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Derivative Financial Instruments | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2024
Derivative Financial Instruments |
Derivative Financial Instruments | 4. Derivative Financial Instruments Derivatives are generally used to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks associated with assets held or expected to be purchased or sold and liabilities incurred or expected to be incurred. Derivatives are used to change the characteristics of our asset/liability mix consistent with our risk management activities. Derivatives are also used in asset replication strategies. Types of Derivative Instruments Interest Rate Contracts Interest rate risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Sources of interest rate risk include the difference between the maturity and interest rate changes of assets with the liabilities they support, timing differences between the pricing of liabilities and the purchase or procurement of assets and changing cash flow profiles from original projections due to prepayment options embedded within asset and liability contracts. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and/or floating rate interest amounts based upon designated market rates or rate indices and an agreed upon notional principal amount. Generally, no cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract and no principal payments are made by any party. Cash is paid or received based on the terms of the swap. We use interest rate swaps primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities and to mitigate the risks arising from timing mismatches between assets and liabilities (including duration mismatches). We also use interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in the value of assets we anticipate acquiring and other anticipated transactions and commitments. Interest rate swaps are used to hedge against changes in the value of the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) MRB. The GMWB rider on our variable annuity products provides for guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits regardless of the actual performance of various equity and/or fixed income funds available with the product. Additionally, we utilize interest rate swaps to replicate the returns of floating rate assets. Interest rate options, including interest rate caps and interest rate floors, which can be combined to form interest rate collars, are contracts that entitle the purchaser to pay or receive the amounts, if any, by which a specified market rate exceeds a cap strike interest rate, or falls below a floor strike interest rate, respectively, at specified dates. We use interest rate options to manage prepayment risks in our assets and minimum guaranteed interest rates and lapse risks in our liabilities. A swaption is an option to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date. We have purchased swaptions to hedge interest rate exposure for certain assets and liabilities. Swaptions not only hedge against the downside risk, but also allow us to take advantage of any upside benefits. In exchange-traded futures transactions, we agree to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the values of which are determined by the values of designated classes of securities, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts. We enter into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commissions merchants who are members of a trading exchange. We use exchange-traded interest rate futures to hedge against changes in value of the GMWB MRB in addition to the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process. Interest rate forwards, including to be announced (“TBA”) forwards, bond forwards and treasury forwards, are contracts to take delivery of a fixed income security at a specified price at a future date. TBA forwards deliver government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Bond forwards and treasury forwards deliver corporate or municipal and U.S. Treasury bonds, respectively. At inception of the TBA and treasury forward contracts we do not intend to take physical delivery. We intend to take delivery of the bond forwards referencing corporate or municipal bonds. We have used TBA forwards to gain exposure to the investment risk and return of agency mortgage-backed security pools in order to reduce asset and liability duration mismatch. Treasury forwards are used to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB. Bond forwards are used to gain leverage through synthetic exposure during the forward period and fix the purchase price of a bond at a specified date in future. Foreign Exchange Contracts Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements issued to nonqualified institutional investors in the international market, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity and equity securities, and our international operations, including expected cash flows and potential acquisition and divestiture activity. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. ​ Currency swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, a series of principal and interest payments in one currency for that of another currency. Generally, the principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the beginning and termination of the currency swap by each party. The interest payments are primarily fixed-to-fixed rate; however, they may also be fixed-to-floating rate or floating-to-fixed rate. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty for payments made in the same currency at each due date. We use currency swaps to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell. Currency forwards are contracts in which we agree with other parties to deliver or receive a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. Typically, the price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. We use currency forwards to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell. We use currency forwards to hedge certain foreign-denominated real estate funds in our domestic operations and net equity investments in foreign operations, including certain sponsored investment funds. Equity Contracts Equity risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in common stock prices. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to equity risk, which arises from products in which the return or interest we credit is tied to an external equity index as well as products subject to minimum contractual guarantees. We purchase equity call spreads (“option collars”) to hedge the equity participation rates promised to contractholders in conjunction with our fixed deferred annuity and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We use equity put options to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB related to the GMWB rider on our variable annuity product. We also use equity options to hedge returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product. The premium associated with certain options is paid quarterly over the life of the option contract. We use exchange-traded equity futures to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB, returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product and the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process. Credit Contracts Credit risk relates to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. We use credit default swaps to enhance the return on our investment portfolio by providing comparable exposure to fixed income securities that might not be available in the primary market. They are also used to hedge credit exposures in our investment portfolio. Credit derivatives are used to sell or buy credit protection on an identified name or names on an unfunded or synthetic basis in return for receiving or paying a quarterly premium. The premium generally corresponds to a referenced name’s credit spread at the time the agreement is executed. In cases where we sell protection, we also buy a quality cash bond to match against the credit default swap, thereby entering into a synthetic transaction replicating a cash security. When selling protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, as defined by the agreement, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security in a principal amount equal to the notional value of the credit default swap. Other Contracts Embedded Derivatives. We purchase or issue certain financial instruments or products that contain a derivative instrument that is embedded in the financial instrument or product. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly or closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host instrument for measurement purposes. The embedded derivative, which is reported with the host instrument in the consolidated statements of financial position, is carried at fair value. We offer group annuity contracts that have guaranteed separate accounts as an investment option. We have fixed deferred annuities, RILAs and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We have a funds withheld payable associated with coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements. The funds withheld payable has an embedded total return swap as the total return of the funds withheld assets are transferred to the reinsurer, which is not based on our own creditworthiness. Exposure Our risk of loss is typically limited to the fair value of our derivative instruments and not to the notional or contractual amounts of these derivatives. We are also exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the counterparties. Our current credit exposure is limited to the value of derivatives that have become favorable to us. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings and by establishing and monitoring exposure limits. We also utilize various credit enhancements, including collateral and credit triggers to reduce the credit exposure to our derivative instruments. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of our OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“bilateral OTC”). Our derivative transactions are generally documented under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreements. Management believes that such agreements provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Under such agreements, in connection with an early termination of a transaction, we are permitted to set off our receivable from a counterparty against our payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. For reporting purposes, we do not offset fair value amounts of bilateral OTC derivatives for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting agreements. OTC cleared derivatives have variation margin that is legally characterized as settlement of the derivative exposure, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. We posted $443.5 million and $544.2 million in cash and securities under collateral arrangements as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, to satisfy collateral and initial margin requirements associated with our derivative credit support agreements and FCM agreements. Certain of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain an investment grade rating from each of the major credit rating agencies on our debt. If the ratings on our debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions and the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value, inclusive of accrued interest, of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position without regard to netting under derivative credit support annex agreements as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was $457.4 million and $482.3 million, respectively. Cleared derivatives have contingent features that require us to post excess margin as required by the FCM. The terms surrounding excess margin vary by FCM agreement. With respect to derivatives containing collateral provisions, we posted collateral and initial margin of $443.5 million and $544.2 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, in the normal course of business, which reflects netting under derivative agreements. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements were triggered on June 30, 2024, we would be required to post up to an additional $69.3 million of collateral to our counterparties. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had received $254.2 million and $103.3 million, respectively, of cash collateral associated with our derivative credit support annex agreements and FCM agreements, for which we recorded a corresponding liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral. Notional amounts are used to express the extent of our involvement in derivative transactions and represent a standard measurement of the volume of our derivative activity. Notional amounts represent those amounts used to calculate contractual flows to be exchanged and are not paid or received, except for contracts such as currency swaps. Credit exposure represents the gross amount owed to us under derivative contracts as of the valuation date. The notional amounts and credit exposure of our derivative financial instruments by type were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Notional amounts of derivative instruments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 59,411.6 | ​ | $ | 57,792.2
Interest rate options | ​ | ​ | 4,420.7 | ​ | ​ | 4,498.4
Interest rate forwards | ​ |  | 1,739.2 | ​ |  | 1,990.8
Interest rate futures | ​ |  | 810.0 | ​ |  | 1,205.0
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Currency swaps | ​ | ​ | 2,509.2 | ​ | ​ | 2,105.8
Currency forwards | ​ | ​ | 1,040.4 | ​ | ​ | 1,062.5
Equity contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity options | ​ |  | 2,907.3 | ​ |  | 2,331.3
Equity futures | ​ |  | 598.0 | ​ |  | 568.4
Credit contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Credit default swaps | ​ |  | 305.0 | ​ |  | 305.0
Other contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Embedded derivatives | ​ |  | 21,818.8 | ​ |  | 22,511.7
Total notional amounts at end of period | ​ | $ | 95,560.2 | ​ | $ | 94,371.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Credit exposure of derivative instruments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate swaps | ​ | $ | 21.6 | ​ | $ | 42.9
Interest rate options | ​ |  | 31.0 | ​ |  | 37.0
Interest rate forwards | ​ | ​ | 1.3 | ​ | ​ | 4.2
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Currency swaps | ​ |  | 176.7 | ​ |  | 120.9
Currency forwards | ​ |  | 17.6 | ​ |  | 20.8
Equity contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity options | ​ |  | 180.2 | ​ |  | 83.8
Credit contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Credit default swaps | ​ |  | 4.7 | ​ |  | 4.7
Total gross credit exposure | ​ |  | 433.1 | ​ |  | 314.3
Less: collateral received | ​ |  | 294.3 | ​ |  | 148.7
Net credit exposure | ​ | $ | 138.8 | ​ | $ | 165.6
​ The fair value of our derivative instruments classified as assets and liabilities was as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Derivative assets (1) | ​ | Derivative liabilities (2)
​ |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts | ​ | $ | 2.3 | ​ | $ | 9.0 | ​ | $ | 82.0 | ​ | $ | 72.6
Foreign exchange contracts | ​ |  | 150.9 | ​ |  | 84.6 | ​ |  | 27.7 | ​ |  | 39.6
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | ​ | $ | 153.2 | ​ | $ | 93.6 | ​ | $ | 109.7 | ​ | $ | 112.2
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts | ​ | $ | 46.5 | ​ | $ | 70.3 | ​ | $ | 252.9 | ​ | $ | 284.3
Foreign exchange contracts | ​ |  | 35.7 | ​ |  | 51.9 | ​ |  | 24.4 | ​ |  | 22.2
Equity contracts | ​ |  | 180.2 | ​ |  | 83.8 | ​ |  | 92.7 | ​ |  | 74.2
Credit contracts | ​ |  | 4.6 | ​ |  | 4.6 | ​ |  | 0.9 | ​ |  | 1.1
Other contracts | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,767.0) | ​ |  | (2,451.6)
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | ​ |  | 267.0 | ​ |  | 210.6 | ​ |  | (2,396.1) | ​ |  | (2,069.8)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total derivative instruments | ​ | $ | 420.2 | ​ | $ | 304.2 | ​ | $ | (2,286.4) | ​ | $ | (1,957.6)
(1) | The fair value of derivative assets is reported with other investments on the consolidated statements of financial position.
(2) | The fair value of derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position, with the exception of certain embedded derivative liabilities. Embedded derivatives with a net liability fair value of $230.0 million and $115.5 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are reported with contractholder funds on the consolidated statements of financial position. Embedded derivatives with a net (asset) liability fair value of $(2,997.0) million and $(2,567.1) million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are reported with funds withheld payable on the consolidated statements of financial position.
Credit Derivatives Sold When we sell credit protection, we are exposed to the underlying credit risk similar to purchasing a fixed maturity security instrument. Our credit derivative contracts sold reference a single name or reference security (referred to as “single name credit default swaps”). These instruments are either referenced in an OTC credit derivative transaction or embedded within an investment structure that has been fully consolidated into our financial statements. These credit derivative transactions are subject to events of default defined within the terms of the contract, which normally consist of bankruptcy, failure to pay, or modified restructuring of the reference entity and/or issue. If a default event occurs for a reference name or security, we are obligated to pay the counterparty an amount equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative transaction. As a result, our maximum future payment is equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative. In certain cases, we also may have purchased credit protection with identical underlyings to certain of our sold protection transactions. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we did not purchase credit protection relating to our sold protection transactions. In certain circumstances, our potential loss could also be reduced by any amount recovered in the default proceedings of the underlying credit name. The following tables show our credit default swap protection sold by types of contract, types of referenced/underlying asset class and external agency rating for the underlying reference security. The maximum future payments are undiscounted and have not been reduced by the effect of any offsetting transactions, collateral or recourse features described above. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, 2024
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Maximum | ​ | average
​ | ​ | Notional | ​ | Fair | ​ | future | ​ | expected life
​ |  | amount |  | value |  | payments |  | (in years)
​ | ​ | (in millions) | ​ | ​
Single name credit default swaps | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Corporate debt | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
A | ​ | $ | 40.0 | ​ | $ | 0.3 | ​ | $ | 40.0 |  | 1.0
BBB | ​ | ​ | 160.0 | ​ | ​ | 4.1 | ​ | ​ | 160.0 |  | 2.6
Sovereign | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
A | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | 1.0
Total credit default swap protection sold | ​ | $ | 220.0 | ​ | $ | 4.6 | ​ | $ | 220.0 |  | 2.2
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Maximum | ​ | average
​ | ​ | Notional | ​ | Fair | ​ | future | ​ | expected life
​ |  | amount |  | value |  | payments |  | (in years)
​ | ​ | (in millions) | ​ | ​
Single name credit default swaps | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Corporate debt | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
A | ​ | $ | 40.0 | ​ | $ | 0.3 | ​ | $ | 40.0 |  | 1.5
BBB | ​ |  | 140.0 | ​ | ​ | 3.8 | ​ | ​ | 140.0 |  | 3.0
BB | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | 3.5
Sovereign | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
A | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | ​ | 0.2 | ​ | ​ | 20.0 | ​ | 1.5
Total credit default swap protection sold | ​ | $ | 220.0 | ​ | $ | 4.5 | ​ | $ | 220.0 |  | 2.7
​ Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges Fair Value Hedges We use fixed-to-floating rate interest rate swaps to more closely align the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and also use them to align the interest rate characteristics of certain liabilities. In general, these swaps are used in asset and liability management to modify duration, which is a measure of sensitivity to interest rate changes. We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert certain foreign denominated assets into U.S. dollar denominated instruments to hedge the exposure to future currency volatility on those items. The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The currency related impacts of currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to net realized capital gains or losses of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges. The amortized cost includes the amortized cost basis and the fair value hedging basis adjustment. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Cumulative amount of fair
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | value hedging basis adjustment
Line item in the consolidated statements | ​ | ​ | ​ | increase/(decrease) included in the
of financial position in which the | ​ | Carrying amount of hedged item | ​ | carrying amount of the hedged item
hedged item is included |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1): | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Active hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 3,328.1 | ​ | $ | 3,510.1 | ​ | $ | (105.8) | ​ | $ | (87.0)
Discontinued hedging relationships | ​ | ​ | 340.3 | ​ | ​ | 304.7 | ​ | ​ | (6.1) | ​ | ​ | (5.2)
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale in active or discontinued hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 3,668.4 | ​ | $ | 3,814.8 | ​ | $ | (111.9) | ​ | $ | (92.2)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investment contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Active hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 1,454.2 | ​ | $ | 300.5 | ​ | $ | (18.0) | ​ | $ | 0.4
Total investment contracts in active or discontinued hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 1,454.2 | ​ | $ | 300.5 | ​ | $ | (18.0) | ​ | $ | 0.4
(1) | These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate portfolio layer hedging relationships in which the hedged layer amount is expected to remain at the end of the hedging relationship. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $3,028.5 million and $3,178.5 million, respectively, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $(74.9) million and $(62.2) million, respectively, and the amount of the designated hedged items were $1,295.0 million and $1,395.0 million, respectively.
Derivative instruments’ gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness were $0.7 million and $(0.8) million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $0.7 million and $(0.8) million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash Flow Hedges We utilize floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to eliminate the variability in cash flows of recognized financial assets and liabilities. We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert both principal and interest payments of certain foreign denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar denominated fixed rate instruments to eliminate the exposure to future currency volatility on those items. We use bond forwards and have used floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to hedge forecasted transactions. The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in cash flow hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The maximum length of time we are hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions, excluding those related to the payments of variable interest on existing financial assets and liabilities, is 2.7 years. As of June 30, 2024, we had $10.1 million of net losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) on the consolidated statements of financial position related to active hedges of forecasted transactions. If a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued. If it is probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from AOCI into net income. The following table shows the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of financial position. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | For the three months ended | ​ | For the six months ended
Derivatives in cash | ​ | ​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
flow hedging relationships |  | Related hedged item |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (in millions)
Interest rate contracts |  | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | ​ | $ | (6.6) | ​ | $ | 2.6 | ​ | $ | (10.1) | ​ | $ | 18.5
Interest rate contracts |  | Investment contracts | ​ |  | (3.8) | ​ | ​ | (1.3) | ​ |  | (6.7) | ​ |  | (4.6)
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | ​ |  | 41.2 | ​ | ​ | (6.7) | ​ | ​ | 70.6 | ​ | ​ | (16.8)
Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 30.8 | ​ | $ | (5.4) | ​ | $ | 53.8 | ​ | $ | (2.9)
​ We expect to reclassify net gains of $25.7 million from AOCI into net income in the next twelve months, which includes both net deferred gains on discontinued hedges and net gains on periodic settlements of active hedges. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions. Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations The following tables show the effect of derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships and the related hedged items on the consolidated statements of operations. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the three months ended June 30, 2024
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Benefits,
​ | ​ | Net investment | ​ | Net realized | ​ | claims and
​ | ​ | income related | ​ | capital gains | ​ | settlement
​ | ​ | to hedges | ​ | (losses) related to | ​ | expenses
​ | ​ | of fixed | ​ | hedges of fixed | ​ | related to
​ | ​ | maturities, | ​ | maturities, | ​ | hedges of
​ | ​ | available- | ​ | available- | ​ | investment
​ |  | for-sale |  | for-sale |  | contracts
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported | ​ | $ | 1,086.1 | ​ | $ | (15.2) | ​ | $ | 2,077.9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain (loss) recognized on hedged item | ​ | $ | 1.5 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (3.5)
Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | (2.4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2.4
Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments | ​ | ​ | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 16.1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5.6)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss recognized on hedged item | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1.6) | ​ | ​ | —
Gain recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.3 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 0.8 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 16.6 | ​ | $ | (0.3) | ​ | $ | (6.7)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives | ​ | $ | 0.9 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.1)
Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3.8
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 6.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 7.4 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | 3.7
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the three months ended June 30, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Benefits,
​ | ​ | Net investment | ​ | Net realized | ​ | claims and
​ | ​ | income related | ​ | capital gains | ​ | settlement
​ | ​ | to hedges | ​ | (losses) related to | ​ | expenses
​ | ​ | of fixed | ​ | hedges of fixed | ​ | related to
​ | ​ | maturities, | ​ | maturities, | ​ | hedges of
​ | ​ | available- | ​ | available- | ​ | investment
​ |  | for-sale |  | for-sale |  | contracts
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported | ​ | $ | 988.1 | ​ | $ | (72.8) | ​ | $ | 1,834.1
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss recognized on hedged item | ​ | $ | (22.7) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2.6)
Gain recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 20.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2.5
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 14.9 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain recognized on hedged item | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | —
Loss recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.6) | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 12.8 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.2)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives | ​ | $ | 1.0 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.1)
Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3.5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 5.2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 6.2 | ​ | $ | 0.3 | ​ | $ | 3.4
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the six months ended June 30, 2024
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Benefits,
​ | ​ | Net investment | ​ | Net realized | ​ | claims and
​ | ​ | income related | ​ | capital gains | ​ | settlement
​ | ​ | to hedges | ​ | (losses) related to | ​ | expenses
​ | ​ | of fixed | ​ | hedges of fixed | ​ | related to
​ | ​ | maturities, | ​ | maturities, | ​ | hedges of
​ | ​ | available- | ​ | available- | ​ | investment
​ |  | for-sale |  | for-sale |  | contracts
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported | ​ | $ | 2,158.3 | ​ | $ | (16.1) | ​ | $ | 4,147.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest rate contracts: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Loss recognized on hedged item | ​ | $ | (16.2) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (18.3)
Gain recognized on derivatives | ​ |  | 15.1 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18.6
Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments | ​ |  | 1.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ |  | 32.2 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (10.1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss recognized on hedged item | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (5.7) | ​ | ​ | —
Gain recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5.4 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 1.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 33.6 | ​ | $ | (0.3) | ​ | $ | (9.8)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest rate contracts: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives | ​ | $ | 1.8 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.1)
Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ |  | 12.3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 14.1 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | 7.5
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the six months ended June 30, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Benefits,
​ | ​ | Net investment | ​ | Net realized | ​ | claims and
​ | ​ | income related | ​ | capital gains | ​ | settlement
​ | ​ | to hedges | ​ | (losses) related to | ​ | expenses
​ | ​ | of fixed | ​ | hedges of fixed | ​ | related to
​ | ​ | maturities, | ​ | maturities, | ​ | hedges of
​ | ​ | available- | ​ | available- | ​ | investment
​ |  | for-sale |  | for-sale |  | contracts
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported | ​ | $ | 1,974.8 | ​ | $ | (138.8) | ​ | $ | 3,608.0
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain (loss) recognized on hedged item | ​ | $ | 3.5 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2.6)
Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | (2.0) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2.5
Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments | ​ | ​ | (0.1) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 27.5 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.1)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain recognized on hedged item | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.6 | ​ | ​ | —
Loss recognized on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.6) | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 28.9 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.2)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gains on cash flow hedging relationships: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives | ​ | $ | 2.1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (0.1)
Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.7 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6.6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange contracts: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.2 | ​ | ​ | —
Amounts related to periodic settlements on derivatives | ​ | ​ | 10.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships | ​ | $ | 12.7 | ​ | $ | 2.9 | ​ | $ | 6.5
​ Net Investment Hedges We may take measures to hedge our net equity investments in our foreign operations from currency risk. This is accomplished with the use of currency forwards. Gains and losses associated with net investment hedges are recorded in AOCI and will be released into net income if our investment in the foreign operation is sold or substantially liquidated. The following tables show the effect of foreign exchange contracts used to hedge a portion of our net investment in certain sponsored investment funds on the consolidated financial statements. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Amount of loss
​ | ​ | Amount of gain (loss) recognized | ​ | reclassified from AOCI into
​ | ​ | in AOCI on derivatives | ​ | net realized capital gains (losses)
​ | ​ | for the three months ended | ​ | for the three months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Foreign exchange contracts | ​ | $ | 0.8 | ​ | $ | (0.2) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 0.8 | ​ | $ | (0.2) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Amount of loss
​ | ​ | Amount of gain (loss) recognized | ​ | reclassified from AOCI into
​ | ​ | in AOCI on derivatives | ​ | net realized capital gains (losses)
​ | ​ | for the six months ended | ​ | for the six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ |  | (in millions)
Foreign exchange contracts | ​ | $ | 1.5 | ​ | $ | (0.8) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 1.5 | ​ | $ | (0.8) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
​ Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Our use of futures, certain swaptions and swaps, option collars, options and forwards are effective from an economic standpoint, but they have not been designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. As such, periodic changes in the market value of these instruments, which includes mark-to-market gains and losses as well as periodic and final settlements, primarily flow directly into net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative is separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, mark-to-market gains and losses as well as periodic and final settlements for derivatives used to hedge market risk benefits are reported in market risk benefit (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations. The following table shows the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, including fair value changes of embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract, on the consolidated statements of operations and are net of amounts on funds withheld invested assets that are passed directly to the reinsurer. See Note 10, Reinsurance, for further details. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in | ​ | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in
​ | ​ | net income on derivatives for the | ​ | net income on derivatives for the
​ | ​ | three months ended June 30, | ​ | six months ended June 30,
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Interest rate contracts | ​ | $ | (78.2) | ​ | $ | (26.4) | ​ | $ | (131.8) | ​ | $ | (44.2)
Foreign exchange contracts | ​ | ​ | 39.4 | ​ | ​ | (13.3) | ​ |  | (16.2) | ​ |  | 15.9
Equity contracts | ​ | ​ | 6.5 | ​ | ​ | (58.5) | ​ |  | (8.5) | ​ |  | (121.6)
Credit contracts | ​ | ​ | 0.3 | ​ | ​ | 1.0 | ​ |  | 1.4 | ​ |  | 1.8
Other contracts (1) | ​ | ​ | 177.6 | ​ | ​ | 83.2 | ​ |  | 315.4 | ​ |  | (556.0)
Total | ​ | $ | 145.6 | ​ | $ | (14.0) | ​ | $ | 160.3 | ​ | $ | (704.1)
(1) | Includes the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.

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