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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to .
Commission file number 001-31922
TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 33-1022198
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1000 Tempur Way
Lexington, Kentucky 40511
(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (800) 878-8889
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | TPX | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes o No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. o Yes ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer o Non-Accelerated filer o Smaller Reporting Company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Yes o No
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.): ☐ Yes ☒ No
The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2023, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrants most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $6,647,994,376.
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of February 12, 2024 was 173,604,315 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed subsequent to the date hereof, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I. |  | 4
ITEM 1. | Business | 4
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
ITEM 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 11
ITEM 1C. | Cybersecurity | 12
ITEM 2. | Properties | 13
ITEM 3. | Legal Proceedings | 13
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 13
PART II. |  | 13
ITEM 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 14
ITEM 6. | [Reserved] | 16
ITEM 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 16
ITEM 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 32
ITEM 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 32
ITEM 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 62
ITEM 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 62
ITEM 9B. | Other Information | 64
ITEM 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 64
PART III. |  | 64
ITEM 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 64
ITEM 11. | Executive Compensation | 64
ITEM 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 64
ITEM 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 65
ITEM 14. | Principal Accoun tant Fees and Services | 65
PART IV. |  | 65
ITEM 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 65
ITEM 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 70
Signatures |  | 71

When used in this Report, except as specifically noted otherwise, the term "Tempur Sealy International" refers to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. only, and the terms "Tempur Sealy," "Company," "we," "our," "ours" and "us" refer to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. When used in this Report, the term "Tempur" may refer to Tempur-branded products and the term "Sealy" may refer to Sealy-branded products or to Sealy Corporation and its historical subsidiaries, in all cases as the context requires. In addition, when used in this Report,"2023 Credit Agreement" refers to the Company's senior credit facility entered into in 2023; "2019 Credit Agreement" refers to the Company's prior senior credit facility entered into in 2019; "2023 Senior Notes" refers to the 5.625% senior notes due 2023 issued in 2015; "2026 Senior Notes" refers to the 5.50% senior notes due 2026 issued in 2016; "2029 Senior Notes" refers to the 4.00% senior notes due 2029 issued in 2021; and "2031 Senior Notes" refers to the 3.875% senior notes due 2031 issued in 2021. In addition, when used in this Report, "Danish Tax Matter" refers to the Company's dispute with the Danish Tax Authority ("SKAT") regarding the royalty paid by a U.S. subsidiary of Tempur Sealy International to a Danish subsidiary for tax years 2012 through 2022.
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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Report"), including the information incorporated by reference herein, contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), which includes information concerning one or more of our plans; objectives; goals; strategies and other information that is not historical information. Many of these statements appear, in particular, under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, ITEM 7 of this Report. When used in this Report, the words "assumes," "estimates," "expects," "guidance," "anticipates," "might," "projects," "predicts," "plans," "proposed," "targets," "intends," "believes," "will," "may," "could," and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon our current expectations and beliefs and various assumptions. There can be no assurance that we will realize our expectations or that our beliefs will prove correct.
Numerous factors, many of which are beyond the Company's control, could cause actual results to differ materially from any that may be expressed herein as forward-looking statements in this Report. These risk factors include the impact of the macroeconomic environment in both the U.S. and internationally on our business segments including its impact on consumer behavior and expectations regarding growth of the mattress industry; changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of raw materials; uncertainties arising from global events (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in the Middle East), natural disasters or pandemics, and their impact on raw material prices, labor costs and other employment-related costs; loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of raw materials; competition in our industry; the effects of strategic investments on our operations, including our efforts to expand our global market share and actions taken to increase sales growth; the ability to develop and successfully launch new products; expectations regarding the pending Mattress Firm acquisition, including the related regulatory approval process; the ability to realize all synergies and benefits of acquisitions (including the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm); our reliance on information technology and the associated risks involving potential security lapses and/or cyber-based attacks; deterioration in labor relations; the possibility of exposure of product liability and premises liability claims; our ability to protect our intellectual property; disruptions to the implementation of our strategic priorities and business plan caused by changes in our executive management team; changes in interest rates; effects of changes in foreign exchange rates on our reported earnings; expectations regarding our target leverage and our share repurchase program; compliance with regulatory requirements and the possible exposure to liability for failures to comply with these requirements; the outcome of pending tax audits or other tax, regulatory or investigation proceedings and pending litigation; changes in foreign tax rates and changes in tax laws generally, including the ability to utilize tax loss carryforwards; and our capital structure and debt level, including our ability to meet financial obligations and continue to comply with the terms and financial ratio covenants of our credit facilities.
Other potential risk factors include the factors discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" under Part I, ITEM 1A of this Report. There may be other factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements.
All forward-looking statements attributable to us apply only as of the date of this Report and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this Report. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any of the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
We are committed to improving the sleep of more people, every night, all around the world. As a leading designer, manufacturer, distributor and retailer of bedding products, we know how crucial a good night of sleep is to overall health and wellness. Utilizing over a century of knowledge and industry-leading innovation, we deliver award-winning products that provide breakthrough sleep solutions to consumers in over 100 countries.
Our highly recognized brands include Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® and our non-branded offerings include private label and original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") products. Our distinct brands allow for complementary merchandising strategies at a range of price points.
Our powerful distribution model operates through an omni-channel strategy. Our products are sold through third-party retailers, our more than 750 company-owned stores and our e-commerce platforms. We have a global manufacturing footprint with approximately 12,000 employees around the world. Tempur Sealy has a strong competitive presence in the bedding marketplace with a leadership position that comes from product and service quality, culture, strategy and people, backed with financial strength and a disciplined approach to returning value to shareholders.
Our long-term strategy is to drive earnings growth with high return on invested capital and strong free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. In order to achieve our long-term strategy, we focus on developing the most innovative bedding products in all the markets we serve, making significant investments in our iconic global brands and optimizing our worldwide omni-channel distribution. We also intend to generate earnings growth through ongoing investments in research and development and productivity initiatives, which will improve our profitability and create long-term stockholder value.
We have a balanced approach to capital allocation that includes investments in our operations to facilitate long-term growth and returning capital to shareholders via quarterly cash dividends and share repurchases. From time to time, we also look at acquisition opportunities that could complement and strengthen our core business. When doing so, we seek to balance our assessment of the industry environment, our business outlook and the potential for further strategic expansion, while also prudently managing our business.
We operate in two segments: North America and International. Corporate operating expenses are not included in either of the segments and are presented separately as a reconciling item to consolidated results. These segments are strategic business units that are managed separately based on geography. Our North America segment consists of manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries and licensees located in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Our International segment consists of manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America (other than Mexico).
Our principal executive office is located at 1000 Tempur Way, Lexington, Kentucky 40511 and our telephone number is (800) 878-8889. Tempur Sealy International, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in September 2002. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to such reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available free of charge on our website at www.tempursealy.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the SEC. Our website and its contents are not incorporated by reference into this Report.
The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The website of the SEC is www.sec.gov.
Our Products and Brands
We have a comprehensive offering of products that appeal to a broad range of consumers, some of which are covered by one or more patents and/or patent applications. We also routinely introduce new mattress models, launch new products and update our existing mattress products in each of our segments.
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In order to achieve our goal to improve the sleep of more people, every night, all around the world, one of our strategic initiatives is to leverage and strengthen our comprehensive portfolio of iconic brands and products. Our portfolio of product brands includes many highly recognized brands, including Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster®, which are described below:
•Tempur-Pedic® - Founded in 1991, the Tempur brand is our specialty innovation category leader designed to provide life changing sleep for our wellness-seeking consumers. Our proprietary Tempur material precisely adapts to the shape, weight and temperature of the consumer and creates fewer pressure points, reduces motion transfer and provides personalized comfort and support. Tempur-Pedic was awarded #1 in Customer Satisfaction for the online mattress segment in the J.D. Power 2023 Mattress Satisfaction Report. This is the third consecutive year winning the online mattress category and the fifth consecutive year winning at least one J.D. Power award.
•Stearns & Foster® - The Stearns & Foster brand offers our consumers high quality mattresses built by certified craftsmen who have been specially trained. Founded in 1846, the brand is designed and built with precise engineering and relentless attention to detail and fuses new innovative technologies with time-honored techniques, creating supremely comfortable beds.
•Sealy® - The Sealy brand originated in 1881 in Sealy, Texas, and for over a century has focused on offering trusted comfort, durability and excellent value while maintaining contemporary styles and great support. The Sealy Posturepedic® brand, introduced in 1950, was engineered to provide all-over support and body alignment to allow full relaxation and deliver a comfortable night's sleep. Sealy was voted America's most-trusted mattress brand by American shoppers in the 2021 American Brand Trust Study. Sealy was also the #1 best-selling mattress brand according to Furniture Today's 2021 Top 20 U.S. Bedding Producers methodology, which includes Stearns & Foster®.
•Cocoon by Sealy TM - The Cocoon by Sealy brand, introduced in 2016, is our offering in the below $1,000 e-commerce space, made with the high quality materials that consumers expect from Sealy, sold online at www.cocoonbysealy.com and delivered in a box directly to consumers' doorsteps.
•Non-Branded - Our non-branded product offerings include private label and OEM products, including mattresses, pillows and other bedding products and components at a wide range of price points. The addition of non-branded offerings expands our capabilities to service third-party retailers to capture manufacturing profits from bedding brands outside our own.
Our portfolio of retail brands includes Tempur-Pedic® retail stores, Sleep Outfitters®, Sleep Solutions Outlet®, Dreams®, SOVA and a variety of other retail brands internationally, which operate in various countries. The retail brands named above are described below:
•Tempur-Pedic® retail stores - Tempur-Pedic® retail stores are designed for the consumers that prefer to purchase directly from the manufacturer, and for those seeking a more personalized and educational sales experience. These retail boutiques are strategically located in high traffic, premium retail centers with customer demographics that closely align to the Tempur-Pedic® customer profile.
•Sleep Outfitters® - Sleep Outfitters is a regional bedding retailer with locations across five states in the U.S. Sleep Outfitters is a specialty mattress retailer that serves consumers across a wide range of price points with its extensive selection of Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® products.
•Sleep Solutions Outlet® - Sleep Solutions Outlet stores serve as a channel of high-quality comfort returns, as well as discontinued or factory close-out mattresses and bases. There are a limited number of stores across the U.S. that sell these products, which reduces our disposal costs, and helps reduce the volume of products disposed of via landfill, thereby favorably impacting the environment.
•Dreams® - Dreams is the leading specialty bedding retailer in the United Kingdom ("U.K."). As a multi-branded retailer, Dreams sells a variety of products across a range of price points. In addition to operating over 200 brick-and-mortar stores and an e-commerce channel throughout the U.K., Dreams also manufacturers the majority of the bedding products it sells in-house.
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•SOVA - SOVA is a highly respected and well-established premium bedding chain in Sweden. Our stores are connected to the urban areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The assortment primarily focuses on premium to ultra-premium brands and well trained sales staff targeting to sell quality beds with a very high average selling price.
In 2024, we are launching a new portfolio of Tempur-Pedic® Adapt mattresses in our North America segment. This next-generation technology sets the standard for support, pressure relief and motion cancellation with Tempur material precisely responding to your body's weight, shape, and temperature in a way no other mattress does. This collection was designed to complement the Tempur-Pedic® Breeze collection and Tempur-Ergo® Smart Bases launched in 2023 and finishes the complete reset of our core Tempur lineup.
In our International segment in 2024, we plan to complete the rollout of the new line of Tempur® products in over 90 markets through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and third-party distributors. This new line of products will broaden Tempur®'s price range, with the super-premium price point ceiling maintained and the floor expanded into the premium category to expand our global addressable market.
Omni-Channel Distribution
Our primary selling channels are Wholesale and Direct. These channels align to the operating margin characteristics of our business and our marketplace.
One of Tempur Sealy's long-term initiatives is to be wherever the consumer wants to shop, and our wholesale business strategy brings this key business initiative to life by growing our share with existing customers, gaining new business and expanding into new channels of distribution. In 2023, we continued to drive this initiative, as we increased the number of wholesale doors retailing our products and expanded our company-owned store footprint around the world.
We are continuing to expand our Direct channel to strengthen our distribution footprint and provide alternatives to allow the customer to shop on their preferred terms - whether online or in-store. Our Direct channel includes company-owned stores, online and call centers and represented 23.9% of net sales in 2023. The Direct channel growth rate has surpassed the Wholesale growth rate over the last few years, and we anticipate the Direct channel will continue to grow as a percentage of net sales in future years. Our expanded direct channel distribution complements our wholesale business, and we believe this balanced approach enhances the overall global sales potential and profitability of Tempur Sealy.
For consumers that prefer to purchase directly from the manufacturer and are seeking a more personalized and educational sales experience, we have over 750 retail stores worldwide, including our retail stores owned through our international joint venture operations.
As of December 31, 2023, we had over 100 Tempur-Pedic® retail stores throughout the U.S. that provide a low-pressure environment to explore the comprehensive line up of our Tempur-Pedic® products. Each showroom features knowledgeable Brand Ambassadors who educate potential customers on Tempur-Pedic® products in a relaxed, comfortable environment. Going forward, we expect our strategy for opening additional locations of Tempur-Pedic® retail stores to continue targeting high traffic, premium locations that complement our existing distribution.
In addition to our high-end Tempur-Pedic® retail stores, we operate Sleep Outfitters®, a regional bedding retailer that had over 100 stores in 2023. Sleep Outfitters is a specialty mattress retailer that serves consumers across all price points with its extensive selection of Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® products. We also operate Dreams®, which has developed a successful multi-channel sales strategy, with over 200 brick and mortar retail locations in the U.K., an industry-leading online channel, as well as manufacturing and delivery assets.
Our third-party retailers, Tempur-Pedic® retail stores, Dreams® and Sleep Outfitters®, and our other company-owned store concepts reach the vast majority of consumers who still prefer to touch and feel a mattress and speak to a retail sales associate prior to making a purchase decision. However, our consumer insights also demonstrate that there is a growing segment of the population that prefers to purchase products online and, to a lesser degree, via a call center. As such, having an omni-channel presence is more important than ever, with most customers completing research and shopping both online and in-stores before making their purchase decision.
For customers that prefer the convenience of making purchases online and having their bedding products delivered right to their front door, we have evolved our distribution model to include multiple online options to reach those that want to
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purchase our products without the need to go into a brick-and-mortar store. We further expanded this initiative in 2022 with the opening of direct-to-consumer e-commerce platforms for Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® in the U.S.
Marketing
Our overall marketing strategy is to drive consumer demand through the use of effective marketing. We invest across multiple media platforms to build brand awareness and drive consumer interest in our products. The majority of our advertising programs are created on a centralized basis through our in-house marketing team. We plan to drive net sales through continued investments in new products, marketing and other initiatives.
We advertise nationally on television, digitally and through consumer and trade print. In addition, we participate in cooperative advertising on a shared basis with some of our retail customers. Throughout the year, we invested in a series of strategic marketing initiatives, which included new product introductions, advertising and in-store marketing investments.
Seasonality
We believe that sales of products to furniture and bedding stores are typically subject to modest seasonality inherent in the bedding industry, with sales expected to be generally lower in the second and fourth quarters. Sales in a particular quarter can also be impacted by competitive industry dynamics and global macroeconomic conditions. Additionally, the U.S. bedding industry generally experiences increases in sales around holidays and promotional periods.
Operations
Manufacturing and Distribution
In 2023, we opened our newest and largest state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Crawfordsville, Indiana. The new facility has the capabilities to manufacture a wide variety of bedding products and components for branded and non-branded operations. The facility's Midwest location enables us to balance manufacturing and distribution in the region, allowing us to more efficiently service our customers and capture the projected long-term demand to support our rapidly growing OEM business.
Our products are currently manufactured and distributed through our global network of facilities. For a list of our principal manufacturing and distribution facilities, please refer to ITEM 2, "Properties".
Suppliers
We obtain the raw materials used to produce our pressure-relieving Tempur® material and components used in the manufacture of Tempur-Pedic® products from third-party sources. We currently acquire chemicals and proprietary additives for Tempur-Pedic® products as well as other components such as textiles from a number of suppliers with manufacturing locations around the world. These supplier relationships may be modified in order to maintain quality, cost and delivery expectations. All critical components are purchased under supply agreements. We do not consider ourselves to be dependent in the long term upon any single outside vendor as a source of supply to our bedding business, and we believe over time that sufficient alternate sources of supply for the same, similar or alternate components will become available.
Raw materials for Sealy® and non-branded products consist mainly of polyurethane foam, textiles and steel innerspring components that we purchase from various suppliers. In the U.S. and Canada, we source the majority of our requirements for polyurethane foam components and spring components for our Sealy and Stearns & Foster mattress units from key suppliers for each component. We also purchase a significant portion of our Sealy foundation parts from third-party sources.
Additionally, we source our adjustable bed bases and foundations from third-party manufacturers. These are purchased under supply agreements from a limited number of key suppliers. These products are dependent on components supply chains originating in China. We believe over time that sufficient alternate sources of supply for the same or similar components will be available outside of China from our current or alternate suppliers. For further information regarding the loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of our raw materials and components on the Company, please refer to "Risk Factors" in ITEM 1A of Part I of this Report.
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Research and Development
We have four research and development centers, three in the U.S. and one in Denmark, that conduct technology and product development. Additionally, we have a product testing facility that conducts hundreds of consumer tests annually. We believe our consumer-research driven approach to innovation results in best-in-class products that benefit the consumer.
Industry and Competition
We compete in the global bedding industry. The bedding industry is comprised of mattresses and foundations, pillows and accessories. The mattress category is comprised of traditional innerspring mattresses and non-innerspring mattresses, which includes visco-elastic and foam mattresses, innerspring/foam hybrid mattresses, airbeds and latex mattresses. The foundation category is comprised of traditional foundations and adjustable foundations. Additionally, the pillow market is comprised of traditional foam and feather pillows, as well as pillows made of visco-elastic, latex, foam, gel, rubber and down. The primary distribution channels for bedding products are retail furniture and bedding stores, big-box retailers and online.
We encounter competition from a number of bedding manufacturers in both the highly concentrated domestic and highly fragmented international markets. Participants in each of these markets compete primarily on price, quality, brand name recognition, product availability and product performance. Mattress and pillow manufacturers and retailers are seeking to increase their channels of distribution and are looking for new ways to reach the consumer, including the expansion in the number of U.S. and international companies pursuing online direct-to-consumer models for mattresses. In addition, retailers both in the U.S. and internationally are increasingly seeking to offer their own private label products.
The international market is served by a large number of manufacturers, primarily operating on a regional and local basis. These manufacturers offer a broad range of mattress and pillow products. Entry-level bedding imports from Asia began to significantly increase during 2018 and are competing against certain of our products in the U.S. market. In September 2018 and again in December 2019, petitions were filed with the U.S. International Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Commerce, alleging that many of these imports were being dumped into the U.S. market at prices less than fair value. As a result of the petitions, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued anti-dumping duty orders on December 16, 2019 for the 2018 petition and on May 14, 2021 for the 2019 petition and the U.S. International Trade Commission affirmed a range of tariffs on these imports.
Intellectual Property
Patents, Trademarks and Licensing
We hold U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications regarding certain elements of the design and function of many of our mattress and pillow products.
As of December 31, 2023, we held hundreds of trademark registrations worldwide, which we believe have significant value and are important to the marketing of our products to retailers and consumers. Tempur®, Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy®, Sealy Posturpedic® and Stearns & Foster® are our primary trademarks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, as are many other of our registered trademarks and pending applications. Each U.S. trademark registration is renewable indefinitely as long as the trademark remains in use. We also own numerous trademarks, trade names, service marks, logos and design marks in the U.S. and a number of other countries, including Dreams and SOVA.
We derive income from royalties by licensing Sealy®, Stearns & Foster® and Tempur® brands, technology and trademarks to other manufacturers. Under the license arrangements, licensees have the right to use certain trademarks and current proprietary and/or patented technology in designated jurisdictions. We also provide our licensees with product specifications, research and development, statistical services and marketing programs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our licensing activities as a whole generated royalties of approximately $32.3 million.
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Governmental Regulation
Our operations are subject to international, federal, state and local consumer protection and other regulations, primarily relating to the mattress and pillow industry. These regulations vary among the states, countries and localities in which we do business. The regulations generally impose requirements as to the proper labeling of bedding merchandise, restrictions regarding the identification of merchandise as "new" or otherwise, controls as to chemical and other substances, hygiene and other aspects of product safety, handling, marketing and sale and penalties for violations. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ("CPSC") has adopted rules relating to fire retardancy standards for the mattress industry. Many foreign jurisdictions also regulate fire retardancy standards. Future changes to these standards may require modifications to our products to comply with such changes. For example, the UK is seeking to implement new regulations in October 2024, which will include measures to reduce the use of chemical fire retardants. We are also subject to environmental and health and safety requirements with regard to the manufacture of our products and the conduct of our operations and facilities. We have made and will continue to make expenditures necessary to comply with these requirements. Currently these expenditures are immaterial to our financial results. For a discussion of the risks associated with our compliance programs in connection with these regulations, please refer to "Risk Factors" under Part I, ITEM 1A of this Report.
Our principal waste products are foam and fabric scraps, wood, cardboard and other non-hazardous materials derived from product component supplies and packaging. We also periodically dispose of small amounts of used machine lubricating oil and air compressor waste oil, primarily by recycling. In the U.S., we are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental health and safety, including the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Clean Air Act and the Resource, Conservation and Recovery Act. We are subject to similar requirements in Canada, the EU and other jurisdictions, with further waste management and prevention, and other environmental protection regulations coming into effect both this year and over the next few years. We believe that we are in compliance with all applicable international, federal, state and local environmental statutes and regulations. We do not expect that compliance with international, federal, state or local provisions that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, will have a material effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We are not aware of any pending international or federal environmental legislation that would have a material impact on our operations, and have not been required to make, and do not expect to make, any material capital expenditures for environmental control facilities or other regulatory requirements in the foreseeable future.
In connection with sales of our products and operation of our business, we collect and process personal data from our customers and employees. As such, we are subject to certain laws and regulations relating to IT security and personal data protection and privacy. For example, the European Union ("EU") adopted the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"). The GDPR imposed ongoing compliance requirements on companies, including us, that process personal data from citizens resident in the EU. In addition, there are country-specific data privacy laws in Europe that impose additional requirements on data controllers and several of these laws are more stringent than the GDPR. In recent years, several U.S. states have adopted legislation offering similar protections for resident citizens, such as the California Privacy Rights Act (which amends the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA")), the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, the Colorado Privacy Act, the Connecticut Data Privacy Act and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (together the "U.S. state privacy laws"). Several other states have recently introduced similar state privacy laws. These U.S. state privacy laws grant consumers new rights over their personal information, such as access to and deletion of their personal information, placing strict data collection requirements on businesses, including ours. In the Asia-Pacific region, several data privacy laws regulate the processing of personal data of resident citizens and compliance requirements vary widely. For example, the People's Republic of China consolidated its data privacy laws into one overarching regime with the introduction of the Personal Information Protection Law ("PIPL"). The PIPL is widely considered one of the strictest personal data protection laws in the world, with significant restrictions placed on the transfer of personal information outside of China or use without separate citizen consent. In response, we have implemented a global compliance system, appointed dedicated resources and have put measures in place to facilitate adherence to the continuing compliance requirements of applicable worldwide data privacy laws.
Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance ("ESG")
We recognize that as a corporate citizen we have a responsibility to protect our communities and environment. Our executive leadership and board members believe that our success as an organization must be inclusive of our impact on our communities, employees, customers and environment. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors oversees our practices and positions relating to ESG issues. Executive officers are held accountable for the Company's ESG performance through the Company's performance-based long-term equity incentive plan.
We believe that sound ESG practices can help identify, manage and mitigate risks while contributing to the financial success of our business. Below are some highlights of the progress we made on certain of our ESG initiatives in 2023:
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Environment
•Achieved zero waste to landfill status at our Canadian and Mexican manufacturing operations and maintained our zero waste to landfill status at our U.S. and European manufacturing operations
•Achieved zero waste to landfill status at 75% of our corporate offices and R&D labs, in line with our goal to achieve zero landfill waste at our corporate offices and R&D labs by 2025
•Progressed towards our goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2040 through reducing greenhouse gas emissions at our wholly owned manufacturing and logistics operations by 4%* compared to the prior year
•Summarized and published our approach to comprehensive chemical supply management in a Chemical Safety Policy
*This excludes the impact of new facilities opened in the trailing twelve-month period. Including the impact of new facilities, we reduced greenhouse gas emissions at our wholly owned manufacturing and logistics operations by 1% compared to the prior year.
Purpose
•Continued to bring industry-leading innovation to market that provides consumers with access to higher quality sleep at a variety of price points, including the new U.S. product launches of Tempur-Breeze®, Tempur-Ergo® Smart Base, and Stearns & Foster®, and the new international launches of Tempur® products
•Contributed approximately $0.8 million through the Tempur Sealy Foundation and donated more than 12,100 mattresses worth approximately $16.9 million, bringing our ten-year donation total to over $100 million
People
•Increased transparency and expanded disclosures around Employee Health & Safety, Ethics Line, and Employee Satisfaction & Engagement
•Embedded ESG performance as a factor in executive leadership's 2023 compensation program
Human Capital Management
As a global organization, our workforce is important to us. We believe a key driver of long-term success is the strength of our workforce and we are committed to investing in our workforce. As part of our commitment to our workforce, we focus on the following key areas noted below:
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We have a diverse global workforce that includes a range of skill sets, perspectives, backgrounds, ethnicity, genders and qualifications. We are committed to fostering a culture that is inclusive and representative of the communities where we operate. As an Equal Employment Opportunity Employer, we are committed to providing opportunities to all employees and applicants and prohibiting discrimination and harassment. The following are some of the actions that we take to realize our commitment to equal opportunity employment:
•Promote the consideration of a diverse slate of qualified candidates during the hiring process
•Employ a uniform, global process for determining compensation based on experience and skill sets to remove potential biases
•Conduct outreach with organizations in each of our local communities to increase the flow of minority, female, veteran and disabled applicants for employment
•Analyze gender and minority pay equity regularly and adjust as warranted
•Participate in external, community-based activities sponsored by local organizations, including those that assist women, minorities and veterans
As part of ongoing efforts to provide transparency regarding initiatives to promote, track and measure our diversity, equity and inclusion efforts within our employee population, we disclosed additional metrics in our 2024 Corporate Social Values Report located on the Tempur Sealy Investor website at http://investor.tempursealy.com. Our website and the 2024 Corporate Social Values Report are not incorporated by reference into this Report.
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People Development and Training
Our goal is to design and offer development opportunities that improve Company performance and meet employees' individual learning and development needs and ultimately strengthen our culture by reinforcing Company values. We use the 70/20/10 learning and development model. This approach gives employees the opportunity to develop their skills through a combination of job experience (70%), mentoring (20%) and formal training (10%). Training at Tempur Sealy includes, but is not limited to, formal training programs, leadership development mentorships, professional and industry conferences, and education assistance.
We offer employees access to a learning management system where they can take courses on a variety of individual and leadership development topics. All our professional employees have access to this system, and there are thousands of individual modules offered through our partnership with Skillsoft.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors and other information included in this Report should be carefully considered. Please also see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" on page 3.
Risks related to our Business and Economic Environment
We operate in a highly competitive industry and if we are unable to compete successfully, we may lose customers and our sales may decline.
Participants in the mattress and pillow industries compete primarily on price, quality, brand name recognition, product availability and product performance across a range of distribution channels.
A number of our significant competitors offer mattress and pillow products that compete directly with our products. The effectiveness of our competition relative to our performance, including by established manufacturers or new entrants into the market, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and/or operating results. For example, market participants continue to improve their channels of distribution to optimize their reach to the consumer, including by pursuing online direct-to-consumer models. In addition, retailers in the U.S. and internationally have integrated vertically in the furniture and bedding industries, and it is possible that such vertical integration may provide conditions that would negatively impact our net sales and results of operations. The pillow industry in particular is characterized by a large number of competitors, none of which is dominant. As such, conditions that substantially increase a single participant's market share could be detrimental to our financial performance. The highly competitive nature of the mattress and pillow industries means we are continually subject to the risk of loss of market share, loss of significant customers, reductions in margins, and the inability to acquire new customers.
Loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of our raw materials and components has increased and may continue to increase our costs of sales and reduce our ability to compete effectively.
We acquire raw materials and components from a number of suppliers with manufacturing locations around the world. If we were unable to obtain raw materials and components from these suppliers for any reason, we would have to find replacement suppliers. Any substitute arrangements for raw materials and components might not be on terms as favorable to us. We maintain relatively small supplies of our raw materials and components at our manufacturing facilities, and any disruption in the shipment of supplies could interrupt production of our products, which in turn could result in a decrease of our sales or could cause an increase in our cost of sales, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
If a key supplier for an applicable component failed to supply components in the amount we require, this could significantly interrupt production of our products and increase our production costs in the near term. We have experienced and may continue to experience disruptions for a variety of reasons, including disruptions in international trade routes, changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, labor shortages, natural disasters or climate-change related events (including severe weather events), pandemics and political events. If we are not able to successfully mitigate such supply chain risks, we could experience disruptions in production or increased costs, which may result in a decrease in our gross margin or reduced sales, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of our input costs, such as raw materials, due to, among other things, current geopolitical events, have adversely affected our business and financial results and could continue to do so in the future.
The bedding industry is subject to volatility in the price of petroleum-based and steel products, which affects the cost of polyurethane foam, polyester and steel innerspring component parts. The price and availability of these raw materials are subject to market conditions affecting supply and demand. Given the significance of the cost of these materials to our products, volatility in the prices of the underlying commodities has and will significantly affect profitability.
The global economy continues to experience high rates of inflation, and inflationary pressure and price uncertainty may continue in 2024. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, volatility and increases in the price of certain of these raw materials as a result of global market and supply chain disruptions and the broader inflationary environment related to the ongoing macroeconomic conditions. Interest rates remain relatively high and may continue to remain at such levels. To the extent we are unable to absorb higher costs, or pass any such higher costs to our customers, our gross margin could be negatively affected, which could result in a decrease in our liquidity and profitability. In addition, monetary policies to counter inflation could negatively affect our borrowing costs and those of our customers and suppliers, as well as exchange rates and other macroeconomic factors.
Geopolitical developments, such as trade wars, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Hamas conflict and wider Middle East developments (including disruptions to the Red Sea passage or such conflicts spreading further in the relevant regions), have adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact, among other things, our raw material, energy and transportation costs, certain of our suppliers, distributors, customers and local markets, global and local macroeconomic conditions, and cause further supply chain disruptions (including by delaying the delivery times of raw materials needed for our business or our products to customers).
In order to consummate the previously disclosed, pending merger with Mattress Firm, we and Mattress Firm must obtain certain governmental approvals, and if such approvals are not granted or are granted with conditions, consummation of the merger may be jeopardized, may not occur or may be delayed, or the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be achieved.
On May 9, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") to acquire Mattress Firm Group Inc. ("Mattress Firm"). Although we and Mattress Firm have agreed to use reasonable best efforts to make certain governmental filings and obtain the required governmental approvals, including from the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), and to observe the expiration and termination of relevant waiting periods under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, (the "HSR Act"), there can be no assurance that the relevant approvals will be obtained. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we announced that we certified substantial compliance with the FTC’s second request for documents pursuant to the HSR Act, in connection with the merger. The governmental entities from which these approvals are required have broad discretion in administering the governing laws and regulations, and may take into account various facts and circumstances in their consideration of the merger. These governmental entities may initiate proceedings seeking to prevent, or otherwise seek to prevent, the merger. As a condition to approving the merger, these governmental entities may impose conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions or require divestitures or place restrictions on the conduct of our business after consummation of the merger. As further described in the Merger Agreement, we have agreed to take certain divestiture actions and agree to certain other obligations or commitments in connection with the consummation of the merger if reasonably likely to permit consummation of the merger, provided that we are not required to take any divestiture actions in excess of an agreed amount specified in the Merger Agreement or if such actions, commitments and divestitures individually or in the aggregate would or would reasonably be expected to have a material and adverse impact on our business or the business of Mattress Firm or the anticipated benefits to the Company of the merger. While we are pursuing the divestiture of certain of our and Mattress Firm’s stores, the progress of such process may change and there can be no assurance that we will successfully complete this process on the expected timing or at all.
There can be no assurance that governmental entities will not impose the aforementioned divestiture obligations, conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions and that such divestiture obligations, conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying or preventing consummation of the merger or imposing additional material costs on or limiting the benefits of the merger to the Company, or otherwise adversely affecting, including to a material extent, our business, results of operations and financial condition after consummation of the merger. If we are required to divest assets or businesses, there can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate such divestitures expeditiously or on favorable terms or that the governmental entities will approve the terms of such divestitures. We can provide no assurance that these divestiture obligations, conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not result in the abandonment of the merger and termination of the Merger Agreement.
Risks related to operating our business
The performance of our business depends on our ability to implement strategic initiatives and actions taken to increase sales growth may not be effective.
The performance of our business depends upon a number of factors, including the following:
•our ability to continuously improve our products to offer new and enhanced consumer benefits and better quality;
•the ability of our current and future product launches to increase net sales;
•the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns and other marketing programs to build product and brand awareness, driving traffic to our distribution channels and increasing sales;
•our ability to successfully launch new products;
•our ability to compete in the mattress and pillow industry;
•our ability to continue to expand into new distribution channels and optimize our existing channels;
•our ability to continue to successfully execute our strategic initiatives;
•our ability to manage growth and limit cannibalization associated with new or expanded supply agreements;
•our ability to reduce costs, including the level of consumer acceptance of our products at optimal price points;
•our ability to successfully mitigate the impact of headwinds facing our business, including increased commodity prices and the influx of low-end, imported beds that compete with certain of our products;
•our ability to pursue, successfully integrate and capture the synergies from potential acquisition opportunities, including the pending Mattress Firm acquisition; and
•general economic factors that impact consumer confidence, disposable income or the availability of consumer financing.
Our new product launches may not be successful due to development delays, failure of new products to achieve anticipated levels of market acceptance and significant costs associated with failed product introductions, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Each year we invest significant time and resources in research and development to improve our product offerings and launch new products. In 2023, we launched our refreshed Stearns & Foster® product line and a new line of Tempur® mattresses internationally. We also launched a new portfolio of Tempur-Pedic® Breeze mattresses and Tempur-Ergo® Smart Bases in 2023. We expect to complete the multi-year refresh of Tempur-Pedic® products in 2024 with a new portfolio of Tempur-Pedic® Adapt mattresses and accessories in North America in 2024. This collection was designed to complement the Tempur-Pedic® Breeze collection and Tempur-Ergo® Smart Bases launched in 2023 and finishes the complete reset of our core Tempur lineup. There are a number of risks that are inherent in our new product line introductions, including that the anticipated level of market acceptance may not be realized, which could negatively impact our sales. Further, introduction costs and manufacturing inefficiencies may be greater than anticipated, while the rollout of the product could be delayed, each of which could impact profitability.
Because we depend on certain significant customers, a decrease or interruption in their business with us would reduce our sales and results of operations.
Our top five customers, collectively, accounted for approximately 32% of our net sales in 2023, and Mattress Firm contributed over 15%. If we are successful in closing the pending Mattress Firm acquisition, our significant customer concentration will be significantly reduced. There have been signs of deterioration in the U.S. retail sector, both nationally and regionally, including among our competitors. Some additional retailers that carry our products, as well as some of our competitors, may consolidate, undergo restructurings or reorganizations, may be acquired, experience financial difficulty or bankruptcy, or realign their affiliations, any of which could decrease the number of stores that carry our products, increase the ownership concentration in the retail industry or otherwise negatively impact the credit and retail environments in which we operate. An increase in the concentration of our sales to large customers may negatively affect our profitability due to the impact of volume and other incentive programs related to these customers. Furthermore, if sales to our large customers grow, our credit exposure to these customers may also increase. Some of these retailers may decide to carry only a limited number of brands of mattress products, which could affect our ability to sell products to them on favorable terms, if at all. A substantial decrease or interruption in business from these significant customers could result in the loss of future business and could reduce revenue, liquidity and profitability.
We rely significantly on information technology ("IT") and we have experienced and in the future could experience cyber-based attacks which have and in the future could harm our ability to effectively operate our business.
We rely on IT systems to operate and manage our business and to process, maintain and safeguard information essential to our business as well as information relating to third-parties, including our customers, suppliers and employees. These systems are vulnerable to events beyond our reasonable control, including cyberattacks and security breaches. Such events have resulted in and in the future could result in operational slowdowns, shutdowns or other difficulties; loss of sales, revenues or market share; compromise or loss of sensitive or proprietary information, including the misappropriation of our customers' or employees' personal information; destruction or corruption of data, including valuable business data; costs of remediation, upgrades, repair or recovery; breaches of obligations to third parties under privacy laws or contracts; exhaustion of insurance coverage and increased insurance premiums; fines or lawsuits; or other damage to our reputation or customer relationships; each of which, depending on the extent or duration of the event, could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results or financial condition.
We have been, and may in the future be, subject to cybersecurity incidents. As these attacks increase and become more sophisticated, the risks associated with such an event continue to increase, particularly as our digital business footprint expands. Our security measures and internal controls are designed to protect personal data, business information, including intellectual property, and other confidential information, to prevent data loss, and to prevent or detect security breaches. However, such measures and controls do not provide absolute security in preventing these cybersecurity events from occurring, particularly given that techniques used to access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently.
Moreover, we rely on third-party technology service providers in ordinary course operations of our Direct channel, such as website hosting, payment systems and digital advertising. Our third-party service providers may be victims to cybersecurity events from time to time, and failure to prevent, detect or remediate such events may disrupt our operations and could cause financial or reputational harm, including if insurance coverage is insufficient to cover all losses or all types of claims that may arise.
As previously disclosed, we identified a cybersecurity event on July 23, 2023 affecting certain of our data and IT systems, which resulted in the temporary interruption of our operations when we proactively shut down certain of our systems. This cybersecurity event, as well as any other breach of our network or databases, or those of our third-party providers, have resulted and may in the future result in the risks discussed herein.
Furthermore, we are subject to a constantly evolving regulatory landscape of laws and regulations relating to IT security and personal data protection and privacy, including but not limited to the EU's GDPR and the CCPA, each of which have imposed new and expanded compliance requirements on companies, including us, that process personal data from citizens living in applicable jurisdictions. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to data security and privacy, due to various factors within or outside of our control, could result in costly investigations from regulators and litigation, expose us to potentially significant penalties, and result in negative publicity that could damage our reputation and credibility.
Deterioration in labor relations could disrupt our business operations and increase our costs, which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 12,000 full-time employees. Our joint ventures also employ approximately 1,500 full-time employees. Approximately 15% of our employees are represented by various labor unions with separate collective bargaining agreements or government labor union contracts for certain international locations. Our North American collective bargaining agreements, which are typically three years in length, expire at various times during any given three year period. Due to the large number of collective bargaining agreements, we are periodically in negotiations with certain of the unions representing our employees. We may at some point be subject to work stoppages by some of our employees and, if such events were to occur, there may be a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability. Further, we may not be able to renew our various collective bargaining agreements on a timely basis or on favorable terms, or at all. Any significant increase in our labor costs could decrease our liquidity and profitability and any deterioration of employee relations, slowdowns or work stoppages at any of our locations, whether due to union activities, employee turnover or otherwise, could result in a decrease in our net sales or an increase in our costs, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
We may face exposure to product liability claims and premises liability claims, which could reduce our liquidity and profitability and reduce consumer confidence in our products.
We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims if the use of any of our products results in personal injury or property damage. In the event that any of our products prove to be defective or otherwise fail to meet safety standards, we may be required to recall, redesign or even discontinue those products. We maintain insurance against product liability claims, but such coverage may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us or be adequate for liabilities actually incurred. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage could impair our liquidity and profitability, and any claim or product recall that results in significant adverse publicity against us could result in consumers purchasing fewer of our products, which would also impair our liquidity and profitability.
We also face inherent business risks by operating physical stores that are open to the public. By opening retail stores, we have increased our exposure to premises liability claims. We maintain insurance against premises liability claims, but such coverage may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us or be adequate for liabilities actually incurred. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage could impair our liquidity and profitability, and any claim or product recall that results in significant adverse publicity against us could adversely affect our reputation or result in consumers purchasing fewer of our products, which would also impair our liquidity and profitability.
If we are not able to protect our trade secrets or maintain our trademarks, patents and other intellectual property, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing similar products or from marketing in a manner that capitalizes on our intellectual property rights, and this loss of a competitive advantage could decrease our profitability and liquidity.
We rely on patents and trade secrets to protect the design, technology and function of our products. To date, we have not sought U.S. or international patent protection for our principal product formula for Tempur® material and certain of our manufacturing processes. Accordingly, we may not be able to prevent others from developing certain visco-elastic material and products that are similar to or competitive with our products. Our ability to compete effectively with other companies also depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our owned and licensed intellectual property. We own a significant number of patents or have patent applications pending on some aspects of our products and certain manufacturing processes. However, the principal product formula and manufacturing processes for our Tempur® material are not patented and we must maintain these as trade secrets in order to protect this intellectual property. We own U.S. and foreign registered trademarks and service marks and have applications for the registration of trademarks and service marks pending domestically and abroad. We also license certain intellectual property rights from third parties.
Certain of our trademarks are currently registered in the U.S. and are registered or pending in foreign jurisdictions. Certain other trademarks are the subject of protection under common law. However, those rights could be circumvented, or violate the proprietary rights of others, or we could be prevented from using them if challenged. A challenge to our use of our trademarks could result in a negative ruling regarding our use of our trademarks, their validity or their enforceability, or could prove expensive and time consuming in terms of legal costs and time spent defending against such a challenge. Any loss of trademark protection could result in a decrease in sales or cause us to spend additional amounts on marketing, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability. In addition, if we incur significant costs defending our trademarks, that could also decrease our liquidity and profitability. In addition, we may not have the financial resources necessary to enforce or defend our trademarks. Furthermore, our patents may not provide meaningful protection and patents may never issue from pending applications. It is also possible that others could bring claims of infringement against us, as our principal product formula and manufacturing processes are not patented, and that any licenses protecting our intellectual property could be terminated. If we were unable to maintain the proprietary nature of our intellectual property and our significant current or proposed products, this loss of a competitive advantage could result in decreased sales or increased operating costs, either of which would decrease our liquidity and profitability.
In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights and confidential information to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. or the EU. Third parties, including competitors, may assert intellectual property infringement or invalidity claims against us that could be upheld. Intellectual property litigation, which could result in substantial cost to and diversion of effort by us, may be necessary to protect our trade secrets or proprietary technology, or for us to defend against claimed infringement of the rights of others and to determine the scope and validity of others' proprietary rights. We may not prevail in any such litigation, and if we are unsuccessful, we may not be able to obtain any necessary licenses on reasonable terms or at all.
The loss of the services of any members of our executive management team could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and as a result, reduce our sales and profitability.
We depend on the continued services of our executive management team, whose average tenure with the Company is 15 years. Our executive team's leadership experience provides us with a competitive advantage, as the team sets clear initiatives for the organization and enhances high-performing teams by empowering them to act quickly, especially during challenging periods. The loss of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our business strategy and on our financial condition and results of operations. We do not maintain key-person insurance for members of our executive management team.
Regulatory, Legal and Financial Risks
We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, which could affect our results of operations, the costs of our products and our ability to sell our products in foreign markets.
Approximately 27.7% of our net sales were generated outside of the U.S. in 2023. We conduct our business in a wide variety of currencies and are therefore subject to market risk relating to changes in foreign exchange rates. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the Euro or other foreign currencies where we have operations, for example, there will be a negative impact on our operating results upon translation of those foreign operating results into the U.S. dollar. In 2023, foreign currency exchange rate changes positively impacted our net income by approximately 1.5% and positively impacted adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, by approximately 0.8%. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Except for the use of foreign exchange forwards contracts described immediately below, we do not hedge the translation of foreign currency operating results into the U.S. dollar.
We use foreign exchange forward contracts to manage a portion of the exposure to the risk of the eventual net cash inflows and outflows resulting from foreign currency denominated transactions among certain subsidiaries. These hedging transactions may not succeed or may be only partially successful in managing our foreign currency exchange rate risk.
Refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis" included in Part II, ITEM 7 of this Report and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" included in Part II, ITEM 7A of this Report for further discussion on the impact of foreign exchange rates on our operations.
Our leverage affects how we manage our business and may limit our flexibility.
We operate in the ordinary course of our business with a certain amount of leverage. Our degree of leverage could have important consequences, such as:
•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry or competitive developments;
•requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures and other business opportunities;
•making it more difficult for us to satisfy the obligations related to our indebtedness;
•restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or investments or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, debt service requirements, acquisitions, including the pending Mattress Firm acquisition, and general corporate or other purposes;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
•exposing us to variability in interest rates, as a substantial portion of our indebtedness is and will be at variable rates; and
•limiting our ability to return capital to our stockholders, including through share repurchases and dividends.
In addition, the instruments governing our debt contain customary financial and other restrictive covenants, which limit our operating flexibility and could prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities and reduce our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. Failure to comply with our debt covenants may result in a default or event of default under the related credit document. If such default or event of default is not cured or waived, as applicable, we may suffer adverse effects on our operations, business or financial condition, including acceleration of the maturity date of all amounts outstanding under our debt facilities. For further discussion regarding our debt covenants and compliance, refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis" included in Part II, ITEM 7 of this Report and Note 6, "Debt," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
We are subject to risks from our international operations, such as complying with U.S. and foreign laws, foreign exchange exposure, tariffs, increased costs, political risks, geopolitical conflicts and our ability to expand in certain international markets, which could impair our ability to compete and our profitability.
We are a global company, selling our products in approximately 100 countries worldwide. We generated approximately 27.7% of our net sales outside of the U.S. in the year ended December 31, 2023. We operate through multiple wholly owned subsidiaries and we also participate in international license and joint venture arrangements with independent third parties.
Our international operations are subject to the customary risks of operating in an international environment, including complying with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the U.S. such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; complying with foreign laws and regulations, including disparate anti-corruption laws and regulations; and the potential imposition of trade or foreign exchange restrictions, tariffs and other tax increases, inflation, unstable political situations, labor issues and geopolitical conflicts (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Hamas conflict and wider Middle East developments). We are also limited in our ability to independently expand in certain international markets where we have granted licenses to manufacture and sell Sealy® bedding products. Fluctuations in the rate of exchange between currencies in which we do business may affect our financial condition or results of operations. Additionally, changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, both in the U.S. and abroad, could materially impact our business.
We are subject to various regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to, trade, environmental, health and safety requirements, any violation of which may require costly expenditures and expose us to liability.
We, and our products, are subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. by various federal, state and local regulatory authorities, including the FTC, the Consumer Product Safety Commission ("CPSC") and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and by similar international regulatory regimes. We are subject to various health and environmental provisions, such as California Proposition 65 (the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986) and in our international jurisdictions we are subject to the medical devices regulatory authorities such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ("MHRA") and the International Chamber of Commerce Advertising and Marketing Communications Code. We are subject to laws and regulations both in the U.S. and internationally, relating to pollution, environmental protection and occupational health and safety, such as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals ("REACH"), amongst others. As a manufacturer of bedding and related products, we are subject to regulations governing the environment. Any violation or failure to comply with any of these regulatory requirements may result in liability exposure and costly expenditures to remediate or pay for liabilities. For example, if a release of hazardous substances occurs on or from our properties or any associated offsite disposal location, or if contamination from prior activities is discovered at any of our properties, we may be held liable if there has been a violation of the regulatory requirement, and the amount of such liability could be material. Further, any of the rules and regulatory requirements we are subject to may change from time to time, or may conflict. For example, our operations could be impacted by a number of pending legislative and regulatory proposals to address greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. and other countries, including the Kyoto Protocol.
We may not be in complete compliance with any such requirements, or at all times, and though we have made and will continue to make expenditures to comply these regulatory requirements, violation of any of them or failure to comply could expose us to liability, subject us to monetary liabilities and could harm our business, reputation and financial condition.
Our pension plans are currently underfunded and we may be required to make cash payments to the plans, reducing our available cash.
We contribute to multi-employer pension plans according to collective bargaining agreements that cover certain union-represented employees. Participating in these multi-employer plans exposes us to potential liabilities if the multi-employer plan is unable to pay its underfunded obligations or we trigger a withdrawal event. The withdrawal liability is an exit fee for employers who cease contributions to multi-employer defined benefit pension plans with unfunded vested benefits. We participate in several plans which are in the Red Zone for 2023. A plan is in the Red Zone (Critical) if it has a current funded percentage of less than 65.0%. The following risks of participating in these multi-employer plans differ from single employer pension plan risks:
•Employer contributions to a multi-employer plan may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.
•If a participating employer stops contributing to a multi-employer plan, the remaining participating employers assume the unfunded obligations of the plan.
•If the multi-employer plan becomes significantly underfunded or is unable to pay its benefits, we may be required to contribute additional amounts in excess of the rate required by the collective bargaining agreements.
For more information, refer to Note 8, "Retirement Plans," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
Challenges to our pricing or promotional allowance policies or practices could adversely affect our operations.
Certain of our retail pricing and promotional allowance policies or practices are subject to antitrust and consumer protection regulations in the U.S. and abroad. If regulators or private parties in any jurisdiction in which we do business initiate investigations or claims that challenge our pricing or promotional allowance policies or practices, our efforts to respond could force us to divert management resources and we could incur significant unanticipated costs. If such an investigation or claim were to result in a charge that our practices or policies were in violation of applicable antitrust, consumer protection or other laws or regulations, we could be subject to significant additional costs of defending such charges in a variety of venues and, ultimately, if there were a finding that we were in violation of antitrust, consumer protection or other laws or regulations, there could be an imposition of fines, and damages for persons injured, as well as injunctive or other relief. Any requirement that we pay fines or damages (which, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, may be trebled) could decrease our liquidity and profitability, and any investigation or claim that requires significant management attention or causes us to change our business practices could disrupt our operations or increase our costs, also resulting in a decrease in our liquidity and profitability. An antitrust or consumer protection class action or individual suit against us could result in potential liabilities, substantial costs, treble damages, and the diversion of our management’s attention and resources, regardless of the outcome.
Climate change and related environmental issues could have a material adverse impact on us.
Climate-related events, such as an increase in frequency and severity of storms, floods, wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, freezing conditions and other natural disasters, may have a long-term impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, such climate-related events could result in, among other things, physical damage to and complete or partial closure of one or more of our facilities, temporary or long-term disruption in the supply of products, increased insurance costs or loss of coverage, legal liability and reputational harm. While we seek to mitigate our business risks associated with climate events, we recognize that there are inherent climate-related risks regardless of where we conduct our business. Current or future insurance arrangements may not provide protection for costs that may arise from such events, particularly if such events are catastrophic in nature or occur in combination.
Further, the long-term effects of climate change on general economic conditions and the mattress and pillow industries in particular are unclear, and changes in the supply, demand or available sources of energy and the regulatory and other costs associated with energy production and other impacts of climate-related events may affect the availability or cost of goods and services, including natural resources and raw materials, necessary to run our business. While we continue to focus on strategies and systems to address the long-term risks posed by climate change, such as reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and packaging waste, there can be no assurance that such strategies and systems will adequately protect against such risks. Any disruption in our operations or additional expenses caused by the long-term effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
There can be no assurance as to the declaration or amount of future dividends.
We recently announced an increase in our quarterly dividend to $0.13 per share, effective for the first quarter of 2024. Any decision to declare and pay dividends, and the amount of any such dividends, will be dependent on a variety of factors, including compliance with Section 170 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; changes to our capital allocation policies; our results of operations, liquidity and cash flows; contractual restrictions in our debt agreements; economic conditions, including the impact of geopolitical uncertainty and related macroeconomic impacts on our business and financial condition; and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. There can be no assurance that we will declare dividends in any particular amounts or at all, and changes in our dividend policy could adversely affect the market price for our stock.
Our share repurchase program is subject to suspension or termination at any time, and may not enhance long-term stockholder value.
Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock. The share repurchase program may be suspended or terminated at any time. From 2016 through December 31, 2023, we had repurchased an aggregate of 55.3 million shares for approximately $2,388.9 million under our share repurchase program. For the year ended and as of December 31, 2023, we repurchased an aggregate of $5.0 million of shares under our share repurchase program and had approximately $774.5 million remaining under the share repurchase authorization. Upon the announcement of our pending acquisition of Mattress Firm, we suspended our share repurchase program. Shares may be repurchased from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, subject to market conditions, in compliance with applicable state and federal securities laws. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, restrictions in our debt agreements, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. Repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect the market price of our common stock or increase its volatility. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness.
Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions, any of which could delay or discourage a merger, tender offer or assumption of control of the Company not approved by our Board of Directors that some stockholders may consider favorable.
Provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws could hamper a third party's acquisition of us, or discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. You may not have the opportunity to participate in these transactions. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions include:
•our ability to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock without any further vote or action by the holders of our common stock;
•the requirements that our stockholders provide advance notice and certain disclosures when nominating our directors; and
•the inability of our stockholders to convene a stockholders' meeting without the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the president, or a majority of the Board of Directors first calling the meeting.
Our Board of Directors could determine in the future that adoption of a stockholder rights agreement is in the best interest of our stockholders and any such stockholder rights agreement, if adopted, could render more difficult, or discourage, a merger, tender offer, or assumption of control of the Company that is not approved by our Board of Directors.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity Incident Impact
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cyber threats and incidents. As previously disclosed, on July 23, 2023, we experienced a cybersecurity incident affecting certain of our data and IT systems. As a result of the cybersecurity incident, we incurred $14.3 million of costs in connection with this event. Following a forensic investigation in connection with the incident, we concluded there was no material impact to our financial results for the year ended 2023.
We also implemented additional security measures following the incident, such as stronger privileged access policies and enhanced and expanded multi-factor authentication to help prevent unauthorized access to our systems. We face ongoing risks from certain cybersecurity threats, and we cannot provide assurance that, if those risks materialize, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition will not be materially affected in the future. See "Risk Factors" in ITEM 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on our cybersecurity related risks.
Risk Management and Strategy
Enterprise Risk Management. We utilize an enterprise risk management process undertaken on an ongoing basis pursuant to which we seek to identify various enterprise risks related to product safety and regulatory, global environmental exposure, site environmental matters, IT system interruption and cybersecurity, supply chain matters, business continuity, health and safety incidents, and other matters. We have an enterprise risk management group that manages this process, which includes our executive leadership team. Their activities include assessing the risks, prioritizing the risks, measuring the risks, implementing mitigation plans, and auditing the results.
Cybersecurity Risk Management. We maintain a comprehensive process for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including risks relating to disruption of business operations or financial reporting systems, intellectual property theft; fraud; violation of privacy laws and other litigation and legal risk; and reputational risk, as part of our overall risk management system and processes. We address cybersecurity risks and threats through a strategic program based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework. Our dedicated cybersecurity team oversees and implements our cybersecurity management program, compliance with applicable legal and third-party data protection and data privacy requirements, and our incident response and crisis management plans.
Incident Response and Recovery Planning. We have established an information security policy and incident response and crisis management plans. We continue to regularly test and evaluate the effectiveness of those plans. Our incident response and crisis management plans address and guide our employees, management and the Board on our response to a cybersecurity incident.
Education and Awareness. Our cybersecurity team provides ongoing information security awareness education, including simulated phishing training, and cybersecurity training for our employees.
External Advisors. We, along with our Board and its committees, engage outside advisors where appropriate to assist in the identification, oversight, evaluation and management of the risks facing our business, including cybersecurity risks. Advisors may be engaged either on a regular basis to inform the Board or management of ongoing risks, or occasionally to advise on specific topics. Such advisors include law firms, cybersecurity experts and other consultants.
External Assessments. Our cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices are regularly assessed by consultants. Cybersecurity processes are adjusted based on the information provided from these assessments. In addition to annual attack and vulnerability testing, we engage a third-party cybersecurity provider for managed detection and response and as a managed security operation center.
Governance
Board Oversight. Our Board of Directors is ultimately responsible for overseeing and reviewing with management the Company’s cybersecurity risks and the policies and practices established to manage such risks. In that effort, the Board delegates these responsibilities to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee receives a cybersecurity update at each of its quarterly meetings from our Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer ("CIO") or management. These updates address a range of topics, including updates on technology trends, policies and practices, and specific and ongoing efforts to prevent, detect and respond to internal and external critical threats.
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Management's Role. Our CIO, as the leader of our IT organization, is responsible for executing enterprise, product and manufacturing cybersecurity programs with a focus on security architecture, vulnerability testing, cyber risk management, incident response, vulnerability management, intelligence, awareness and training and governance. Our CIO and IT management team meet regularly to develop and oversee strategies to protect our data, systems and technology across the organization. These strategies include reviewing security performance metrics, identifying security risks and assessing the status of approved security enhancements. Our CIO receives regular updates from our IT management team on cybersecurity matters, results of mitigation efforts and cybersecurity incident response and remediation. The IT organization also makes recommendations on security policies and procedures, security service requirements and risk mitigation strategies.
Our CIO has worked in the information technology industry since 1997 and has led our IT function since 2016. The IT management team responsible for developing and executing our cybersecurity policies is comprised of individuals with extensive experience working in the fields of information technology and cybersecurity, formal education and degrees in information technology and cybersecurity and industry certifications such as Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Certified Information Security Manager and Certified Information System Auditor. Our CIO and IT management team also receive regular training and education on cybersecurity-related topics.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our principal facilities by segment, which have been aggregated by principal manufacturing entity, at December 31, 2023.

Name |  | Location |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Type of Facility
North America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sealy Mattress Manufacturing Company, LLC |  | United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Tempur Production USA, LLC |  | United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Sherwood Bedding |  | United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Comfort Revolution, LLC |  | United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Sealy Canada, Ltd. |  | Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Tempur Sealy Mattress Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. |  | Mexico |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
International |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dan-Foam ApS |  | Denmark |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing
Dreams Limited |  | United Kingdom |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manufacturing

In addition to the properties listed above, we have other facilities in the U.S. and other countries, the majority under leases with one to ten year terms. We lease the land that our manufacturing facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico is located, as part of the related industrial revenue bond financing. We have an option to repurchase the land for one dollar upon termination of the lease.
We believe that our existing properties are suitable for the conduct of our business, are adequate for our present needs and will be adequate to meet our future needs.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information regarding legal proceedings can be found in Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
PART II
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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity
Our sole class of common equity is our $0.01 par value common stock, which trades on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "TPX." Trading of our common stock commenced on the NYSE on December 18, 2003. Prior to that time, there was no public trading market for our common stock.
As of February 12, 2024, we had approximately 60 stockholders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
In February 2024, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.13 per share on our common stock. The dividend is payable on March 7, 2024 to shareholders of record on the close of business February 22, 2024. However, payment of future dividends, and the timing and amount thereof, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, operating and financial condition, capital requirements, legal requirements and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant. Further, we are subject to certain customary restrictions on dividends under our 2023 Credit Agreement and Indentures. See Note 6, "Debt," in our Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report, for a discussion of the 2023 Credit Agreement and Indentures.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock, and the Board of Directors has authorized increases to this authorization from time to time. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had repurchased 0.1 million shares, under the share repurchase program, for approximately $5.0 million and had approximately $774.5 million remaining under the program.
Share repurchases under this program may be made through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, financing, regulatory requirements and other market conditions. The program does not require the repurchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under federal securities laws.
The following table sets forth purchases of our common stock for the three months ended December 31, 2023:

Period |  | (a) Total number of shares purchased |  | (b) Average price paid per share |  | (c) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | (d) Maximum number of shares (or approximate dollar value of shares) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in millions)
October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 |  | — |  | $— |  | — |  | $774.5
November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 |  | — |  | $— |  | — |  | $774.5
December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 |  | — |  | $— |  | — |  | $774.5
Total |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |

Equity Compensation Plan Information
Equity compensation plan information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Part III, ITEM 12 of this Report.
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Performance Graph
The following Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.
The following table compares cumulative stockholder returns for us over the last five years to the Standard & Poor’s ("S&P") 500 Stock Composite Index, the S&P 400 Consumer Discretionary Sector and a custom peer group. We believe the custom peer group discussed below closely reflects our business and, as a result, provides a meaningful comparison of stock performance.
The peer issuers included in this graph are set forth below in the table. Each year we assess our peer group and evaluate if they meet our market capitalization criteria. In 2023, Capri Holdings Limited, Levi Strauss & Corporation, PVH Corporation, and Skechers U.S.A., Incorporated were added to the peer group, while Herman Miller, Incorporated, La-Z-Boy Incorporated, and Steelcase Incorporated were removed since they no longer meet our market capitalization criteria.
2023 Peer Group

Brunswick Corporation (BC) | Hasbro, Inc. (HAS) | Skechers U.S.A., Inc. (SKX)
Capri Holdings Limited (CPRI) | Leggett & Platt, Incorporated (LEG) | Sleep Number Corporation (SNBR)
Carter's, Inc. (CRI) | Levi Strauss & Co. (LEVI) | Tapestry, Inc. (TPR)
Columbia Sportswear Company (COLM) | Polaris Industries Inc. (PII) | Under Armour, Inc. (UA)
Deckers Outdoor Corporation (DECK) | PVH Corp. (PVH) | Williams-Sonoma, Inc. (WSM)
Gildan Activewear Inc. (GIL) | Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) |
Hanesbrands Inc. (HBI) | RH (RH) |

2022 Peer Group

Brunswick Corporation (BC) | Hasbro, Inc. (HAS) | RH (RH)
Carter's, Inc. (CRI) | Herman Miller, Inc. (MLHR) | Sleep Number Corporation (SNBR)
Columbia Sportswear Company (COLM) | La-Z-Boy Incorporated (LZB) | Steelcase Inc. (SCS)
Deckers Outdoor Corporation (DECK) | Leggett & Platt, Incorporated (LEG) | Tapestry, Inc. (TPR)
Gildan Activewear Inc. (GIL) | Polaris Industries Inc. (PII) | Under Armour, Inc. (UA)
Hanesbrands Inc. (HBI) | Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) | Williams-Sonoma, Inc. (WSM)

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|  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 12/31/2023
Tempur Sealy International, Inc. |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 210.29 |  |  | $ | 260.87 |  |  | $ | 458.08 |  |  | $ | 339.18 |  |  | $ | 509.01 |
S&P 500 |  | 100.00 |  |  | 131.49 |  |  | 155.68 |  |  | 200.37 |  |  | 164.08 |  |  | 207.21 |
S&P 400 Consumer Discretionary |  | 100.00 |  |  | 126.57 |  |  | 165.80 |  |  | 211.70 |  |  | 167.18 |  |  | 207.78 |
2022 Peer Group |  | 100.00 |  |  | 124.19 |  |  | 132.04 |  |  | 161.94 |  |  | 118.89 |  |  | 143.77 |
2023 Peer Group |  | 100.00 |  |  | 124.18 |  |  | 130.37 |  |  | 162.79 |  |  | 121.36 |  |  | 145.99 |

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. Unless otherwise noted, all of the financial information in this Report is consolidated financial information for the Company. The forward-looking statements in this discussion regarding the mattress and pillow industries, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and Part I, ITEM 1A of this Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. For results of operations comparisons relating to years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021, refer to our annual report on Form 10-K, Part II, ITEM 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2023.
In this discussion and analysis, we discuss and explain the consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, including the following topics:
•an overview of our business and strategy;
•results of operations, including our net sales and costs in the periods presented as well as changes between periods;
•expected sources of liquidity for future operations; and
•our use of certain non-GAAP financial measures.
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Business Overview
General
We are committed to improving the sleep of more people, every night, all around the world. As a leading designer, manufacturer, distributor and retailer of bedding products worldwide, we know how crucial a good night of sleep is to overall health and wellness. Utilizing over a century of knowledge and industry-leading innovation, we deliver award-winning products that provide breakthrough sleep solutions to consumers in over 100 countries.
We operate in two segments: North America and International. These segments are strategic business units that are managed separately based on geography. Our North America segment consists of manufacturing and distribution subsidiaries and licensees located in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Our International segment consists of manufacturing and distribution subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America (other than Mexico). Corporate operating expenses are not included in either of the segments and are presented separately as a reconciling item to consolidated results. We evaluate segment performance based on net sales, gross profit and operating income. For additional information refer to Note 15, "Business Segment Information," included in Part II, ITEM 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Report.
Our highly recognized brands include Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® and our non-branded offerings consist of value-focused private label and OEM products. Our products allow for complementary merchandising strategies and are sold through third-party retailers, our more than 750 company-owned and joint venture operated retail stores worldwide and our e-commerce channel.
Our distribution model operates through an omni-channel strategy. We distribute through two channels in each operating business segment: Wholesale and Direct. Our Wholesale channel consists of third-party retailers, including third-party distribution, hospitality and healthcare. Our Direct channel includes company-owned stores, online and call centers.
General Business and Economic Conditions
We believe the bedding industry is structured for sustained growth, driven by product innovation, sleep technology advancements, consumer confidence, housing formations and population growth. The industry is no longer engaged in uneconomical retail store expansion, startups have shifted from uneconomical strategies to becoming profitable and legacy retailers and manufacturers have become skilled in producing profitable online sales.
Over the last decade, consumers have made the connection between a good night's sleep and overall health and wellness. As consumers make this connection, they are willing to invest more in their bedding purchases, which positions us well for long-term growth.
In 2024, we expect a continuation of the current macroeconomic environment, which includes the impact of inflation and interest rate pressures on the consumer. The global bedding industry was challenged in 2023 due to these macroeconomic pressures on the consumer. Ongoing geopolitical conflicts may introduce further uncertainty for the consumer. However, we expect consumer confidence to stabilize in 2024.
Definitive Agreement with Mattress Firm.
On May 9, 2023, Tempur Sealy International and Mattress Firm entered into the Merger Agreement for a pending business acquisition in which Tempur Sealy International, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, will acquire Mattress Firm in a transaction valued at approximately $4.0 billion. The transaction is expected to be funded by approximately $2.7 billion of cash consideration and the issuance of 34.2 million shares of the Company's common stock, resulting in a total stock consideration value of $1.3 billion based on a closing share price of $37.62 as of May 8, 2023.
We expect the transaction to close in the second half of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including applicable regulatory approvals. Following the close of the transaction, Mattress Firm is expected to operate as a separate business unit.
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Product Launches
In 2024, we are launching a new portfolio of Tempur-Pedic® Adapt mattresses in our North America segment. This next-generation technology sets the standard for support, pressure relief, and motion cancellation with Tempur material precisely responding to your body's weight, shape, and temperature in a way no other mattress does. This collection was designed to complement the Tempur-Pedic® Breeze collection and Tempur-Ergo® Smart Bases launched in 2023 and finishes the complete reset of our core Tempur lineup.
In our International segment in 2024, we plan to complete the rollout of the new line of Tempur® products in over 90 markets through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and third-party distributors. This new line of products will broaden Tempur®'s price range, with the super-premium price point ceiling maintained and the floor expanded into the premium category to expand our global addressable market.
Omni-Channel Distribution Expansion
We have a diversified group of strong retail partners and a rapidly growing direct business. The largest pillar of our omni-channel distribution strategy is our distribution across tens of thousands of third-party retail doors. This broad footprint ensures that consumers can easily find and experience our products in person. While we are well represented at third-party retailers in the U.S. today, there are opportunities to both increase the presence of our brands with existing retail partners and to sell into certain key retailers that do not have our products on their floors today.
We have been focused on building our direct channel, both online and company-owned retail stores. The development of our online business has been particularly important as consumers have grown more comfortable shopping for bedding products online. The direct channel growth rate has surpassed the wholesale growth rate over the last few years, and we anticipate the direct channel to continue to grow as a percentage of net sales in future years.
We currently operate over 750 retail stores globally through our wholly-owned and joint venture operations, led by over 200 Tempur-Pedic and Sleep Outfitters retail stores in the U.S. and over 200 Dreams locations in the U.K. We believe these retail stores complement our existing third-party retail partners by increasing our products' brand awareness in the local markets.
We expanded our presence into the OEM market in 2020 by offering non-branded products, including mattresses, pillows and other bedding products and components at a wide range of price points. The addition of non-branded offerings expands our capabilities to service third-party retailers and creates opportunity to capture manufacturing profits from bedding brands outside our own. We made significant progress growing our OEM business in 2023 and continue to target obtaining a meaningful share of the OEM market in the long-term.
Cybersecurity Event
On July 31, 2023, we disclosed a cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023 affecting certain of our data and IT systems. Upon discovery of the event, we activated our incident response and business continuity plans designed to contain the incident. This included proactively shutting down certain of our IT systems, resulting in the temporary interruption of our operations. We engaged legal counsel, a cybersecurity forensic firm and other incident response professionals to advise on the matter. We also notified law enforcement authorities.
We incurred $14.3 million of costs in connection with this event, primarily consisting of $10.1 million of manufacturing and network disruption costs incurred to ensure business continuity and $4.2 million primarily related to professional fees incurred for incident response, containment measures and stabilization of the Company's information systems. Following the forensic investigation, we concluded there was no material impact to our financial results for the year ended 2023. Our cybersecurity insurance policy provides coverage for certain losses not to exceed $5.0 million over the annual term of the policy, and we have not yet submitted a claim for this incident.
2023 Results of Operations
A summary of our results for the year ended December 31, 2023 include:
•Total net sales increased 0.1% to $4,925.4 million as compared to $4,921.2 million in 2022.
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•Gross margin was 43.2% as compared to 41.6% in 2022. Adjusted gross margin, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 43.7% as compared to 42.0% in 2022.
•Operating income decreased 10.8% to $607.2 million as compared to $680.6 million in 2022. Adjusted operating income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, decreased 2.4% to $695.1 million as compared to $712.0 million in 2022.
•Net income decreased 19.2% to $368.1 million as compared to $455.7 million in 2022. Adjusted net income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, decreased 9.0% to $425.6 million as compared to $467.9 million in 2022.
•EPS decreased 17.8% to $2.08 as compared to $2.53 in 2022. Adjusted EPS, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, decreased 7.7% to $2.40 as compared to $2.60 in 2022.
For a discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures as discussed above to the corresponding GAAP financial results, refer to the non-GAAP financial information set forth below under the heading "Non-GAAP Financial Information."
We may refer to net sales or earnings or other historical financial information on a "constant currency basis," which is a non-GAAP financial measure. These references to constant currency basis do not include operational impacts that could result from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. To provide information on a constant currency basis, the applicable financial results are adjusted based on a simple mathematical model that translates current period results in local currency using the comparable prior corresponding period’s currency conversion rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local country currency. This information is provided so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of business performance. Constant currency information is not recognized under GAAP, and it is not intended as an alternative to GAAP measures. Refer to Part II, ITEM 7A of this Report for a discussion of our foreign currency exchange rate risk.
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The following table sets forth the various components of our Consolidated Statements of Income and expresses each component as a percentage of net sales:

(in millions, except percentages and | Year Ended December 31,
per common share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net sales | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 2,796.7 |  |  | 56.8 |  |  | 2,871.6 |  |  | 58.4 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 2,128.7 |  |  | 43.2 |  |  | 2,049.6 |  |  | 41.6 |  |  |  |  |
Selling and marketing expenses | 1,063.4 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 992.5 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  |  |  |
General, administrative and other expenses | 481.1 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 397.6 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  |  |  |
Equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | (23.0) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 607.2 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | 680.6 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | 129.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 103.0 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | 3.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other expense, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total other expense, net | 133.1 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 103.4 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 474.1 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 577.2 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax provision | (103.4) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (119.0) |  |  | (2.4) |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | 370.7 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 458.2 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  |  |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net income before non-controlling interest | 370.7 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 457.8 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 2.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. | $ | 368.1 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | $ | 455.7 |  |  | 9.3 | % |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share for continuing operations | $ | 2.14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share for discontinued operations | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share | $ | 2.14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share for continuing operations | $ | 2.08 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share for discontinued operations | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share | $ | 2.08 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 172.2 |  |  |  |  | 174.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 177.3 |  |  |  |  | 180.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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NET SALES

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| Consolidated |  | North America |  | International
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net sales by channel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale | $ | 3,746.1 |  |  | $ | 3,772.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,348.2 |  |  | $ | 3,390.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 397.9 |  |  | $ | 382.4 |  |  |
Direct | 1,179.3 |  |  | 1,148.7 |  |  |  |  | 507.3 |  |  | 496.0 |  |  |  |  | 672.0 |  |  | 652.7 |  |  |
Total net sales | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  |

Net sales increased 0.1% (including on a constant currency basis). The change in net sales was driven by the following:
•North America net sales decreased $30.6 million, or 0.8%. Net sales in the Wholesale channel decreased $41.9 million, or 1.2%, primarily driven by macroeconomic pressures impacting U.S. consumer behavior. Net sales in our Direct channel increased $11.3 million, or 2.3%.
•International net sales increased $34.8 million, or 3.4%, primarily driven by the success of new Tempur® product introductions. On a constant currency basis, our International net sales increased 3.7%. Net sales in the Wholesale channel increased 4.4% on a constant currency basis. Net sales in the Direct channel increased 3.4% on a constant currency basis.
GROSS PROFIT

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | Margin Change |  |
(in millions, except percentages) | Gross Profit |  | Gross Margin |  | Gross Profit |  | Gross Margin |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  |
North America | $ | 1,537.5 |  |  | 39.9 | % |  | $ | 1,487.3 |  |  | 38.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |
International | 591.2 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | 562.3 |  |  | 54.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |
Consolidated gross margin | $ | 2,128.7 |  |  | 43.2 | % |  | $ | 2,049.6 |  |  | 41.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |

Costs associated with net sales are recorded in cost of sales and include the costs of producing, shipping, warehousing, receiving and inspecting goods during the period, as well as depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets used in the manufacturing process.
Our gross margin is primarily impacted by the relative amount of net sales contributed by our premium or value products. Our value products have a significantly lower gross margin than our premium products. If sales of our value priced products increase relative to sales of our premium products, our gross margins will be negatively impacted in both our North America and International segments.
Our gross margin is also impacted by fixed cost leverage based on manufacturing unit volumes; the cost of raw materials; operational efficiencies due to the utilization in our manufacturing facilities; product, brand, channel and geographic mix; foreign exchange fluctuations; volume incentives offered to certain retail accounts; participation in our retail cooperative advertising programs; and costs associated with new product introductions. Future changes in raw material prices could have a significant impact on our gross margin. Our margins are also impacted by the growth in our Wholesale channel as sales in our Wholesale channel are at wholesale prices whereas sales in our Direct channel are at retail prices.
Gross margin improved 160 basis points. The principal factors impacting gross margin for each segment are discussed below.
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•North America gross margin improved 160 basis points. The improvement in gross margin was primarily driven by normalizing commodity costs of 220 basis points and pricing actions of 120 basis points. These improvements were offset by product launch costs of 50 basis points, expense deleverage of 50 basis points and operational headwinds. Additionally, in 2023, we incurred $10.2 million of operational start-up costs related to capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S. and $10.1 million of costs associated with the cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023, which partially offset the improvement in gross margin.
•International gross margin improved 100 basis points. The improvement in gross margin was primarily driven by favorable mix of 80 basis points and pricing actions of 60 basis points. These improvements were offset by product launch costs of 60 basis points.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Selling and marketing expenses include advertising and media production associated with the promotion of our brands, other marketing materials such as catalogs, brochures, videos, product samples, direct customer mailings and point of purchase materials, and sales force compensation. We also include in selling and marketing expense certain new product development costs, including market research and new product testing.
General, administrative and other expenses include salaries and related expenses, information technology, professional fees, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets not used in the manufacturing process, expenses for administrative functions and research and development costs.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(in millions) | Consolidated |  | North America |  | International |  | Corporate
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising | $ | 469.0 |  |  | $ | 448.0 |  |  | $ | 389.9 |  |  | $ | 375.1 |  |  | $ | 79.1 |  |  | $ | 72.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other selling and marketing | 594.4 |  |  | 544.5 |  |  | 319.9 |  |  | 288.6 |  |  | 254.0 |  |  | 234.8 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 21.1 |
General, administrative and other | 481.1 |  |  | 397.6 |  |  | 184.6 |  |  | 181.2 |  |  | 110.2 |  |  | 88.5 |  |  | 186.3 |  |  | 127.9 |
Total operating expense | $ | 1,544.5 |  |  | $ | 1,390.1 |  |  | $ | 894.4 |  |  | $ | 844.9 |  |  | $ | 443.3 |  |  | $ | 396.2 |  |  | $ | 206.8 |  |  | $ | 149.0 |

Operating expenses increased $154.4 million, or 11.1%, and increased 320 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The primary drivers of changes in operating expenses by segment are discussed below.
•North America operating expenses increased $49.5 million, or 5.9%, and increased 150 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by investments in advertising and growth initiatives.
•International operating expenses increased $47.1 million, or 11.9% and increased 310 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by investments in growth initiatives and product launch costs.
•Corporate operating expenses increased $57.8 million, or 38.8%. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by $49.0 million of transaction costs related to the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm and a fair value remeasurement of $11.0 million related to a strategic investment in a product innovation initiative.
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $30.6 million compared to $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $1.4 million, or 4.8%.
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OPERATING INCOME

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | Margin Change
(in millions, except percentages) | Operating Income |  | Operating Margin |  | Operating Income |  | Operating Margin |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  |
North America | $ | 643.1 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | $ | 642.4 |  |  | 16.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |
International | 170.9 |  |  | 16.0 | % |  | 187.2 |  |  | 18.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (2.1) | % |  |
| 814.0 |  |  |  |  | 829.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate expenses | (206.8) |  |  |  |  | (149.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income | $ | 607.2 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | $ | 680.6 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (1.5) | % |  |

Operating income decreased $73.4 million and operating margin declined 150 basis points. The decrease was driven by the following:
•North America operating income increased $0.7 million and operating margin improved 20 basis points. The improvement in operating margin was primarily driven by the improvement in gross margin of 160 basis points, offset by operating expense deleverage of 160 basis points.
•International operating income decreased $16.3 million and operating margin declined 210 basis points. The decline in operating margin was primarily driven by operating expense deleverage of 330 basis points, offset by the improvement in gross margin of 100 basis points.
•Corporate operating expenses increased $57.8 million, which negatively impacted our consolidated operating margin.
INTEREST EXPENSE, NET

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  | Percent change
(in millions, except percentages) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  |
Interest expense, net | $ | 129.9 |  |  | $ | 103.0 |  |  |  |  | 26.1 | % |  |

Interest expense, net, increased $26.9 million, or 26.1%. The increase in interest expense, net, was primarily driven by higher interest rates on our variable rate debt.
INCOME TAX PROVISION

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Percent change
(in millions, except percentages) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 vs 2022
Income tax provision | $ | 103.4 |  |  | $ | 119.0 |  |  | (13.1) | %
Effective tax rate | 21.8 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 1.2 | %

Income tax provision includes income taxes associated with taxes currently payable and deferred taxes, and includes the impact of net operating losses for certain of our foreign operations.
Our income tax provision decreased $15.6 million due to a decrease in income before income taxes and the favorable impact of discrete items. Our 2023 effective tax rate increased 120 basis points as compared to 2022. The 2023 effective tax rate as compared to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate included a net favorable impact of discrete items, primarily related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of certain stock awards under our incentive stock compensation plan and a benefit related to the final settlement of the Danish Tax Matter. The 2022 effective tax rate, as compared to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate, also included the impact of net favorable discrete items related to our incentive stock compensation plan and the Danish Tax Matter.
Refer to Note 13, "Income Taxes," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report for further information.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our principal sources of funds are cash flows from operations, supplemented with borrowings made pursuant to our credit facilities and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal and interest on our debt facilities, share repurchases, capital expenditures and working capital needs.
As of December 31, 2023, we had net working capital of $195.0 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $74.9 million, as compared to working capital of $214.0 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $69.4 million, as of December 31, 2022. The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. and not readily convertible into the U.S. Dollar or other major foreign currencies is not material to our overall liquidity or financial position.
Cash Provided by (Used in) Continuing Operations
The table below presents net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 570.3 |  |  | $ | 378.8 |  |  |
Investing activities |  | (187.8) |  |  | (315.3) |  |  |
Financing activities |  | (384.3) |  |  | (279.1) |  |  |

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased $191.5 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was driven by a $260.1 million increase in cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities, primarily due to decreases in inventory, prepaid expenses and other assets, and income taxes receivable, which were offset by increases in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily offset by a decrease in net income of $87.1 million.
Cash used in investing activities from continuing operations decreased $127.5 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was driven by decreased capital expenditures related to our manufacturing capacity expansion projects nearing completion in 2023.
Cash used in financing activities from continuing operations increased $105.2 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. In 2023, we had net repayments of $250.8 million as compared to net borrowings of $474.5 million in 2022 from our credit facilities. Additionally, we repurchased shares of our common stock for $36.0 million in 2023 as compared to $667.4 million in 2022.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures were $185.4 million and $306.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We currently expect our 2024 capital expenditures to decrease to approximately $150 million, which includes maintenance capital expenditures of $110 million.
Indebtedness
Our total debt decreased to $2,593.6 million as of December 31, 2023 from $2,830.8 million as of December 31, 2022. Total availability under our revolving senior secured credit facility was $966.4 million as of December 31, 2023.
On October 10, 2023, we entered into the 2023 Credit Agreement, which provides for a $1.15 billion revolving credit facility, a $500.0 million term loan facility and an incremental facility for additional borrowings. Refer to Note 6, "Debt" in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 for further discussion of the accordion feature of the 2023 Credit Agreement. We used the proceeds under these facilities to refinance outstanding borrowings under the 2019 Credit Agreement and terminated the existing revolving credit commitments. As of October 10, 2023, the terms of the 2023 Credit Agreement replaced the terms of the 2019 Credit Agreement.
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On February 6, 2024, we and certain other parties thereto entered into an amendment to the 2023 Credit Agreement which provides for a $625.0 million delayed draw term loan and a $40.0 million increase in availability on the existing incremental revolving loan. Once drawn, the instruments will have the same terms and conditions as our existing term loans and revolving loans, respectively, under the 2023 Credit Agreement. This amendment was executed in connection with our financing strategy for the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm expected to close in the second half of 2024.
As of December 31, 2023, our ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure defined in the 2023 Credit Agreement, was 2.87 times. This ratio is within the terms of the financial covenants for the maximum consolidated total net leverage ratio as set forth in the 2023 Credit Agreement, which limits this ratio to 5.00 times. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants in our debt agreements, and we do not anticipate material issues under any debt agreements based on current facts and circumstances.
Our debt agreements contain certain covenants that limit restricted payments, including share repurchases and dividends. The 2023 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes contain similar limitations which, subject to other conditions, allow unlimited restricted payments at times when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA remains below 3.75 times in the case of the 2023 Credit Agreement and remains below 3.50 times in the cases of the 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes. In addition, these agreements permit limited restricted payments under certain conditions when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA is above 3.75 times in the case of the 2023 Credit Agreement and above 3.50 times in the cases of the 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes. The limit on restricted payments under the 2023 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes is in part determined by a basket that grows at 50% of adjusted net income each quarter, reduced by restricted payments that are not otherwise permitted.
For additional information, refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Information" below for the calculation of the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA calculated in accordance with our 2023 Credit Agreement. Both consolidated indebtedness and adjusted EBITDA as used in discussion of the 2023 Credit Agreement are terms that are not recognized under GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as a measure of operating performance or total debt.
Share Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock, and the Board of Directors has authorized increases to this authorization from time to time. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 0.1 million shares under our share repurchase program for approximately $5.0 million and had approximately $774.5 million remaining under our share repurchase program.
Share repurchases under this program may be made through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. These repurchases may be funded by operating cash flows and/or borrowings under our debt arrangements. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, financing and regulatory requirements and other market conditions. The program is subject to certain limitations under our debt agreements. The program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under federal securities laws.
In 2024, we will manage our share repurchase program based on current and expected cash flows, share price and alternative investment opportunities. As a result of the pending Mattress Firm acquisition, we have temporarily suspended our repurchase of shares in advance of closing the transaction. For a complete description of our share repurchase program, please refer to ITEM 5 under Part II, "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," of this Report.
Future Liquidity Sources and Uses
As of December 31, 2023, we had $1,041.3 million of liquidity, including $74.9 million of cash on hand and $966.4 million available under our revolving senior secured credit facility. We believe that cash flow from operations, availability under our existing credit facilities and arrangements, current cash balances and the ability to obtain other financing, if
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necessary, will provide adequate cash funds for our foreseeable working capital needs, necessary capital expenditures, debt service obligations and dividend payments.
Our capital allocation strategy follows a balanced approach focused on supporting the business, returning shareholder value through strategic acquisition opportunities that enhance our global competitiveness, as well as quarterly dividends and opportunistic share repurchases.
The Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.13 per share for the first quarter of 2024. The dividend is payable on March 7, 2024 to shareholders of record as of February 22, 2024.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $2,593.6 million in total debt outstanding and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, of $2,518.7 million. Leverage based on the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 2.87 times for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a result of the pending Mattress Firm acquisition, we expect our leverage ratio in 2024 to be between 3.0 and 3.25 times. We currently expect to close the transaction in the second half of 2024 and expect our target leverage ratio to return to 2.0 to 3.0 times in the first twelve months following the close of the transaction.
Our debt service obligations could, under certain circumstances, have material consequences to our stockholders. Similarly, our cash requirements are subject to change as business conditions warrant and opportunities arise. The timing and size of any new business ventures or acquisitions that we may complete may also impact our cash requirements and debt service obligations.
Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2023 are summarized below:

(in millions) |  | Payment Due By Period
Contractual Obligations |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Thereafter |  | Total Obligations
Debt (1) |  | $ | 29.7 |  |  | $ | 182.6 |  |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | $ | 583.0 |  |  | $ | 1,656.2 |  |  | $ | 2,501.5 |
Letters of credit |  | 28.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28.1 |
Interest payments (2) |  | 111.7 |  |  | 101.7 |  |  | 97.2 |  |  | 95.5 |  |  | 93.7 |  |  | 161.9 |  |  | 661.7 |
Operating lease obligations |  | 147.8 |  |  | 135.6 |  |  | 117.1 |  |  | 102.2 |  |  | 85.5 |  |  | 239.4 |  |  | 827.6 |
Finance lease obligations (3) |  | 14.6 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | 92.1 |
Pension obligations |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 32.6 |
Total (4) |  | $ | 333.1 |  |  | $ | 434.9 |  |  | $ | 255.0 |  |  | $ | 237.6 |  |  | $ | 776.0 |  |  | $ | 2,107.0 |  |  | $ | 4,143.6 |

(1)Debt excludes finance lease obligations and deferred financing costs.
(2)Interest payments represent obligations under our debt outstanding as of December 31, 2023, applying December 31, 2023 interest rates and assuming scheduled payments are paid as contractually required through maturity.
(3)The payments due for finance lease obligations excludes $17.5 million in future payments for interest.
(4)Uncertain tax positions are excluded from this table given the timing of payments cannot be reasonably estimated.
Non-GAAP Financial Information
We provide information regarding adjusted net income, adjusted EPS, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, adjusted operating income (expense), adjusted operating margin, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, consolidated indebtedness and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which are not recognized terms under GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income, earnings per share, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin as a measure of operating performance or an alternative to total debt as a measure of liquidity. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with performance measures that better reflect our underlying operations and trends, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments to exclude items that may cause short-term fluctuations in the nearest GAAP financial measure, but which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business.
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We believe that exclusion of these items assists in providing a more complete understanding of our underlying results from continuing operations and trends, and we use these measures along with the corresponding GAAP financial measures to manage our business, to evaluate our consolidated and business segment performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace, to establish operational goals and to provide continuity to investors for comparability purposes. Limitations associated with the use of these non-GAAP financial measures include that these measures do not present all of the amounts associated with our results as determined in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered supplemental in nature and should not be construed as more significant than comparable financial measures defined by GAAP. Because not all companies use identical calculations, these presentations may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. For more information about these non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measure, please refer to the reconciliations on the following pages.
Key Highlights

|  |  | Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except percentages and per common share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 368.1 |  |  | $ | 455.7 |  |  | (19.2) | % |  |
Adjusted net income (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 425.6 |  |  | $ | 467.9 |  |  | (9.0) | % |  |
EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | (17.8) | % |  |
Adjusted EPS (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.40 |  |  | $ | 2.60 |  |  | (7.7) | % |  |

(1) |  | Non-GAAP financial measure. Please refer to the reconciliations in the following tables.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS
A reconciliation of reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS is provided below. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with additional useful information with respect to the impact of various adjustments as described in the footnotes below.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per common share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | $ | 368.1 |  |  | $ | 455.7 |
Transaction costs (1) | 49.0 |  |  | — |
Cybersecurity event (2) | 14.3 |  |  | — |
Fair value remeasurement (3) | 11.0 |  |  | — |
Operational start-up costs (4) | 10.4 |  |  | 6.5 |
ERP system transition (5) | 3.2 |  |  | 15.5 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt (6) | 3.2 |  |  | — |
Restructuring costs (7) | — |  |  | 10.0 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (8) | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Danish tax matter (9) | (10.2) |  |  | (12.3) |
Adjusted income tax provision (10) | (23.4) |  |  | (7.9) |
Adjusted net income | $ | 425.6 |  |  | $ | 467.9 |
Adjusted earnings per share, diluted | $ | 2.40 |  |  | $ | 2.60 |
Diluted shares outstanding | 177.3 |  |  | 180.3 |

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(1) | We recorded $49.0 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm in the year ended 2023.
(2) | We recorded $14.3 million of costs associated with the cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023 in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales included $10.1 million of manufacturing and network disruption costs incurred to ensure business continuity in the year ended 2023. Operating expenses included $4.2 million, primarily related to professional fees incurred for incident response, containment measures and stabilization of our information systems in the year ended 2023.
(3) | In the year ended 2023, we recorded a fair value remeasurement of $11.0 million primarily related to a strategic investment in a product innovation initiative.
(4) | We recorded $10.4 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of its manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S. in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales included personnel and facility related costs of $10.2 million in the year ended 2023. We recorded $6.5 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of its manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S. in the year ended 2022, including $0.4 million of other expense for the year ended 2022. Cost of sales and operating expenses included personnel and facility related costs of $5.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
(5) | We recorded $3.2 million of charges related to the transition of its ERP system in the year ended 2023. We recorded $15.5 million of charges related to the transition of its ERP system in the year ended 2022. Cost of sales included $11.1 million of manufacturing facility ERP system transition costs, including labor, logistics, training and travel in the year ended 2022, respectively. Operating expenses included $4.4 million, primarily related to professional fees for the year ended 2022.
(6) | In the year ended 2023, we recognized $3.2 million of loss on extinguishment of debt associated with the refinancing of our senior secured credit facilities.
(7) | In the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $10.0 million of restructuring costs, primarily associated with professional fees and headcount reductions related to organizational changes, including $0.2 million of other expense.
(8) | Certain subsidiaries in the International business segment were accounted for as discontinued operations and had been designated as unrestricted subsidiaries in the 2019 Credit Agreement. Therefore, these subsidiaries were excluded from our adjusted financial measures for covenant compliance purposes.
(9) | We recorded an income tax benefit, on a net basis, of $10.2 million and $12.3 million related to its Danish tax matter in the years ended 2023 and 2022, respectively. In December 2022, the Danish tax authority ("DTA") and the IRS agreed on a preliminary framework to conclude its Danish tax matter for the years 2012 through 2022. In October 2023, the DTA and the IRS formally concluded the matter.
(10) | Adjusted income tax provision represents the tax effects associated with the aforementioned items, excluding the income tax benefit for the Danish tax matter.

Adjusted Gross Profit and Gross Margin and Adjusted Operating Income (Expense) and Operating Margin
A reconciliation of gross profit and gross margin to adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin, respectively, and operating income (expense) and operating margin to adjusted operating income (expense) and adjusted operating margin, respectively, are provided below. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with additional useful information with respect to the impact of various adjustments as described in the footnotes below.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) to the calculation of adjusted gross profit and adjusted operating income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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| FULL YEAR 2023
(in millions, except percentages) | Consolidated |  | Margin |  | North America |  | Margin |  | International |  | Margin |  | Corporate
Net sales | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Gross profit | $ | 2,128.7 |  |  | 43.2 | % |  | $ | 1,537.5 |  |  | 39.9 | % |  | $ | 591.2 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | $ | — |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operational start-up costs (1) | 10.2 |  |  |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Cybersecurity event (2) | 10.1 |  |  |  |  | 10.1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
ERP system transition (3) | 3.2 |  |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total adjustments | 23.5 |  |  |  |  | 23.5 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted gross profit | $ | 2,152.2 |  |  | 43.7 | % |  | $ | 1,561.0 |  |  | 40.5 | % |  | $ | 591.2 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | $ | — |
Operating income (expense) | $ | 607.2 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | $ | 643.1 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | $ | 170.9 |  |  | 16.0 | % |  | $ | (206.8) |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction costs (4) | 49.0 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 49.0 |
Cybersecurity event (2) | 14.3 |  |  |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  | 2.7 |
Fair value remeasurement (5) | 11.0 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 11.0 |
Operational start-up costs (1) | 10.4 |  |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
ERP system transition (3) | 3.2 |  |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total adjustments | 87.9 |  |  |  |  | 24.1 |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  | 62.7 |
Adjusted operating income (expense) | $ | 695.1 |  |  | 14.1 | % |  | $ | 667.2 |  |  | 17.3 | % |  | $ | 172.0 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | $ | (144.1) |

(1) | We recorded $10.4 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S. in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales and operating expenses included personnel and facility related costs of $10.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
(2) | We recorded $14.3 million of costs associated with the cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023 in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales included $10.1 million of manufacturing and network disruption costs incurred to ensure business continuity in the year ended 2023. Operating expenses included $4.2 million, primarily related to professional fees incurred for incident response, containment measures and stabilization of our information systems in the year ended 2023.
(3) | We recorded $3.2 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales included $3.2 million of manufacturing facility ERP system transition costs, including labor, logistics, training and travel.
(4) | We recorded $49.0 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm in the year ended 2023.
(5) | In the year ended 2023, we recorded a fair value remeasurement of $11.0 million primarily related to a strategic investment in a product innovation initiative.

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The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) to the calculation of adjusted gross profit and adjusted operating income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

| FULL YEAR 2022
(in millions, except percentages) | Consolidated |  | Margin |  | North America |  | Margin |  | International |  | Margin |  | Corporate
Net sales | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Gross profit | $ | 2,049.6 |  |  | 41.6 | % |  | $ | 1,487.3 |  |  | 38.3 | % |  | $ | 562.3 |  |  | 54.3 | % |  | $ | — |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ERP system transition (1) | 11.1 |  |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Operational start-up costs (2) | 5.8 |  |  |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total adjustments | 16.9 |  |  |  |  | 16.9 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted gross profit | $ | 2,066.5 |  |  | 42.0 | % |  | $ | 1,504.2 |  |  | 38.7 | % |  | $ | 562.3 |  |  | 54.3 | % |  | $ | — |
Operating income (expense) | $ | 680.6 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | $ | 642.4 |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | $ | 187.2 |  |  | 18.1 | % |  | $ | (149.0) |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ERP system transition (1) | 15.5 |  |  |  |  | 14.3 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Restructuring costs (3) | 9.8 |  |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  | 6.7 |
Operational start-up costs (2) | 6.1 |  |  |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total adjustments | 31.4 |  |  |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  | 7.9 |
Adjusted operating income (expense) | $ | 712.0 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | $ | 664.6 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | $ | 188.5 |  |  | 18.2 | % |  | $ | (141.1) |

(1) | We recorded $15.5 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system in the year ended 2022. Cost of sales included $11.1 million of manufacturing facility ERP system transition costs, including labor, logistics, training and travel. Operating expenses included $4.4 million, primarily related to professional fees.
(2) | We recorded $6.5 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S. in the year ended 2022, including $0.4 million of other expense. Cost of sales and operating expenses included personnel and facility related costs of $5.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
(3) | We recorded $10.0 million of restructuring costs in the year ended 2022. These costs were primarily associated with professional fees and headcount reductions related to organizational changes, including $0.2 million of other expense.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Consolidated Indebtedness Less Netted Cash
The following reconciliations are provided below:
•Net income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA
•Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA
•Total debt, net to consolidated indebtedness less netted cash
We believe that presenting these non-GAAP measures provides investors with useful information with respect to our operating performance, cash flow generation and comparisons from period to period, as well as general information about our progress in reducing our leverage.
The 2023 Credit Agreement provides the definition of adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, we present adjusted EBITDA to provide information regarding our compliance with requirements under the 2023 Credit Agreement.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to the calculations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
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| Year Ended
(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Net income | $ | 368.1 |  | $ | 455.7
Interest expense, net | 129.9 |  | 103.0
Loss on extinguishment of debt (1) | 3.2 |  | —
Income tax provision | 103.4 |  | 119.0
Depreciation and amortization | 184.8 |  | 182.0
EBITDA | $ | 789.4 |  | $ | 859.7
Adjustments: |  |  |
Transaction costs (2) | 49.0 |  | —
Cybersecurity event (3) | 14.3 |  | —
Fair value remeasurement (4) | 11.0 |  | —
Operational start-up costs (5) | 10.4 |  | 6.5
ERP system transition (6) | 3.2 |  | 15.5
Restructuring costs (7) | — |  | 10.0
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (8) | — |  | 0.4
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 877.3 |  | $ | 892.1
Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash | $ | 2,518.7 |  | $ | 2,762.6
Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA | 2.87 | times |  | 3.10 | times

(1) | In the year ended 2023, we recognized $3.2 million of loss on extinguishment of debt associated with the refinancing of our senior secured credit facilities.
(2) | We recorded $49.0 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm in the year ended 2023.
(3) | We recorded $14.3 million of costs associated with the cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023 in the year ended 2023. Cost of sales included $10.1 million of manufacturing and network disruption costs incurred to ensure business continuity in the year ended 2023. Operating expenses included $4.2 million, primarily related to professional fees incurred for incident response, containment measures and stabilization of our information systems in the year ended 2023.
(4) | In the year ended 2023, we recorded a fair value remeasurement of $11.0 million primarily related to a strategic investment in a product innovation initiative.
(5) | We recorded $10.4 million and $6.5 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S in the year ended 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(6) | We recorded $3.2 million and $15.5 million of charges related to the transition of our ERP system in the year ended 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(7) | We recorded $10.0 million of restructuring costs primarily associated with professional fees and headcount reductions related to organization changes in the year ended 2022.
(8) | Certain subsidiaries in the International business segment were accounted for as discontinued operations and had been designated as unrestricted subsidiaries in the 2019 Credit Agreement. Therefore, these subsidiaries were excluded from our adjusted financial measures for covenant compliance purposes.

On October 10, 2023, our 2023 Credit Agreement replaced our 2019 Credit Agreement. Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, the definition of adjusted EBITDA contains certain restrictions that limit adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA did not exceed the allowable amount under the 2023 Credit Agreement.
The ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA was 2.87 times for the trailing twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The 2023 Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA of less than 5.00 times.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported total debt to the calculation of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. "Consolidated Indebtedness" and "Netted Cash" are terms used in the 2023 Credit Agreement for purposes of certain financial covenants.
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(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Total debt, net | $ | 2,571.9 |  |  | $ | 2,810.3 |
Plus: Deferred financing costs (1) | 21.7 |  |  | 20.5 |
Consolidated indebtedness | 2,593.6 |  |  | 2,830.8 |
Less: Netted cash (2) | 74.9 |  |  | 68.2 |
Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash | $ | 2,518.7 |  |  | $ | 2,762.6 |

(1) | We present deferred financing costs as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For purposes of determining total debt for financial covenant purposes, we added these costs back to total debt, net as calculated per the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) | Netted cash includes cash and cash equivalents for domestic and foreign subsidiaries designated as "Restricted Subsidiaries" in the 2023 Credit Agreement.

Critical Accounting Estimates
Our management is responsible for our financial statements and has evaluated the accounting policies to be used in their preparation. Our management believes these policies are reasonable and appropriate. The following discussion identifies those accounting policies that we believe are critical in the preparation of our financial statements, the judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies and the possibility that materially different amounts will be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition. Sales of product are recognized when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract with the customer are satisfied, which is generally when control of the product has transferred to the customer. Transferring control of each product sold is considered a separate performance obligation. We transfer control and recognize a sale when the product ships to the customer or when the customer receives the product based upon agreed shipping terms. Each unit sold is considered an independent, unbundled performance obligation. We do not have any additional performance obligations other than product sales that are material in the context of the contract. We extend volume discounts to certain customers and reflect these amounts as a reduction of net sales as variable consideration.
We allow product returns through certain sales channels and on certain products. The accrued sales returns in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet, which include a current balance in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and a non-current balance in other non-current liabilities, was $43.7 million and $40.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated sales returns are provided at the time of sale based on historical sales channel return rates. Estimated future obligations related to these products are provided by a reduction of sales in the period in which the revenue is recognized. We considered the impact of recoverable salvage value on sales returns by product in determining its estimate of future sales returns. We recognized a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer. The right of return asset is recognized on a gross basis outside of the accrued sales returns and is not material to our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our level of sales returns differs by channel, with our Direct channel typically experiencing a higher rate of returns. In the event future sales returns claims are higher than our historical experiences, such as a 50 basis point increase, the impact would not be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The allowance for credit losses is our best estimate of the amount of estimated lifetime credit losses in our accounts receivable. The allowance for credit losses included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets was $66.9 million and $62.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We regularly review the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses. We estimate losses over the contractual life using assumptions to capture the risk of loss, even if remote, based principally on how long a receivable has been outstanding. Account balances are charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all reasonable means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2023, our accounts receivable were substantially current. Other factors considered include historical write-off experience, current economic conditions and also factors such as customer credit, past transaction history with the customer and changes in customer payment terms.
The credit environment in which our customers operate has been relatively stable over the past few years. Historically, less than 1.0% of net sales ultimately prove to be uncollectible. Total bad debt expense was $8.2 million in 2023, $6.7 million in 2022 and $2.7 million in 2021. If circumstances change, for example, due to the occurrence of higher-than-expected defaults or a significant adverse change in a major customer’s ability to meet our financial obligations such as bankruptcies, estimates of the recoverability of receivable amounts due could be reduced.
We have not made any material changes in the accounting methodology we use to measure the estimated liability for sales returns or allowance for credit losses during the past three fiscal years.
We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions we use to establish the liability for sales returns and credit losses. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions which are based on our historical experiences, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material.
Income Taxes. Accounting for income taxes requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities.
We recognize deferred tax assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these deferred tax assets typically represent items deducted currently from operating income in the financial statements that will be deducted in future periods in tax returns. A valuation allowance is recorded against certain deferred tax assets to reduce the consolidated deferred tax asset to an amount that will, more likely than not, be realized in future periods. At December 31, 2023 the valuation allowance of $49.5 million was primarily related to certain tax attributes both domestically and in various foreign jurisdictions. The valuation allowance is based, in part, on our estimate of future taxable income, the expected utilization of foreign and state tax loss carryforwards, and credits and the expiration dates of such tax loss carryforwards.
We did not recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions within the provision for income taxes. We may recognize a tax benefit only if it is more likely than not the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. At December 31, 2023, our estimated gross unrecognized tax benefits were $4.5 million which, if recognized, would favorably impact our future earnings. Due to uncertainties in any tax audit outcome, our estimates of the ultimate settlement of our unrecognized tax positions may change and the actual tax benefits may differ significantly from the estimates.
We had previously been involved in a dispute with SKAT regarding the Danish Tax Matter for tax years 2012 through 2022. The matter was formally resolved in the three months ended December 31, 2023 with terms of the final resolution substantially identical as those preliminarily agreed to in the three months ended December 31, 2022. As a result of the resolution of the matter, there is no uncertain tax position reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023 related to the Danish Tax Matter. The resolution of this matter is discussed in Note 13, "Income Taxes" in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually as of October 1 and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that impairment may have occurred or when required by accounting standards.
We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are our North America segment, our International segment (excluding Dreams) and Dreams. We test individual indefinite-lived intangible assets at the brand level. These assessments may be performed quantitatively or qualitatively.
Using the quantitative approach, we make various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgement is involved in estimating these variables, and they include inherent uncertainties as they are forecasting future events. We perform sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, we compare the indicated equity value to our market capitalization and evaluate the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable compared to external market indicators.
Under the qualitative approach, we review macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and entity specific factors, including strategies and financial performance for potential indicators of impairment.
In 2023, we did not make any changes to our reporting units or the accounting methodology we use to assess impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, which included an assessment of the impairment of goodwill for our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets using a quantitative approach. The results indicated that the fair values of each of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets were substantially in excess of their carrying values. Subsequent to our October 1, 2023 annual impairment test, no indications of impairment were identified.
We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions we use to test for impairment losses on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to an impairment charge that could be material.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary exposure to interest rate risk is due to our variable-rate debt agreements, including our 2023 Credit Agreement. These variable-rate debt agreements use Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), which is subject to fluctuation and uncertainty. As of December 31, 2023, the value of our variable-rate debt was $901.5 million. Based on our balance sheet position as of December 31, 2023, the annualized effect of a 10% percentage point increase in floating interest rates on our variable-rate debt obligations would cause an estimated reduction on income before income taxes of $9.0 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We hedge a portion of our currency exchange exposure relating to foreign currency transactions with foreign exchange forward contracts. A sensitivity analysis indicates the potential loss in fair value on foreign exchange forward contracts outstanding at December 31, 2023, resulting from a hypothetical 10.0% adverse change in all foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar, is approximately $1.7 million. Such losses would be largely offset by gains from the revaluation or settlement of the underlying assets and liabilities that are being protected by the foreign exchange forward contracts.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO HISTORICAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | 33
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 202 3, 202 2 and 20 21 | 34
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 202 3, 202 2 and 20 21 | 35
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 3 and 20 2 2 | 36
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 202 3, 202 2 and 20 21 | 37
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 202 3, 202 2 and 202 1 | 38
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 39

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 16, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

| Impairment analysis of goodwill for the Dreams reporting unit
Description of the Matter | At December 31, 2023, the Company had $324.6 million of goodwill related to its Dreams reporting unit, which was included in the International reportable segment. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs its annual impairment test on goodwill as of the first day of the fourth quarter, and more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist. Management performed its impairment test by comparing the fair value of the Dreams reporting unit to its carrying amount to determine if there is a potential indicator of impairment. Management used an income approach (a discounted cash flow analysis) and a market approach (guideline public company analysis) in its quantitative impairment tests. Auditing the annual goodwill impairment test for the Dreams reporting unit was especially challenging due to the judgments required in determining the fair value. In particular, the discounted cash flow model involved judgmental assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and the weighted-average cost of capital, which all include inherent uncertainties as they are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions and reporting unit specific risk factors.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment process, including controls over management’s review of significant inputs and assumptions used in determining the fair value of the Dreams reporting unit. To test the estimated fair value of the Dreams reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the fair value methodologies and testing the significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow models, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and the weighted-average cost of capital. As it pertains to the projected business results, we assessed the reasonableness of the Company’s assumptions by comparing those assumptions to recent historical performance, current economic and industry trends, and financial forecasts. We also assessed the reasonableness of estimates of the projected business results and the long-term growth factors by evaluating how such assumptions compared to economic, industry, and peer expectations. We performed various sensitivity analyses around these significant assumptions to understand the impact on the fair value calculation. In addition, we involved our valuation specialists to assist with our evaluation of the fair value methodologies used by the Company and significant assumptions, including, the weighted average cost of capital based on the projected business results. Specifically, we evaluated the components of the weighted average cost of capital assumptions by performing an independent corroborative calculation with the involvement of our valuation specialists.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
Louisville, Kentucky
February 16, 2024
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in millions, except per common share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net sales | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |
Cost of sales | 2,796.7 |  |  | 2,871.6 |  |  | 2,772.1 |
Gross profit | 2,128.7 |  |  | 2,049.6 |  |  | 2,158.7 |
Selling and marketing expenses | 1,063.4 |  |  | 992.5 |  |  | 923.1 |
General, administrative and other expenses | 481.1 |  |  | 397.6 |  |  | 353.9 |
Equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | (23.0) |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (30.6) |
Operating income | 607.2 |  |  | 680.6 |  |  | 912.3 |
Other expense, net: |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | 129.9 |  |  | 103.0 |  |  | 66.3 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 23.0 |
Other expense (income), net | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (1.0) |
Total other expense, net | 133.1 |  |  | 103.4 |  |  | 88.3 |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 474.1 |  |  | 577.2 |  |  | 824.0 |
Income tax provision | (103.4) |  |  | (119.0) |  |  | (198.3) |
Income from continuing operations | 370.7 |  |  | 458.2 |  |  | 625.7 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.7) |
Net income before non-controlling interest | 370.7 |  |  | 457.8 |  |  | 625.0 |
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 2.6 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
Net income attributable to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. | $ | 368.1 |  |  | $ | 455.7 |  |  | $ | 624.5 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share for continuing operations | $ | 2.14 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |
Loss per share for discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Earnings per share | $ | 2.14 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share for continuing operations | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |
Loss per share for discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Earnings per share | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 172.2 |  |  | 174.9 |  |  | 197.0 |
Diluted | 177.3 |  |  | 180.3 |  |  | 204.3 |

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income before non-controlling interest | $ | 370.7 |  |  | $ | 457.8 |  |  | $ | 625.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 39.8 |  |  | (80.1) |  |  | (36.6) |
Net change in pension benefits, net of tax | 0.4 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.9 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 40.2 |  |  | (77.7) |  |  | (33.7) |
Comprehensive income | 410.9 |  |  | 380.1 |  |  | 591.3 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | 2.6 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. | $ | 408.3 |  |  | $ | 378.0 |  |  | $ | 590.8 |

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions)

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 74.9 |  |  | $ | 69.4 |
Accounts receivable, net | 431.4 |  |  | 422.6 |
Inventories | 483.1 |  |  | 555.0 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 113.8 |  |  | 148.2 |
Total Current Assets | 1,103.2 |  |  | 1,195.2 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 878.3 |  |  | 791.1 |
Goodwill | 1,083.3 |  |  | 1,062.3 |
Other intangible assets, net | 714.8 |  |  | 715.8 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 636.5 |  |  | 506.8 |
Deferred income taxes | 15.6 |  |  | 11.3 |
Other non-current assets | 122.2 |  |  | 77.3 |
Total Assets | $ | 4,553.9 |  |  | $ | 4,359.8 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 311.3 |  |  | $ | 359.8 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 427.1 |  |  | 432.7 |
Short-term operating lease obligations | 119.6 |  |  | 105.5 |
Income taxes payable | 5.3 |  |  | 12.8 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 44.9 |  |  | 70.4 |
Total Current Liabilities | 908.2 |  |  | 981.2 |
Long-term debt, net | 2,527.0 |  |  | 2,739.9 |
Long-term operating lease obligations | 574.8 |  |  | 453.5 |
Deferred income taxes | 127.9 |  |  | 114.0 |
Other non-current liabilities | 82.6 |  |  | 83.5 |
Total Liabilities | 4,220.5 |  |  | 4,372.1 |
Redeemable non-controlling interest | 10.0 |  |  | 9.8 |
Stockholders' Equity (Deficit): |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 500.0 million shares authorized; 283.8 million shares issued as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 2.8 |  |  | 2.8 |
Additional paid in capital | 558.7 |  |  | 598.2 |
Retained earnings | 3,279.2 |  |  | 2,988.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (136.7) |  |  | (176.9) |
Treasury stock at cost; 111.5 million and 113.3 million shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | (3,380.6) |  |  | (3,434.7) |
Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) | 323.4 |  |  | (22.1) |
Total Liabilities, Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) | $ | 4,553.9 |  |  | $ | 4,359.8 |

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in millions)

|  |  | Tempur Sealy International, Inc. Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Redeemable Non-controlling Interest |  | Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Non-controlling Interest in Subsidiaries |  | Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  | At Par |  | Shares Issued |  | At Cost |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 8.9 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | 78.9 |  |  | $ | (2,096.8) |  |  | $ | 617.5 |  |  | $ | 2,045.6 |  |  | $ | (65.5) |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 504.6 |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 624.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 624.5 |  |  |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | 0.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |
Purchase of remaining interest in subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (4.6) |  |  |
Adjustment to pension liability, net of tax of $0.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36.6) |  |  |  |  | (36.6) |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.32 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (65.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (65.2) |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | 25.9 |  |  | (11.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14.9 |  |  |
Issuance of PRSUs and RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | (42.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | (801.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (801.4) |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased - PRSU/RSU releases |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (14.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14.9) |  |  |
Amortization of unearned stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61.4 |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2021 | $ | 9.2 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | 96.4 |  |  | $ | (2,844.7) |  |  | $ | 622.0 |  |  | $ | 2,604.9 |  |  | $ | (99.2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 285.8 |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455.7 |  |  |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 2.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Dividend paid to non-controlling interest in subsidiary | (1.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjustment to pension liability, net of tax of $0.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (80.1) |  |  |  |  | (80.1) |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.40 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72.1) |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |
Issuance of PRSUs and RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | 75.9 |  |  | (75.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | (621.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (621.2) |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased - PRSU/RSU releases |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (46.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46.2) |  |  |
Amortization of unearned stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53.1 |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 9.8 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | 113.4 |  |  | $ | (3,434.7) |  |  | $ | 598.2 |  |  | $ | 2,988.5 |  |  | $ | (176.9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (22.1) |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 368.1 |  |  |  |  |  | 368.1 |  |  |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 2.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Dividend paid to non-controlling interest in subsidiary | (2.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjustment to pension liability, net of tax of $(0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39.8 |  |  |  |  | 39.8 |  |  |
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.44 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (77.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (77.4) |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (2.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |
Issuances of PRSUs and RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | 85.2 |  |  | (85.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (5.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5.0) |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased - PRSU/RSU releases |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (31.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31.0) |  |  |
Amortization of unearned stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47.7 |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | 10.0 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | 111.5 |  |  | $ | (3,380.6) |  |  | $ | 558.7 |  |  | $ | 3,279.2 |  |  | $ | (136.7) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 323.4 |  |  |

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions) | Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS: |  |  |  |  |
Net income before non-controlling interest | $ | 370.7 |  |  | $ | 457.8 |  |  | $ | 625.0 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 135.3 |  |  | 127.1 |  |  | 113.2 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation | 47.7 |  |  | 53.1 |  |  | 61.4 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 2.8 |
Bad debt expense | 8.2 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 2.7 |
Deferred income taxes | 8.3 |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | 11.1 |
Dividends received from unconsolidated affiliates | 20.4 |  |  | 22.9 |  |  | 22.9 |
Equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | (23.0) |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (30.6) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |
Foreign currency adjustments and other | (0.9) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.5 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (11.5) |  |  | (14.8) |  |  | (40.4) |
Inventories | 75.8 |  |  | (101.9) |  |  | (106.4) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 50.1 |  |  | (24.2) |  |  | 125.1 |
Operating leases, net | 5.3 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 9.2 |
Accounts payable | (46.9) |  |  | (59.5) |  |  | 50.5 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | (14.7) |  |  | (67.3) |  |  | (113.8) |
Income taxes receivable and payable | (59.8) |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (14.8) |
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations | 570.3 |  |  | 378.8 |  |  | 723.1 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (185.4) |  |  | (306.5) |  |  | (123.3) |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | (432.8) |
Other | (2.4) |  |  | (8.8) |  |  | 1.3 |
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations | (187.8) |  |  | (315.3) |  |  | (554.8) |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings under long-term debt obligations | 2,667.6 |  |  | 2,303.1 |  |  | 3,664.2 |
Repayments of borrowings under long-term debt obligations | (2,918.4) |  |  | (1,828.6) |  |  | (2,684.9) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 2.9 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 14.9 |
Treasury stock repurchased | (36.0) |  |  | (667.4) |  |  | (816.3) |
Dividends paid | (77.7) |  |  | (70.5) |  |  | (63.1) |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (6.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (24.9) |
Repayments of finance lease obligations and other | (16.2) |  |  | (16.2) |  |  | (13.4) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities from continuing operations | (384.3) |  |  | (279.1) |  |  | 76.5 |
Net cash (used in) provided by continuing operations | (1.8) |  |  | (215.6) |  |  | 244.8 |
Net operating cash flows used in discontinued operations | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.9) |
NET EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 7.3 |  |  | (15.4) |  |  | (8.2) |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 5.5 |  |  | (231.3) |  |  | 235.7 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period | 69.4 |  |  | 300.7 |  |  | 65.0 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period | $ | 74.9 |  |  | $ | 69.4 |  |  | $ | 300.7 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 144.6 |  |  | $ | 105.8 |  |  | $ | 55.2 |
Income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 133.0 |  |  | $ | 138.0 |  |  | $ | 184.8 |

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Basis of Presentation and Description of Business. Tempur Sealy International, Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its subsidiaries, is a U.S. based, multinational company. The term "Tempur Sealy International" refers to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. only, and the term "Company" refers to Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto to conform to the current period presentation.
The Company designs, manufactures and distributes bedding products, which includes mattresses, foundations and adjustable bases, and other products, which include pillows and other accessories. The Company also derives income from royalties by licensing Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® brands, technology and trademarks to other manufacturers. The Company sells its products through two sales channels: Wholesale and Direct.
(b) Basis of Consolidation. The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of Tempur Sealy International and its controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company has ownership interests in Asia-Pacific joint ventures to develop markets for Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® branded products and ownership in a United Kingdom joint venture to manufacture, market and distribute Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® branded products. The Company's ownership interest in each of these joint ventures is 50.0%. The equity method of accounting is used for these joint ventures, over which the Company has significant influence but does not have control, and consolidation is not otherwise required. The Company's equity in the net income and losses of these investments is reported in equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.
(c) Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company's results are affected by economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations.
(d) Adoption of New Accounting Standards.
Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting," which provides guidance on the accounting impacts due to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The FASB continued to refine its guidance with the January 2021 ASU 2021-01 issued update, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope" and the December 2022 ASU 2022-06 issued update, "Reference Rate Reform ("Topic 848"): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848", of which all were effective upon issuance. These updates provide entities with certain optional relief expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, hedge accounting and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would present and account for a modified contract as a continuation of the existing contract. Entities are afforded these relief options until December 31, 2024, after which time they will no longer be permitted. In May 2023, the Company amended its 2019 Credit Agreement to transition the applicable reference rate from LIBOR to SOFR. In October 2023, the Company entered into the 2023 Credit Agreement, which uses SOFR as the applicable reference rate. See "Note 6 - Debt" for additional details. The results of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(e) Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Segments Reporting Disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosure", which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements for public business entities primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit (referred to as the “significant expense principle”). ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 (year ending December 31, 2024 for the Company), and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company expects the adoption of the standard to result in additional segment footnote disclosures.
Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures", which enhances income tax disclosure requirements for all entities by requiring specified categories and greater disaggregation within the rate reconciliation table, disclosure of income taxes paid by jurisdiction, and providing clarification on uncertain tax positions and related financial statement impacts. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 (year ending December 31, 2025 for the Company). Early adoption is permitted. The Company expects the adoption of the standard to result in additional disaggregation in the income tax footnote disclosures.
(f) Foreign Currency. Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the local currency, are translated into U.S. Dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. The adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL"), a component of stockholders' equity, and included in net earnings only upon sale or liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary or affiliated company. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in net earnings based on differences between foreign exchange rates on the transaction date and on the settlement date. These amounts are not considered material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(g) Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with initial maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments.
(h) Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, determined by the first-in, first-out method and consist of the following:

| December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Finished goods | $ | 335.4 |  |  | $ | 383.7 |
Work-in-process | 16.5 |  |  | 19.4 |
Raw materials and supplies | 131.2 |  |  | 151.9 |
| $ | 483.1 |  |  | $ | 555.0 |

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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(i) Property, Plant and Equipment. Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost at acquisition date and are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:

| Estimated Useful Lives (in years)
Buildings | 25-30
Computer equipment and software | 3-7
Leasehold improvements | 4-7
Machinery and equipment | 3-7
Office furniture and fixtures | 5-7

The Company records depreciation and amortization in cost of sales for long-lived assets used in the manufacturing process, and within each line item of operating expenses for all other long-lived assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the lease or seven years. Assets under finance leases are included within property, plant and equipment and represent non-cash investing activities.
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:

| December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Machinery and equipment | $ | 599.1 |  |  | $ | 533.9 |
Land and buildings | 526.3 |  |  | 437.8 |
Computer equipment and software | 247.3 |  |  | 231.1 |
Furniture and fixtures | 99.8 |  |  | 83.2 |
Construction in progress | 250.2 |  |  | 236.9 |
Total property, plant and equipment | 1,722.7 |  |  | 1,522.9 |
Accumulated depreciation | (844.4) |  |  | (731.8) |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 878.3 |  |  | $ | 791.1 |

Depreciation expense, which includes depreciation expense for finance lease assets, for the Company was $125.1 million, $111.4 million and $94.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(j) Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is assessed by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or group of assets. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset or group of assets, the asset is considered impaired and an expense is recorded in an amount required to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its then fair value. Fair value generally is determined from estimated discounted future net cash flows (for assets held for use) or net realizable value (for assets held for sale). The Company did not identify any impairments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
(k) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The Company performs an annual impairment test on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on October 1 of each year and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that impairment may have occurred. This assessment may be performed quantitatively or qualitatively. In conducting the impairment test for the North America, International and Dreams reporting units, the fair value of each is compared to its respective carrying amount including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then no impairment exists. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, the goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Using the quantitative approach, the Company makes various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include inherent uncertainties as they are forecasting future events. The Company performs sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, the Company compares the indicated equity value to its market capitalization and evaluates the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable compared to external market indicators.
Using the qualitative approach, the Company reviews macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and entity specific factors, including strategies and financial performance for potential indicators of impairment.
The Company also tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, principally the Tempur, Sealy and Dreams trade names. Under a quantitative approach, the Company uses a "relief-from-royalty" method. Significant assumptions inherent in the methodologies are employed and include such estimates as royalty and discount rates.
The Company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets quantitatively in 2023, and qualitatively in 2022 and 2021, none of which resulted in the recognition of impairment charges. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, refer to Note 4, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
(l) Accrued Sales Returns. The Company allows product returns through certain sales channels and on certain products. Estimated sales returns are provided at the time of sale based on historical sales channel return rates. Estimated future obligations related to these products are provided by a reduction of sales in the period in which the revenue is recognized. The Company considers the impact of recoverable salvage value on sales returns by product in determining its estimate of future sales returns. The Company recognizes a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer. The right of return asset is recognized on a gross basis outside of the accrued sales returns and is not material to the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company had the following activity for accrued sales returns from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2023:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 49.8 |
Amounts accrued | 146.6 |
Returns charged to accrual | (155.9) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 40.5 |
Amounts accrued | 208.2 |
Returns charged to accrual | (205.0) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 43.7 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $30.4 million and $27.5 million of accrued sales returns is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $13.3 million and $13.0 million of accrued sales returns is included in other non-current liabilities on the Company’s accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.
(m) Warranties. The Company provides warranties on certain products, which vary by segment, product and brand. Estimates of warranty expenses are based primarily on historical claims experience and product testing. Estimated future obligations related to these products are charged to cost of sales in the period in which the related revenue is recognized. The Company considers the impact of recoverable salvage value on warranty costs in determining its estimate of future warranty obligations.
The Company provides warranties on mattresses with varying warranty terms. Tempur-Pedic mattresses sold in the North America segment and all Sealy mattresses have warranty terms ranging from 10 to 25 years, generally non-prorated for the first 10 to 15 years and then prorated for the balance of the warranty term. Tempur-Pedic mattresses sold in the International segment have warranty terms ranging from 5 to 15 years, non-prorated for the first 5 years and then prorated on a straight-line basis for the last 10 years of the warranty term. Tempur-Pedic pillows have a warranty term of 3 years, non-prorated.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The Company had the following activity for its accrued warranty expense from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2023:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 43.9 |
Amounts accrued | 17.0 |
Warranties charged to accrual | (19.3) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 41.6 |
Amounts accrued | 19.6 |
Warranties charged to accrual | (20.4) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 40.8 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $18.9 million and $17.8 million of accrued warranty expense is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $21.9 million and $23.8 million of accrued warranty expense is included in other non-current liabilities on the Company's accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.
(n) Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses is the Company's best estimate of the amount of estimated lifetime credit losses in the Company's accounts receivable. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of its allowance for credit losses. The Company estimates losses over the contractual life using assumptions to capture the risk of loss, even if remote, based principally on how long a receivable has been outstanding. Account balances are charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all reasonable means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's accounts receivable were substantially current. Other factors considered include historical write-off experience, current economic conditions and also factors such as customer credit, past transaction history with the customer and changes in customer payment terms. The allowance for credit losses is included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company had the following activity for its allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2023.

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 62.1 |
Amounts accrued | 6.7 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (6.4) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 62.4 |
Amounts accrued | 8.2 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (3.7) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 66.9 |

(o) Fair Value. Financial instruments, although not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and the Company's debt obligations. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments. Borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 6, "Debt") and the securitized debt are at variable interest rates and accordingly their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The fair value of the following material financial instruments were based on Level 2 inputs, which include observable inputs estimated using discounted cash flows and market-based expectations for interest rates, credit risk, and the contractual terms of debt instruments:

|  | Fair Value
(in millions) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
2029 Senior Notes |  | $ | 724.2 |  |  | $ | 672.7 |
2031 Senior Notes |  | 677.6 |  |  | 627.1 |

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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(p) Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss carry forwards. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in the period in which the enactment dates change. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain foreign and domestic tax positions utilizing a proscribed recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the income tax provision and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law and until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.
(q) Cost of Sales. Costs associated with net sales are recorded in cost of sales. Cost of sales includes the costs of receiving, producing, inspecting, warehousing, insuring and shipping goods during the period, as well as depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets used in these processes. Cost of sales also includes shipping and handling costs associated with the delivery of goods to customers and costs associated with internal transfers between plant locations. Amounts included in cost of sales for shipping and handling were $322.2 million, $330.3 million and $294.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, cost of sales include royalties that the Company pays to other entities for the use of their names on products produced by the Company. Royalty expense is not material to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
(r) Cooperative Advertising, Rebate and Other Promotional Programs. The Company enters into programs with customers to provide funds for advertising and promotions. The Company also enters into volume and other rebate programs with customers. When sales are made to these customers, the Company records liabilities pursuant to these programs. The Company periodically assesses these liabilities based on actual sales and claims to determine whether all of the cooperative advertising earned will be used by the customer or whether the customer will meet the requirements to receive rebate funds. The Company generally negotiates these programs on a customer-by-customer basis. Some of these agreements extend over several years. Significant estimates are required at any point in time with regard to the ultimate reimbursement to be claimed by the customers. Subsequent revisions to the estimates are recorded and charged to earnings in the period in which they are identified. Rebates and cooperative advertising are classified as a reduction of revenue and presented within net sales in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Certain cooperative advertising expenses are reported as components of selling and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income because the Company receives an identifiable benefit and the fair value of the advertising benefit can be reasonably estimated.
(s) Advertising Costs. The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred except for production costs and advance payments, which are deferred and expensed when advertisements run for the first time. Direct response advance payments are deferred and amortized over the life of the program. Advertising costs are included in selling and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Advertising costs charged to expense were $469.0 million, $448.0 million and $432.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Advertising costs include expenditures for shared advertising costs that the Company reimburses to customers under its integrated and cooperative advertising programs. Advertising costs deferred and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets were $10.2 million and $12.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(t) Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for new products are expensed as they are incurred and are included in general, administrative and other expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Research and development costs charged to expense were $30.6 million, $29.2 million and $27.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(u) Stock-based Compensation. The Company accounts for stock-based payment transactions in which the Company receives employee services in exchange for equity instruments of the Company. Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options is estimated at the grant date based on each option's fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Stock-based compensation cost for equity instruments that include a market performance condition are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost as expense for awards other than its PRSUs ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost associated with its PRSUs over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance conditions will be satisfied. The Company evaluates its awards, including modifications, and will adjust the fair value if any are determined to be spring-loaded. The Company recognizes forfeitures of awards as they occur. Further information regarding stock-based compensation can be found in Note 11, "Stock-based Compensation."
(v) Treasury Stock. Subject to Delaware law, and the limitations in the 2023 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 6, "Debt") and the Company's other debt agreements, the Board of Directors may authorize share repurchases of the Company's common stock. Purchases made pursuant to these authorizations may be carried out through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as the Company deems appropriate. Shares repurchased under such authorizations are held in treasury for general corporate purposes, including issuances under various employee stock-based award plans. On February 1, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which the Company was permitted to repurchase shares of Tempur Sealy International's common stock. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method and reported as a reduction of stockholders' equity. The authority provided under the share repurchase program may be suspended, limited or terminated at any time without notice. Please refer to Note 9, "Stockholders' Equity", for additional information.
(w) Pension Obligations. The Company has a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan covering current and former hourly employees at two of its active Sealy plants and ten previously-closed Sealy U.S. facilities. Sealy Canada, Ltd. (a 100.0% owned subsidiary of the Company) also sponsors a noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan covering hourly employees at one of its facilities. Both plans provide retirement and survivorship benefits based on the employees' credited years of service. The Company's funding policy provides for contributions of an amount between the minimum required and maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. The benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation ("PBO"). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The measurement of the PBO is based on the Company's estimates and actuarial valuations. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held by an irrevocable trust fund for the sole benefit of participants. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates. The Company's PBO and fair value of plan assets were $32.6 million and $27.9 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively, and $30.1 million and $25.8 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company recognizes the funded status of each applicable plan within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability based on its funded status measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the PBO, which was not material as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.
(2) Net Sales
The following table presents the Company's disaggregated revenue by channel, product and geographical region, including a reconciliation of disaggregated revenue by segment, for the years ended December 31.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023 |  |
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |
Channel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,348.2 |  |  | $ | 397.9 |  |  | $ | 3,746.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  | 507.3 |  |  | 672.0 |  |  | 1,179.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |
Product |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bedding |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,585.2 |  |  | $ | 879.2 |  |  | $ | 4,464.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 270.3 |  |  | 190.7 |  |  | 461.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |
Geographical region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,560.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,560.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 294.7 |  |  | 1,069.9 |  |  | 1,364.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Channel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,390.1 |  |  | $ | 382.4 |  |  | $ | 3,772.5 |
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  | 496.0 |  |  | 652.7 |  |  | 1,148.7 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Product |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bedding |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,618.7 |  |  | $ | 859.1 |  |  | $ | 4,477.8 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 267.4 |  |  | 176.0 |  |  | 443.4 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Geographical region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,596.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,596.0 |
All other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 290.1 |  |  | 1,035.1 |  |  | 1,325.2 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Channel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,584.1 |  |  | $ | 450.3 |  |  | $ | 4,034.4 |
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  | 495.1 |  |  | 401.3 |  |  | 896.4 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,079.2 |  |  | $ | 851.6 |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Product |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bedding |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,825.9 |  |  | $ | 687.0 |  |  | $ | 4,512.9 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 253.3 |  |  | 164.6 |  |  | 417.9 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,079.2 |  |  | $ | 851.6 |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Geographical region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,751.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,751.3 |
All Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 327.9 |  |  | 851.6 |  |  | 1,179.5 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,079.2 |  |  | $ | 851.6 |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |

The North America and International segments sell product through two channels: Wholesale and Direct. The Wholesale channel includes all product sales to third-party retailers, including third-party distribution, hospitality and healthcare. The Direct channel includes product sales through company-owned stores, e-commerce and call centers. The North America and International segments classify products into two major categories: Bedding and Other. Bedding products include mattresses, foundations and adjustable foundations. Other products include pillows, mattress covers, sheets, cushions and various other comfort products.
The Wholesale channel also includes income from royalties derived by licensing Sealy®, Stearns & Foster® and Tempur® brands, technology and trademarks to other manufacturers. The licenses include rights for the licensees to use trademarks as well as current proprietary or patented technology that the Company utilizes. The Company also provides its licensees with product specifications, research and development, statistical services and marketing programs. The Company recognizes royalty income based on the occurrence of sales of Sealy®, Stearns & Foster® and Tempur® branded products by various licensees. Royalty income was $32.3 million, $31.8 million and $29.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
For product sales in each of the Company's channels, the Company recognizes a sale when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract with the customer are satisfied, which is generally when control of the product has transferred to the customer. Transferring control of each product sold is considered a separate performance obligation. The Company transfers control and recognizes a sale when the customer receives the product. Each unit sold is considered an independent, unbundled performance obligation. The Company does not have any additional performance obligations other than product sales that are material in the context of the contract. The Company also offers assurance type warranties on certain of its products, which is not accounted for as separate performance obligations under the revenue model.
The transaction price is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods. The amount of consideration the Company receives, and correspondingly, the revenue that is recognized, varies due to sales incentives and returns the Company offers to its Wholesale and Direct channel customers. Specifically, the Company extends volume discounts, as well as promotional allowances, floor sample discounts, commissions paid to retail associates and slotting fees to its Wholesale channel customers and reflects these amounts as a reduction of sales at the time revenue is recognized based on historical experience. The Company allows returns following a sale, depending on the channel and promotion. The Company reduces revenue and cost of sales for its estimate of the expected returns, which is primarily based on the level of historical sales returns. The Company does not offer extended payment terms beyond one year to customers. As such, the Company does not adjust its consideration for financing arrangements.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
In certain jurisdictions, the Company is subject to certain non-income taxes including, but not limited to, sales tax, value added tax, excise tax and other taxes. These taxes are excluded from the transaction price, and therefore, excluded from revenue. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment cost. Accordingly, the Company reflects all amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling in revenue and the costs of fulfillment in cost of sales. Amounts included in net sales for shipping and handling were $8.6 million, $8.1 million and $7.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(3) Acquisitions
Acquisition of Mattress Firm Group Inc.
On May 9, 2023, Tempur Sealy International and Mattress Firm entered into the Merger Agreement for a pending business acquisition in which Tempur Sealy International, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, will acquire Mattress Firm in a transaction valued at approximately $4.0 billion. The transaction is expected to be funded by approximately $2.7 billion of cash consideration and the issuance of 34.2 million shares of the Company's common stock, resulting in a total stock consideration value of $1.3 billion based on a closing share price of $37.62 as of May 8, 2023.
The Company expects the transaction to close in the second half of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including applicable regulatory approvals. Following the close of the transaction, Mattress Firm is expected to operate as a separate business unit.
Acquisition of Dreams Topco Limited
On August 2, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Dreams Topco Limited and its direct and indirect subsidiaries ("Dreams"), for a cash purchase price of $476.7 million, which includes $49.5 million of cash acquired. The transaction was funded using cash on hand and bank financing. Dreams has developed a successful multi-channel sales strategy, with over 200 brick and mortar retail locations in the U.K., an industry-leading online channel, as well as manufacturing and delivery assets.
The financial results of Dreams subsequent to the date of acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company. The Company accounted for this transaction as a business combination. The final allocation of the purchase price is based on the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of August 2, 2021, which included the following:

(in millions) |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 3.5 |
Inventory | 51.2 |
Property, plant and equipment | 33.9 |
Goodwill | 357.1 |
Indefinite-lived intangible asset | 141.9 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 158.2 |
Other current and non-current assets | 4.4 |
Accounts payable | (55.2) |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | (69.7) |
Operating lease liabilities | (165.1) |
Debt | (6.1) |
Other liabilities | (26.9) |
Purchase price, net of cash acquired | $ | 427.2 |

The indefinite-lived intangible asset represents Dreams' portfolio of trade names as marketed through Dreams. The Company applied the income approach through a relief from royalty method to fair value the trade name asset using level 2 inputs. The indefinite-lived intangible asset is not deductible for income tax purposes.
Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired and primarily represents the expansion of retail competency and online capabilities, and expected synergistic manufacturing and distribution benefits to be realized from the acquisition. The goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes and is included within the International business segment.
(4) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The following summarizes the Company's goodwill by segment:

(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 611.5 |  |  | $ | 495.9 |  |  | $ | 1,107.4 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | (4.2) |  |  | (40.9) |  |  | (45.1) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 607.3 |  |  | $ | 455.0 |  |  | $ | 1,062.3 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | 2.4 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | 21.0 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 609.7 |  |  | $ | 473.6 |  |  | $ | 1,083.3 |

The International segment includes the Dreams and International reporting units, which had goodwill of $324.6 million and $149.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.
The following table summarizes information relating to the Company’s other intangible assets, net:

($ in millions) |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Useful Lives (Years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Unamortized indefinite life intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names |  |  | $ | 687.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 687.2 |  |  | $ | 679.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 679.3 |
Amortized intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual distributor relationships | 15 |  | 85.4 |  |  | (61.4) |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 84.9 |  |  | 55.4 |  |  | 29.5 |
Technology and other | 4-10 |  | 90.7 |  |  | (90.7) |  |  | — |  |  | 90.5 |  |  | 89.0 |  |  | 1.5 |
Patents, other trademarks and other trade names | 5-20 |  | 27.6 |  |  | (25.1) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | 3.6 |
Customer databases, relationships and reacquired rights | 2-5 |  | 34.5 |  |  | (33.4) |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 1.9 |
Total |  |  | $ | 925.4 |  |  | $ | (210.6) |  |  | $ | 714.8 |  |  | $ | 916.0 |  |  | $ | 200.2 |  |  | $ | 715.8 |

Amortization expense relating to intangible assets for the Company was $9.3 million, $15.7 million and $16.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is recorded in general, administrative and other expenses in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. No impairments of goodwill or other intangible assets have adjusted the gross carrying amount of these assets in any period.
Estimated annual amortization of intangible assets is expected to be as follows for the years ending December 31:

(in millions) |
2024 | $ | 7.0 |
2025 | 6.1 |
2026 | 6.1 |
2027 | 6.0 |
2028 | 1.3 |
Thereafter | 1.1 |
Total | $ | 27.6 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(5) Unconsolidated Affiliate Companies
The Company has ownership interests in Asia-Pacific joint ventures to develop markets for Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® branded products and ownership in a United Kingdom joint venture to manufacture, market and distribute Sealy® and Stearns & Foster® branded products. The Company’s ownership interest in each of these joint ventures is 50.0% and is accounted for under the equity method. The Company’s investment of $28.0 million and $22.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is recorded in other non-current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s share of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively, is recorded in equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.
The table below presents summarized financial information for the joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net sales | $ | 333.3 |  |  | $ | 317.4 |  |  | $ | 339.7 |
Income from operations | 65.5 |  |  | 57.0 |  |  | 70.9 |

(6) Debt
Debt for the Company consists of the following:

(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Debt: | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Maturity Date
2023 Credit Agreement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term A Facility | $ | 500.0 |  |  | (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | October 10, 2028
Revolver | 183.0 |  |  | (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | October 10, 2028
2019 Credit Agreement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term A Facility | — |  |  | N/A |  | 638.8 |  |  | (2) |  | October 16, 2024
Revolver | — |  |  | N/A |  | 337.0 |  |  | (2) |  | October 16, 2024
2031 Senior Notes | 800.0 |  |  | 3.875% |  | 800.0 |  |  | 3.875% |  | October 15, 2031
2029 Senior Notes | 800.0 |  |  | 4.000% |  | 800.0 |  |  | 4.000% |  | April 15, 2029
Securitized debt | 157.6 |  |  | (3) |  | 139.3 |  |  | (4) |  | April 7, 2025
Finance lease obligations (5) | 92.1 |  |  |  |  | 78.7 |  |  |  |  | Various
Other | 60.9 |  |  |  |  | 37.0 |  |  |  |  | Various
Total debt | 2,593.6 |  |  |  |  | 2,830.8 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Deferred financing costs | 21.7 |  |  |  |  | 20.5 |  |  |  |  |
Total debt, net | 2,571.9 |  |  |  |  | 2,810.3 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Current portion | 44.9 |  |  |  |  | 70.4 |  |  |  |  |
Total long-term debt, net | $ | 2,527.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,739.9 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Interest at SOFR index plus 10 basis points of credit spread adjustment, plus applicable margin of 1.625% as of December 31, 2023.
(2) | Interest at LIBOR plus applicable margin of 1.250% as of December 31, 2022.
(3) | Interest at one month SOFR index plus 10 basis points of credit spread adjustment, plus 85 basis points.
(4) | Interest at one month LIBOR index plus 70 basis points.
(5) | Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. Refer to Note 7, "Leases."

2023 Credit Agreement
On October 10, 2023, the Company entered into the 2023 Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks. The 2023 Credit Agreement replaced the Company's 2019 Credit Agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement provides for a $1.15 billion revolving credit facility, a $500.0 million term loan facility, and an incremental facility in an aggregate amount of up to the greater of $850.0 million and additional amounts subject to the conditions set forth in the 2023 Credit Agreement, plus the amount of certain prepayments, plus an additional unlimited amount subject to compliance with a maximum consolidated secured leverage ratio test. The 2023 Credit Agreement has a $60.0 million sub-facility for the issuance of letters of credit.
Borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement will generally bear interest, at the election of Tempur Sealy International and the other subsidiary borrowers, at either (i) base rate plus the applicable margin, (ii) "Eurocurrency" rate plus the applicable margin, (iii) "RFR" Daily SOFR rate plus the applicable margin or (iv) a "Term Benchmark" Term SOFR rate plus the applicable margin. For the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility (a) the initial applicable margin for base rate advances was 0.625% per annum and the initial applicable margin for Eurocurrency rate, RFR rate and Term Benchmark rate advances was 1.625% per annum, and (b) following the delivery of financial statements for the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2024 and for subsequent fiscal quarters, such applicable margins will be determined by a pricing grid based on the consolidated total net leverage ratio of the Company.
Obligations under the 2023 Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Company's existing and future direct and indirect wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and are secured by a security interest in substantially all of Tempur Sealy International’s and the other subsidiary borrowers' domestic assets and the domestic assets of each subsidiary guarantor, whether owned as of the closing or thereafter acquired, including a pledge of 100.0% of the equity interests of each subsidiary owned by the Company or a subsidiary guarantor that is a domestic entity (subject to certain limited exceptions) and 65.0% of the voting equity interests of any direct first tier foreign entity owned by the Company or a subsidiary guarantor.
The 2023 Credit Agreement requires compliance with certain financial covenants providing for maintenance of a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, maintenance of a maximum consolidated total net leverage ratio, and maintenance of a maximum consolidated secured net leverage ratio. The consolidated total net leverage ratio is calculated using consolidated indebtedness less netted cash (as defined below). Consolidated indebtedness includes debt recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the reporting date, plus letters of credit outstanding in excess of $60.0 million and other short-term debt. The Company is allowed to subtract from consolidated indebtedness an amount equal to 100.0% of the domestic and foreign unrestricted cash ("netted cash"). As of December 31, 2023, netted cash was $74.9 million.
The 2023 Credit Agreement contains certain customary negative covenants, which include limitations on liens, investments, indebtedness, dispositions, mergers and acquisitions, the making of restricted payments, changes in the nature of business, changes in fiscal year, transactions with affiliates, use of proceeds, prepayments of certain indebtedness, entry into burdensome agreements and changes to governing documents. The 2023 Credit Agreement also contains certain customary affirmative covenants and events of default, including upon a change of control.
The Company is required to pay a commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, which initially is 0.25% per annum and following the delivery of financial statements for the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2024 and for subsequent fiscal quarters, such fees will be determined by a pricing grid based on the consolidated total net leverage ratio of the Company. This unused commitment fee is payable quarterly in arrears and on the date of termination or expiration of the commitments under the revolving credit facility. The Company and the other borrowers also pay customary letter of credit issuance and other fees under the 2023 Credit Agreement.
The maturity date of the 2023 Credit Agreement is October 10, 2028. Amounts under the revolving credit facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed from time to time until the maturity date. The term loan facility is subject to quarterly amortization as set forth in the 2023 Credit Agreement. In addition, the term loan facility is subject to mandatory prepayment in connection with certain debt issuances, asset sales and casualty events, subject to certain reinvestment rights. Voluntary prepayments and commitment reductions under the 2023 Credit Agreement are permitted at any time without payment of any prepayment premiums.
On February 6, 2024, the Company and certain other parties thereto entered into an amendment to the 2023 Credit Agreement which provides for a $625.0 million delayed draw term loan and a $40.0 million increase in availability on the existing incremental revolving loan. Once drawn, the instruments will have the same terms and conditions as the Company's existing term loans and revolving loans, respectively, under the 2023 Credit Agreement. This amendment was executed in connection with the Company's financing strategy for the pending acquisition of Mattress Firm expected to close in the second half of 2024.
The Company had $183.0 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023. Total availability under the revolving facility was $966.4 million, after a $0.6 million reduction for outstanding letters of credit, as of December 31, 2023.
The Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants in the 2023 Credit Agreement at December 31, 2023.
2019 Credit Agreement
The Company used the proceeds from the 2023 Credit Agreement to refinance outstanding borrowings under the 2019 Credit Agreement and terminated the existing revolving credit commitments. The 2019 Credit Agreement provided for a $725.0 million revolving credit facility and a $725.0 million term loan facility.
Securitized Debt
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are party to a securitization transaction with respect to certain accounts receivable due to the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (as amended, the "Accounts Receivable Securitization"). On April 6, 2021, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into the first amendment to the Accounts Receivable Securitization. The amendment, among other things, extended the maturity date of the Accounts Receivable Securitization to April 6, 2023 and increased the overall limit from $120.0 million to $200.0 million. On April 6, 2023, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a second amendment to the Accounts Receivable Securitization. The amendment, among other things, extended the maturity date of the Accounts Receivable Securitization to April 7, 2025. While subject to a $200.0 million overall limit, the availability of revolving loans varies over the course of the year based on the seasonality of the Company's accounts receivable. Borrowings under this facility are classified as long-term debt within the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023. The Company had $157.6 million in outstanding borrowings under the Accounts Receivable Securitization as of December 31, 2023. The Company did not have availability under the Accounts Receivable Securitization as of December 31, 2023.
The obligations of the Company and its relevant subsidiaries under the Accounts Receivable Securitization are secured by the accounts receivable and certain related rights and the facility agreements contain customary events of default. The accounts receivable continue to be owned by the Company and its subsidiaries and continue to be reflected as assets on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and represent collateral up to the amount of the borrowings under this facility.
2031 Senior Notes
On September 24, 2021, Tempur Sealy International issued $800.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.875% senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 Senior Notes") in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and to certain non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2031 Senior Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of September 24, 2021 (the "2031 Indenture"), among Tempur Sealy International, certain subsidiaries of Tempur Sealy International as guarantors (the "Guarantors"), and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. The 2031 Senior Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of Tempur Sealy International and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by the Guarantors. The 2031 Senior Notes mature on October 15, 2031, and interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on each April 15 and October 15, beginning on April 15, 2022.
Tempur Sealy International has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2031 Senior Notes at any time on or after October 15, 2026. The initial redemption price is 101.938% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The redemption price will decline each year after 2026 until it becomes 100.0% of the principal amount beginning on October 15, 2029. In addition, Tempur Sealy International has the option at any time prior to October 15, 2026 to redeem some or all of the 2031 Senior Notes at 100.0% of the original principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium and accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Tempur Sealy International may also redeem up to 40.0% of the 2031 Senior Notes prior to October 15, 2024, under certain circumstances with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings, at 103.875% of the principal amount plus
accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Tempur Sealy International may make such redemptions as described in the preceding sentence only if, after any such redemption, at least 60.0% of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2031 Senior Notes issued remains outstanding.
The 2031 Indenture restricts the ability of Tempur Sealy International and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things: (i) incur, directly or indirectly, debt; (ii) make, directly or indirectly, certain investments and restricted payments; (iii) incur or suffer to exist, directly or indirectly, liens on its properties or assets; (iv) sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, assets; (v) create or otherwise cause or suffer to exist any consensual restriction on the right of certain of the subsidiaries of Tempur Sealy International to pay dividends or make any other distributions on or in respect of their capital stock; and (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates. These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications.
2029 Senior Notes
On March 25, 2021, Tempur Sealy International issued $800.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2029 (the "2029 Senior Notes") in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act, and to certain non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2029 Senior Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of March 25, 2021 (the "2029 Indenture"), among Tempur Sealy International, the Guarantors, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. The 2029 Senior Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of Tempur Sealy International and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by the Guarantors. The 2029 Senior Notes mature on April 15, 2029, and interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on each April 15 and October 15, beginning on October 15, 2021.
Tempur Sealy International has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Senior Notes at any time on or after April 15, 2024. The initial redemption price is 102.00% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The redemption price will decline each year after 2024 until it becomes 100.0% of the principal amount beginning on April 15, 2026. In addition, Tempur Sealy International has the option at any time prior to April 15, 2024 to redeem some or all of the 2029 Senior Notes at 100.0% of the original principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium and accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Tempur Sealy International may also redeem up to 40.0% of the 2029 Senior Notes prior to April 15, 2024, under certain circumstances with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings, at 104.00% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Tempur Sealy International may make such redemptions as described in the preceding sentence only if, after any such redemption, at least 60.0% of the original aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes issued remains outstanding.
The 2029 Indenture restricts the ability of Tempur Sealy International and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things: (i) incur, directly or indirectly, debt; (ii) make, directly or indirectly, certain investments and restricted payments; (iii) incur or suffer to exist, directly or indirectly, liens on its properties or assets; (iv) sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, assets; (v) create or otherwise cause or suffer to exist any consensual restriction on the right of certain of the subsidiaries of Tempur Sealy International to pay dividends or make any other distributions on or in respect of their capital stock; and (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates. These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications.
Deferred Financing Costs
The Company capitalizes costs associated with the issuance of debt and amortizes these costs as additional interest expense over the lives of the debt instruments using the effective interest method. These costs are recorded as deferred financing costs as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the corresponding debt liability in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related amortization is included in interest expense, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Upon the prepayment of the related debt, the Company accelerates the recognition of an appropriate amount of the costs.
Future Obligations
As of December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of long-term debt outstanding, excluding finance lease obligations, for each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

(in millions) |  |
2024 |  | $ | 29.7 |
2025 |  | 182.6 |
2026 |  | 25.0 |
2027 |  | 25.0 |
2028 |  | 583.0 |
Thereafter |  | 1,656.2 |
Total(1) |  | $ | 2,501.5 |
(1) Total future obligations excludes $28.1 million of outstanding letters of credit issued by various financial institutions, including $0.6 million associated with the 2023 Credit Facility. |  |

(7) Leases
The Company leases retail stores, manufacturing and distribution facilities, office space and equipment under operating and finance lease agreements. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to several years, with the longest renewal period extending through 2038. The exercise of lease renewal options are at the Company's sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.
The following table summarizes the classification of operating and finance lease assets and obligations in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions) |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 636.5 |  |  | $ | 506.8 |  |  |
Finance lease assets |  | Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 80.1 |  |  | 68.1 |  |  |
Total leased assets |  |  |  | $ | 716.6 |  |  | $ | 574.9 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease obligations |  | Short-term operating lease obligations |  | $ | 119.6 |  |  | $ | 105.5 |  |  |
Finance lease obligations |  | Current portion of long-term debt |  | 15.1 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |
Long-term: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease obligations |  | Long-term operating lease obligations |  | 574.8 |  |  | 453.5 |  |  |
Finance lease obligations |  | Long-term debt, net |  | 77.0 |  |  | 65.6 |  |  |
Total lease obligations |  |  |  | $ | 786.5 |  |  | $ | 637.7 |  |  |

The following table summarizes the classification of lease expense in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Twelve Months Ended
(in millions) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Operating lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 148.1 |  |  | $ | 128.9 |  |  | $ | 99.8 |
Short-term lease expense |  | 13.5 |  |  | 15.3 |  |  | 13.1 |
Variable lease expense |  | 36.3 |  |  | 31.5 |  |  | 26.9 |
Finance lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 14.4 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | 12.6 |
Interest on lease obligations |  | 3.9 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.5 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 216.2 |  |  | $ | 195.0 |  |  | $ | 156.9 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table sets forth the scheduled maturities of lease obligations as of December 31, 2023:

(in millions) |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases |  | Total
Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 147.8 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | 167.2 |
2025 |  | 135.6 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 153.2 |
2026 |  | 117.1 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | 134.6 |
2027 |  | 102.2 |  |  | 15.9 |  |  | 118.1 |
2028 |  | 85.5 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | 99.3 |
Thereafter |  | 239.4 |  |  | 25.4 |  |  | 264.8 |
Total lease payments |  | 827.6 |  |  | 109.6 |  |  | 937.2 |
Less: Interest |  | (133.2) |  |  | (17.5) |  |  | (150.7) |
Present value of lease obligations |  | $ | 694.4 |  |  | $ | 92.1 |  |  | $ | 786.5 |

The following table provides lease term and discount rate information related to operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023:

|  | December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years): |  |
Operating leases |  | 6.78
Finance leases |  | 6.23
Weighted average discount rate: |  |
Operating leases |  | 5.07 | %
Finance leases |  | 5.50 | %

The following table provides supplemental information related to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases (a) |  | $ | 146.8 |  |  | $ | 126.4 |  |  | $ | 89.6 |  |  |
Operating cash flows paid for finance leases |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  |
Financing cash flows paid for finance leases |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | 14.7 |  |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations |  | $ | 273.0 |  |  | $ | 173.0 |  |  | $ | 101.6 |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease obligations |  | $ | 26.3 |  |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  |

(a)Operating cash flows paid for operating leases are included within the change in other assets and liabilities within the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows offset by non-cash right-of-use asset amortization and lease liability accretion.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(8) Retirement Plans
401(k) Plan
The Company has a defined contribution plan ("the 401(k) Plan") whereby eligible employees may contribute up to 85.0% of their pay subject to certain limitations as defined by the 401(k) Plan. Employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan upon hire and are eligible to receive matching contributions upon six months of continuous employment with the Company. The 401(k) Plan provides a 100.0% match of the first 3.0% and 50.0% of the next 2.0% of eligible employee contributions. The match for union employees is based on the applicable collective bargaining arrangement. All matching contributions vest immediately. The Company incurred $7.5 million, $7.5 million and $7.6 million of expenses associated with the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Multi‑Employer Benefit Plans
Approximately 17.1% of the Company's domestic employees are represented by various labor unions with separate collective bargaining agreements. Hourly employees working at six of the Company's domestic manufacturing facilities are covered by union sponsored retirement plans. Further, employees working at three of the Company's domestic manufacturing facilities are covered by union sponsored health and welfare plans. These plans cover both active employees and retirees. Through the health and welfare plans, employees receive medical, dental, vision, prescription and disability coverage. The Company's cost associated with these plans consists of periodic contributions to these plans based upon employee participation. The expense recognized by the Company for such contributions for the years ended December 31 was follows:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Multi‑employer retirement plan expense | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Multi‑employer health and welfare plan expense | 3.2 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 3.8 |

The risks of participating in multi‑employer pension plans are different from the risks of sponsoring single‑employer pension plans in the following respects: 1) contributions to the multi‑employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers; 2) if a participating employer ceases its contributions to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan allocable to the withdrawing employer may be borne by the remaining participating employers; and 3) if the Company withdraws from the multi‑employer pension plans in which it participates, the Company may be required to pay those plans an amount based on its allocable share of the underfunded status of the plan.
The following table presents information regarding the multi‑employer pension plans that are significant to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Pension Fund |  | EIN/Pension Plan Number |  | Date of Plan Year-End |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status(1) 2023 |  | FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented(2) |  | Contributions of the Company in 2023 |  | Surcharge Imposed(3) |  | Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement |  | Year Contributions to Plan Exceeded More than 5 Percent of Total Contributions
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United Furniture Workers Pension Fund A(4) |  | 13-5511877-001 |  | 2/28/23 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | No |  | 2026 |  | 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
Pension Plan of the National Retirement Fund |  | 13-6130178-001 |  | 12/31/22 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | Yes, 10.0% |  | 2025 |  | N/A
Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Plan |  | 36-6044243-001 |  | 12/31/22 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | Yes, 10.0% |  | 2024 |  | N/A

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Pension Fund |  | EIN/Pension Plan Number |  | Date of Plan Year-End |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status(1) 2022 |  | FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented(2) |  | Contributions of the Company in 2022 |  | Surcharge Imposed(3) |  | Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement |  | Year Contributions to Plan Exceeded More than 5 Percent of Total Contributions
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United Furniture Workers Pension Fund A(4) |  | 13-5511877-001 |  | 2/28/22 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | No |  | 2023, 2025 |  | 2020, 2021, 2022
Pension Plan of the National Retirement Fund |  | 13-6130178-001 |  | 12/31/21 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | Yes, 10.0% |  | 2025 |  | N/A
Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Plan |  | 36-6044243-001 |  | 12/31/21 |  | Red |  | Implemented |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | Yes, 10.0% |  | 2024, 2025 |  | N/A

(1) |  | The Pension Protection Act of 2006 ranks the funded status of multi-employer pension plans depending upon a plan's current and projected funding. A plan is in the Red Zone (Critical) if it has a current funded percentage of less than 65.0%. A plan is in the Yellow Zone (Endangered) if it has a current funded percentage of less than 80.0%, or projects a credit balance deficit within seven years. A plan is in the Green Zone (Healthy) if it has a current funded percentage greater than 80.0% and does not have a projected credit balance deficit within seven years. The zone status is based on the plan’s year end rather than the Company's. The zone status listed for each plan is based on information that the Company received from that plan and is certified by that plan’s actuary for the most recent year available.
(2) |  | Funding Improvement Plan or Rehabilitation Plan as defined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 has been implemented or is pending.
(3) |  | Indicates whether the Company paid a surcharge to the plan in the most current year due to funding shortfalls and the amount of the surcharge.
(4) |  | The Company represented more than 5.0% of the total contributions for the most recent plan year available.

(9) Stockholders' Equity
(a) Common and Preferred Stock. Tempur Sealy International has 500.0 million authorized shares of common stock with $0.01 per share par value and 10.0 million authorized shares of preferred stock with $0.01 per share par value. The holders of the common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding.
The Board of Directors is authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, without further vote or action by the stockholders, to issue from time to time shares of preferred stock in one or more series. Each such series of preferred stock will have such number of shares, designations, preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or privileges as determined by the Board of Directors, which may include, among others, dividend rights, voting rights, redemption and sinking fund provisions, liquidation preferences, conversion rights and preemptive rights.
(b) Treasury Stock. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $774.5 million remaining under an existing share repurchase program initially authorized by the Board of Directors in 2016. The Company repurchased 0.1 million shares, 18.6 million shares and 19.5 million shares under the program, for approximately $5.0 million, $621.2 million and $801.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Upon the announcement of our pending acquisition of Mattress Firm, the Company suspended its share repurchase program.
In addition, the Company acquired shares upon the vesting of certain restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs"), which were withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The shares withheld were valued at the closing price of the stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the vesting date or first business day prior to vesting, resulting in approximately $31.0 million, $46.2 million and $14.9 million in treasury stock acquired during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(c) AOCL. AOCL consisted of the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Foreign Currency Translation |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (175.3) |  |  | $ | (95.2) |  |  | $ | (58.6) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (1) | 39.8 |  |  | (80.1) |  |  | (36.6) |
Balance at end of period | $ | (135.5) |  |  | $ | (175.3) |  |  | $ | (95.2) |
Pension Benefits |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | (4.0) |  |  | $ | (6.9) |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
Net change from period revaluation | 0.5 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.8 |
Tax expense (2) | (0.1) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.9) |
Total other comprehensive income | 0.4 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.9 |
Balance at end of period | $ | (1.2) |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | (4.0) |

(1)In 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no tax impacts related to foreign currency translation adjustments and no amounts were reclassified to earnings.
(2)These amounts were included in the income tax provision in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.
(10) Other Items
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Wages and benefits | $ | 102.1 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |
Advertising | 62.6 |  |  | 64.9 |
Unearned revenue | 53.3 |  |  | 48.5 |
Taxes | 15.4 |  |  | 52.1 |
Other | 193.7 |  |  | 189.2 |
| $ | 427.1 |  |  | $ | 432.7 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(11) Stock-based Compensation
Tempur Sealy International has two stock-based compensation plans which provide for grants of non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock unit awards, performance shares, stock grants and performance based awards to employees, non-employee directors, consultants and Company advisors. The plan under which equity awards may be granted in the future is the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan"). It is the policy of the Company to issue stock out of treasury shares upon issuance or exercise of share-based awards. The Company believes that awards and purchases made under these plans better align the interests of the plan participants with those of its stockholders.
On May 5, 2022, the Company's stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2013 Plan, which had been previously amended and restated on May 11, 2017. The 2013 Plan provides for grants of stock options to purchase shares of common stock to employees and directors of the Company. The 2013 Plan may be administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, by the Board of Directors directly, or, in certain cases, by an executive officer or officers of the Company designated by the Compensation Committee. The shares issued or to be issued under the 2013 Plan may be either authorized but unissued shares of the Company's common stock or shares held by the Company in its treasury. Tempur Sealy International may issue a maximum of 44.7 million shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan, subject to certain adjustment provisions.
The Amended and Restated 2003 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2003 Plan"), was administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which, together with the Board of Directors, had the exclusive authority to administer the 2003 Plan, including the power to determine eligibility to receive awards, the types and number of shares of stock subject to the awards, the price and timing of awards and the acceleration or waiver of any vesting and performance of forfeiture restrictions, in each case subject to the terms of the 2003 Plan. Any of the Company's employees, non-employee directors, consultants and Company advisors, as determined by the Compensation Committee, were eligible to be selected to participate in the 2003 Plan. Tempur Sealy International allowed a maximum of 46.0 million shares of its common stock under the 2003 Plan to be issued. In May 2013, the Company's Board of Directors adopted a resolution that prohibited further grants under the 2003 Plan.
In 2010, the Board of Directors approved the terms of a Long-Term Incentive Plan established under the 2003 Plan. In 2013, the Board of Directors approved the terms of another Long-Term Incentive Plan established under the 2013 Plan. Awards under both Long-Term Incentive Plans have typically consisted primarily of a mix of stock options, RSUs and PRSUs. Shares with respect to the PRSUs will be granted and vest following the end of the applicable performance period and achievement of applicable performance metrics, market and environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG") conditions as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
The Company's stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 included PRSUs, RSUs and stock options. A summary of the Company’s stock-based compensation expense is presented below:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
PRSU expense | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |  |  | $ | 39.4 |
RSU expense | 20.6 |  |  | 21.0 |  |  | 20.5 |
Stock option expense | 2.2 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.5 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 47.7 |  |  | $ | 53.1 |  |  | $ | 61.4 |

Performance Restricted Stock Units
The Company grants PRSUs to executive officers and certain members of management. The Company granted PRSUs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Actual payout under the PRSUs is dependent upon the achievement of certain financial and qualitative goals. A summary of the Company's PRSU activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below:
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(shares in millions) | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Awards unvested at December 31, 2021 | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 22.99 |
Granted | 0.3 |  |  | 51.38 |
Performance adjustments(1) | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (1.3) |  |  | 21.38 |
Forfeited | (0.1) |  |  | 28.71 |
Awards unvested at December 31, 2022 | 3.8 |  |  | 25.85 |
Granted | 0.4 |  |  | 37.22 |
Performance adjustments(1) | 0.4 |  |  | 38.98 |
Vested | (1.6) |  |  | 24.40 |
Forfeited | (0.1) |  |  | 43.96 |
Awards unvested at December 31, 2023 | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 29.53 |

(1) | Adjustments based on current attainment expectations of performance targets.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company granted 0.4 million PRSUs at target at a weighted average grant date fair value of $37.22 per share with a performance period of January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 as a component of the long-term incentive plan ("2023 PRSUs"). For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the 2023 PRSUs based on the Company's achievement of its performance targets for the performance period.
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company granted 0.3 million PRSUs at target at a weighted average grant date fair value of $51.38 per share with a performance period of January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 as a component of the long-term incentive plan ("2022 PRSUs"). For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the 2022 PRSUs based on the Company's achievement of its performance targets for the performance period.
Stock Options
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, no stock options were granted. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the year ended December 31, 2022 are set forth in the following table. Expected volatility is based on the unbiased standard deviation of the Company's common stock over the option term. The expected life of the options represents the period of time that the Company expects the options granted to be outstanding. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant of the option for the expected term of the instrument. The dividend yield reflects an estimate of dividend payouts over the term of the award. The Company uses historical data to determine these assumptions.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expected volatility of stock | N/A |  | 53.2 % |  | N/A
Expected life of option, in years | N/A |  | 5 |  | N/A
Risk-free interest rate | N/A |  | 2.9% |  | N/A
Expected dividend yield on stock | N/A |  | 2.0% |  | N/A

A summary of the Company's stock option activity under the 2003 Plan and 2013 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below:
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(in millions, except per share amounts and years) | Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 17.03 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 1.2 |  |  | 30.00 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | — |  |  | 10.44 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (0.1) |  |  | 18.19 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 20.34 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (0.2) |  |  | 15.89 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (0.1) |  |  | 14.06 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 20.54 |  |  | 6.37 |  | $ | 139.7 |
Options exercisable at December 31, 2023 | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 18.24 |  |  | 6.10 |  | $ | 120.9 |

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $5.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
A summary of the Company's unvested shares relating to stock options as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are presented below:

(shares in millions) | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Options unvested at December 31, 2021 | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 15.45 |
Granted | 1.2 |  |  | 30.00 |
Vested | (0.3) |  |  | 10.44 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Options unvested at December 31, 2022 | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 30.00 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (0.3) |  |  | 30.00 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Options unvested at December 31, 2023 | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 30.00 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of the Company's RSU activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below:

(in millions, except per share amounts) | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 17.37 |  |  |
Granted | 0.4 |  |  | 46.49 |  |  |
Vested | (1.3) |  |  | 15.96 |  |  |
Terminated | (0.1) |  |  | 32.84 |  |  |
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 22.99 |  |  | $ | 78.3 |
Granted | 0.5 |  |  | 35.11 |  |  |
Vested | (1.1) |  |  | 18.70 |  |  |
Terminated | — |  |  | 34.74 |  |  |
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 29.51 |  |  | $ | 84.7 |

The aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $39.0 million and $61.7 million, respectively.
A summary of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense based on current performance estimates related to stock options, RSUs and PRSUs for the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented below:

(in millions, except years) | December 31, 2023 |  | Weighted Average Remaining Vesting Period (Years)
Unrecognized stock option expense | $ | 5.6 |  |  | 2.51
Unrecognized RSU expense | 20.4 |  |  | 2.30
Unrecognized PRSU expense | 19.2 |  |  | 1.68
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense | $ | 45.2 |  |  | 2.06

(12) Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is involved in various legal and administrative proceedings incidental to the operations of its business. The Company believes that the outcome of all pending proceedings in the aggregate will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, liquidity or operating results.
(13) Income Taxes
Pre-tax Income by Jurisdiction
The following sets forth the amount of income before income taxes attributable to each of the Company's geographies for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 288.5 |  |  | $ | 382.5 |  |  | $ | 602.5 |
Rest of the world | 185.6 |  |  | 194.7 |  |  | 221.5 |
| $ | 474.1 |  |  | $ | 577.2 |  |  | $ | 824.0 |

Reconciliation of Statutory Tax Rate to Effective Tax Rate
The Company's effective income tax provision differs from the amount calculated using the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate, principally due to the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in millions) | Amount |  | Percentage of Income Before Income Taxes |  | Amount |  | Percentage of Income Before Income Taxes |  | Amount |  | Percentage of Income Before Income Taxes
Statutory U.S. federal income tax | $ | 99.6 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 121.2 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 172.9 |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 9.1 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 12.5 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 21.0 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Foreign tax differential | 5.8 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 2.9 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 4.6 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Change in valuation allowances | 6.4 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 4.9 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Uncertain tax positions and interest | (0.8) |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | (19.2) |  |  | (3.3) | % |  | 6.5 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") | 2.7 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Expiration of foreign tax credits | 10.6 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Stock compensation | (7.8) |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | (13.8) |  |  | (2.4) | % |  | (8.1) |  |  | (1.0) | %
Nondeductible compensation | 12.7 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 14.6 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 5.1 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Danish Tax Matter | (13.7) |  |  | (2.9) | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Notional interest deduction | (14.0) |  |  | (3.0) | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Permanent and other | (7.2) |  |  | (1.5) | % |  | (5.3) |  |  | (0.9) | % |  | (10.1) |  |  | (1.3) | %
Effective income tax provision | $ | 103.4 |  |  | 21.8 | % |  | $ | 119.0 |  |  | 20.6 | % |  | $ | 198.3 |  |  | 24.1 | %

Income Tax Provision
The income tax provision consisted of the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current provision |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 47.2 |  |  | $ | 85.0 |  |  | $ | 109.9 |
State | 15.9 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 24.5 |
Foreign | 32.0 |  |  | 26.2 |  |  | 52.8 |
Total current | $ | 95.1 |  |  | $ | 129.5 |  |  | $ | 187.2 |
Deferred provision |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | (7.7) |  |  | $ | 11.6 |
State | 2.0 |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | 0.4 |
Foreign | — |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.9) |
Total deferred | 8.3 |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | 11.1 |
Total income tax provision | $ | 103.4 |  |  | $ | 119.0 |  |  | $ | 198.3 |

The income tax provision includes federal, state and foreign income taxes currently payable and those deferred or prepaid because of temporary differences between financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities.
Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities
The net deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, determined using the income tax rate applicable to each period in which those items will reverse, consist of the following:

| December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | $ | 28.8 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |
Operating lease obligations | 180.6 |  |  | 147.5 |
Accrued expenses and other | 64.0 |  |  | 64.1 |
Net operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attribute carryforwards | 42.1 |  |  | 58.0 |
Inventories | 10.6 |  |  | 10.3 |
Transaction costs | 16.5 |  |  | 4.3 |
Property, plant and equipment | 9.9 |  |  | 9.7 |
Total deferred tax assets | 352.5 |  |  | 325.7 |
Valuation allowances | (49.5) |  |  | (42.3) |
Total net deferred tax assets | $ | 303.0 |  |  | $ | 283.4 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Intangible assets | $ | (174.3) |  |  | $ | (174.0) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (164.5) |  |  | (132.0) |
Property, plant and equipment | (56.6) |  |  | (60.0) |
Accrued expenses and other | (19.9) |  |  | (20.1) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (415.3) |  |  | (386.1) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (112.3) |  |  | $ | (102.7) |

Tax Attributes Included in Deferred Tax Assets
Included in the calculation of the Company's deferred tax assets are the following gross income tax attributes available at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
State net operating losses ("SNOLs") | $ | 134.0 |  |  | $ | 103.8 |
U.S. federal foreign tax credits ("FTCs") | — |  |  | 10.6 |
U.S. state income tax credits ("SITCs") | 3.2 |  |  | 3.7 |
Foreign net operating losses ("FNOLs") | 49.8 |  |  | 63.6 |
Notional interest deduction ("NID") | 40.0 |  |  | — |
State charitable contribution carryover ("SCCCs") | 0.7 |  |  | 0.9 |

The SNOLs, SITCs, FNOLs and SCCCs generally begin to expire in 2024, 2031, 2024 and 2024, respectively.
Management believes that, based on a number of factors, the available objective evidence creates sufficient uncertainty regarding the realizability of certain of the SNOLs, SITCs, FNOLs, NID, the SCCCs and certain other deferred tax assets related to certain foreign operations (together, the "Tax Attributes"). The Company has established a valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets (including the Tax Attributes) where it is more likely than not such deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible or creditable. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making its assessment regarding the recoverability of its deferred tax assets. The Company has recorded valuation allowances against $56.3 million of the SNOLs, $29.5 million of FNOLs, $40.0 million of the NID and $0.7 million of the SCCCs as of December 31, 2023. With respect to all other Tax Attributes above, based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will realize the benefits of the underlying deferred tax assets. However, there can be no assurance that such assets will be realized if circumstances change.
Deferred Tax Liability for Undistributed Foreign Earnings
As it relates to stock of the Company's top tier foreign subsidiaries in the hands of each such subsidiary's U.S. shareholder, at December 31, 2023, the book basis of each such subsidiary exceeds the tax basis in each such subsidiary. No income taxes have been provided for the book to tax basis differences (including undistributed foreign earnings) inherent in these entities except to the extent of certain earnings that have been previously subject to U.S. income tax ("PTEP"). During the three month period ended December 31, 2023, the Company revalued the deferred income tax liability associated with the PTEP resulting in a tax benefit of approximately $2.0 million. The revaluation is primarily attributable to a reduction in PTEP during 2023.
As it relates to the book to tax basis difference with respect to the stock of each of the Company's second and lower tier foreign subsidiaries, as a general matter, the book basis exceeds the tax basis in the hands of such foreign subsidiaries' shareholders. By operation of the tax laws of the various countries in which these subsidiaries are domiciled, earnings of lower tier foreign subsidiaries are not subject to tax, in all material respects, when distributed to a foreign shareholder. It is the Company's intent that the earnings of each lower tier foreign subsidiary, with the exception of its Danish subsidiary, its two Canadian subsidiaries and its Mexican subsidiary, will be permanently reinvested in each such foreign subsidiaries' own operations. As it relates to the Danish subsidiary, its earnings may be distributed without any income tax impact. With respect to the Canadian and Mexican subsidiaries, Canadian and Mexican income tax withholding applies, respectively, to any distribution each such subsidiary makes to its foreign parent company. The Company concluded that at December 31, 2023 it is likely that the Canadian subsidiaries and the Mexican subsidiary will each make dividend distributions in the next twelve months. In each case, local country income tax withholding, i.e., Canada and Mexico, applies. Consequently at December 31, 2023 the Company has accrued approximately $1.6 million for such withholding tax.
Uncertain Income Tax Positions
GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the accounting and financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step requires the Company to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The second step requires the Company to recognize in the financial statements each tax position that meets the more likely than not criteria, measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50.0% likelihood of being realized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax expense. Uncertain income tax liabilities reflect the Company's best judgement of the facts, circumstances and information available through December 31, 2023. Uncertain income tax liabilities are derived using the cumulative probability approach and applying the tax technical requirements applicable to U.S. and other international tax and transfer pricing requirements.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 45.3 |
Additions based on tax positions related to 2022 | 0.3 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 0.2 |
Expiration of statutes of limitations | (1.9) |
Reduction for tax positions of prior years | (4.9) |
Settlements of uncertain tax positions with tax authorities | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 39.0 |
Additions based on tax positions related to 2023 | — |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | — |
Expiration of statutes of limitations | (0.2) |
Reduction for tax positions of prior years | (0.3) |
Settlements of uncertain tax positions with tax authorities | (34.0) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 4.5 |

The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate if recognized at December 31, 2023 and 2022 would be $4.5 million and $17.6 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $4.0 million and $6.9 million in interest and penalties as a benefit in the income tax provision, respectively. The Company had $1.0 million and $5.0 million of accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As discussed below, in the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company settled the Danish Tax Matter related to 2012 to 2022. Such settlement resulted in a reduction of the Company’s liability for uncertain tax positions of approximately $34.0 million, which is reflected in “Settlements of uncertain tax positions with tax authorities” in the table above.
The Company anticipates it is reasonably possible an increase or decrease in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could be made in the next twelve months as a result of the statute of limitations expiring and/or the examinations being concluded on these returns. However, the Company does not presently anticipate that any increase or decrease in unrecognized tax benefits will be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by the U.S., state and local municipalities or non-U.S. jurisdictions for periods prior to 2015. The Company is currently under examination by various tax authorities around the world.
The Danish Tax Matter
The Company has been involved in a dispute with the SKAT regarding the royalty paid by a U.S. subsidiary to a Danish subsidiary for tax years 2012 through 2022. The royalty is paid by the U.S. subsidiary for the right to utilize certain intangible assets owned by the Danish subsidiary in the U.S. production process.
In October 2018, the Company initiated an Advanced Pricing Agreement (“APA”) process for SKAT and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to negotiate a resolution of this dispute. The Company had previously estimated an uncertain tax position with respect to additional Danish income tax (and interest) related to an increase in Danish taxable income resulting from the dispute. Conversely, the Company also previously recorded a deferred tax asset for the correlative benefit for the U.S. reduction in taxable income that would result from the dispute.
In December 2022, SKAT and the IRS reached a preliminary framework agreement (the “Framework”) to resolve the dispute. In the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company remeasured the uncertain tax position and associated deferred tax asset to reflect the terms of the Framework, which resulted in a net income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $14.7 million. The Framework was not a binding agreement, but its terms provided definitive data for the Company to determine both the Danish and U.S. tax impacts at December 31, 2022. As it relates to the year ended December 31, 2023, in January 2023 the Company implemented the terms of the Framework. Consequently, there is neither Danish income tax exposure nor a correlative U.S. benefit for the year December 31, 2023.
On October 12, 2023, the IRS Advanced Pricing and Mutual Agreement (“APMA”) Team and SKAT formally agreed on final terms of a bilateral advance pricing agreement (“BAPA”) with respect to the ongoing royalty matter for the periods 2012 through 2024 (the “Settlement”). The terms of the BAPA are substantially identical with those preliminarily agreed upon in the Preliminary Framework in December 2022.
With respect to impact of the Settlement on the Company’s Danish tax position, pursuant to the BAPA, in December 2023 SKAT issued revised or initial assessments for each of the years 2012 through 2022. The final tax and interest assessed was materially consistent with the income tax reserves the Company previously recorded, which was $37.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company offset the income tax reserves in the fourth quarter of 2023 against the previous amounts on deposit with SKAT and recorded a net income tax benefit in the Company’s consolidated financial statements of approximately $4.8 million (largely interest to be paid by SKAT on the overpayment of tax). The assessments reflect a net refund of deposits previously paid to SKAT of approximately $24.8 million, which the Company has recorded as an income tax receivable included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the Company has approximately $7.6 million remaining on deposit with SKAT for an unrelated matter recorded in other non-current assets.
With respect to the impact of the Settlement on the Company’s U.S. tax position, on November 9, 2023, the Company formally agreed on a Mutual Agreement Procedure (“MAP”) and Advance Pricing Agreement (“APA”) with APMA related to the implementation of the terms of the BAPA for U.S. income tax purposes, which included reporting the U.S. result of the Settlement for all years 2012 through 2022 in an amended 2022 income tax return. As a result, the Company released the deferred tax asset associated with its U.S. position of $21.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 and recorded a net income tax benefit and incremental receivable in the Company’s consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2023. The net income tax benefit is approximately $8.9 million (consisting of a gross benefit of $10.5 million, offset by U.S. tax of approximately $1.6 million related to subpart F income resulting from the interest paid by SKAT on the Danish overpayment of tax). The incremental U.S. income tax receivable at December 31, 2023 is approximately $30.1 million and is included in other non-current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
57

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
(14) Earnings Per Common Share
The following table sets forth the components of the numerator and denominator for the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for net income attributable to Tempur Sealy International.

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per common share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations, net of income attributable to non-controlling interest | $ | 368.1 |  |  | $ | 456.1 |  |  | $ | 625.2 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic earnings per common share—weighted average shares | 172.2 |  |  | 174.9 |  |  | 197.0 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |
Employee stock-based compensation | 5.1 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 7.3 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per common share—adjusted weighted average shares | 177.3 |  |  | 180.3 |  |  | 204.3 |
Basic earnings per common share for continuing operations | $ | 2.14 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |
Diluted earnings per common share for continuing operations | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, the Company excluded an insignificant number of shares from the diluted earnings per common share computation because their exercise price was greater than the average market price of Tempur Sealy International's common stock or they were otherwise anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company excluded 1.2 million shares from the diluted earnings per common share computation because their exercise price was greater than the average market price of Tempur Sealy International's common stock or they were otherwise anti-dilutive, respectively. Holders of non-vested stock-based compensation awards do not have voting rights but do participate in dividend equivalents distributed upon award vesting.
(15) Business Segment Information
The Company operates in two segments: North America and International. These segments are strategic business units that are managed separately based on geography. The North America segment consists of manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries and licensees located in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The International segment consists manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America (other than Mexico). Corporate operating expenses are not included in either of the segments and are presented separately as a reconciling item to consolidated results. The Company evaluates segment performance based on net sales, gross profit and operating income.
The Company sells its products in over 100 countries to over 10,000 wholesale customers. The Company’s Direct channel represents 23.9% of the Company’s consolidated net sales in 2023, as compared to 23.3% of the Company's consolidated net sales in 2022. One wholesale customer contributed over 15% of the Company’s consolidated net sales in the years ended 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company’s North America and International segment assets include investments in subsidiaries that are appropriately eliminated in the Company’s accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The remaining inter-segment eliminations are comprised of intercompany accounts receivable and payable.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes total assets by segment:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
North America | $ | 5,291.0 |  |  | $ | 5,161.7 |
International | 1,405.2 |  |  | 1,181.5 |
Corporate | 1,269.5 |  |  | 1,077.1 |
Inter-segment eliminations | (3,411.8) |  |  | (3,060.5) |
Total assets | $ | 4,553.9 |  |  | $ | 4,359.8 |

The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment, net, by segment:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
North America | $ | 753.8 |  |  | $ | 672.1 |
International | 91.3 |  |  | 87.3 |
Corporate | 33.2 |  |  | 31.7 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 878.3 |  |  | $ | 791.1 |

The following table summarizes operating lease right-of-use assets by segment:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
North America | $ | 453.5 |  |  | $ | 349.0 |
International | 180.2 |  |  | 154.1 |
Corporate | 2.8 |  |  | 3.7 |
Total operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 636.5 |  |  | $ | 506.8 |

The following table summarizes segment information for the year ended December 31, 2023:

(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Bedding sales | $ | 3,585.2 |  |  | $ | 879.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,464.4 |
Other sales | 270.3 |  |  | 190.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 461.0 |
Net sales | $ | 3,855.5 |  |  | $ | 1,069.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,925.4 |
Inter-segment sales | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | — |
Inter-segment royalty expense (income) | 33.7 |  |  | (33.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross profit | 1,537.5 |  |  | 591.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,128.7 |
Operating income (loss) | 643.1 |  |  | 170.9 |  |  | (206.8) |  |  | — |  |  | 607.2 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 634.2 |  |  | 171.4 |  |  | (331.5) |  |  | — |  |  | 474.1 |
Depreciation and amortization (1) | $ | 102.2 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 55.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 183.0 |
Capital expenditures | 158.8 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 185.4 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization includes stock-based compensation amortization expense.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes segment information for the year ended December 31, 2022:

(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Bedding sales | $ | 3,618.7 |  |  | $ | 859.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,477.8 |
Other sales | 267.4 |  |  | 176.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 443.4 |
Net sales | $ | 3,886.1 |  |  | $ | 1,035.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |
Inter-segment sales | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | — |
Inter-segment royalty expense (income) | 15.0 |  |  | (15.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross profit | 1,487.3 |  |  | 562.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,049.6 |
Operating income (loss) | 642.4 |  |  | 187.2 |  |  | (149.0) |  |  | — |  |  | 680.6 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 638.6 |  |  | 183.4 |  |  | (244.8) |  |  | — |  |  | 577.2 |
Depreciation and amortization (1) | $ | 96.9 |  |  | $ | 23.7 |  |  | $ | 59.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 180.2 |
Capital expenditures | 267.4 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 306.5 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization includes stock-based compensation amortization expense.
The following table summarizes segment information for the year ended December 31, 2021:

(in millions) | North America |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Bedding sales | $ | 3,825.9 |  |  | $ | 687.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,512.9 |
Other sales | 253.3 |  |  | 164.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 417.9 |
Net sales | $ | 4,079.2 |  |  | $ | 851.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |
Inter-segment sales | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3.0) |  |  | $ | — |
Inter-segment royalty expense (income) | 8.7 |  |  | (8.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross profit | 1,678.0 |  |  | 480.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,158.7 |
Operating income (loss) | 856.7 |  |  | 200.0 |  |  | (144.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 912.3 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 853.2 |  |  | 198.9 |  |  | (228.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 824.0 |
Depreciation and amortization (1) | $ | 87.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |  |  | $ | 68.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 174.6 |
Capital expenditures | 89.7 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 123.3 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization includes stock-based compensation amortization expense.
The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic region:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
United States | $ | 764.1 |  |  | $ | 682.0 |
All other | 114.2 |  |  | 109.1 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 878.3 |  |  | $ | 791.1 |

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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes operating lease right-of-use assets by geographic region:

| December 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
United States | $ | 444.2 |  |  | $ | 339.6 |
United Kingdom | 146.5 |  |  | 122.9 |
All other | 45.8 |  |  | 44.3 |
Total operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 636.5 |  |  | $ | 506.8 |

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic region:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
United States | $ | 3,560.8 |  |  | $ | 3,596.0 |  |  | $ | 3,751.3 |
All other | 1,364.6 |  |  | 1,325.2 |  |  | 1,179.5 |
Total net sales | $ | 4,925.4 |  |  | $ | 4,921.2 |  |  | $ | 4,930.8 |

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on that evaluation, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023, and designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on our assessment and those criteria, management believes that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued a report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. That report appears on page 63 of this Report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 16, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Louisville, Kentucky
February 16, 2024
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
(a) Not applicable.
(b) During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or executive officers adopted any Rule "10b5-1 trading arrangement" or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as those terms are defined Regulation S-K, Item 408).
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement") under the sections entitled "Proposal No. 1—Election of Directors," and "Board of Directors' Meetings, Committees of the Board and Related Matters—Corporate Governance," — "Committees of the Board," —"Policies Governing Director Nominations," —"Board and Committee Independence; Audit Committee Financial Experts" and "Other Information—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports."
Information relating to executive officers is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement under the section entitled "Proposal No. 1—Election of Directors—Executive Officers."
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the sections entitled "Executive Compensation and Related Information" and "Board of Directors' Meetings, Committees of the Board and Related Matters—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation", except as to information required pursuant to Item 402(v) of SEC Regulation S-K relating to pay versus performance.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth equity compensation plan information as of December 31, 2023:

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
|  | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (1) |  | 9,767,123 |  |  | 20.54 |  |  | 10,536,244

(1)The number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options, warrants and rights issued under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan includes 1,661,128 shares issuable under restricted stock units and deferred stock units. Additionally, this number includes 3,206,185 performance restricted stock units which reflects a maximum payout of the awards granted.
For information regarding the material features of each of the above plans see Note 11, "Stock-based Compensation," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
All other information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the section entitled "Stock Ownership."
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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the section entitled "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" and "Board of Directors' Meetings, Committees of the Board and Related Matters—Board and Committee Independence; Audit Committee Financial Experts."
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the sections entitled "Proposal No. 2— Ratification of Independent Auditors—Fees for Independent Auditors During the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022" and "—Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditors."
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

(a) | 1. | The following is a list of the financial statements of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. included in this Report, which are filed herewith pursuant to ITEM 8:
|  | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)
|  | Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
|  | Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' E quity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
|  | Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
| 2. | Financial Statement Schedule:
|  | Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
|  | All other schedules have been omitted because they are inapplicable, not required, or the information is included elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
| 3. | Exhibits:

The following is an index of the exhibits included in this Report or incorporated herein by reference.

(b) |  | EXHIBIT INDEX

2.1 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 9, 2023, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., Lima Holdings Corporation, Lima Deal Corporation LLC, Mattress Firm Group Inc., and Steenbok Newco 9 Limited, solely in its capacity as Stockholder Representative (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 10, 2023). (1)
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Tempur-Pedic International Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-109798) as filed on December 12, 2003). (1)
3.2 | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Tempur-Pedic International Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 24, 2013). (1)
3.3 | Second Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 10, 2021). (1)
3.4 | Seventh Amended and Restated By-laws of Tempur Sealy International, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on February 11, 2019). (1)
4.1 | Specimen certificate for shares of common stock (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 1, 2018). (1)
4.2 | Indenture, dated as of March 25, 2021, among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on March 25, 2021). (1)
4.3 | Form of 4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on March 25, 2021). (1)

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4.4 | Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2021 among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 10.1 (but numbered 4.1) to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 24, 2021). (1)
4.5 | Form of 3.875% Senior Notes due 2031 (included in Exhibit 10.1 (but numbered 4.2) to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 24, 2021). (1)
4.6 | Description of Registered Securities.
10.1 | Credit Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2016, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 7, 2016). (1)
10.2 | Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2017 among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 25, 2019). (1)
10.3 | Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement dated as of January 8, 2019 among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 25, 2019). (1)
10.4 | Amendment No. 3, dated June 4, 2019, to Credit Agreement among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on August 1, 2019). (1)
10.5 | Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2019, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, Tempur-Pedic Management, LLC, as additional borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on October 17, 2019). (1)
10.6 | Amendment No. 1 dated as of May 13, 2020, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, Tempur-Pedic Management, LLC, as additional borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of October 16, 2019 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 14, 2020). (1)
10.7 | Amendment No. 3 dated February 2, 2021, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc, as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, to the Amended and Restated Credit Amendment Agreement dated as of October 16, 2019, as amended by Amendment No. 1 dated May 13, 2020 and Amendment No 2 dated June 10, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on February 3, 2021). (1)
10.8 | Amendment No. 4 dated as of May 26, 2021, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, Tempur-Pedic Management, LLC, as additional borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K/A as filed on May 27, 2021). (1)
10.9 | Amendment No. 5 dated as of September 21, 2021, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower and Tempur-Pedic Management, LLC, as additional borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 21, 2021). (1)
10.10 | Amendment No. 6 dated May 19, 2023, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc, as parent borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, to the Amended and Restated Credit Amendment Agreement dated as of October 16, 2019, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 22, 2023). (1)
10.11 | Credit Agreement dated as of October 10, 2023 among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as parent borrower, the Additional Borrowers from time to time parties thereto, the Several Lenders from time to time parties thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on October 11, 2023). (1)
10.12 | Receivables Sale and Contribution Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, between Tempur-Pedic North America, LLC, as seller and contributor, and Tempur Sealy Receivables LLC, as purchaser and contribute (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 18, 2017). (1)
10.13 | Receivables Sale Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, between Sealy Mattress Manufacturing Company, LLC, as seller and Tempur-Pedic North America, LLC, as purchaser (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 18, 2017). (1)
10.14 | Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 18, 2017). (1)
10.15 | Amendment No. 1, dated as of September 25, 2017, to that certain Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on August 2, 2018). (1)
10.16 | Amendment No. 2, dated as of April 2, 2018, to that certain Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on August 2, 2018). (1)
10.17 | Omnibus Amendment dated as of October 31, 2018 and constituting (a) Amendment No. 3 to the Credit and Security Agreement dated as of April 12, 2017 among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, (b) Amendment No. 1 to the Receivables Sale and Contribution Agreement dated as of April 12, 2017 by and between Tempur Pedic North America, LLC and Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC and (c) Amendment No. 1 to the Receivables Sale Agreement dated as of April 12, 2017 by and between Sealy Mattress Manufacturing Company, LLC and Tempur Pedic North America, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-Q as filed on November 8, 2018). (1)

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10.18 | Amendment No. 4, dated January 15, 2019, to that certain Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on May 9, 2019). (1)
10.19† | Amendment No. 5, dated April 12, 2019, to that certain Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017, among Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on May 9, 2019). (1)
10.20 | Omnibus Amendment No. 2, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, Tempur-Pedic North America, LLC, Sealy Mattress Manufacturing Company, LLC, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as lender, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent and as lender (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 8, 2021). (1)
10.21 | Annex A to Omnibus Amendment No. 2 - Amended and Restated Receivables Sale Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and between Sealy Mattress Manufacturing Company, LLC, as seller, and Tempur-Pedic North America, LLC, as purchaser (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 8, 2021). (1)
10.22 | Annex B to Omnibus Amendment No. 2 - Amended and Restated Receivables Sale and Contribution Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and between Tempur-Pedic North America, LLC, as seller and contributor, and Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as purchaser and contributee (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 8, 2021). (1)
10.23 | Annex C to Omnibus Amendment No. 2 - Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2021, among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer, Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, the Lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 8, 2021). (1)
10.24 | Second Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement dated April 6, 2023, among Tempur Sealy International, Inc., as master servicer, Tempur Sealy Receivables, LLC, as borrower, the Lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on April 6, 2023). (1)
10.25 | Bond Purchase Agreement, dated October 26, 2005, by and among Tempur World LLC, Tempur Production USA, Inc. and Bernalillo County (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 14, 2006). (1)
10.25 | Trust Indenture, dated September 1, 2005, by and between Bernalillo County and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 14, 2006). (1)
10.26 | Mortgage, Assignment, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated as of October 27, 2005, by and between Bernalillo County and Tempur Production USA, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 14, 2006). (1)
10.27 | Lease Agreement, dated September 1, 2005, by and between Bernalillo County and Tempur Production USA, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 14, 2006). (1)
10.28 | Steinhoff Voting Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2023, between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and the Steinhoff parties thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 10, 2023). (1)
10.29 | Form of Lender Stockholder Support Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2023, between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and the lender stockholders party thereto(filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 10, 2023). (1)
10.30 | Form of Management Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2023, between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and the management holders party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 10, 2023). (1)
10.31 | Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 13, 2015). (1)(2)
10.32 | 2021 Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on May 6, 2021). (1)(2)
10.33 | Tempur-Pedic International, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Appendix A to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy statement on Schedule 14A as filed on April 12, 2013). (1)(2)
10.34 | Tempur Sealy International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on May 2, 2017). (1)(2)
10.35 | Tempur Sealy International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on July 26, 2017). (1)(2)
10.36 | Tempur Sealy International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan as of May 5, 2022 (filed as Appendix B to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on March 24, 2022).(1)(2)
10.37 | Second Amended and Restated Annual Incentive Bonus Plan for Senior Executives (filed as Appendix B to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement (File No.001-31922) filed on March 16, 2015). (1)(2)
10.38 | Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated as of September 4, 2015, by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 8, 2015). (1)(2)
10.39 | First Amendment to Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated November 27, 2017 by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 1, 2018) (1)(2)
10.40 | Second Amendment to Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated March 25, 2020 by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on March 27, 2020). (1)(2)
10.41 | Amended and Restated Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated as of July 6, 2022 between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on July 7, 2022). (1)(2)

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10.42 | Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated September 5, 2017, by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and H. Clifford Buster, III (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on November 9, 2017). (1)(2)
10.43 | Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated October 13, 2017, by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Bhaskar Rao (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on November 9, 2017). (1)(2)
10.44 | Employment and Non-Competition Agreement dated February 27, 2018, by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott Vollet (filed as Exhibit 10.35 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 1, 2018). (1)(2)
10.45 | Employment and Non-Competition Agreement effective January 1, 2020, by and between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Steven Rusing (filed as Exhibit 10.34 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 24, 2020). (1)(2)
10.46 | Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (Director) (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as filed on November 8, 2013). (1)(2)
10.47 | Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.37 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 13, 2015). (1)(2)
10.48 | Stock Option Agreement dated as of September 4, 2015 between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed September 8, 2015). (1)(2)
10.49 | Form of Special Grant Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.46 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 1, 2018).(1) (2)
10.50 | Form of Amendment to Stock Option Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.47 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on March 1, 2018) (1)(2)
10.51 | Non-Qualified Premium-Priced Stock Option Agreement dated July 6, 2022 (as filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on July 7, 2022).(1)(2)
10.52 | Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement dated as of September 4, 2015, between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 8, 2015). (1)(2)
10.53 | Form of 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.60 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 25, 2019). (1)(2)
10.54 | Form of 2020 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.63 to the Registrant's Annual Report o n Form 10-K as filed on February 24, 2020). (1)(2)
10.55 | Form of 2020 Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.64 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 24, 2020). (1)(2)
10.56 | Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.62 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 19, 2021). (1)(2)
10.57 | Form of 2021 Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.63 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 19, 2021). (1)(2)
10.58 | Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.62 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 22, 2022). (1)(2)
10.59 | Form of 2022 Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.63 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 22, 2022). (1)(2)
10.60 | Form of 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan as amended May 5, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.60 to the Registrant's Annual Rep ort on Form 10-K as filed on February 17, 2023). (1)(2)
10.61 | Form of 2023 Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan as amended May 5, 202 2 (filed a s Exhibit 10.61 to the R e gistrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 17, 2023). (1)(2)
10.62 | Form of 2024 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan as amended May 5, 2022. (2)
10.63 | Form of 2024 Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan as amended May 5, 2022. (2)
10.64 | Subscription Agreement dated as of September 4, 2015, between Tempur Sealy International, Inc. and Scott L. Thompson (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on September 8, 2015). (1)(2)
21.1 | Subsidiaries of Tempur Sealy International, Inc.
23.1 | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. (3)
97 | Tempur Sealy International, Inc. Clawback Policy.
101 | The following materials from Tempur Sealy International Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.
104 | The cover page from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL.

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† Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
(1)Incorporated by reference.
(2)Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
(3)This exhibit shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.
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TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021
SCHEDULE II
(in millions)

|  |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |
Description |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charges to Costs and Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  | Deductions |  | Balance at End of Period
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 33.5 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | (2.9) |  |  | $ | 42.6 |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | 42.3 |
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 42.3 |  |  | $ | 18.0 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | (11.6) |  |  | $ | 49.5 |

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | TEMPUR SEALY INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Registrant)
Date: February 16, 2024 |  | By: |  | /S/ Scott L. Thompson
|  |  |  | Scott L. Thompson Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on February 16, 2024, on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

Signature |  | Capacity
/S/ SCOTT L. THOMPSON |  | Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Scott L. Thompson |
/S/ BHASKAR RAO |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Bhaskar Rao |
/S/ EVELYN S. DILSAVER |  | Director
Evelyn S. Dilsaver |
/S/ SIMON JOHN DYER |  | Director
Simon John Dyer |
/S/ CATHY R. GATES |  | Director
Cathy R. Gates |
/S/ JOHN A. HEIL |  | Director
John A. Heil |
/S/ MEREDITH SIEGFRIED MADDEN |  | Director
Meredith Siegfried Madden |
/S/ RICHARD W. NEU |  | Director
Richard W. Neu |

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