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Taxation (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Taxation |
Schedule of maximum applicable income tax rates of other countries | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
United States |  | 29.84 | % | 29.84 | % | 29.84 | %
United Kingdom |  | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | %
Germany |  | 32.98 | % | 32.98 | % | 32.98 | %
Norway | ​ | — | ​ | 22.00 | % | 22.00 | %
Netherlands | ​ | — | ​ | 25.00 | % | 25.80 | %
​
Schedule of composition of income tax expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Current income tax expense | ​ | 6,368 | ​ | 23,565 | ​ | 62,348
Deferred income tax expense | ​ | — | ​ | 18,700 | ​ | (7,245)
Total |  | 6,368 | ​ | 42,265 | ​ | 55,103
​
Schedule of reconciliation of the income tax expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Loss before income tax expense |  | (5,297,714) | ​ | (3,974,684) | ​ | (14,382,001)
Income tax benefit computed at PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% |  | (1,324,429) | ​ | (993,671) | ​ | (3,595,500)
Non-deductible expenses |  | 47,151 | ​ | 29,325 | ​ | 23,484
Foreign tax rates differential |  | (81,668) | ​ | 100,690 | ​ | 395,543
Additional 100%/75% tax deduction for qualified research and development expenses |  | (36,775) | ​ | (546,805) | ​ | (750,736)
FDII Deduction |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | (10,356)
Tax exempted interest income |  | — | ​ | (2,194) | ​ | (8,847)
Non-taxable offshore income |  | (523,276) | ​ | — | ​ | —
US tax credits | ​ | (21,633) | ​ | (30,273) | ​ | (45,446)
Prior year True-ups |  | — | ​ | 286,693 | ​ | 110,581
Effect of tax rate change | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 490,855
Prior year adjustments | ​ | (4,324) | ​ | — | ​ | —
Others | ​ | 1,241 | ​ | (1,206) | ​ | (5,154)
Change in valuation allowance | ​ | 1,950,081 | ​ | 1,199,706 | ​ | 3,450,679
Income tax expense |  | 6,368 | ​ | 42,265 | ​ | 55,103
​
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carry-forwards |  | 6,831,387 | ​ | 7,294,844 | ​ | 9,711,744
Accrued and prepaid expenses |  | 534,693 | ​ | 1,136,278 | ​ | 1,666,519
Deferred revenue | ​ | 251,778 | ​ | 559,815 | ​ | 940,633
Tax credit carry-forwards |  | 233,326 | ​ | 243,198 | ​ | 301,437
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 64,191 | ​ | — | ​ | —
Unrealized financing income |  | 40,800 | ​ | 28,796 | ​ | 33,140
Intangible assets | ​ | 36,702 | ​ | 85,439 | ​ | 89,328
Allowance against receivables | ​ | 9,027 | ​ | 19,500 | ​ | 27,386
Deferred rent |  | 9,791 | ​ | — | ​ | 29,731
Share-based compensation |  | 6,857 | ​ | 10,695 | ​ | 6,951
Write-downs of inventory | ​ | 1,162 | ​ | 713 | ​ | 452
Advertising expenses in excess of deduction limit |  | 507 | ​ | 705 | ​ | 188
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 150
Unrealized foreign exchange loss |  | (971) | ​ | — | ​ | 1,704
Others | ​ | 269 | ​ | 711 | ​ | 4,224
Less: Valuation allowance |  | (8,019,519) | ​ | (9,216,725) | ​ | (12,727,355)
Subtotal | ​ | — | ​ | 163,969 | ​ | 86,232
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity securities without readily determinable fair value | ​ | — | ​ | (15,975) | ​ | (6,435)
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value | ​ | — | ​ | (2,725) | ​ | —
Equity method investments | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (5,170)
Available for sale debt investment | ​ | — | ​ | (6,499) | ​ | (206,734)
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ | — | ​ | (143,512) | ​ | (86,082)
Deferred rent | ​ | — | ​ | (18,752) | ​ | —
Unrealized foreign exchange loss | ​ | — | ​ | (1,705) | ​ | —
Subtotal | ​ | — | ​ | (189,168) | ​ | (304,421)
Total deferred tax liabilities, net |  | — | ​ | (25,199) | ​ | (218,189)
​
Schedule of valuation allowance | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Valuation allowance |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of the year |  | 6,879,030 | ​ | 8,019,519 | ​ | 9,216,725
Additions |  | 1,140,489 | ​ | 1,199,706 | ​ | 3,510,630
Balance at end of the year |  | 8,019,519 | ​ | 9,216,725 | ​ | 12,727,355
​
Schedule of tax losses expiration dates | ​
​ | ​ | ​
Loss expiring in 2023 |  | 1,213,835
Loss expiring in 2024 |  | 2,356,711
Loss expiring in 2025 |  | 4,094,099
Loss expiring in 2026 |  | 7,191,472
Loss expiring in 2027 |  | 9,090,262
Loss expiring in 2028 | ​ | 1,606,792
Loss expiring in 2029 | ​ | 5,334,423
Loss expiring in 2030 | ​ | —
Loss expiring in 2031 | ​ | —
Loss expiring in 2032 | ​ | 7,091,436
Total |  | 37,979,030
​

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