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Share Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2014
Share Plans | Share Plans Share-based compensation expense Total share-based compensation expense for 2014, 2013 and 2012 was as follows:
| December 31
In millions | 2014 | 2013 | 2012
Restricted stock units | $ | 22.6 |  | $ | 20.2 |  | $ | 24.2 |
Stock options | 11.0 |  | 10.9 |  | 11.6 |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 33.6 |  | $ | 31.1 |  | $ | 35.8 |
The expense for 2012 included $13.5 million of expense due to the Merger triggering change of control provisions of Pentair, Inc. share-based compensation plans resulting in immediate vesting of certain outstanding awards. Share Incentive Plans Prior to the Merger, our board of directors approved, and Tyco as our sole shareholder approved, the Pentair plc 2012 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan became effective on September 28, 2012 and authorizes the issuance of 9.0 million of our ordinary shares. The shares may be issued as new shares or from shares held in treasury. Our practice is to settle equity-based awards from shares held in treasury. The 2012 Plan terminates in September 2022. The 2012 Plan allows for the granting to our officers, directors, employees and consultants of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted shares, restricted stock units, deferred stock rights, annual incentive awards, dividend equivalent units and other equity-based awards. The 2012 Plan is administered by our compensation committee (the “Committee”), which is made up of independent members of our board of directors. Employees eligible to receive awards under the 2012 Plan are managerial, administrative or other key employees who are in a position to make a material contribution to the continued profitable growth and long-term success of our company. The Committee has the authority to select the recipients of awards, determine the type and size of awards, establish certain terms and conditions of award grants and take certain other actions as permitted under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan prohibits the Committee from re-pricing awards or cancelling and reissuing awards at lower prices. The 2008 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan as Amended and Restated (the “2008 Plan”) terminated upon the completion of the Merger. Prior grants of restricted stock units and stock options made under the 2008 Plan and earlier stock incentive plans outstanding at completion of the Merger were converted into equity-based awards with respect to our ordinary shares and were assumed by us on the terms in effect at the time of grant and are outstanding under the 2012 Plan. Non-qualified and incentive stock options Under the 2012 Plan, we may grant stock options to any eligible employee with an exercise price equal to the market value of the shares on the dates the options were granted. Options generally vest over a three-year period commencing on the grant date and expire ten years after the grant date. Restricted shares and restricted stock units Under the 2012 Plan, eligible employees may be awarded restricted shares or restricted stock units of our common stock. Restricted shares and restricted stock units generally vest three to four years after issuance, subject to continuous employment and certain other conditions. Restricted shares and restricted stock units are valued at market value on the date of grant and are expensed over the vesting period. Stock appreciation rights, performance shares and performance units Under the 2012 Plan, the Committee is permitted to issue these awards which are generally earned over a three-year vesting period and tied to specific financial metrics. Stock options The following table summarizes stock option activity under all plans for the year ended December 31, 2014:
Shares and intrinsic value in millions | Number of shares | Weighted- average exercise price | Weighted- average remaining contractual life (years) | Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2014 | 6.2 |  | $ | 35.53 |  |  |
Granted | 0.5 |  | 77.93 |  |  |
Exercised | (0.9 | ) | 35.53 |  |  |
Forfeited | (0.1 | ) | 49.29 |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 | 5.7 |  | $ | 39.08 |  | 5.1 | $ | 157.8 |
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2014 | 4.5 |  | $ | 33.53 |  | 4.2 | $ | 144.0 |
Options expected to vest as of December 31, 2014 | 1.2 |  | $ | 59.46 |  | 8.2 | $ | 13.8 |
Fair value of options granted The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted under Pentair plans in 2014, 2013 and 2012 was estimated to be $23.23, $13.96 and $9.63 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options assumed in the Merger was estimated to be $11.76. The total intrinsic value of options that were exercised during 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $34.8 million, $68.9 million and $41.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2014, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was $5.5 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years. We estimated the fair value of each stock option award on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, modified for dividends and using the following weighted average assumptions:
| December 31
| 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
| Granted by Pentair plans |  | Granted by Pentair plans |  | Assumed in Merger | Granted by Pentair plans
Risk-free interest rate | 1.44 | % |  | 0.69 | % |  | 0.02 - 0.68% |  | 0.96 | %
Expected dividend yield | 1.46 | % |  | 2.01 | % |  | 2.12 | % | 2.48 | %
Expected share price volatility | 35.3 | % |  | 36.0 | % |  | 33.0 | % | 36.5 | %
Expected term (years) | 5.6 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 0.1 - 5.1 |  | 5.7 |
These estimates require us to make assumptions based on historical results, observance of trends in our share price, changes in option exercise behavior, future expectations and other relevant factors. If other assumptions had been used, share-based compensation expense, as calculated and recorded under the accounting guidance, could have been affected. We based the expected life assumption on historical experience as well as the terms and vesting periods of the options granted. For purposes of determining expected volatility, we considered a rolling average of historical volatility measured over a period approximately equal to the expected option term. The risk-free rate for periods that coincide with the expected life of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury Department yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Cash received from option exercises for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $46.6 million, $102.3 million and $91.6 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises totaled $8.3 million, $23.5 million and $12.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Restricted stock units The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity under all plans for the year ended December 31, 2014:
Shares in millions | Number of shares | Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2014 | 1.3 |  | $ | 43.25 |
Granted | 0.3 |  | 78.39 |
Vested | (0.4 | ) | 39.68 |
Forfeited | (0.1 | ) | 46.42 |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 | 1.1 |  | $ | 50.55 |
As of December 31, 2014, there was $17.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted share compensation arrangements granted under the 2012 Plan and previous plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, was $26.3 million, $23.4 million and $58.0 million, respectively. The actual tax benefits realized related to restricted share compensation arrangements totaled $3.1 million, $7.2 million and $18.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6406099&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6418621&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher SEC -Name Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) -Number Topic 14 + Details
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