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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was 33.0% and 30.6%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was 33.6% and 30.7%, respectively. The Company’s income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0% principally due to certain foreign income tax rate differentials, state and local income taxes, the production activities deduction, certain other permanent differences, changes in the Company’s uncertain tax positions, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the excess tax deficiency (or benefit) related to stock-based compensation.

The Company has received income tax assessments from the Danish Tax Authority ("SKAT") with respect to the tax years 2001 through 2008 relating to the royalty paid by a U.S. subsidiary of Tempur Sealy International to a Danish subsidiary (the "Danish Assessments"). The royalty is paid by the U.S. subsidiary for the right to utilize certain intangible assets owned by the Danish subsidiary in the U.S. production process. In its assessment, SKAT asserts that the amount of royalty rate paid by the U.S. subsidiary to the Danish subsidiary is not reflective of an arms-length transaction. Accordingly, the tax assessment received from SKAT is based, in part, on a 20% royalty rate, which is substantially higher than that historically used or deemed appropriate by the Company.

The cumulative total tax assessment at September 30, 2017 for all years for which an assessment has been received (2001 - 2008) is approximately Danish Krone ("DKK") 1,615.6 million, including interest and penalties ($256.4 million, based on the DKK to USD exchange rate on September 30, 2017). The cumulative total tax assessment at December 31, 2016 for all years for which an assessment had been received up through that date (2001 - 2008) including interest and penalties was approximately DKK 1,547.3 million ($219.3 million, based on the DKK to USD exchange rate on December 31, 2016). If SKAT continues to issue assessments for each year not currently assessed, the Company expects the aggregate assessments for such years (2009 - 2016) to be in excess of the amounts described above as assessed for the years 2001 - 2008 (collectively the years 2001 through 2016 are referred to as the "Danish Tax Matter").

At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 the Company had accrued Danish tax and interest for the Danish Tax Matter of approximately DKK 852 million (approximately $135.2 million using the September 30, 2017 exchange rate) and DKK 850 million (approximately $120.6 million using the December 31, 2016 exchange rate), respectively, as an uncertain income tax liability. On both September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 approximately DKK 835 million (approximately $132.6 million using the September 30, 2017 exchange rate and $118.5 million using the December 31, 2016 exchange rate) represents the amount that the Company and SKAT preliminarily agreed to in a non-binding proposed resolution for the years 2001 through 2011. The balance at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of approximately DKK 17 million (approximately $2.6 million using the September 30, 2017 exchange rate) and DKK 15 million (approximately $2.1 million using the December 31, 2016 exchange rate) may be subject to further negotiation in the future as part of an Advanced Pricing Agreement the Company may choose to pursue for years after 2011. The uncertain income tax liability accrued is included in other non-current liabilities in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 the Company had recorded a deferred tax asset of approximately $44.3 million and $43.5 million, respectively, for the U.S. correlative benefit related to the Danish Tax Matter. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance with respect to this benefit of approximately $17.6 million for both periods related to years for which relief may not be realized.

The Company’s uncertain tax liability associated with the Danish Tax Matter is derived using the cumulative probability analysis with possible outcomes based on the Company's updated evaluation of the facts and circumstances regarding this matter and applying the technical requirements applicable to U.S., Danish, and international transfer pricing standards as required by GAAP, taking into account both the U.S. and Danish income tax implications of such outcomes. Both the uncertain tax liability and the deferred tax asset discussed herein reflects the Company’s best judgment of the facts, circumstances and information available through September 30, 2017.

If the Company is not successful in defending its position before the Danish National Tax Tribunal (the "Tribunal"), the appeals division within SKAT, or in the Danish courts or in negotiating a mutually acceptable settlement, there is significant risk that the Company could be required to pay significant amounts to SKAT in excess of any related reserve. Such an outcome could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s profitability and liquidity. In addition, prior to any ultimate resolution of this issue before the Tribunal or the Danish courts, based on a change in facts and circumstances, the Company may be required to further increase its uncertain tax liability associated with this matter, which could have a material impact on the Company's reported earnings.

From June 2012 through September 30, 2017, SKAT withheld Value Added Tax refunds otherwise owed to the Company, pending resolution of the Danish Tax Matter. Total withheld refunds at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are approximately DKK 314.6 million (approximately $49.9 at the September 30, 2017 exchange rate) and DKK 258.0 million (approximately $36.6 million at the December 31, 2016 exchange rate), respectively. In July 2016, the Company paid a deposit to SKAT in the amount of approximately DKK 615.2 (approximately $97.6 million using the exchange rate at September 30, 2017) (the “Tax Deposit”) and applied approximately DKK 224.6 million (approximately $35.6 million using the exchange rate at September 30, 2017) of its Value Added Tax refund (the “VAT Refund Applied”) to the aforementioned potential Danish income tax liability, consistent with the Company’s reserve position for the Danish Tax Matter. The deposit was made to mitigate additional interest and foreign exchange exposure. The Tax Deposit and the VAT Refund Applied are included within other non-current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate if recognized at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 would be $30.1 and $21.4 million (exclusive of interest and penalties), respectively. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax provision. It is reasonably possible that there could be material changes to the amount of uncertain tax positions due to activities of the taxing authorities, settlement of audit issues, reassessment of existing uncertain tax positions, including the Danish Tax Matter, or the expiration of applicable statute of limitations; however, the Company is not able to estimate the impact of these items at this time. There were no significant changes to the liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the three months ended September 30, 2017.