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Taxation (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Taxation |
Schedule Of statutory income tax rates of other countries where the Company's subsidiaries having significant operations | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​ | 2025 | ​ ​ ​
United States |  | 29.84 | % | 29.84 | % | 29.84 | %
United Kingdom |  | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | %
Germany |  | 32.98 | % | 32.98 | % | 32.98 | %
Norway | ​ | 22.00 | % | 22.00 | % | 22.00 | %
Netherlands | ​ | 25.80 | % | 25.80 | % | 25.80 | %
Schedule of composition of loss before income tax for the periods presented by jurisdictions | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ ​ ​ | For the Year Ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​ | 2025
Chinese Mainland |  | (19,992,673) |  | (21,248,033) |  | (13,888,080)
Other jurisdictions |  | (466,245) |  | (1,176,491) |  | (932,639)
Total |  | (20,458,918) |  | (22,424,524) |  | (14,820,719)
Schedule of composition of income tax expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31,
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​ | 2025
Current income tax expense | ​ | 59,943 | ​ | 62,065 | ​ | 136,658
Deferred income tax expense/(benefit) | ​ | 200,892 | ​ | (84,880) | ​ | (14,776)
Total |  | 260,835 | ​ | (22,815) | ​ | 121,882
Schedule of reconciliation of the income tax expense | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31,
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024
Loss before income tax expense |  | (20,458,918) | ​ | (22,424,524)
Income tax benefit computed at PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% |  | (5,114,730) | ​ | (5,606,131)
Non-deductible expenses |  | 58,852 | ​ | 25,426
Foreign tax rates differential |  | 481,318 | ​ | 621,111
Tax incentives relating to R&D expenditures |  | (1,432,723) | ​ | (1,745,145)
Tax exempted interest income |  | (25,017) | ​ | (40,535)
US tax credits | ​ | (36,746) | ​ | (22,657)
Prior year True-ups |  | 242,392 | ​ | 321,080
Others | ​ | 316 | ​ | 17
Change in valuation allowance | ​ | 6,087,173 | ​ | 6,424,019
Income tax expense/(benefit) |  | 260,835 | ​ | (22,815)
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ ​ ​ | For the Year Ended December 31 |
​ | ​ | 2025 |
​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | Percent |
Loss before income taxes |  | (14,820,719) |  | ​ | ​
Income tax expense computed at PRC statutory income tax rate of 25% | ​ | (3,705,180) |  | 25.0 | %
Foreign tax effects |  | 277,119 |  | (1.9) | %
Nontaxable or nondeductible items |  | 34,886 |  | (0.2) | %
Other adjustments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Tax incentives relating to R&D expenditures |  | (1,222,788) |  | 8.3 | %
Others |  | 577,190 |  | (3.9) | %
Changes in valuation allowance |  | 4,160,655 |  | (28.1) | %
Income tax expense |  | 121,882 |  | (0.8) | %
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​ | 2025
Deferred tax assets |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Net operating loss carry-forwards |  | 14,850,298 | ​ | 21,278,950 | ​ | 23,868,202
Deferred revenue | ​ | 1,241,114 | ​ | 1,487,912 | ​ | 1,503,346
Accrued and prepaid expenses |  | 1,635,032 | ​ | 1,246,887 | ​ | 1,272,471
Tax credit carry-forwards |  | 347,340 | ​ | 384,960 | ​ | 370,409
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 158,609 | ​ | 203,847 | ​ | 301,270
Write-downs of inventory | ​ | 47,733 | ​ | 28,007 | ​ | 166,004
Share-based compensation |  | 19,846 | ​ | 76,708 | ​ | 81,589
Unrealized financing expense | ​ | 64,870 | ​ | 23,148 | ​ | 22,334
Allowance against receivables | ​ | 28,435 | ​ | 27,495 | ​ | 15,822
Unrealized foreign exchange loss | ​ | 2,364 | ​ | 2,362 | ​ | 2,540
Equity securities without readily determinable fair value | ​ | 953 | ​ | 953 | ​ | 953
Equity method investments | ​ | 75 | ​ | 329 | ​ | 841
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value | ​ | 717 | ​ | 942 | ​ | 752
Advertising expenses in excess of deduction limit |  | 33 | ​ | 123 | ​ | 42
Deferred rent |  | 80,240 | ​ | 112,041 | ​ | —
Intangible assets | ​ | 59,375 | ​ | 27,478 | ​ | —
Others | ​ | 3,464 | ​ | 2,900 | ​ | 6,813
Less: Valuation allowance |  | (18,538,828) | ​ | (24,902,819) | ​ | (27,491,352)
Subtotal | ​ | 1,670 | ​ | 2,223 | ​ | 122,036
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred rent | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (108,445)
Available for sale debt securities | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (89,662)
Equity method investments | ​ | (7,283) | ​ | (12,367) | ​ | (25,575)
Intangible assets | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (11,045)
Equity securities using fair value option | ​ | (206,734) | ​ | (117,323) | ​ | —
Subtotal | ​ | (214,017) | ​ | (129,690) | ​ | (234,727)
Total deferred tax liabilities, net |  | (212,347) | ​ | (127,467) | ​ | (112,691)
Schedule of valuation allowance | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ ​ ​ | 2023 | ​ ​ ​ | 2024 | ​ ​ ​ | 2025
Valuation allowance |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Balance at beginning of the year |  | 12,727,355 | ​ | 18,538,828 | ​ | 24,902,819
Additions |  | 5,811,473 | ​ | 6,363,991 | ​ | 4,481,920
Reduction due to expiration of tax attributes | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (1,893,387)
Balance at end of the year |  | 18,538,828 | ​ | 24,902,819 | ​ | 27,491,352
Schedule of tax losses expiration dates | ​
​ | ​ | ​
Loss expiring in 2026 |  | 2,292,328
Loss expiring in 2027 |  | 4,543,012
Loss expiring in 2028 |  | 10,301,237
Loss expiring in 2029 | ​ ​ ​ | 20,515,450
Loss expiring in 2030 | ​ | 15,939,298
Loss expiring in 2031 | ​ | 4,777,158
Loss expiring in 2032 | ​ | 10,711,512
Loss expiring in 2033 | ​ | 16,571,345
Loss expiring in 2034 | ​ | 10,313,022
Loss expiring in 2035 | ​ | 4,320,347
Total |  | 100,284,709

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-9 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 231 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482663/740-10-55-231 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 12A -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12A Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 12 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12 + Details
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