631 |  |  | 23,724 |
Co-investments | 1,062,575 |  |  | 1,061,733 |
| 11,956,933 |  |  | 11,555,749 |
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 499,036 |  |  | 391,749 |
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 8,834 |  |  | 8,585 |
Marketable securities, net of allowance for credit losses of zero as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 91,295 |  |  | 87,795 |
Notes and other receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $0.7 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (includes related party receivables of $5.9 million and $6.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) | 183,040 |  |  | 174,621 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 62,858 |  |  | 63,757 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 83,189 |  |  | 79,171 |
Total assets | $ | 12,885,185 |  |  | $ | 12,361,427 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 5,666,604 |  |  | $ | 5,318,531 |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 886,388 |  |  | 887,204 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 216,536 |  |  | 176,401 |
Construction payable | 18,280 |  |  | 20,659 |
Dividends payable | 165,208 |  |  | 155,695 |
Distributions in excess of investments in co-investments | 63,806 |  |  | 65,488 |
Operating lease liabilities | 64,097 |  |  | 65,091 |
Other liabilities | 48,321 |  |  | 46,175 |
Total liabilities | 7,129,240 |  |  | 6,735,244 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 32,192 |  |  | 32,205 |
Equity: |  |  |
Common stock; $0.0001 par value, 670,000,000 shares authorized; 64,209,059 and 64,203,497 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Additional paid-in capital | 6,658,882 |  |  | 6,656,720 |
Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings | (1,152,136) |  |  | (1,267,536) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net | 41,279 |  |  | 33,556 |
Total stockholders' equity | 5,548,031 |  |  | 5,422,746 |
Noncontrolling interest | 175,722 |  |  | 171,232 |
Total equity | 5,723,753 |  |  | 5,593,978 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 12,885,185 |  |  | $ | 12,361,427 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

Table of Contents
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other property | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  |  |  |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 2,713 |  |  | 2,765 |  |  |  |  |
| 426,928 |  |  | 412,421 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 78,946 |  |  | 73,882 |  |  |  |  |
Real estate taxes | 46,920 |  |  | 46,530 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 11,731 |  |  | 11,432 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | 17,171 |  |  | 15,311 |  |  |  |  |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 68 |  |  | 339 |  |  |  |  |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 433 |  |  |  |  |
| 294,569 |  |  | 284,274 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | 59,238 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from operations | 132,359 |  |  | 187,385 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (55,933) |  |  | (51,045) |  |  |  |  |
Total return swap income | 796 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income | 57,275 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |  |  |
Equity income from co-investments | 12,366 |  |  | 10,871 |  |  |  |  |
Tax (expense) benefit on unconsolidated co-investments | (49) |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 138,326 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 285,140 |  |  | 161,594 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (12,409) |  |  | (8,062) |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 272,731 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income | $ | 293,135 |  |  | $ | 151,300 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (12,681) |  |  | (7,712) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 280,454 |  |  | $ | 143,588 |  |  |  |  |
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period | 64,205,086 |  |  | 64,458,535 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period | 64,212,006 |  |  | 64,459,689 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

|  |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income, net |  | Noncontrolling interest |  | Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 64,203 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6,656,720 |  |  | $ | (1,267,536) |  |  | $ | 33,556 |  |  | $ | 171,232 |  |  | $ | 5,593,978 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272,731 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,409 |  |  | 285,140 |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,723 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 7,995 |
Issuance of common stock under: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |
Sale of common stock, net |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |
Equity based compensation costs |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,637 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 1,695 |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (180) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | 13 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,412) |  |  | (8,412) |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (249) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | (279) |
Common stock dividends ($2.45 per share) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (157,331) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (157,331) |
Balances at March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  | 64,209 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6,658,882 |  |  | $ | (1,152,136) |  |  | $ | 41,279 |  |  | $ | 175,722 |  |  | $ | 5,723,753 |

4

Table of Contents

|  |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income, net |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | 64,605 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6,750,076 |  |  | $ | (1,080,176) |  |  | $ | 46,466 |  |  | $ | 178,744 |  |  | $ | 5,895,116 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153,532 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,062 |  |  | 161,594 |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,944) |  |  | (350) |  |  | (10,294) |
Issuance of common stock under: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sale of common stock, net |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |
Equity based compensation costs |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,472 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | 5,664 |
Retirement of common stock, net |  |  |  |  | (437) |  |  | — |  |  | (95,657) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,657) |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,927) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131) |  |  | (3,058) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,977) |  |  | (7,977) |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (464) |  |  | (173) |
Common stock dividends ($2.31 per share) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (148,286) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (148,286) |
Balances at March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 64,182 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6,657,183 |  |  | $ | (1,074,930) |  |  | $ | 36,522 |  |  | $ | 178,076 |  |  | $ | 5,796,857 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except parenthetical amounts)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 285,140 |  |  | $ | 161,594 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Straight-lined rents | 94 |  |  | (381) |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |
Amortization of discount and debt financing costs, net | 2,341 |  |  | 1,282 |
Realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities, net | (3,351) |  |  | (1,280) |
Provision for credit losses | 47 |  |  | 18 |
Earnings from co-investments | (12,366) |  |  | (10,871) |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 9,080 |  |  | 6,784 |
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (3,953) |  |  | (2,165) |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 433 |
Gain on the sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | (59,238) |
Equity-based compensation | 1,592 |  |  | 1,971 |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (138,326) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | (1,493) |  |  | 2,457 |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 39,141 |  |  | 39,687 |
Other liabilities | (2,824) |  |  | 281 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 314,855 |  |  | 276,919 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Additions to real estate: |  |  |
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures, net of cash acquired | (355,309) |  |  | — |
Redevelopment | (11,417) |  |  | (21,265) |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (1,348) |  |  | (3,791) |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (26,388) |  |  | (21,084) |
Investments in notes receivable | (1,059) |  |  | (14,883) |
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 301 |  |  | 152 |
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | — |  |  | 99,388 |
Contributions to co-investments | (2,074) |  |  | (7,967) |
Changes in refundable deposits | — |  |  | 9,000 |
Purchases of marketable securities | (163) |  |  | (11,073) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 14 |  |  | 26,681 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (397,443) |  |  | 55,158 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 349,132 |  |  | — |
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (761) |  |  | (206) |
Proceeds from lines of credit | — |  |  | 327,524 |
Repayments of lines of credit | — |  |  | (379,141) |

6

Table of Contents

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Retirement of common stock | — |  |  | (95,657) |
Additions to deferred charges | (2,692) |  |  | (166) |
Net costs from issuance of common stock | (8) |  |  | (72) |
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 962 |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (7,901) |  |  | (7,580) |
Redemption of noncontrolling interest | (279) |  |  | (173) |
Common stock dividends paid | (148,329) |  |  | (142,129) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 190,124 |  |  | (297,600) |
Net increase in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | 107,536 |  |  | 34,477 |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 400,334 |  |  | 42,681 |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 507,870 |  |  | $ | 77,158 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest (net of $0.1 million and $0.3 million capitalized in 2024 and 2023, respectively) | $ | 58,241 |  |  | $ | 52,686 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 1,762 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Transfers between real estate under development and rental properties, net | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Transfers from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 467 |
Reclassifications (from) to redeemable noncontrolling interest (to) from additional paid in capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 3,058 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

Table of Contents
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except parenthetical and unit amounts)

ASSETS | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real estate: |  |  |
Rental properties: |  |  |
Land and land improvements | $ | 3,138,093 |  |  | $ | 3,036,912 |
Buildings and improvements | 13,535,431 |  |  | 13,098,311 |
| 16,673,524 |  |  | 16,135,223 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (5,803,797) |  |  | (5,664,931) |
| 10,869,727 |  |  | 10,470,292 |
Real estate under development | 24,631 |  |  | 23,724 |
Co-investments | 1,062,575 |  |  | 1,061,733 |
| 11,956,933 |  |  | 11,555,749 |
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 499,036 |  |  | 391,749 |
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 8,834 |  |  | 8,585 |
Marketable securities, net of allowance for credit losses of zero as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 91,295 |  |  | 87,795 |
Notes and other receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $0.7 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (includes related party receivables of $5.9 million and $6.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) | 183,040 |  |  | 174,621 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 62,858 |  |  | 63,757 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 83,189 |  |  | 79,171 |
Total assets | $ | 12,885,185 |  |  | $ | 12,361,427 |
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL |  |  |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 5,666,604 |  |  | $ | 5,318,531 |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 886,388 |  |  | 887,204 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 216,536 |  |  | 176,401 |
Construction payable | 18,280 |  |  | 20,659 |
Distributions payable | 165,208 |  |  | 155,695 |
Distributions in excess of investments in co-investments | 63,806 |  |  | 65,488 |
Operating lease liabilities | 64,097 |  |  | 65,091 |
Other liabilities | 48,321 |  |  | 46,175 |
Total liabilities | 7,129,240 |  |  | 6,735,244 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 32,192 |  |  | 32,205 |
Capital: |  |  |
General Partner: |  |  |
Common equity (64,209,059 and 64,203,497 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 5,506,752 |  |  | 5,389,190 |
| 5,506,752 |  |  | 5,389,190 |
Limited Partners: |  |  |
Common equity (2,258,812 and 2,258,812 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 49,276 |  |  | 44,991 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net | 46,641 |  |  | 38,646 |
Total partners' capital | 5,602,669 |  |  | 5,472,827 |
Noncontrolling interest | 121,084 |  |  | 121,151 |
Total capital | 5,723,753 |  |  | 5,593,978 |
Total liabilities and capital | $ | 12,885,185 |  |  | $ | 12,361,427 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except unit and per unit amounts)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other property | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  |  |  |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 2,713 |  |  | 2,765 |  |  |  |  |
| 426,928 |  |  | 412,421 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 78,946 |  |  | 73,882 |  |  |  |  |
Real estate taxes | 46,920 |  |  | 46,530 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 11,731 |  |  | 11,432 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | 17,171 |  |  | 15,311 |  |  |  |  |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 68 |  |  | 339 |  |  |  |  |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 433 |  |  |  |  |
| 294,569 |  |  | 284,274 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | 59,238 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from operations | 132,359 |  |  | 187,385 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (55,933) |  |  | (51,045) |  |  |  |  |
Total return swap income | 796 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income | 57,275 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |  |  |
Equity income from co-investments | 12,366 |  |  | 10,871 |  |  |  |  |
Tax (expense) benefit on unconsolidated co-investments | (49) |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 138,326 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 285,140 |  |  | 161,594 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (2,810) |  |  | (2,658) |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 282,330 |  |  | $ | 158,936 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income | $ | 293,135 |  |  | $ | 151,300 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (2,810) |  |  | (2,658) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 290,325 |  |  | $ | 148,642 |  |  |  |  |
Per unit data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the period | 66,463,899 |  |  | 66,724,428 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the period | 66,470,819 |  |  | 66,725,582 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Capital for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| General Partner |  |  |  | Limited Partners |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income, net |  | Noncontrolling interest |  | Total
| Common Equity |  |  |  | Common Equity |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | Units |  | Amount |  |  | Units |  | Amount |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2023 | 64,203 |  |  | $ | 5,389,190 |  |  |  |  | 2,259 |  |  | $ | 44,991 |  |  | $ | 38,646 |  |  | $ | 121,151 |  |  | $ | 5,593,978 |
Net income | — |  |  | 272,731 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 9,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,810 |  |  | 285,140 |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,995 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,995 |
Issuance of common units under: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 6 |  |  | 962 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | — |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |
Equity based compensation costs | — |  |  | 1,637 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,695 |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (180) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 165 |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 13 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,875) |  |  | (2,875) |
Redemptions | — |  |  | (249) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | (279) |
Distributions declared ($2.45 per unit) | — |  |  | (157,331) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,537) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (162,868) |
Balances at March 31, 2024 | 64,209 |  |  | $ | 5,506,752 |  |  |  |  | 2,259 |  |  | $ | 49,276 |  |  | $ | 46,641 |  |  | $ | 121,084 |  |  | $ | 5,723,753 |

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Table of Contents

| General Partner |  |  |  | Limited Partners |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income, net |  | Noncontrolling interest |  | Total
| Common Equity |  |  |  | Common Equity |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 | Units |  | Amount |  |  | Units |  | Amount |  |  |
Balances at December 31, 2022 | 64,605 |  |  | $ | 5,669,906 |  |  |  |  | 2,272 |  |  | $ | 51,454 |  |  | $ | 52,010 |  |  | $ | 121,746 |  |  | $ | 5,895,116 |
Net income | — |  |  | 153,532 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 5,404 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,658 |  |  | 161,594 |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,294) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,294) |
Issuance of common units under: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | — |  |  | (72) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |
Equity based compensation costs | — |  |  | 5,472 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,664 |
Retirement of common units, net | (437) |  |  | (95,657) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,657) |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (2,927) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (106) |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | (3,058) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,755) |  |  | (2,755) |
Redemptions | 12 |  |  | 291 |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (337) |  |  | — |  |  | (127) |  |  | (173) |
Distributions declared ($2.31 per unit) | — |  |  | (148,286) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,222) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (153,508) |
Balances at March 31, 2023 | 64,182 |  |  | $ | 5,582,259 |  |  |  |  | 2,261 |  |  | $ | 51,385 |  |  | $ | 41,716 |  |  | $ | 121,497 |  |  | $ | 5,796,857 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except parenthetical amounts)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 285,140 |  |  | $ | 161,594 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Straight-lined rents | 94 |  |  | (381) |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |
Amortization of discount and debt financing costs, net | 2,341 |  |  | 1,282 |
Realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities, net | (3,351) |  |  | (1,280) |
Provision for credit losses | 47 |  |  | 18 |
Earnings from co-investments | (12,366) |  |  | (10,871) |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 9,080 |  |  | 6,784 |
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (3,953) |  |  | (2,165) |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 433 |
Gain on the sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | (59,238) |
Equity-based compensation | 1,592 |  |  | 1,971 |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (138,326) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | (1,493) |  |  | 2,457 |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 39,141 |  |  | 39,687 |
Other liabilities | (2,824) |  |  | 281 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 314,855 |  |  | 276,919 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Additions to real estate: |  |  |
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures, net of cash acquired | (355,309) |  |  | — |
Redevelopment | (11,417) |  |  | (21,265) |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (1,348) |  |  | (3,791) |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (26,388) |  |  | (21,084) |
Investments in notes receivable | (1,059) |  |  | (14,883) |
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 301 |  |  | 152 |
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | — |  |  | 99,388 |
Contributions to co-investments | (2,074) |  |  | (7,967) |
Changes in refundable deposits | — |  |  | 9,000 |
Purchases of marketable securities | (163) |  |  | (11,073) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 14 |  |  | 26,681 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (397,443) |  |  | 55,158 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 349,132 |  |  | — |
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (761) |  |  | (206) |
Proceeds from lines of credit | — |  |  | 327,524 |
Repayments of lines of credit | — |  |  | (379,141) |

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Table of Contents

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Retirement of common units | — |  |  | (95,657) |
Additions to deferred charges | (2,692) |  |  | (166) |
Net costs from issuance of common units | (8) |  |  | (72) |
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 962 |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (2,163) |  |  | (2,065) |
Redemption of noncontrolling interests | (279) |  |  | (173) |
Common units distributions paid | (154,067) |  |  | (147,644) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 190,124 |  |  | (297,600) |
Net increase in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | 107,536 |  |  | 34,477 |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 400,334 |  |  | 42,681 |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 507,870 |  |  | $ | 77,158 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest (net of $0.1 million and $0.3 million capitalized in 2024 and 2023, respectively) | $ | 58,241 |  |  | $ | 52,686 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 1,762 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Transfers between real estate under development and rental properties, net | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Transfers from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 467 |
Reclassifications (from) to redeemable noncontrolling interest (to) from general and limited partner capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 3,058 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(1) Organization and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements present the accounts of Essex Property Trust, Inc. ("Essex" or the "Company"), which include the accounts of the Company and Essex Portfolio, L.P. and its subsidiaries (the "Operating Partnership," which holds the operating assets of the Company), prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented have been included and are normal and recurring in nature. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 include the accounts of the Company and the Operating Partnership. Essex is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, with a 96.6% general partnership interest as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Total Operating Partnership limited partnership units ("OP Units," and the holders of such OP Units, "Unitholders") outstanding was 2,258,812 as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and the redemption value of the units, based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock totaled approximately $553.0 million and $560.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company owned or had ownership interests in 253 operating apartment communities, comprising 62,271 apartment homes, excluding the Company’s ownership interest in preferred equity co-investments, loan investments, and three operating commercial buildings. The operating apartment communities are located in Southern California (primarily Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Ventura counties), Northern California (the San Francisco Bay Area) and the Seattle metropolitan areas.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07 "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." Among other new disclosure requirements, ASU 2023-07 requires companies to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for the Company's 2024 annual reporting. ASU 2023-07 must be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.
In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-05 "Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60)" under which an entity that qualifies as a joint venture is required to apply a new basis of accounting upon the formation of the joint venture. The amendments in ASU 2023-05 require that a joint venture must initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value on the formation date. ASU 2023-05 is effective for all joint ventures that are formed on or after January 1, 2025 and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.
Revenues and Gains on Sale of Real Estate
Revenues from tenants renting or leasing apartment homes are recorded when due from tenants and are recognized monthly as they are earned which generally approximates a straight-line basis, else, adjustments are made to conform to a straight-line basis. Apartment homes are rented under short-term leases (generally, lease terms of 9 to 12 months). Revenues from tenants leasing commercial space are recorded on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease. See Note 3, Revenues, for additional information regarding such revenues.
14

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
The Company also generates other property-related revenue associated with the leasing of apartment homes, including storage income, pet rent, and other miscellaneous revenue. Similar to rental income, such revenues are recorded when due from tenants and recognized monthly as they are earned.
Apart from rental and other property-related revenue, revenues from contracts with customers are recognized as control of the promised services is passed to the customer. For customer contracts related to management and other fees from affiliates (which includes asset management and property management), the transaction price and amount of revenue to be recognized is determined each quarter based on the management fee calculated and earned for that month or quarter. The contract will contain a description of the service and the fee percentage for management services. Payments from such services are one month or one quarter in arrears of the service performed.
The Company recognizes any gains on sales of real estate when it transfers control of a property and when it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the related consideration.
Marketable Securities
The Company reports its equity securities at fair value, based on quoted market prices (Level 1 for the common stock and investment funds and Level 2 for the unsecured debt, as defined by the FASB standard for fair value measurements). As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $0.1 million of equity securities presented within common stock, preferred stock, and stock funds in the tables below represent investments measured at fair value, using net asset value as a practical expedient, and are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy.
Any realized and unrealized gains and losses in equity securities and interest income are included in interest and other income on the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, equity securities consisted primarily of investment funds-debt securities, common stock, preferred stock and stock funds.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, marketable securities consisted of the following ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024
| Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Carrying Value |  |  |  |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 26,590 |  |  | $ | (1,636) |  |  | $ | 24,954 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, preferred stock, and stock funds | 51,341 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | 66,341 |  |  |  |  |
Total - Marketable securities | $ | 77,931 |  |  | $ | 13,364 |  |  | $ | 91,295 |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2023
| Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gain (loss) |  | Carrying Value |  |  |  |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 26,460 |  |  | $ | (1,584) |  |  | $ | 24,876 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, preferred stock, and stock funds | 51,328 |  |  | 11,591 |  |  | 62,919 |  |  |  |  |
Total - Marketable securities | $ | 77,788 |  |  | $ | 10,007 |  |  | $ | 87,795 |  |  |  |  |

15

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Variable Interest Entities
In accordance with accounting standards for consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIEs"), the Company consolidated the Operating Partnership, 18 DownREIT entities (comprising nine communities), and six co-investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company consolidates these entities because it is the primary beneficiary. The Company has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. The consolidated total assets and liabilities related to the above consolidated co-investments and DownREIT entities, net of intercompany eliminations, were approximately $963.5 million and $326.1 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024 and $956.7 million and $324.5 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Noncontrolling interests in these entities was $121.0 million and $121.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company's financial risk in each VIE is limited to its equity investment in the VIE. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any VIEs of which it was not the primary beneficiary.
Equity-based Compensation
The cost of share- and unit-based compensation awards is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the awards. The estimated fair value of stock options and restricted stock granted by the Company are being amortized over the vesting period. The estimated grant date fair values of the long term incentive plan units (discussed in Note 14, "Equity Based Compensation Plans," in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023) are being amortized over the expected service periods.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Management estimates that the carrying amounts of the outstanding balances under its lines of credit, and notes and other receivables approximate fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, because interest rates, yields, and other terms for these instruments are consistent with interest rates, yields, and other terms currently available for similar instruments. Management has estimated that the fair value of the Company’s fixed rate debt with a carrying value of $6.0 billion and $5.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, was approximately $5.6 billion and $5.3 billion, respectively. Management has estimated that the fair value of the Company’s $520.0 million of variable rate debt at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was approximately $518.8 million and $519.0 million, respectively, based on the terms of existing mortgage notes payable, unsecured debt, and variable rate demand notes compared to those available in the marketplace. Management estimates that the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, construction payables, other liabilities, and dividends payable approximate fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. Marketable securities are carried at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Capitalization of Costs
The Company’s capitalized internal costs related to development and redevelopment projects were comprised primarily of interest and employee compensation and totaled $5.3 million and $4.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company capitalizes leasing commissions associated with the lease-up of development communities and amortizes the costs over the life of the leases. The amounts capitalized for leasing commissions are immaterial for all periods presented.
Co-investments
The Company owns investments in joint ventures in which it has significant influence, but its ownership interest does not meet the criteria for consolidation in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, the Company accounts for co-investments using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment is carried at the cost of assets contributed, plus the Company's equity in earnings, less distributions received and the Company's share of losses. The significant accounting policies of the Company’s co-investment entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.
16

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Upon the acquisition of a controlling interest of a co-investment, the co-investment entity is consolidated and a gain or loss is recognized upon the remeasurement of co-investments in the consolidated statement of income equal to the amount by which the fair value of the Company's previously owned co-investment interest exceeds its carrying value. A majority of the co-investments, excluding most preferred equity investments, compensate the Company for its asset management services and some of these investments may provide promote income if certain financial return benchmarks are achieved. Asset management fees are recognized when earned, and promote fees are recognized when the earnings events have occurred and the amount is determinable and collectible. Any promote fees are reflected in equity income from co-investments.
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net by Component
Essex Property Trust, Inc.
($ in thousands):

| Change in fair value and amortization of swap settlements |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 33,556 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income before reclassification | 7,715 |  |  |  |  |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | 8 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income | 7,723 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 41,279 |  |  |  |  |

Essex Portfolio, L.P.
($ in thousands):

| Change in fair value and amortization of swap settlements |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 38,646 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income before reclassification | 7,986 |  |  |  |  |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | 9 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income | 7,995 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 46,641 |  |  |  |  |

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income in connection with derivatives are recorded in interest expense on the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
The carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets was $32.2 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The limited partners may redeem their noncontrolling interests for cash in certain circumstances.
The changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows ($ in thousands):

Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 32,205 |
Reclassification due to change in redemption value and other | (13) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 32,192 |

17

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Highly liquid investments generally with original maturities of three months or less when purchased are classified as cash equivalents. Restricted cash balances relate primarily to reserve requirements for capital replacement at certain communities in connection with the Company’s mortgage debt.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents - unrestricted | $ | 499,036 |  |  | $ | 391,749 |  |  | $ | 67,712 |  |  | $ | 33,295 |
Cash and cash equivalents - restricted | 8,834 |  |  | 8,585 |  |  | 9,446 |  |  | 9,386 |
Total unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows | $ | 507,870 |  |  | $ | 400,334 |  |  | $ | 77,158 |  |  | $ | 42,681 |

Gain Contingencies
Contingencies, commonly resulting from legal settlements, will periodically arise that may result in a gain. Gain contingencies are typically not recognized in the financial statements until all uncertainties related to the contingency have been resolved. In the case of legal settlements, the Company determines that all uncertainties have been resolved when cash or other consideration has been received by the Company. Gain contingencies resulting from legal settlements of $42.5 million and $7.7 million were recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are included in interest and other income on the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
Accounting Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to acquiring, developing and assessing the carrying values of its real estate portfolio, its investments in and advances to joint ventures and affiliates, its notes receivables, and its qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT"). The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may vary from those estimates and those estimates could be different under different assumptions or conditions.
(2) Significant Transactions During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and Subsequent Events
Significant Transactions
Acquisitions
In March 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner, BEXAEW LLC's ("BEXAEW") 49.9% interest in four apartment communities, consisting of 1,480 apartment homes, valued at $505.0 million on a gross basis. Concurrent with the acquisition, the Company repaid $219.9 million of debt encumbering the properties and consolidated the communities. As a result of this acquisition, the Company realized a gain on remeasurement of co-investment of $138.3 million. Additionally, the Company recognized $1.5 million in promote income as a result of the transaction, which is included in equity income from co-investments on the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
18

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Notes Receivable
In March 2024, the Company committed to fund a $53.6 million related party bridge loan to BEX II, LLC ("BEX II"), a co-investment, in connection with the payoff of a mortgage related to one of BEX II's properties located in Southern California. The note receivable will accrue interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.50% and is scheduled to mature in September 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the commitment was yet to be funded and was fully funded subsequent to quarter end, in April 2024. See Note 6, Related Party Transactions, for additional details.
Senior Unsecured Debt
In March 2024, the Operating Partnership issued $350.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on April 1, 2034 with a coupon rate of 5.500% per annum (the "2034 Notes"), which are payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2024. The 2034 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 99.752% of par value. The 2034 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are unconditionally guaranteed by Essex.
Subsequent events
Subsequent to quarter end, the Company accepted the third party sponsor’s common equity interest affiliated with its $14.7 million preferred equity investment in a stabilized community comprising 75 apartment homes located in Sunnyvale, CA. Concurrent with the closing, the Company unencumbered the property and consolidated the community on the Company’s financial statements at a $46.6 million valuation. The Company placed the preferred equity investment on non-accrual in the fourth quarter of 2023 and recorded a $3.7 million non-cash impairment related to the investment in the first quarter of 2024.
(3) Revenues
Disaggregated Revenue
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue source ($ in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Rental income | $ | 417,236 |  |  | $ | 404,635 |  |  |  |  |
Other property | 6,979 |  |  | 5,021 |  |  |  |  |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 2,713 |  |  | 2,765 |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | $ | 426,928 |  |  | $ | 412,421 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the Company’s rental and other property revenues disaggregated by geographic operating segment ($ in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Southern California | $ | 176,002 |  |  | $ | 166,877 |  |  |  |  |
Northern California | 168,839 |  |  | 163,728 |  |  |  |  |
Seattle Metro | 71,913 |  |  | 70,038 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate assets (1) | 7,461 |  |  | 9,013 |  |  |  |  |
Total rental and other property revenues | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  |  |  |

19

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(1) Other real estate assets consist of revenues generated from retail space, commercial properties, held for sale properties, disposition properties and straight-line rent adjustments for concessions. Executive management does not evaluate such operating performance geographically.
The following table presents the Company’s rental and other property revenues disaggregated by current property category status ($ in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Same-property (1) | $ | 409,819 |  |  | $ | 395,520 |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions (2) | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Redevelopment | 1,541 |  |  | 1,537 |  |  |  |  |
Non-residential/other, net (3) | 11,320 |  |  | 12,023 |  |  |  |  |
Straight line rent concession (4) | (63) |  |  | 576 |  |  |  |  |
Total rental and other property revenues | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Same-property includes properties that have comparable stabilized results as of January 1, 2023 and are consolidated by the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. A community is considered to have reached stabilized operations once it achieves an initial occupancy of 90%.
(2) Acquisitions include properties acquired which did not have comparable stabilized results as of January 1, 2023.
(3) Non-residential/other, net consists of revenues generated from retail space, commercial properties, held for sale properties, disposition properties, student housing, properties undergoing significant construction activities that do not
meet our redevelopment criteria, and two communities located in the California counties of Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz, which the Company does not consider its core markets.
(4) Represents straight-line concessions for residential operating communities. Same-property revenues reflect concessions on a cash basis. Total rental and other property revenues reflect concessions on a straight-line basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Deferred Revenues and Remaining Performance Obligations
When cash payments are received or due in advance of the Company’s performance of contracts with customers, deferred revenue is recorded. The total deferred revenue balance related to such contracts was $0.8 million and $1.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amount of revenue recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2024 that was included in the December 31, 2023 deferred revenue balance was $0.2 million, which was included in rental and other property revenue within the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in the revenue recognition accounting standard. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $0.8 million of remaining performance obligations. The Company expects to recognize approximately 61% of these remaining performance obligations in 2024, an additional 32% through 2026, and the remaining balance thereafter.
20

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(4) Co-investments
The Company has joint ventures and preferred equity investments in co-investments which own, operate, and develop apartment communities and are accounted for under the equity method. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had invested in five technology co-investments and the co-investment balance of these investments was $50.5 million, and the aggregate commitment was $86.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had five technology co-investments and the co-investment balance of these investments was $44.2 million and the aggregate commitment was $86.0 million.
The carrying values of the Company's co-investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows ($ in thousands, except parenthetical amounts):

| Weighted Average Company Ownership Percentage (1) |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Ownership interest in: |  |  |  |  |
Wesco I, Wesco III, Wesco IV, Wesco V, and Wesco VI (2) | 54 | % |  | $ | 145,918 |  |  | $ | 144,766 |
BEXAEW (3), BEX II, BEX IV, and 500 Folsom | 50 | % |  | 213,998 |  |  | 224,119 |
Other (4) | 52 | % |  | 86,542 |  |  | 68,493 |
Total operating and other co-investments, net |  |  | 446,458 |  |  | 437,378 |
Total development co-investments | — | % |  | — |  |  | 14,605 |
Total preferred interest co-investments (includes related party investments of $44.8 million and $42.7 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See Note 6 - Related Party Transactions for further discussion) |  |  | 552,311 |  |  | 544,262 |
Total co-investments, net |  |  | $ | 998,769 |  |  | $ | 996,245 |

(1) Weighted average Company ownership percentages are as of March 31, 2024.
(2) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's investments in Wesco I, Wesco III, and Wesco IV were classified as a liability of $59.6 million and $61.8 million, respectively, due to distributions in excess of the Company's investment.
(3) In March 2024, the Company acquired BEXAEW's 49.9% interest in four apartment communities consisting of 1,480 apartment homes.
(4) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's investments in Expo and Century Towers were classified as a liability of $4.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively, due to distributions received in excess of the Company's investment. The weighted average Company ownership percentage excludes the Company's investments in non-core technology co-investments which are carried at fair value.
The combined summarized financial information of co-investments is as follows ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Combined balance sheets: (1) |  |  |
Rental properties and real estate under development | $ | 4,739,567 |  |  | $ | 5,123,164 |
Other assets | 295,557 |  |  | 279,237 |
Total assets | $ | 5,035,124 |  |  | $ | 5,402,401 |
Debt | $ | 3,312,158 |  |  | $ | 3,622,609 |
Other liabilities | 312,091 |  |  | 317,208 |
Equity | 1,410,875 |  |  | 1,462,584 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 5,035,124 |  |  | $ | 5,402,401 |
Company's share of equity | $ | 998,769 |  |  | $ | 996,245 |

21

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Combined statements of income: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property revenues | $ | 106,293 |  |  | $ | 100,593 |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses | (42,314) |  |  | (42,078) |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income | 63,979 |  |  | 58,515 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (40,943) |  |  | (32,684) |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | (7,563) |  |  | (2,980) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (45,793) |  |  | (41,388) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (30,320) |  |  | $ | (18,537) |  |  |  |  |
Company's share of net income (2) | $ | 12,366 |  |  | $ | 10,871 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes preferred equity investments held by the Company and excludes investments in technology co-investments.
(2) Includes the Company's share of equity income from joint ventures and preferred equity investments, gain on sales of co-investments, co-investment promote income and income from early redemption of preferred equity investments. Includes related party income of $1.1 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(5) Notes and Other Receivables
Notes and other receivables consist of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Note receivable, secured, bearing interest at 11.50%, due November 2024 (Originated November 2020) | $ | 38,801 |  |  | $ | 37,582 |
Note receivable, secured, bearing interest at 9.00%, due October 2025 (Originated October 2021) | 52,550 |  |  | 50,146 |
Note receivable, secured, bearing interest at 12.00%, due August 2024 (Originated August 2022) | 12,116 |  |  | 11,743 |
Note receivable, secured, bearing interest at 11.25%, due October 2027 (Originated October 2022) | 35,944 |  |  | 34,929 |
Notes and other receivables from affiliates (1) | 5,945 |  |  | 6,111 |
Straight line rent receivables (2) | 9,246 |  |  | 9,353 |
Other receivables | 29,150 |  |  | 25,444 |
Allowance for credit losses | (712) |  |  | (687) |
Total notes and other receivables | $ | 183,040 |  |  | $ | 174,621 |

(1) These amounts consist of short-term loans outstanding and due from various joint ventures as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See Note 6, Related Party Transactions, for additional details.
(2) These amounts are receivables from lease concessions recorded on a straight-line basis for the Company's operating properties.
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for notes receivable, secured ($ in thousands):

| Notes Receivable, Secured |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 687 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 25 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 712 |  |  |  |  |

No loans were placed on nonaccrual status or charged off during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.
22

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(6) Related Party Transactions
The Company charges certain fees relating to its co-investments for asset management, property management, development and redevelopment services. These fees from affiliates totaled $2.8 million and $3.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. All of these fees are net of intercompany amounts eliminated by the Company. The Company netted development and redevelopment fees of approximately $0.1 million and $0.5 million against general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company’s Chairman and founder, Mr. George M. Marcus, is the Chairman of the Marcus & Millichap Company ("MMC"), which is a parent company of a diversified group of real estate service, investment, and development firms. Mr. Marcus is also the Chairman of and owns a controlling interest in Marcus & Millichap, Inc. ("MMI"), a national brokerage firm listed on the New York Stock Exchange. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not pay brokerage commissions related to real estate transactions to MMC and its affiliates.
In March 2024, the Company committed to fund a $53.6 million related party bridge loan to BEX II in connection with the payoff of a mortgage related to one of BEX II's properties located in Southern California. The note receivable will accrue interest at the SOFR plus 1.50% and is scheduled to mature in September 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the commitment was yet to be funded. It was fully funded subsequent to quarter end, in April 2024.
In August 2022, the Company funded an $11.2 million preferred equity investment in an entity whose sponsor includes an affiliate of MMC. The entity owns three multifamily communities located in Azusa, CA. The investment initially accrues interest based on a 9.5% preferred return and is scheduled to mature in August 2027.
In February 2019, the Company funded a $24.5 million preferred equity investment in an entity whose sponsor is an affiliate of MMC, which owns a multifamily development community located in Mountain View, CA. The investment initially accrued interest based on an 11.0% preferred return which was reduced to 9.0% upon completion and lease-up of the project. The investment was scheduled to mature in February 2024, but was paid off in December 2023.
In October 2018, the Company funded an $18.6 million preferred equity investment in an entity whose sponsor is an affiliate of MMC. The entity wholly owns a 268-unit apartment home community development located in Burlingame, CA. The investment initially accrued interest based on a 12.0% preferred return which was reduced to 9.0% upon completion and lease-up of the project. In April 2023, the investment's maturity date was extended from April 2024 to May 2026 with the investment accruing interest based on a 11.0% preferred return. In April 2023, the Company received cash of $11.2 million for the partial redemption of this preferred equity investment.
In May 2018, the Company made a commitment to fund a $26.5 million preferred equity investment in an entity whose sponsors include an affiliate of MMC. The entity wholly owns a 400-unit apartment home community located in Ventura, CA. The investment accrued interest based on a 10.25% initial preferred return. The investment was scheduled to mature in May 2023. In November 2021, the Company received cash of $18.3 million for the partial redemption of this preferred equity investment resulting in a remaining total commitment of $13.0 million, and the maturity was extended to December 2028. As of March 31, 2024, $11.0 million of this commitment has been funded and the Company continues to accrue interest on a 9.0% preferred return. The remaining committed amount is expected to be funded if and when requested by the sponsors.
As described in Note 5, Notes and Other Receivables, the Company has provided short-term loans to affiliates. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $5.9 million and $6.1 million, respectively, of short-term loans remained outstanding due from joint venture affiliates and is classified within notes and other receivables in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
23

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
(7) Debt
Essex does not have indebtedness as debt is incurred by the Operating Partnership. Essex guarantees the Operating Partnership’s unsecured debt including the revolving credit facilities for the full term of the facilities.
Debt consists of the following ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Weighted Average Maturity In Years as of March 31, 2024
Term loan - variable rate, net | $ | 298,649 |  |  | $ | 298,552 |  |  | 3.6
Bonds public offering - fixed rate, net (1) | 5,367,955 |  |  | 5,019,979 |  |  | 7.1
Unsecured debt, net (2) | 5,666,604 |  |  | 5,318,531 |  |  |
Lines of credit (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net (4) | 886,388 |  |  | 887,204 |  |  | 7.6
Total debt, net | $ | 6,552,992 |  |  | $ | 6,205,735 |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate on fixed rate unsecured bonds public offering | 3.4 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  |
Weighted average interest rate on variable rate term loan | 4.2 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  |
Weighted average interest rate on lines of credit | 6.3 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  |
Weighted average interest rate on mortgage notes payable | 4.3 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  |

(1) In March 2024, the Operating Partnership issued $350.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on April 1, 2034 with a coupon rate of 5.500% per annum, which are payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2024. The 2034 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 99.752% of par value.
(2) Unsecured debt, net, consists of fixed rate public bond offerings and variable rate term loan which includes unamortized discount, net of premiums, of $6.6 million and $6.1 million and unamortized debt issuance costs of $26.8 million and $25.3 million, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(3) Lines of credit, related to the Company's two lines of unsecured credit aggregating $1.24 billion as of March 31, 2024, excludes unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.5 million and $3.8 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These debt issuance costs are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s $1.2 billion credit facility had an interest rate at the Adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("Adjusted SOFR") plus 0.75%, which is based on a tiered rate structure tied to the Company’s credit ratings, adjusted for the Company's sustainability metric grid, and a scheduled maturity date of January 2027 with two six-month extensions, exercisable at the Company’s option. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s $35.0 million working capital unsecured line of credit had an interest rate of Adjusted SOFR plus 0.75%, which is based on a tiered rate structure tied to the Company’s credit ratings, adjusted for the Company's sustainability metric grid, and a scheduled maturity date of July 2024.
(4) Includes total unamortized premium, net of discounts of $0.3 million and $0.5 million, reduced by unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.0 million and $3.1 million, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
24

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
The aggregate scheduled principal payments of the Company’s outstanding debt, excluding lines of credit, as of March 31, 2024 are as follows ($ in thousands):

2024 | $ | 402,347 |
2025 | 633,054 |
2026 | 549,405 |
2027 | 803,955 |
2028 | 518,332 |
Thereafter | 3,681,937 |
Total | $ | 6,589,030 |

(8) Segment Information
The Company's segment disclosures present the measure used by the chief operating decision makers for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision makers are comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") to assess the performance of the business for the Company's reportable operating segments. NOI represents total property revenues less direct property operating expenses.
The executive management team generally evaluates the Company's operating performance geographically. The Company defines its reportable operating segments as the three geographical regions in which its communities are located: Southern California, Northern California, and Seattle Metro.
Excluded from segment revenues and NOI are management and other fees from affiliates and interest and other income. Non-segment revenues and NOI included in the following schedule also consist of revenues generated from commercial properties and properties that have been sold. Other non-segment assets include items such as real estate under development, co-investments, real estate held for sale, cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, notes and other receivables, and prepaid expenses and other assets.
25

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
The revenues and NOI for each of the reportable operating segments are summarized as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Southern California | $ | 176,002 |  |  | $ | 166,877 |  |  |  |  |
Northern California | 168,839 |  |  | 163,728 |  |  |  |  |
Seattle Metro | 71,913 |  |  | 70,038 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate assets | 7,461 |  |  | 9,013 |  |  |  |  |
Total property revenues | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Southern California | $ | 124,333 |  |  | $ | 116,942 |  |  |  |  |
Northern California | 115,679 |  |  | 114,555 |  |  |  |  |
Seattle Metro | 50,916 |  |  | 49,894 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate assets | 7,421 |  |  | 7,853 |  |  |  |  |
Total net operating income | 298,349 |  |  | 289,244 |  |  |  |  |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 2,713 |  |  | 2,765 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate-level property management expenses | (11,731) |  |  | (11,432) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (139,733) |  |  | (136,347) |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | (17,171) |  |  | (15,311) |  |  |  |  |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | (68) |  |  | (339) |  |  |  |  |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | (433) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | 59,238 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (55,933) |  |  | (51,045) |  |  |  |  |
Total return swap income | 796 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income | 57,275 |  |  | 12,450 |  |  |  |  |
Equity income from co-investments | 12,366 |  |  | 10,871 |  |  |  |  |
Tax (expense) benefit on unconsolidated co-investments | (49) |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 138,326 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 285,140 |  |  | $ | 161,594 |  |  |  |  |

26

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Total assets for each of the reportable operating segments are summarized as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets: |  |  |
Southern California | $ | 4,208,556 |  |  | $ | 3,802,648 |
Northern California | 5,192,173 |  |  | 5,242,343 |
Seattle Metro | 1,376,656 |  |  | 1,333,030 |
Other real estate assets | 92,342 |  |  | 92,271 |
Net reportable operating segment - real estate assets | 10,869,727 |  |  | 10,470,292 |
Real estate under development | 24,631 |  |  | 23,724 |
Co-investments | 1,062,575 |  |  | 1,061,733 |
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash | 507,870 |  |  | 400,334 |
Marketable securities | 91,295 |  |  | 87,795 |
Notes and other receivables | 183,040 |  |  | 174,621 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 62,858 |  |  | 63,757 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 83,189 |  |  | 79,171 |
Total assets | $ | 12,885,185 |  |  | $ | 12,361,427 |

(9) Net Income Per Common Share and Net Income Per Common Unit
($ in thousands, except share and unit data):
Essex Property Trust, Inc.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Income |  | Weighted- average Common Shares |  | Per Common Share Amount |  | Income |  | Weighted- average Common Shares |  | Per Common Share Amount
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 272,731 |  |  | 64,205,086 |  |  | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |  |  | 64,458,535 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | — |  |  | 6,920 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 272,731 |  |  | 64,212,006 |  |  | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |  |  | 64,459,689 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |

The table above excludes from the calculations of diluted earnings per share weighted average convertible OP Units of 2,258,812 and 2,265,893, which include vested 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan Units and 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan Units, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because they were anti-dilutive. The related income allocated to these convertible OP Units aggregated $9.6 million and $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
27

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Stock options of 395,585 and 476,748 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the assumed proceeds per share of such options plus the average unearned compensation were greater than the average market price of the common stock for the periods ended and, therefore, were anti-dilutive.
Essex Portfolio, L.P.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Income |  | Weighted- average Common Units |  | Per Common Unit Amount |  | Income |  | Weighted- average Common Units |  | Per Common Unit Amount
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 282,330 |  |  | 66,463,899 |  |  | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 158,936 |  |  | 66,724,428 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | — |  |  | 6,920 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 282,330 |  |  | 66,470,819 |  |  | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 158,936 |  |  | 66,725,582 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |

Stock options of 395,585 and 476,748 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per unit because the assumed proceeds per unit of these options plus the average unearned compensation were greater than the average market price of the common unit for the periods ended and, therefore, were anti-dilutive.
(10) Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had an interest rate swap contract with an aggregate notional amount of $300.0 million that effectively fixed the interest rate on the $300.0 million unsecured term loan at 4.2%. This derivative qualifies for hedge accounting.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the swap contracts were presented in the consolidated balance sheets as an asset of $7.8 million and $4.3 million, respectively, and were included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no interest rate caps.
(11) Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is subject to various lawsuits in the normal course of its business operations. Such lawsuits have not had a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not believe there is any pending or threatened litigation against the Company that, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company.
28

ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
In late 2022 and early 2023, a number of purported class actions were filed against RealPage, Inc., a seller of revenue management software, and various lessors of multifamily housing which utilize this software, including the Company. The complaints allege collusion among defendants to artificially increase rents of multifamily residential real estate above competitive levels. The Company intends to vigorously defend against these lawsuits. Given their early stage, the Company is unable to predict the outcome or estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may result from such matters. The Company is also subject to various other legal and/or regulatory proceedings arising in the normal course of its business operations. The Company believes that, with respect to such matters that it is currently a party to, the ultimate disposition of any such matter will not result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. To the extent that such a matter arises or is identified in the future that has other than a remote risk of having a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company will disclose the estimated range of possible outcomes associated with it, and, if an outcome is probable, accrue an appropriate liability for that matter. The Company will consider whether any such matter results in an impairment of value on the affected property and, if so, impairment will be recognized.
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Item 2: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes thereto included elsewhere herein and with the Company’s 2023 annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Capitalized terms not defined in this section have the meaning ascribed to them elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. The Company makes statements in this section that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. For a complete discussion of forward-looking statements, see the section in this Form 10-Q entitled "Forward-Looking Statements."
Essex is a self-administered and self-managed REIT that acquires, develops, redevelops, and manages apartment communities in selected residential areas located on the West Coast of the United States. Essex owns all of its interests in its real estate investments, directly or indirectly through the Operating Partnership. Essex is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and, as of March 31, 2024, had an approximately 96.6% general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership.
The Company’s investment strategy has two components: constant monitoring of existing markets, and evaluation of new markets to identify areas with the characteristics that underlie rental growth. The Company’s strong financial condition supports its investment strategy by enhancing its ability to quickly shift acquisition, development, redevelopment, and disposition activities to markets that will optimize the performance of the Company's portfolio.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company owned or had ownership interests in 253 operating apartment communities, comprising 62,271 apartment homes, excluding the Company’s ownership interest in preferred equity co-investments, loan investments, and three operating commercial buildings.
The Company’s apartment communities are located in the following major regions:
Southern California (primarily Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Ventura counties)
Northern California (the San Francisco Bay Area)
Seattle Metro (the Seattle metropolitan area)
The Company’s consolidated apartment communities are as follows:

| As of March 31, 2024 |  | As of March 31, 2023
| Apartment Homes |  | % |  | Apartment Homes |  | %
Southern California | 23,262 |  |  | 44 | % |  | 21,913 |  |  | 43 | %
Northern California | 19,244 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 19,245 |  |  | 37 | %
Seattle Metro | 10,555 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 10,341 |  |  | 20 | %
Total | 53,061 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 51,499 |  |  | 100 | %

Co-investments, including Wesco I, Wesco III, Wesco IV, Wesco V, Wesco VI, BEX II, BEX IV and 500 Folsom communities, developments under construction, and preferred equity interest co-investment communities are not included in the table presented above for both periods. The communities previously held in the BEXAEW co-investment, which was consolidated in the first quarter of 2024, are excluded from the March 31, 2023 table but included in the March 31, 2024 table.
Market Considerations
The Company is emerging from restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to comply with the stated intent of local, county, state and federal laws, some of which limit rent increases during times of emergency and impair the ability to collect unpaid rent during certain timeframes and in various regions in which our communities are located, impacting the Company and its properties. Concurrently, geopolitical tensions and regional conflicts have increased uncertainty during 2023 and 2024. Inflation has caused an increase in consumer prices, thereby reducing purchasing power and elevating the risks of a recession. Due to increased inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised the federal funds rate a total of seven times during 2022 and four times in 2023. In response, market interest rates have increased significantly during this time.
The long-term impact of these developments will largely depend on future laws that may be enacted, the impact on job growth and the broader economy, and reactions by consumers, companies, governmental entities and capital markets.
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Primarily as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company's cash delinquencies as a percentage of scheduled rental income for the Company’s stabilized apartment communities or "Same-Property" (stabilized properties consolidated by the Company for the quarters ended March 31, 2024 and 2023) have generally remained higher than the pre-pandemic historical average of 0.35% since the second quarter of 2020. Cash delinquencies were elevated at 2.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and has decreased to 1.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Delinquency benefited from Emergency Rental Assistance payments of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to payments of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024; however, current tenant delinquencies remained well above pre-pandemic levels. The Company continues to work with residents to collect such cash delinquencies. As of March 31, 2024, the delinquencies have not had a material adverse impact on the Company's liquidity position.
The foregoing macroeconomic conditions have not negatively impacted the Company's ability to access traditional funding sources on the same or reasonably similar terms as were available in recent periods prior to the pandemic. The Company is not at material risk of not meeting the covenants in its credit agreements and is able to timely service its debt and other obligations.
Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
The Company’s average financial occupancy for the Company’s Same-Property portfolio was 96.3% and 96.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Financial occupancy is defined as the percentage resulting from dividing actual rental income by total scheduled rental income. Actual rental income represents contractual rental income pursuant to leases without considering delinquency and concessions. Total scheduled rental income represents the value of all apartment homes, with occupied apartment homes valued at contractual rental rates pursuant to leases and vacant apartment homes valued at estimated market rents. The Company believes that financial occupancy is a meaningful measure of occupancy because it considers the value of each vacant apartment home at its estimated market rate.
Market rates are determined using the recently signed effective rates on new leases at the property and are used as the starting point in the determination of the market rates of vacant apartment homes. The Company may increase or decrease these rates based on a variety of factors, including overall supply and demand for housing, concentration of new apartment deliveries within the same submarket which can cause periodic disruption due to greater rental concessions to increase leasing velocity, and rental affordability. Financial occupancy may not completely reflect short-term trends in physical occupancy and financial occupancy rates, and the Company's calculation of financial occupancy may not be comparable to financial occupancy disclosed by other REITs.
The Company does not take into account delinquency and concessions to calculate actual rent for occupied apartment homes and market rents for vacant apartment homes. The calculation of financial occupancy compares contractual rates for occupied apartment homes to estimated market rents for unoccupied apartment homes, and thus the calculation compares the gross value of all apartment homes excluding delinquency and concessions. For apartment communities that are development properties in lease-up without stabilized occupancy figures, the Company believes the physical occupancy rate is the appropriate performance metric. While an apartment community is in the lease-up phase, the Company’s primary motivation is to stabilize the property, which may entail the use of rent concessions and other incentives, and thus financial occupancy, which is based on contractual income, is not considered the best metric to quantify occupancy.
The regional breakdown of the Company’s Same-Property portfolio for financial occupancy for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Southern California | 96.0 | % |  | 96.8 | %
Northern California | 96.2 | % |  | 96.7 | %
Seattle Metro | 97.0 | % |  | 96.6 | %

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The following table provides a breakdown of revenues amounts, including revenues attributable to the Same-Properties:

|  | Number of Apartment Homes |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Dollar |  | Percentage
Property Revenues ($ in thousands) |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | Change
Same-Property Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Southern California |  | 21,573 |  |  | $ | 171,822 |  |  | $ | 164,287 |  |  | $ | 7,535 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Northern California |  | 18,970 |  |  | 166,213 |  |  | 161,195 |  |  | 5,018 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Seattle Metro |  | 10,341 |  |  | 71,784 |  |  | 70,038 |  |  | 1,746 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Total Same-Property Revenues |  | 50,884 |  |  | 409,819 |  |  | 395,520 |  |  | 14,299 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Non-Same Property Revenues |  |  |  | 14,396 |  |  | 14,136 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Total Property Revenues |  |  |  | $ | 424,215 |  |  | $ | 409,656 |  |  | $ | 14,559 |  |  | 3.6 | %

Same-Property Revenues increased by $14.3 million or 3.6% to $409.8 million in the first quarter of 2024 from $395.5 million in the first quarter of 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of 2.1% in average rental rates from $2,576 in the first quarter of 2023 to $2,631 in the first quarter of 2024 and 0.8% of the increase was attributable to a decrease in delinquencies in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023.
Non-Same Property Revenues increased by $0.3 million or 1.8% to $14.4 million in the first quarter of 2024 from $14.1 million in the first quarter of 2023. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of Hacienda at Camarillo Oaks in 2023, and the consolidation of four apartment home communities as part of the Company's purchase of its joint venture partner's 49.9% interest in the BEXAEW portfolio in 2024. The increase was partially offset by the sale of CBC and The Sweeps in the first quarter of 2023.
Property operating expenses, excluding real estate taxes increased by $5.0 million or 6.8% to $78.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $73.9 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to increases of $2.3 million in utilities expenses, $1.2 million in insurance expenses, $0.9 million in personnel costs, and $0.4 million in administrative expenses. Same-Property operating expenses, excluding real estate taxes, increased by $5.7 million or 7.8% to $78.6 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $72.9 million in the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to increases of $2.2 million in utilities expenses, $2.0 million in insurance and other expenses, $0.8 million in personnel costs, $0.5 million in administrative expenses and $0.2 million in maintenance and repairs expenses.
Real estate taxes increased by $0.4 million or 0.9% to $46.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $46.5 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to a net increase of approximately 2% in California real estate taxes, partially offset by a slight decrease in real estate taxes in the Seattle metro region. Same-Property real estate taxes increased by $0.3 million or 0.6% to $44.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $44.6 million for the first quarter of 2023 primarily due to an increase of approximately 2% in California real estate taxes, partially offset by slight decrease in real estate taxes in the Seattle metro region.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $3.4 million or 2.5% to $139.7 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $136.3 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to an increase in depreciation expense from the acquisition of Hacienda at Camarillo Oaks in 2023 and due to the consolidation of four apartment home communities as part of the Company's purchase of its joint venture partner's 49.9% interest in the BEXAEW portfolio in 2024. The increase was partially offset by the sale of CBC and The Sweeps in the first quarter of 2023.
Interest expense increased by $4.9 million or 9.6% to $55.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $51.0 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to borrowing on the $300.0 million unsecured term loan in April 2023, the $298.0 million of 10-year secured loans closed in July 2023, and the issuance in March 2024 of $350.0 million senior unsecured notes due April 2034 which resulted in an increase in interest expense of $8.1 million for the first quarter of 2024. Additionally, there was a $0.2 million decrease in capitalized interest in the first quarter of 2024, due to a decrease in development activity as compared to the same period in 2023. These increases to interest expense were partially offset by various debt that was paid off, matured, or due to regular principal amortization during and after the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to the payoff of the $300.0 million of senior unsecured notes due May 1, 2023, which resulted in a decrease in interest expense of $3.4 million for the first quarter of 2024.
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Interest and other income increased by $44.8 million or 358.4% to $57.3 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $12.5 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to increases of $34.8 million in legal settlements and $7.9 million in interest income.
Equity income from co-investments increased by $1.5 million or 13.8% to $12.4 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $10.9 million for the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to increases of $6.0 million in equity income from non-core technology co-investments and $1.5 million in co-investment promote income. The increases were offset by a $3.7 million non-cash impairment loss from an unconsolidated preferred equity co-investment, and a decrease of $1.1 million in income from preferred equity investments.
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment of $138.3 million resulted from the Company's acquisition of its joint venture partner's 49.9% co-investment interest in the BEXAEW portfolio comprised of four apartment home communities.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $499.0 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and $91.3 million in marketable securities, all of which were equity securities. The Company believes that cash flows generated by its operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities balances and availability under existing lines of credit are sufficient to meet all of its anticipated cash needs during the next twelve months. Additionally, the capital markets continue to be available and the Company is able to generate cash from the disposition of real estate assets to finance additional cash flow needs, including continued development and select acquisitions. In the event that economic disruptions occur, the Company may further utilize other resources such as its cash reserves, lines of credit, or decreased investment in redevelopment activities to supplement operating cash flows. The Company is carefully monitoring and managing its cash position in light of ongoing conditions and levels of operations. The timing, source and amounts of cash flows provided by financing activities and used in investing activities are sensitive to changes in interest rates and other fluctuations in the capital markets environment, which can affect the Company's plans for acquisitions, dispositions, development and redevelopment activities.
As of March 31, 2024, Moody’s Investor Service, and Standard and Poor's credit agencies rated the Company and the Operating Partnership, Baa1/Stable, and BBB+/Stable, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had two unsecured lines of credit aggregating $1.24 billion. As of March 31, 2024, there was no outstanding balance on the Company's $1.2 billion unsecured line of credit. The underlying interest rate is based on a tiered rate structure tied to the Company's credit ratings, adjusted for the Company's sustainability metric grid, and was at Adjusted SOFR plus 0.75% as of March 31, 2024. This facility is scheduled to mature in January 2027, with two six-month extensions, exercisable at the Company's option. As of March 31, 2024, there was no outstanding balance on the Company's $35.0 million working capital unsecured line of credit. The underlying interest rate on the $35.0 million line is based on a tiered rate structure tied to the Company's credit ratings, adjusted for the Company's sustainability metric grid, and was at Adjusted SOFR plus 0.75% as of March 31, 2024. This facility is scheduled to mature in July 2024.
In March 2024, the Operating Partnership issued $350.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on April 1, 2034 with a coupon rate of 5.500% per annum (the "2034 Notes"), which are payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2024. The 2034 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 99.752% of par value. The 2034 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are unconditionally guaranteed by Essex. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay upcoming debt maturities, including to fund a portion of the repayment of its outstanding 3.875% senior unsecured notes due May 2024 and for other general corporate and working capital purposes, including funding of potential acquisition opportunities.
In September 2021, the Company entered into a new equity distribution agreement pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $900.0 million (the “2021 ATM Program”). In connection with the 2021 ATM Program, the Company may also enter into related forward sale agreements, and may sell shares of its common stock pursuant to these agreements. The use of a forward sale agreement would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receipt of the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date should the Company elect to settle such forward sale agreement, in whole or in part, in shares of common stock.
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The 2021 ATM Program replaced the prior equity distribution agreement entered into in September 2018 (the "2018 ATM Program"), which was terminated upon the establishment of the 2021 ATM Program. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not sell any shares of its common stock through the 2021 ATM Program. As of March 31, 2024, there are no outstanding forward purchase agreements, and $900.0 million of shares remains available to be sold under the 2021 ATM Program.
In December 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan to allow the Company to acquire shares in an aggregate of up to $250.0 million. In February 2019, the Board of Directors approved the replenishment of the stock repurchase plan such that, as of each date, the Company had $250.0 million of purchase authority remaining under the stock repurchase plan. In each of May and December 2020, the Board of Directors approved the replenishment of the stock repurchase plan such that, as of such date, the Company had $250.0 million of purchase authority remaining under the replenished plan. In September 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase plan to allow the Company to acquire shares of common stock up to an aggregate value of $500.0 million. The plan supersedes the Company's previous common stock repurchase plan announced in December 2015. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares and as of March 31, 2024, the Company had $302.7 million of purchase authority remaining under its $500.0 million stock repurchase plan.
Essex pays quarterly dividends from cash available for distribution. Until it is distributed, cash available for distribution is invested by the Company primarily in investment grade securities held available for sale or is used by the Company to reduce balances outstanding under its line of credit.
Development and Predevelopment Pipeline
The Company defines development projects as new communities that are being constructed, or are newly constructed and are in a phase of lease-up and have not yet reached stabilized operations. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s development pipeline was comprised of various consolidated predevelopment projects, with total incurred costs of $24.6 million.
The Company defines predevelopment projects as proposed communities in negotiation or in the entitlement process with an expected high likelihood of becoming entitled development projects. The Company may also acquire land for future development purposes or sale.
The Company expects to fund the development and predevelopment communities by using a combination of some or all of the following sources: its working capital, amounts available on its lines of credit, construction loans, net proceeds from public and private equity and debt issuances, and proceeds from the disposition of assets, if any.
Derivative Activity
The Company uses interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and total return swap contracts to manage certain interest rate risks. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate swaps and total return swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.
Alternative Capital Sources
The Company utilizes co-investments as an alternative source of capital for acquisitions of both operating and development communities. The Company had an interest in 9,210 apartment homes of operating communities with joint ventures for a total book value of $446.5 million as of March 31, 2024.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company has various unconsolidated interests in certain joint ventures. The Company does not believe that these unconsolidated investments have a materially different impact on its liquidity, cash flows, capital resources, credit or market risk than its consolidated operations. See Note 4, Co-investments, in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, for carrying values and combined summarized financial information of these unconsolidated investments.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company defines critical accounting estimates as those that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. The Company’s critical accounting estimates relate principally to the following key areas: (i) accounting for the acquisition of investments in real estate; and (ii) evaluation of events and changes in circumstances indicating whether the Company’s rental properties may be impaired. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates made by management.
The Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the information reported in Note 2, Summary of Critical and Significant Accounting Policies, in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q which are not historical facts may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are statements which are not historical facts, including statements regarding the Company's expectations, estimates, assumptions, hopes, intentions, beliefs and strategies regarding the future. Words such as "expects," "assumes," "anticipates," "may," "will," "intends," "plans," "projects," "believes," "seeks," "future," "estimates," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding expected operating performance and results, property stabilizations, property acquisition and disposition activity, joint venture and co-investment activity, development and redevelopment activity and other capital expenditures, capital raising and financing activity, revenue and expense growth, financial occupancy, interest rate and other economic expectations.
While the Company's management believes the assumptions underlying its forward-looking statements are reasonable, such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, which could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The Company cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect the Company’s current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. Factors that might cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following: occupancy rates and rental demand may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions; there may be increased interest rates, inflation, escalated operating costs and possible recessionary impacts; geopolitical tensions and regional conflicts, and the related impacts on macroeconomic conditions, including, among other things, interest rates and inflation; the impact of inflation on consumer prices with associated reduction in purchasing power and increased risk of recession; the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; whether and for how long the Company’s cash delinquencies will remain elevated as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness; the Company may be unable to maintain its investment grade credit rating with the rating agencies; the Company may be unsuccessful in the management of its relationships with its co-investment partners; the Company may fail to achieve its business objectives; time required for completion and/or stabilization of development and redevelopment projects; estimates of future income from an acquired property may prove to be inaccurate; future cash flows may be inadequate to meet operating requirements and/or may be insufficient to provide for dividend payments in accordance with REIT requirements; changes in laws or regulations; unexpected difficulties in leasing of future development projects; volatility in financial and securities markets; the Company’s failure to successfully operate acquired properties; unforeseen consequences from cyber-intrusion; government approvals, actions and initiatives, including the need for compliance with environmental requirements; and those further risks, special considerations, and other factors referred to in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and those risk factors and special considerations set forth in the Company's other filings with the SEC which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof, the Company assumes no obligation to update or supplement this information for any reason, and therefore, they may not represent the Company’s estimates and assumptions after the date of this report.
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Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unitholders
Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unitholders ("FFO") is a financial measure that is commonly used in the REIT industry. The Company presents FFO and FFO excluding non-core items (referred to as "Core FFO") as supplemental operating performance measures. FFO and Core FFO are not used by the Company as, nor should they be considered to be, alternatives to net income computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company’s operating performance or as alternatives to cash from operating activities computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company’s ability to fund its cash needs.
FFO and Core FFO are not meant to represent a comprehensive system of financial reporting and do not present, nor do they intend to present, a complete picture of the Company's financial condition and operating performance. The Company believes that net income computed under U.S. GAAP is the primary measure of performance and that FFO and Core FFO are only meaningful when they are used in conjunction with net income.
The Company considers FFO and Core FFO to be useful financial performance measurements of an equity REIT because, together with net income and cash flows, FFO and Core FFO provide investors with additional bases to evaluate operating performance and ability of a REIT to incur and service debt and to fund acquisitions and other capital expenditures and to pay dividends. By excluding gains or losses related to sales of depreciated operating properties and land, excluding real estate depreciation (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates) and excluding impairment write-downs from operating real estate and unconsolidated co-investments driven by a measurable decrease in the fair value of real estate held by the co-investment, FFO can help investors compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of the Company’s core business operations, Core FFO allows investors to compare the core operating performance of the Company to its performance in prior reporting periods and to the operating performance of other real estate companies without the effect of items that by their nature are not comparable from period to period and tend to obscure the Company’s actual operating results. The Company believes that its condensed consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, provide the most meaningful picture of its financial condition and its operating performance.
In calculating FFO, the Company follows the definition for this measure published by the National Associate of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT"), which is the leading REIT industry association. The Company believes that, under the NAREIT FFO definition, the two most significant adjustments made to net income are (i) the exclusion of historical cost depreciation and (ii) the exclusion of gains and losses from the sale of previously depreciated properties. The Company agrees that these two NAREIT adjustments are useful to investors for the following reasons:
(a)historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP assumes, through depreciation charges, that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. NAREIT stated in its White Paper on Funds from Operations "since real estate asset values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors have considered presentations of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves." Consequently, NAREIT’s definition of FFO reflects the fact that real estate, as an asset class, generally appreciates over time and depreciation charges required by U.S. GAAP do not reflect the underlying economic realities.
(b)REITs were created as a legal form of organization in order to encourage public ownership of real estate as an asset class through investment in firms that were in the business of long-term ownership and management of real estate. The exclusion, in NAREIT’s definition of FFO, of gains and losses from the sales of previously depreciated operating real estate assets allows investors and analysts to readily identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the core of a REIT’s activity and assists in comparing those operating results between periods.
Management believes that it has consistently applied the NAREIT definition of FFO to all periods presented. However, there is judgment involved and other REITs’ calculation of FFO may vary from the NAREIT definition for this measure, and thus their disclosure of FFO may not be comparable to the Company’s calculation.
The table below is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and Core FFO for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
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Essex Property Trust, Inc.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 272,731 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |  |  |  |  |
Gains not included in FFO | (138,326) |  |  | (59,238) |  |  |  |  |
Casualty loss | — |  |  | 433 |  |  |  |  |
Impairment loss from unconsolidated co-investments | 3,726 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated co-investments | 18,470 |  |  | 17,609 |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest related to Operating Partnership units | 9,599 |  |  | 5,404 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation attributable to third party ownership and other (1) | (389) |  |  | (359) |  |  |  |  |
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | $ | 305,544 |  |  | $ | 253,728 |  |  |  |  |
FFO per share-diluted | $ | 4.60 |  |  | $ | 3.80 |  |  |  |  |
Non-core items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  |  |  |
Tax expense (benefit) on unconsolidated co-investments (2) | 49 |  |  | (900) |  |  |  |  |
Realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities, net | (3,351) |  |  | (1,280) |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 47 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |
Equity (income) loss from non-core co-investments (3) | (5,870) |  |  | 94 |  |  |  |  |
Co-investment promote income | (1,531) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative and other, net | 2,541 |  |  | 266 |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reimbursements, legal settlements, and other, net (4) | (42,814) |  |  | (8,504) |  |  |  |  |
Core funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | $ | 254,683 |  |  | $ | 243,761 |  |  |  |  |
Core FFO per share-diluted | $ | 3.83 |  |  | $ | 3.65 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted (5) | 66,470,819 |  |  | 66,725,582 |  |  |  |  |

(1) The Company consolidates certain co-investments. The noncontrolling interest's share of net operating income in these investments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.9 million.
(2) Represents tax related to net unrealized gains or losses on technology co-investments.
(3) Represents the Company's share of co-investment income or loss from technology co-investments.
(4) Includes legal settlement gains of $42.5 million and $7.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(5) Assumes conversion of all outstanding limited partnership units in the Operating Partnership into shares of the Company's common stock and excludes DownREIT limited partnership units.
Net Operating Income
Net operating income ("NOI") and Same-Property NOI are considered by management to be important supplemental performance measures to earnings from operations included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income. The presentation of Same-Property NOI assists with the presentation of the Company’s operations prior to the allocation of depreciation and any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easy comparison of the operating performance of individual communities or groups of communities. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impacts to overhead by acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. The Company defines Same-Property NOI as Same-Property revenues less Same-Property operating expenses, including property taxes. Please see the reconciliation of earnings from operations to NOI and Same-Property NOI, which in the table below is the NOI for stabilized properties consolidated by the Company for the periods presented ($ in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Earnings from operations | $ | 132,359 |  |  | $ | 187,385 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 11,731 |  |  | 11,432 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,733 |  |  | 136,347 |  |  |  |  |
Management and other fees from affiliates | (2,713) |  |  | (2,765) |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | 17,171 |  |  | 15,311 |  |  |  |  |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 68 |  |  | 339 |  |  |  |  |
Casualty Loss | — |  |  | 433 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of real estate and land | — |  |  | (59,238) |  |  |  |  |
NOI | 298,349 |  |  | 289,244 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Non-Same Property NOI | (11,990) |  |  | (11,266) |  |  |  |  |
Same-Property NOI | $ | 286,359 |  |  | $ | 277,978 |  |  |  |  |

Item 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks
Interest Rate Hedging Activities
The Company’s objective in using derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements or other identified risks. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate swaps as part of its cash flow hedging strategy. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had one interest rate swap contract to mitigate the risk of changes in the interest-related cash outflows on $300.0 million of the unsecured term loan.
The Company's interest rate swap was designated as cash flow hedge as of March 31, 2024. The following table summarizes the notional amount, carrying value, and estimated fair value of the Company’s cash flow hedge derivative instruments used to hedge interest rates as of March 31, 2024. The notional amount represents the aggregate amount of a particular security that is currently hedged at one time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rates or market risks. The table also includes a sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the impact on the Company’s derivative instruments from an increase or decrease in 10-year Treasury bill interest rates by 50 basis points, as of March 31, 2024.

| Notional Amount |  | Maturity Date Range |  | Carrying and Estimated Fair Value |  | Estimated Carrying Value
|  |  |  | +50 |  | -50
($ in thousands) |  |  |  | Basis Points |  | Basis Points
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 300,000 |  |  | 2026 |  | $ | 7,784 |  |  | $ | 11,103 |  |  | $ | 4,430 |
Total cash flow hedges | $ | 300,000 |  |  | 2026 |  | $ | 7,784 |  |  | $ | 11,103 |  |  | $ | 4,430 |

Additionally, the Company has entered into total return swap contracts, with an aggregate notional amount of $222.5 million that effectively convert $222.5 million of fixed mortgage notes payable to a floating interest rate based on the SIFMA plus a spread and have a carrying value of zero at March 31, 2024. The Company is exposed to insignificant interest rate risk on these total return swaps as the related mortgages are callable, at par, by the Company, co-terminus with the termination of any related swap. These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting.
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Interest Rate Sensitive Liabilities
The Company is exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of its lines of credit and long-term debt used to maintain liquidity and fund capital expenditures and expansion of the Company's real estate investment portfolio and operations. The Company’s interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower its overall borrowing costs. To achieve its objectives, the Company borrows primarily at fixed rates and may enter into derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps, caps, and treasury locks in order to mitigate its interest rate risk on a related financial instrument. The Company does not enter into derivative or interest rate transactions for speculative purposes.
The Company’s interest rate risk is monitored using a variety of techniques. The table below presents the principal amounts and weighted average interest rates by year of expected maturity to evaluate the expected cash flows.

For the Years Ended | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair value
($ in thousands, except for interest rates) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt | $ | 401,641 |  | 632,035 |  | 548,291 |  | 419,558 |  | 517,000 |  | 3,548,000 |  | $ | 6,066,525 |  | $ | 5,623,747 |
Average interest rate | 4.0 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  |
Variable rate debt (1) | $ | 706 |  | 1,019 |  | 1,114 |  | 384,397 |  | 1,332 |  | 133,937 |  | $ | 522,505 |  | $ | 518,780 |
Average interest rate | 4.4 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  |

(1) $222.5 million of variable rate debt is tax exempt to the note holders.
The table incorporates only those exposures that exist as of March 31, 2024. It does not consider those exposures or positions that could arise after that date. As a result, the Company's ultimate realized gain or loss, with respect to interest rate fluctuations and hedging strategies would depend on the exposures that arise prior to settlement.
Item 4: Controls and Procedures
Essex Property Trust, Inc.
As of March 31, 2024, Essex carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Essex’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Essex's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, Essex’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of March 31, 2024, Essex's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by Essex in the reports that Essex files or submits under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that Essex files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Essex’s management, including Essex’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in Essex's internal control over financial reporting, that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Essex’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Essex Portfolio, L.P.
As of March 31, 2024, the Operating Partnership carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Essex's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of March 31, 2024, the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Operating Partnership in the reports that the Operating Partnership files or submits under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Operating Partnership files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Operating Partnership’s management, including Essex's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting, that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.
Part II -- Other Information
Item 1: Legal Proceedings
The information regarding lawsuits, other proceedings and claims, set forth in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, is incorporated by reference into this Item 1. In addition to such matters referred to in Note 11, the Company is subject to various lawsuits in the normal course of its business operations. While the resolution of any such matter cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company is not currently a party to any legal proceedings nor is any legal proceeding currently threatened against the Company that the Company believes, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 1A: Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in "Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors" in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which could materially affect the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in Item 1A of the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC and available at www.sec.gov. The risks described in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K and subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q are not the only risks facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known or that the Company currently deems to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities; Essex Portfolio, L.P.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Operating Partnership issued OP Units in private placements in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, in the amounts and for the consideration set forth below:
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Essex issued an aggregate of 5,562 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options and the exchange of OP units by limited partners or members into shares of common stock. Furthermore, for each share of common stock issued by Essex in connection with the exercise of stock options and the exchange of OP units, the Operating Partnership issued OP Units to Essex, as required by the partnership agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 5,562 OP Units were issued to Essex pursuant to this mechanism.
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Stock Repurchases
In September 2022, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase plan to allow the Company to acquire shares of common stock up to an aggregate of $500.0 million. The plan supersedes the Company's previous common stock repurchase plan announced in December 2015. As a result of the new stock repurchase plan, as of March 31, 2024, the Company had $302.7 million of purchase authority remaining under the stock repurchase plan. The Company did not repurchase any of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Item 3: Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5: Other Information
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, one of our officers and one of our directors adopted a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement", as such item is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K. On February 8, 2024, Amal Johnson, a director, entered into a trading plan that provides for the potential exercise of stock options and associated sale of up to 25,009 shares of common stock. The plan will expire on February 18, 2025, subject to early termination for certain specified events as set forth in the plan. On March 7, 2024, Anne Morrison, our EVP, Chief Administrative Officer, General Counsel, entered into a trading plan that provides the potential exercise of stock options and associated sale of up to 13,722 shares of common stock. The plan will expire on March 10, 2025, subject to early termination for certain specified events as set forth in the plan.
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Item 6: Exhibits

A. Exhibits |
4.1 | Indenture, dated March 14, 2024, among Essex Portfolio, L.P., Essex Property Trust, Inc., and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 5.500% Senior Notes due 2034 and the guarantee thereof, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 14, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.2 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated March 14, 2024, among Essex Portfolio, L.P., Essex Property Trust, Inc., and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 5.500% Senior Notes due 2034 and the guarantee thereof, attached as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 14, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.
31.1* | Certification of Angela L. Kleiman, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* | Certification of Barbara Pak, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.3* | Certification of Angela L. Kleiman, Principal Executive Officer of General Partner, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.4* | Certification of Barbara Pak, Principal Financial Officer of General Partner, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* | Certification of Angela L. Kleiman, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
32.2* | Certification of Barbara Pak, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
32.3* | Certification of Angela L. Kleiman, Principal Executive Officer of General Partner, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
32.4* | Certification of Barbara Pak, Principal Financial Officer of General Partner, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed or furnished herewith.
** In accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K, this Exhibit is not deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrants have duly caused this report to be signed on their behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC.
| (Registrant)
| Date: May 1, 2024
| By: /s/ BARBARA PAK
| Barbara Pak
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Authorized Officer, Principal Financial Officer)

| Date: May 1, 2024
| By: /s/ JOHN FARIAS
| John Farias
| Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

| ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. By Essex Property Trust, Inc., its general partner
| (Registrant)
| Date: May 1, 2024
| By: /s/ BARBARA PAK
| Barbara Pak
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Authorized Officer, Principal Financial Officer)

| Date: May 1, 2024
| By: /s/ JOHN FARIAS
| John Farias
| Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

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