EX-3.1 2 ex3-1.htm

Exhibit 3.1

SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

of

NEW PROVIDENCE ACQUISITION CORP.

(Pursuant to Section 242 and 245 of

the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware)

April 6, 2020

New Providence Acquisition Corp., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Corporation”), hereby certifies as follows:

1. The Corporation was incorporated under the name New Providence Acquisition Corp. by the filing of its original certificate of incorporation of the Corporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on May 28, 2019 (as subsequently amended and restated prior to the date hereof, the “Original Certificate”).

2. This Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (this “Amended Certificate of Incorporation”) amends, integrates and restates in its entirety the Corporation’s certificate of incorporation as currently in effect as follows, and has been duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Sections 228, 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (as from time to time in effect, the “General Corporation Law”).

3. The text of the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as heretofore amended, is hereby amended and restated by this Amended Certificate of Incorporation to read in its entirety as set forth in EXHIBIT A attached hereto.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, New Providence Acquisition Corp. has caused this Amended Certificate of Incorporation to be signed by a duly authorized officer of the Corporation, on April 6, 2021.

| NEW PROVIDENCE ACQUISITION CORP., a Delaware corporation
| By: | /s/ Gary Smith
| Name: | Gary Smith
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT A

SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

OF

AST SPACEMOBILE, INC.

1. Name. The name of the corporation is AST SpaceMobile, Inc. (the “Corporation”).

2. Address; Registered Office and Agent. The address of the Corporation’s registered office in the State of Delaware is 251 Little Falls Drive, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware, 19808, and the name of the Corporation’s registered agent at such address is Corporation Service Company.

3. Purpose. The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “General Corporation Law”) as it now exists or may hereafter be amended and supplemented.

4. Number of Shares.

4.1 The total number of shares of all classes of stock that the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 1,225,000,000 shares, consisting of:

(a) 800,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, with the par value of $0.0001 per share (the “Class A Common Stock”),

(b) 200,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, with the par value of $0.0001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”),

(c) 125,000,000 shares of Class C common stock, with the par value of $0.0001 per share (the “Class C Common Stock”, and together with the Class A Common Stock, and Class B Common Stock, the “Common Stock”), and

(d) 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with the par value of $0.0001 per share (the “Preferred Stock”).

Upon the filing of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation (the “Effective Time”), each share of class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share of the Corporation issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, automatically without any further action by the Corporation or any stockholder, be reclassified into one fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock.

4.2 Subject to the rights of the holders of any one or more series of Preferred Stock then-outstanding, the number of authorized shares of any class of the Common Stock or the Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased, in each case by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the General Corporation Law, and no vote of the holders of any class of the Common Stock or the Preferred Stock voting separately as a class will be required therefor. Notwithstanding the immediately preceding sentence, the number of authorized shares of any particular class may not be decreased below the number of shares of such class then outstanding, plus:

(a) in the case of Class A Common Stock, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable (x) assuming the exchange of all outstanding common units of the OpCo (the “Common Units”) for Class A Common Stock, as a result of Redemptions pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement (including for this purpose any Common Units issuable upon the exercise of any options, warrants or similar rights to acquire Common Units) and (y) in connection with the exercise of all outstanding options, warrants, exchange rights (other than Redemptions pursuant to clause (x)), conversion rights or similar rights for Class A Common Stock;

(b) in the case of Class B Common Stock, the number of shares of Class B Common Stock issuable in connection with the exercise of all outstanding options, warrants, exchange rights, conversion rights or similar rights for Class B Common Stock; and

(c) in the case of Class C Common Stock, the number of shares of Class C Common Stock issuable in connection with the exercise of all outstanding options, warrants, exchange rights, conversion rights or similar rights for Class C Common Stock.

5. Classes of Shares. The designation, relative rights, power and preferences, qualifications, restrictions and limitations of the shares of each class of stock are as follows.

5.1 Common Stock.

(a) Voting Rights.

(i) (A) Each share of Class A Common Stock will entitle the record holder thereof to one vote on all matters on which stockholders generally are entitled to vote, (B) each share of Class B Common Stock will entitle the record holder thereof to one vote on all matters on which stockholders generally are entitled to vote and (C) until the Sunset Date, each share of Class C Common Stock will entitle the record holder thereof to a number of votes on all matters on which stockholders generally are entitled to vote equal to the lesser of (x) ten (10) votes and (y) the Class C Share Voting Amount, except that, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by law, holders of shares of each class of Common Stock, as such, will have no voting power with respect to, and will not be entitled to vote on, any amendment to this Amended Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designations relating to any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the terms of any outstanding Preferred Stock if the holders of such Preferred Stock are entitled to vote as a separate class thereon under this Amended Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designations relating to any series of Preferred Stock) or under the General Corporation Law. From and after the Sunset Date, each share of Class C Common Stock will entitle the record holder thereof to one vote on all matters on which the stockholders are generally entitled to vote.

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(ii) Except as otherwise required in this Amended Certificate of Incorporation or by applicable law, the holders of Common Stock will vote together as a single class on all matters (or, if any holders of Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the holders of Common Stock, as a single class with the holders of Preferred Stock).

(b) Dividends; Stock Splits or Combinations.

(i) Subject to applicable law and the rights, if any, of the holders of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock or any class or series of stock having a preference senior to or the right to participate with the Class A Common Stock with respect to the payment of dividends, dividends of cash or property may be declared and paid on the Class A Common Stock out of the assets of the Corporation that are by law available therefor, at the times and in the amounts as the Board in its discretion may determine.

(ii) Except as provided in Section 5.1(b)(iii) with respect to stock dividends, dividends of cash or property may not be declared or paid on the Class B Common Stock or Class C Common Stock.

(iii) In no event will any stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, combination of stock, reclassification or recapitalization (each, a “Stock Adjustment”) be declared or made on any class of Common Stock unless a corresponding Stock Adjustment for all other classes of Common Stock at the time outstanding is made in the same proportion and the same manner (unless the holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of any such other class of Common Stock (voting separately as a single class) waive such requirement in advance and in writing, in which event no such Stock Adjustment need be made for such other class of Common Stock). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall be entitled to (A) declare a stock dividend on the Class A Common Stock only in the event that such stock dividend is made in connection with the issuance of Common Units by OpCo to the Corporation in exchange for additional capital contributions made by the Corporation to OpCo and (B) declare a stock split or stock dividend in connection with the repurchase of shares of Class A Common Stock such that after giving effect to such repurchase and subsequent stock split or stock dividend there shall be outstanding an equal number of shares of Class A Common Stock as were outstanding prior to such repurchase and subsequent stock split or stock dividend, in each case (A) and (B), without any corresponding Stock Adjustment to the other classes of Common Stock. Stock dividends with respect to each class of Common Stock may only be paid with shares of stock of the same class of Common Stock.

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(c) Liquidation. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, after payment or provision for payment of the debts and other liabilities of the Corporation and of the preferential and other amounts, if any, to which the holders of Preferred Stock are entitled, if any, the holders of all outstanding shares of Common Stock will be entitled to receive, pari passu, an amount per share equal to the par value thereof, and thereafter the holders of all outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock will be entitled to receive the remaining assets of the Corporation available for distribution ratably in proportion to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock held by such holders. The holders of shares of Class B Common Stock and Class C Common Stock, as such, will not be entitled to receive, with respect to such shares, any assets of the Corporation in excess of the par value thereof, in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation.

(d) Restriction on Issuance of Class B Common Stock and Class C Common Stock. (i) No shares of Class B Common Stock may be issued by the Corporation except to a holder of Common Units, such that after such issuance of Class B Common Stock such holder of Common Units holds an identical number of Common Units, as applicable, and shares of Class B Common Stock. (ii) No shares of Class C Common Stock may be issued by the Corporation except to a holder of Common Units who is a Key Holder, such that after such issuance of Class C Common Stock such Key Holder holds an identical number of Common Units, as applicable, and shares of Class C Common Stock.

(e) Restriction on Transfer of Class B Common Stock and Class C Common Stock. A holder of Class B Common Stock or Class C Common Stock may transfer or assign shares of Class B Common Stock or Class C Common Stock (or any legal or beneficial interest in such shares) (directly or indirectly, including by operation of law) only to a Permitted Transferee of such holder, and only if such holder also simultaneously transfers an equal number of such holder’s Common Units to such Permitted Transferee in compliance with the OpCo Operating Agreement. Any purported transfer of shares of Class B Common Stock and/or Class C Common Stock in violation of the preceding sentence shall be null and void and shall not be recognized by the Corporation, the Corporation’s transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”) or the Secretary of the Corporation.

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5.2 Preferred Stock. Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series of any number of shares, provided that the aggregate number of shares issued and not retired of any and all such series shall not exceed the total number of shares of Preferred Stock hereinabove authorized, and with such powers, including voting powers, if any, and the designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, all as shall hereafter be stated and expressed in the resolution or resolutions providing for the designation and issue of such shares of Preferred Stock from time to time adopted by the Board. The powers, including voting powers, if any, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights of each series of Preferred Stock, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, if any, may differ from those of any and all other series at any time outstanding. Each series of shares of Preferred Stock: (i) may have such voting rights or powers, full or limited, if any; (ii) may be subject to redemption at such time or times and at such prices, if any; (iii) may be entitled to receive dividends (which may be cumulative or non-cumulative) at such rate or rates, on such conditions and at such times, and payable in preference to, or in such relation to, the dividends payable on any other class or classes or series of stock, if any; (iv) may have such rights upon the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, winding up or dissolution of, upon any distribution of the assets of, or in the event of any merger, sale or consolidation of, the Corporation, if any; (v) may be made convertible into or exchangeable for, shares of any other class or classes or of any other series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the Corporation (or any other securities of the Corporation or any other Person) at such price or prices or at such rates of exchange and with such adjustments, if any; (vi) may be entitled to the benefit of a sinking fund to be applied to the purchase or redemption of shares of such series in such amount or amounts, if any; (vii) may be entitled to the benefit of conditions and restrictions upon the creation of indebtedness of the Corporation or any subsidiary, upon the issue of any additional shares (including additional shares of such series or of any other series) and upon the payment of dividends or the making of other distributions on, and the purchase, redemption or other acquisition by the Corporation or any subsidiary of, any outstanding shares of the Corporation, if any; (viii) may be subject to restrictions on transfer or registration of transfer, or on the amount of shares that may be owned by any Person or group of Persons; and (ix) may have such other relative, participating, optional or other special rights, qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, if any; all as shall be stated in said resolution or resolutions of the Board providing for the designation and issue of such shares of Preferred Stock.

6. Certain Provisions Related to Redemption Rights.

6.1 Reservation of Shares of Class A Common Stock for Redemptions. The Corporation will at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued shares of Class A Common Stock, for the purposes of effecting any exchanges pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that are issuable in connection with the exchange of all outstanding Common Units as a result of any Redemption or Direct Exchange pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement (including for this purpose any Common Units issuable upon the exercise of any options, warrants or similar rights to acquire Common Units), as applicable (without regard to any restrictions on Redemption contained therein and assuming no Redemptions for cash). The Corporation covenants that all the shares of Class A Common Stock that are issued upon any such Redemption or exchange of such Common Units will, upon issuance, be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

6.2 Retirement of Class B Common Stock. In the event that (a) a share of Class A Common Stock is issued as a result of any Redemption or Direct Exchange of a Common Unit held by an AST Equityholder (other than a Key Holder) and outstanding as of the effective date of the OpCo Operating Agreement, pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement or (b) a Redemption by Cash Settlement is effected with respect to any Common Unit held by an AST Equityholder (other than a Key Holder) and outstanding as of the effective date of the OpCo Operating Agreement, pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement, a share of Class B Common Stock chosen by the Corporation in its sole discretion will automatically and without further action on the part of the Corporation or the holder thereof be transferred to the Corporation for no consideration and thereupon the Corporation shall promptly take all necessary action to cause such share to be retired, and such share thereafter may not be reissued by the Corporation.

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6.3 Retirement of Class C Common Stock. In the event that (a) a share of Class A Common Stock issued as a result of any Redemption or Direct Exchange of a Common Unit held by a Key Holder and outstanding as of the effective date of the OpCo Operating Agreement, pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement is subsequently transferred to any Person that is not a Key Holder, or (b) a Redemption by Cash Settlement is effected with respect to any Common Unit held by a Key Holder and outstanding as of the effective date of the OpCo Operating Agreement, pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement, a share of Class C Common Stock chosen by the Corporation in its sole discretion will automatically and without further action on the part of the Corporation or the holder thereof be transferred to the Corporation for no consideration and thereupon the Corporation shall promptly take all necessary action to cause such share to be retired, and such share thereafter may not be reissued by the Corporation.

6.4 Taxes. The issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement will be made without charge to the applicable holder of Common Units receiving such shares in redemption or exchange for Common Units for any transfer taxes, stamp taxes or duties or other similar tax in respect of the issuance.

7. Board of Directors; Committees.

7.1 Number of Directors.

(a) The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by, or under the direction of, the Board. Unless and except to the extent that the by-laws of the Corporation (as such By-laws may be amended from time to time, the “By-laws”) shall so require, the election of the directors of the Corporation (the “Directors”) need not be by written ballot. Except as otherwise provided for or fixed pursuant to the provisions of Section 5.2 of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation relating to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional Directors, the total authorized number of Directors constituting the entire Board shall not be less than five (5) and shall not be more than nineteen (19), with the then-authorized number of Directors being fixed from time to time by the Board within such range (subject to the Stockholder’s Agreement if then in effect), which number shall initially be thirteen (13).

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(b) During any period when the holders of any series of Preferred Stock have the right to elect additional Directors as provided for or fixed pursuant to the provisions of Section 5.2 (“Preferred Stock Directors”), upon the commencement, and for the duration, of the period during which such right continues: (i) the then-total authorized number of Directors shall automatically be increased by such specified number of Preferred Stock Directors, and the holders of the related Preferred Stock shall be entitled to elect the Preferred Stock Directors pursuant to the provisions of the certificate of designation for the series of Preferred Stock, and (ii) each such Preferred Stock Director shall serve until such Preferred Stock Director’s successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, or until such Preferred Stock Director’s right to hold such office terminates pursuant to such provisions, whichever occurs earlier, subject to his or her earlier death, disqualification, resignation or removal. Except as otherwise provided by the Board in the resolution or resolutions establishing such series, whenever the holders of any series of Preferred Stock having such right to elect Preferred Stock Directors are divested of such right pursuant to the provisions of such stock, the terms of office of all such Preferred Stock Directors elected by the holders of such Preferred Stock, or elected to fill any vacancies resulting from the death, resignation, disqualification or removal of such Preferred Stock Directors, shall forthwith terminate and the total and authorized number of Directors shall automatically be reduced accordingly.

7.2 Vacancies and Newly Created Directorships. Subject to the rights of the holders of any one or more series of Preferred Stock then-outstanding and subject to obtaining any required stockholder votes or consents under the Stockholders’ Agreement (or complying with any stockholders’ designation rights under the Stockholders’ Agreement), newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of Directors or any vacancies on the Board resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office or other cause shall be filled solely by the affirmative vote of the remaining Directors then in office, even if less than a quorum of the Board. Any Director so chosen shall hold office until the next election of the Directors in which such Director is included and until his or her successor shall be duly elected and qualified or until such Director’s earlier death, disqualification, resignation or removal. No decrease in the number of Directors shall shorten the term of any Director then in office.

7.3 Removal of Directors. Except for Preferred Stock Directors and subject to obtaining any required stockholder votes or consents under the Stockholders’ Agreement, any Director or the entire Board may be removed from office at any time, with or without cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of Directors, voting together as a single class.

7.4 Quorum. To the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law and Stock Exchange Rules, until the Sunset Date, the presence of the Chairman shall be necessary in order for a quorum to be obtained at any meeting of the Board. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, in the event that (i) the Chairman waives their required attendance at any meeting of the Board in writing prior to such meeting or (ii) the Chairman is unable to attend any emergency meeting of the Board, as determined by the Board in good faith, by reason of temporary disability or otherwise, the presence of the Chairman as required by this Section 7.4 shall not be necessary in order for such quorum to be obtained and the Board may appoint a Director as interim Chairman to preside over such meeting.

8. Meetings of Stockholders.

8.1 No Action by Written Consent. The stockholders of the Corporation may not effect any action by written consent.

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8.2 Special Meetings of Stockholders. Subject to any special rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, and to the requirements of applicable law, special meetings of stockholders of the Corporation may be called only by or at the direction of (i) the Board, (ii) the Chairman or (iii) until the earlier of (x) the Sunset Date or (y) the date upon which the Corporation is no longer a “controlled company” under applicable Stock Exchange Rules, by the Secretary of the Corporation at the request of any holder of greater-than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of Directors, voting together as a single class. Any business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of meeting.

9. General Corporation Law; Section 203 and Business Combinations. The Corporation hereby expressly elects not to be governed by Section 203 of the General Corporation Law.

10. Limitation of Liability.

10.1 To the fullest extent permitted under the General Corporation Law, no Director shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a Director.

10.2 Any amendment or repeal of this Article 10 shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a Director hereunder in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such amendment or repeal.

11. Indemnification. The Corporation shall have the power to provide rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses to its current and former officers, Directors, employees and agents and to any person who is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a Director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise.

12. Adoption, Amendment or Repeal of By-laws.

(a) In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by law, subject to the Stockholders’ Agreement (for so long as it remains in effect), the Board is expressly authorized to make, alter, amend or repeal the By-laws subject to the power of the stockholders of the Corporation entitled to vote with respect thereto to make, alter, amend or repeal the By-laws.

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(b) The stockholders of the Corporation also shall have power to adopt, amend or repeal the By-laws; provided, however, that until the earlier of (x) Sunset Date and (y) the date upon which the Corporation is no longer a “controlled company” under applicable Stock Exchange Rules, such action by stockholders shall require, in addition to any other vote required by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholder’s Agreement or applicable law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of voting stock of the Corporation with the power to vote generally in an election of Directors, voting together as a single class; provided further, the bylaws of the Corporation may require that actions of stockholders to amend, adopt or repeal specific bylaws may nevertheless require approval by a supermajority vote of stockholders in respect of certain provisions following the date described in clauses (x) and (y) of this sentence. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in any adoption, amendment or repeal of the By-laws of the Corporation may only be done in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholders’ Agreement and the General Corporation Law.

13. Adoption, Amendment and Repeal of Certificate. Subject to the Stockholders’ Agreement (for so long as it remains in effect), the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Amended Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by the General Corporation Law, and all rights, preferences and privileges of whatsoever nature conferred upon stockholders, Directors or any other Persons whomsoever by and pursuant to this Amended Certificate of Incorporation in its present form or as hereafter amended, are granted and held subject to this reservation.

14. Severability. If any provision or provisions of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable as applied to any circumstance for any reason whatsoever: (i) the validity, legality and enforceability of such provisions in any other circumstance and of the remaining provisions of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation (including, without limitation, each portion of any paragraph of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable that is not itself held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and (ii) to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation (including, without limitation, each such portion of any paragraph of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to permit the Corporation to protect its Directors, officers, employees and agents from personal liability in respect of their good faith service to or for the benefit of the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted by law.

15. Definitions. As used in this Amended Certificate of Incorporation, unless the context otherwise requires or as set forth in another Article or Section of this Amended Certificate of Incorporation, the term:

(a) “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with such Person; provided, that (i) neither the Corporation nor any of its subsidiaries will be deemed an Affiliate of any stockholder of the Corporation or any of such stockholders’ Affiliates and (ii) no stockholder of the Corporation will be deemed an Affiliate of any other stockholder of the Corporation, in each case, solely by reason of any investment in the Corporation or any rights conferred on such stockholder pursuant to the Stockholders’ Agreement (including any representatives of such stockholder serving on the Board).

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(b) “Amended Certificate of Incorporation” means this Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

(c) “AST Equityholders” has the meaning set forth in the Stockholders’ Agreement.

(d) “Board” means the board of directors of the Corporation.

(e) “By-laws” is defined in Section 7.1.

(f) “Cash Settlement” has the meaning set forth in the OpCo Operating Agreement.

(g) “Chairman” means the chairperson of the Board, which shall initially be Abel Avellan.

(h) “Class A Common Stock” is defined in Section 4.1.

(i) “Class B Common Stock” is defined in Section 4.1.

(j) “Class C Aggregate Voting Amount” means the number of votes equal to (x) eighty-eight and thirty-one hundredths percent (88.31)% of the total voting power of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation (assuming, solely for this purpose, that the voting power of one share of Class C Common Stock is equal to 10 votes) (including, solely for this purpose, any shares of the Corporation’s voting stock issuable in connection with the exercise (assuming, solely for this purpose, full exercise and not net exercise) of all outstanding options, warrants, exchange rights, conversion rights or similar rights to receive voting stock of the Corporation, in each case owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Key Holders, but excluding the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable or issued to and held by the Key Holders in connection with the exchange of Common Units, as a result of any Redemption pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article 11 of the OpCo Operating Agreement (such number of shares, the “Includible Shares”)), minus (y) the total voting power of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation (other than Class C Common Stock) owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Key Holders (including, solely for this purpose, the Includible Shares).

(k) “Class C Common Stock” is defined in Section 4.1.

(l) “Class C Share Voting Amount” means, as of any time, the (x) Class C Aggregate Voting Amount, divided by (y) the number of shares of Class C Common Stock then outstanding.

(m) “Common Stock” is defined in Section 4.1.

(n) “Common Unit” means a Common Unit of OpCo.

(o) “control” (including the terms “controlling” and “controlled”), with respect to the relationship between or among two or more Persons, means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the affairs or management of such subject Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, as trustee or executor, by contract or otherwise.

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(p) “Corporation” is defined in the introductory paragraph.

(q) “Direct Exchange” has the meaning set forth in the OpCo Operating Agreement.

(r) “Director” is defined in Section 7.1.

(s) “General Corporation Law” is defined in the recitals.

(t) “Key Holders” means the “Avellan Holders” as defined in the Stockholders Agreement.

(u) “OpCo” means AST & Science LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, or any successor thereto.

(v) “OpCo Operating Agreement” means the Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of OpCo, dated as of April 6, 2021, as the same may be amended, restated, supplemented and/or otherwise modified, from time to time.

(w) “Permitted Transfer” has the meaning set forth in the OpCo Operating Agreement.

(x) “Person” means any individual, general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, corporation, trust, business trust, joint stock company, joint venture, unincorporated association, cooperative or association or any other legal entity or organization of whatever nature, and shall include any successor (by merger or otherwise) of such entity.

(y) “Preferred Stock” is defined in Section 4.1.

(z) “Preferred Stock Directors” is defined in Section 7.1.

(aa) “Redemption” has the meaning set forth in the OpCo Operating Agreement.

(bb) “Share Settlement” has the meaning set forth in the OpCo Operating Agreement.

(cc) “Stock Adjustment” is defined in Section 5.1(b)(iii).

(dd) “Stock Exchange Rules” means the rules and regulations for listed companies as in effect from time to time of the principal United States national securities exchange on which the Class A Common Stock is listed for trading, which as of the date hereof is The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

(ee) “Stockholders’ Agreement” means the Stockholders’ Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and among the Corporation and the other Persons party thereto or that may become parties thereto from time to time, as the same may be amended, restated, supplemented and/or otherwise modified, from time to time.

(ff) “Sunset Date” has the meaning set forth in the Stockholders’ Agreement.

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