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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Basis of Presentation and Description of Business. Tempur Sealy International, Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its subsidiaries, is a U.S. based, multinational company. The term “Tempur Sealy International” refers to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. only, and the term “Company” refers to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Company develops, manufactures, markets and sells bedding products, which include mattresses, foundations and adjustable bases, and other products, which include pillows and other accessories. The Company also derives income from royalties by licensing Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® brands, technology and trademarks to other manufacturers. The Company sells its products through two sales channels: Retail and Other. (b) Basis of Consolidation. The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of Tempur Sealy International and its controlled subsidiaries and the results of Comfort Revolution, LLC ("Comfort Revolution"). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Comfort Revolution is a 45.0% owned joint venture. Comfort Revolution constitutes a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary due to the Company's disproportionate share of the economic risk associated with its equity contribution, debt financing and other factors that were considered in the related-party analysis surrounding the identification of the primary beneficiary. The Company is party to put and call arrangements with respect to the common securities that represent the 55.0% non-controlling interest in Comfort Revolution not owned by the Company. The operations of Comfort Revolution are not material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company also has ownership interests in a group of Asia-Pacific joint ventures to develop markets for Sealy® branded products in those regions. The equity method of accounting is used for these joint ventures, over which the Company has significant influence but does not have effective control, and consolidation is not otherwise required. The Company’s equity in the net income and losses of these investments is reported in equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company’s Asia-Pacific joint ventures are more fully described in Note 5, "Unconsolidated Affiliate Companies." (c) Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s results are affected by economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations. (d) Fair Value Measurements. The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk. The Company estimates fair value of its financial instruments utilizing an established three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date as follows:
• | Level 1 – Valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
• | Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.
• | Level 3 – Valuation is based upon other unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurements.
The classification of fair value measurements within the established three-level hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurements. There were no transfers between levels for the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments.The fair value of the Company's financial instruments that are recorded on a recurring basis at fair value are not material. (e) Foreign Currency. Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the local currency, are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. The adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”), a component of stockholders’ (deficit) equity, and included in net earnings only upon sale or liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary or affiliated company. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in net earnings based on differences between foreign exchange rates on the transaction date and on the settlement date. These amounts are not considered material to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (f) Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are used in the normal course of business to manage interest rate and foreign currency exchange risks. The financial instruments used by the Company are straight-forward, non-leveraged instruments. The counterparties to these financial instruments are financial institutions with strong credit ratings. The Company maintains control over the size of positions entered into with any one counterparty and regularly monitors the credit ratings of these institutions. For all transactions designated as hedges, the hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception and on an ongoing basis in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged transaction. The Company records derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. Changes in a derivative's fair value (i.e. unrealized gains or losses) are recorded each period in earnings or other comprehensive income ("OCI"), depending on whether the derivative is designated and is effective as a hedged transaction, and on the type of hedging relationship. For derivative financial instruments that are designated as a hedge, unrealized gains and losses related to the effective portion are either recognized in income immediately to offset the realized gain or loss on the hedged item, or are deferred and reported as a component of AOCL in stockholders' (deficit) equity and subsequently recognized in net income when the hedged item affects net income. The change in fair value of the ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument is recognized in net income immediately. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, the gain or loss related to the change in fair value is also recorded to net income immediately. The Company manages a portion of the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currencies related to intercompany and third party inventory purchases denominated in foreign currencies through foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges to buy U.S. dollars and to sell Canadian dollars with a notional amount outstanding of $25.4 million. These foreign exchange forward contracts have maturities ranging from January 2017 to September 2017. The effectiveness of the cash flow hedge contracts, including time value, is assessed prospectively and retrospectively on a monthly basis using regression analysis, as well as other timing and probability criteria. The effective portion of the cash flow hedge contracts' gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of these hedges is initially reported, net of tax, as a component of AOCL until the underlying hedged item is reflected in the Company's accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income, at which time the effective amount in AOCL is reclassified to cost of sales in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company expects to reclassify a gain of approximately $0.6 million, net of tax, over the next 12 months based on December 31, 2016 exchange rates. The fair value of foreign exchange forward contract assets was $1.7 million and $12.5 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There was no forward exchange liability as of December 31, 2016. The fair value of foreign exchange forward contract liabilities was $1.2 million as of December 31, 2015. The fair value of these financial instruments were based on Level 2 inputs. The Company is also exposed to foreign currency risk related to intercompany debt and associated interest payments and certain intercompany accounts receivable and accounts payable. To manage the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currencies related to these assets and liabilities, the Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts. The Company considers these contracts to be economic hedges. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these instruments affect earnings during the current period. These foreign exchange forward contracts protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows resulting from payments in foreign currencies. (g) Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with initial maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments. (h) Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, determined by the first-in, first-out method and consist of the following:
| December 31,
(in millions) | 2016 |  | 2015
Finished goods | $ | 130.1 |  |  | $ | 126.7 |
Work-in-process | 10.7 |  |  | 14.0 |
Raw materials and supplies | 56.0 |  |  | 58.5 |
| $ | 196.8 |  |  | $ | 199.2 |
(i) Property, Plant and Equipment. Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost at acquisition date and are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:
| Estimated Useful Lives (in years)
Buildings | 25-30
Computer equipment and software | 3-5
Leasehold improvements | 4-7
Machinery and equipment | 3-7
Office furniture and fixtures | 5-7
The Company records depreciation and amortization in cost of sales for long-lived assets used in the manufacturing process, and within each line item of operating expenses for all other long-lived assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the lease or seven years. Assets under capital lease are included within property, plant and equipment and represent non-cash investing activities. Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:
| December 31,
(in millions) | 2016 |  | 2015
Machinery and equipment | $ | 283.9 |  |  | $ | 257.0 |
Land and buildings | 302.6 |  |  | 243.7 |
Computer equipment and software | 97.2 |  |  | 78.2 |
Furniture and fixtures | 50.4 |  |  | 52.3 |
Construction in progress | 52.9 |  |  | 57.4 |
Total property, plant, and equipment | 787.0 |  |  | 688.6 |
Accumulated depreciation | (364.8 | ) |  | (326.9 | )
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 422.2 |  |  | $ | 361.7 |
Depreciation expense, which includes depreciation expense for capital lease assets, for the Company was $56.1 million, $53.5 million and $57.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (j) Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is assessed by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or group of assets. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset or group of assets, the asset is considered impaired and an expense is recorded in an amount required to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its then fair value. Fair value generally is determined from estimated discounted future net cash flows (for assets held for use) or net realizable value (for assets held for sale). The Company did not identify any indicators of impairment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. (k) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The Company performs an annual impairment test on goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets on October 1 of each year and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that impairment may have occurred. The Company reviewed goodwill for impairment based on its identified reporting units. During 2016, the Company revised how its reporting units are managed and determined its reporting units to be the North America and International segments. The Company tested goodwill for impairment for both the historical reporting units, as well as the new reporting units, noting no impairment at October 1, 2016. In conducting the impairment test for these reporting units, the fair value of each of the Company's reporting units is compared to its respective carrying amount including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then no impairment exists. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, further analysis is performed to assess impairment. The Company’s determination of fair value of the reporting units is based on a discounted cash flow approach, with an appropriate risk adjusted discount rate, and a market approach. Any identified impairment would result in an adjustment to the Company’s results of operations. The Company also tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets, principally the Tempur and Sealy trade names. The Company tested both trade names for impairment using a “relief-from-royalty” method. Significant assumptions inherent in the methodologies are employed and include such estimates as royalty and discount rates. The Company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2016, 2015 and 2014, none of which resulted in the recognition of impairment charges. The most recent annual impairment tests performed as of October 1, 2016, indicated that the fair values of each of the Company's reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets were substantially in excess of their carrying values. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, refer to Note 4, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” (l) Accrued Sales Returns. The Company allows product returns through certain sales channels and on certain products. Estimated sales returns are provided at the time of sale based on historical sales channel return rates. Estimated future obligations related to these products are provided by a reduction of sales in the period in which the revenue is recognized. The Company considers the impact of recoverable salvage value on sales returns by segment in determining its estimate of future sales returns. Accrued sales returns are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had the following activity for accrued sales returns from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2016:
(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | 32.3 |
Amounts accrued | 123.0 |
Returns charged to accrual | (126.8 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 28.5 |
Amounts accrued | 130.6 |
Returns charged to accrual | (128.8 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 30.3 |
(m) Warranties. The Company provides warranties on certain products, which vary based by segment, product and brand. Estimates of warranty expenses are based primarily on historical claims experience and product testing. Estimated future obligations related to these products are charged to cost of sales in the period in which the related revenue is recognized. In estimating its warranty obligations, the Company considers the impact of recoverable salvage value on warranty costs by segment in determining its estimate of future warranty obligations. The Company provides warranties on mattresses with varying warranty terms. Tempur mattresses sold in the North America segment and all Sealy mattresses have warranty terms ranging from 10 to 25 years, generally non-prorated for the first 10 to 15 years and then prorated for the balance of the warranty term. Tempur mattresses sold in the International segment have warranty terms ranging from 5 to 15 years, non-prorated for the first 5 years and then prorated on a straight-line basis for the last 10 years of the warranty term. Tempur pillows have a warranty term of 3 years, non-prorated. The Company had the following activity for warranties from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2016:
(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | 31.3 |
Amounts accrued | 28.8 |
Warranties charged to accrual | (30.5 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 29.6 |
Amounts accrued | 33.3 |
Warranties charged to accrual | (33.0 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 29.9 |
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $14.3 million and $14.9 million of accrued warranty expense is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $15.6 million and $14.7 million of accrued warranty expense is included in other non-current liabilities on the Company’s accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. (n) Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss carry forwards. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in the period in which the enactment dates change. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain foreign and domestic tax positions utilizing a proscribed recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. (o) Revenue Recognition. Sales of products are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, title passes to customers and the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company extends volume discounts to certain customers, as well as promotional allowances, floor sample discounts, commissions paid to retail associates and slotting fees, and reflects these amounts as a reduction of sales at the time revenue is recognized based on historical experience. The Company also reports sales net of tax assessed by qualifying governmental authorities. The Company extends credit based on the creditworthiness of its customers. No collateral is required on sales made in the normal course of business. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of its allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical write-off experience and current economic conditions and also considers factors such as customer credit, past transaction history with the customer and changes in customer payment terms when determining whether the collection of a customer receivable is reasonably assured. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all reasonable means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The allowance for doubtful accounts included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets was $22.1 million and $23.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company reflects all amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling in net sales and the costs incurred from shipping and handling product in cost of sales. Amounts included in net sales for shipping and handling were $11.7 million, $11.1 million and $14.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amounts included in cost of sales for shipping and handling were $155.1 million, $161.6 million and $169.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized other income, net of expense, of $9.5 million and $15.6 million, respectively, from certain other non-recurring items, including the partial settlement of a legal dispute. (p) Cost of Sales. Costs associated with net sales are recorded in cost of sales. Cost of sales includes the costs of receiving, producing, inspecting, warehousing, insuring, and shipping goods during the period, as well as depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets used in these processes. Cost of sales also includes shipping and handling costs associated with the delivery of goods to customers and costs associated with internal transfers between plant locations. (q) Cooperative Advertising, Rebate and Other Promotional Programs. The Company enters into programs with customers to provide funds for advertising and promotions. The Company also enters into volume and other rebate programs with customers. When sales are made to these customers, the Company records liabilities pursuant to these programs. The Company periodically assesses these liabilities based on actual sales and claims to determine whether all of the cooperative advertising earned will be used by the customer or whether the customer will meet the requirements to receive rebate funds. The Company generally negotiates these programs on a customer-by-customer basis. Some of these agreements extend over several years. Significant estimates are required at any point in time with regard to the ultimate reimbursement to be claimed by the customers. Subsequent revisions to the estimates are recorded and charged to earnings in the period in which they are identified. Rebates and cooperative advertising are classified as a reduction of revenue and presented within net sales in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Certain cooperative advertising expenses are reported as components of selling and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income because the Company receives an identifiable benefit and the fair value of the advertising benefit can be reasonably estimated. (r) Advertising Costs. The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred except for production costs and advance payments, which are deferred and expensed when advertisements run for the first time. Direct response advance payments are deferred and amortized over the life of the program. Advertising costs are included in selling and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Advertising costs charged to expense were $352.7 million, $360.5 million and $326.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Advertising costs include expenditures for shared advertising costs that the Company reimburses to customers under its integrated and cooperative advertising programs. Cooperative advertising costs paid to customers are recorded as a component of selling and marketing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income to the extent of the estimated fair value of the customer's underlying advertisement when the customer provides proof of advertising. The Company periodically assesses the liabilities recorded for cooperative advertising based on actual sales and claims to determine whether all of the cooperative advertising earned will be used by the customer. Advertising costs deferred and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets were $7.4 million and $13.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (s) Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for new products are expensed as they are incurred and are included in general, administrative and other expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Research and development costs charged to expense were $26.7 million, $28.7 million and $21.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (t) Royalty Income and Expense. The Company recognizes royalty income based on sales of Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® branded products by various licensees. The Company also pays royalties to other entities for the use of their names on products produced by the Company. Royalty income, net of royalty expense, was $19.5 million, $18.3 million and $18.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (u) Stock-based Compensation. The Company accounts for stock-based payment transactions in which the Company receives employee services in exchange for equity instruments of the Company. Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options is estimated at the grant date based on each option’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost as expense for awards other than its PRSUs ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost associated with its PRSUs over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance conditions will be satisfied. The Company will recognize a benefit from stock-based compensation in additional paid in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). Further information regarding stock-based compensation can be found in Note 10, “Stock-based Compensation.” (v) Treasury Stock. Subject to Delaware law, and the limitations in the Company's 2016 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 6, "Debt") and the Company's other debt agreements, the Board of Directors may authorize share repurchases of the Company’s common stock (“Stock Repurchase Authorizations”). Purchases made pursuant to Stock Repurchase Authorizations may be carried out through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as the Company deems appropriate. Stock repurchased under Stock Repurchase Authorizations is held in treasury for general corporate purposes, including issuances under various employee stock-based award plans. On February 1, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase authorization of up to $200.0 million of Tempur Sealy International's common stock. On both June 7, 2016 and July 27, 2016, the Board of Directors increased the authorization under the Company's share repurchase program by an additional $200.0 million. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had repurchased 8.7 million shares for approximately $533.0 million under the share repurchase authorization. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had approximately $67.0 million remaining under the existing share repurchase authorization. In addition, the Company acquired 0.0 million shares upon the vesting of certain PRSUs, which were withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations during the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The shares withheld were valued at the closing price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the vesting date or last business day prior to, resulting in approximately $2.0 million and $1.3 million in treasury stock acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method and reported as a reduction of stockholders’ (deficit) equity. Stock Repurchase Authorizations may be suspended, limited or terminated at any time without notice. (w) Self-Insurance. The Company is self-insured up to $0.8 million per claim per year for certain losses related to medical claims with excess loss coverage. The Company also utilizes large deductible policies to insure claims related to general liability, product liability, automobile, and workers’ compensation. The Company’s recorded liability for workers’ compensation represents an estimate of the ultimate cost of claims incurred as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet date. The estimated workers' compensation liability is undiscounted and is established based upon analysis of historical and actuarial estimates, and is reviewed by the Company and third party actuaries on a quarterly basis to ensure that the liability is appropriate. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $8.6 million and $6.6 million, respectively, of the recorded undiscounted liability is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $12.3 million and $11.5 million, respectively, is included in other non-current liabilities within the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. During 2016, the Company entered into a retroactive insurance policy to limit exposure on historical worker's compensation claims. As of December 31, 2016, $14.2 million is included in other non-current assets within the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represents the value of expected recoveries related to the underlying insured events. The related liabilities for the Company's worker's compensation exposure are included in other non-current liabilities within the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. (x) Pension Obligations. The Company has a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan covering current and former hourly employees at two of its active Sealy plants and ten previously closed Sealy U.S. facilities. Sealy Canada, Ltd. (a 100.0% owned subsidiary of the Company) also sponsors a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan covering hourly employees at one of its facilities. Both plans provide retirement and survivorship benefits based on the employees' credited years of service. The Company's funding policy provides for contributions of an amount between the minimum required and maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. The benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The measurement of the PBO is based on the Company’s estimates and actuarial valuations. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held by an irrevocable trust fund for the sole benefit of participants. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions that require significant judgment, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates. (y) Restructuring Activities. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company initiated certain restructuring activities, which included headcount reductions and store closures. As a result, the Company recognized $8.3 million and $13.5 million of restructuring expenses, respectively, consisting primarily of severance benefits and costs associated with store closures, which are recorded in cost of sales, selling and marketing expenses, and general, administrative and other expenses. (z) Subsequent Events. The Company announced that during the week of January 23, 2017, senior management of Mattress Firm Inc. (“Mattress Firm”) and representatives of its parent, Steinhoff International Holdings N.V. (“Steinhoff”), unexpectedly notified the Company of Mattress Firm's intent to terminate all of Mattress Firm's contracts with the Company in the U.S., if the Company did not agree to considerable changes to the agreements with Mattress Firm, including significant economic concessions. The Company engaged in discussions to facilitate a mutually agreeable supply arrangement with Mattress Firm. However, the parties were unable to reach an agreement, and the Company issued formal termination notices for all of the Company’s brands to Mattress Firm as of January 27, 2017. The Company expects to wind down its business with Mattress Firm over the first quarter of 2017. In the first quarter of 2017, due to the termination, there will be some restructuring charges and non-cash write offs related to certain prepaid items and intangible assets associated with the Mattress Firm relationship. In addition, indicators of impairment with respect to intangible assets may exist that will require further analysis in the first quarter of 2017.

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